Editing List of computer display standards

{{short description|Specification of display attributes}}
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{{update|inaccurate=y|date=January 2015}}
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'''Computer display standards''' are a combination of [[Display aspect ratio|aspect ratio]], [[display size]], [[display resolution]], [[color depth]], and [[refresh rate]]. They are associated with specific [[expansion card]]s, [[Audio and video interfaces and connectors#Video connectors|video connectors]], and [[Computer monitor|monitors]]. 

==History==
[[File:Tvm-md-3-prevga-monitor-front-and-rear.jpg|thumb|Front and rear views of the TVM MD-3 [[cathode-ray tube]] monitor ([[Enhanced Graphics Adapter]] era). Note the [[DE-9]] connector, [[cryptic mode]] switch, [[Contrast ratio|contrast]] and [[brightness]] controls at front, and the V-Size and V-Hold knobs at rear, which allow the control of the scaling and signal to CRT [[refresh rate]] synchronization respectively.]]
Various computer display standards or display modes have been used in the history of the [[personal computer]]. They are often a combination of [[Display aspect ratio|aspect ratio]] (specified as width-to-height ratio), [[display resolution]] (specified as the width and height in [[pixel]]s), [[color depth]] (measured in [[bit]]s per pixel), and [[refresh rate]] (expressed in [[hertz]]). Associated with the screen resolution and refresh rate is a display adapter. Earlier display adapters were simple frame-buffers, but later display standards also specified a more extensive set of display functions and software controlled interface.

Beyond display modes, the [[VESA]] industry organization has defined several standards related to [[power management]] and device identification, while ergonomics standards are set by the [[Swedish Confederation of Professional Employees|TCO]].

==Standards==
A number of common resolutions have been used with computers descended from the original [[IBM PC]]. Some of these are now supported by other families of personal computers. These are de facto standards, usually originated by one manufacturer and reverse-engineered by others, though the [[VESA]] group has co-ordinated the efforts of several leading video display adapter manufacturers. Video ''standards'' associated with IBM-PC-descended personal computers are shown in the diagram and table below, alongside those of early Macintosh and other makes for comparison. (From the early 1990s onwards, most manufacturers moved over to PC display standards thanks to widely available and affordable hardware).

[[File:Vector Video Standards2.svg|540px|center|thumb|Comparison of video resolutions. The curved lines show the thresholds for resolutions with at least 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 million pixels.]]

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%"
|+ style="padding-bottom:0.5em; font-size:125%" | Table of computer display standards (by  height and width)
|- 
!Video standard
!width="10%"|Full name
!width="40%"|Description
!data-sort-type="number"|[[Display resolution]]
!width="5%"|(Maximum) Width
!width="5%"|(Maximum) Height
!width="5%"|(Maximum) Area
!width="10%"|[[Storage aspect ratio]] (effectively: [[Display aspect ratio]])
!width="10%"|[[Color depth]] (2^''bpp'' colors)

|- 
!
!
!class="unsortable"|
!([[pixel]]s)
!(px)
!(px)
!(px)
!
!

|- style="vertical-align:top;"
![[QQVGA]]
|Quarter Quarter Video Graphics Array
|Used on some portable devices, and is a common alternative resolution to QCIF for [[webcam]]s and other online video streams in low-bandwidth situations, and on video modes of early and later low-end digital cameras.
|160×120 (19k)
|160
|120 <!------------------------------- 120 ------------------------------->
|19,200
|4:3
|

|- style="vertical-align:top;"
!UNNAMED
|UNNAMED
|A common size for LCDs manufactured for small consumer electronics, basic mobile phones and feature phones, typically in a 1.7" to 1.9" diagonal size. This LCD is often used in portrait (128×160) orientation. The unusual 5:4 [[Aspect ratio (image)|aspect ratio]] makes the display slightly different from QQVGA dimensions.
|160×128 (20k)
|160
|128 <!------------------------------- 128 ------------------------------->
|20,480
|5:4
|

|- style="vertical-align:top;"
!UNNAMED
|UNNAMED
|A shared size for older portable video game systems. The nearly-square (but landscape) aspect ratio and coarse pixel resolution gave these games a characteristic visual style. Colour depth ranged from 4 colours (2&nbsp;[[Bits per pixel|bpp]]) with the original [[Game Boy]], through 16–32 colours (4–5&nbsp;bpp) with the [[Game Gear]], to a maximum of 56 colours (equivalent of 6&nbsp;bpp) from a wider palette with the [[Game Boy Color]]. Also appears as a YouTube resolution option ("144p"){{citation needed|date=May 2023}}.
|160×144 (23k)
|160
|144 <!------------------------------- 144 ------------------------------->
|23,040
|10:9 (effectively 4:3 (non-square pixels) on Game Gear)
|2&nbsp;bpp (6&nbsp;bpp effective)

|- style="vertical-align:top;"
![[HQVGA]]
|Half Quarter Video Graphics Array
|Used with some smaller, cheaper portable devices, including the Nintendo [[Game Boy Advance]].
|240×160 (38k)
|240
|160 <!------------------------------- 160 ------------------------------->
|38,400
|3:2
|

|- style="vertical-align:top;"
!ST Low/Med Resolution
|Atari ST (etc.) Colour, Broadcast-standard
|[[Atari ST]] line. Colour modes using [[NTSC]] or [[PAL]]-compliant televisions, and monochrome, composite video or RGB-component monitors.
|640×200,<br>320×200
|640
|200 <!------------------------------- 200 ------------------------------->
|128,000
|4:3 (or 16:5 and 16:10 with square pixels)
|2–4&nbsp;bpp for ST, 2–15&nbsp;bpp on the Falcon.

|- style="vertical-align:top;"
![[Color Graphics Adapter|CGA]]
|Color Graphics Adapter
|Introduced in 1981 by IBM, as the first colour display standard for the [[IBM PC]]. The standard CGA graphics cards were equipped with 16&nbsp;kB video RAM.<ref name="Mueller92"/>
|640×200 (128k)<br />320×200 (64k)<br />160×200 (32k)
|640
|200 <!------------------------------- 200 ------------------------------->
|128,000
|16:5<br />16:10/8:5<br />4:5 (effectively 4:3 on CRTs; various aspects on LCDs)
|1&nbsp;bpp<br />2&nbsp;bpp<br />4&nbsp;bpp

|- style="vertical-align:top;"
![[Quarter Video Graphics Array|QVGA]]
|Quarter Video Graphics Array
|Half the resolution in each dimension as standard VGA. First appeared as a VESA mode (134h=256 color, 135h=Hi-Color) that primarily allowed 80x30 character text with graphics, and should not be confused with CGA (320x200); QVGA is normally used when describing screens on portable devices (PDAs, pocket media players, feature phones, smartphones, etc.). No set colour depth or refresh rate is associated with this standard or those that follow, as it is dependent both on the manufacturing quality of the screen and the capabilities of the attached display driver hardware, and almost always incorporates an LCD panel with no visible line-scanning. However, it would typically be in the 8-to-12&nbsp;bpp (256–4096 colours) through 18&nbsp;bpp (262,144 colours) range.
|320×240 (77k)
|320
|240 <!------------------------------- 240 ------------------------------->
|76,800
|4:3
|

|- style="vertical-align:top;"
!TV Computer
|Non-interlaced TV-as-monitor
|Various [[Apple Inc.|Apple]], [[Atari]], [[Commodore computers|Commodore]], [[Sinclair computers|Sinclair]], [[Acorn computers|Acorn]], [[Tandy Radio Shack|Tandy]] and other [[Home computer|home]] and small-office computers introduced from 1977 through to the mid-1980s. They used televisions for display output and had a typical usable screen resolution from 102–320 pixels wide and usually 192–256 lines high, in non-interlaced (NI) mode for a more stable image (displaying a full image on each 1/50th / 1/60th-second field, instead of splitting it across each frame). The limited resolution led to displays with a characteristic wide overscan border around the active area. Some more powerful machines were able to display higher horizontal resolutions—either in text-mode alone or in low-colour bitmap graphics, and typically by halving the width of each pixel, rather than physically expanding the display area—but were still confined in the vertical dimension by the relatively slow horizontal scanning rate of a domestic TV set. These same standards—albeit with progressively greater colour depth and upstream graphical processing ability—would see extended use and popularity in TV-connected game consoles right through to the end of the 20th century.
|640×256 NI (high-end), 320×200 NI (typical), 140×192 NI (low-end)
|640
|256 <!------------------------------- 256 ------------------------------->
|163,840
|4:3 (non-square pixels)
|1–4&nbsp;bpp typical, 2 or 3&nbsp;bpp common.

|- style="vertical-align:top;"
![[Wide QVGA|WQVGA]] 
|Wide Quarter Video Graphics Array
|Effectively 1/16 the total resolution (1/4 in each dimension) of "Full HD", but with the height aligned to an 8-pixel "macroblock" boundary. Common in small-screen video applications, including portable DVD players and the [[Sony PlayStation Portable|Sony PSP]].
|480×272 (131k)
|480
|272 <!------------------------------- 272 ------------------------------->
|130,560
|~1% narrower than 16:9 (30:17 exact)
|

|- style="vertical-align:top;"
![[Macintosh 128K|Mac]] Mono 9"
|Original Apple Macintosh display
|The single fixed-screen mode used in first-generation (128k and 512k) Apple Mac computers, launched in 1984, with a monochrome 9" CRT integrated into the body of the computer. Used to display one of the first mass-market full-time GUIs, and one of the earliest non-interlaced default displays with more than 256 lines of vertical resolution. (Early models used a 384×256 screen; both standards are cut down from the 720×364 of the preceding [[Apple Lisa|Lisa]] model)
|512×342 (175k)
|512
|342 <!------------------------------- 342 ------------------------------->
|175,104
|Very nearly 3:2 (to within 0.2%); 256:171 exact. Displayed with square pixels on a moderately wide-screen monitor (equivalent to 16:10.67 in modern terms).
|1&nbsp;[[color depth|bpp]]

|- style="vertical-align:top;"
![[Hercules Graphics Card|Hercules]]
|
|A monochrome display capable of sharp text and graphics for its time. Very popular with the [[Lotus 1-2-3]] spreadsheet application, which was one of PC's first [[killer application|killer apps]]. Introduced in 1982.
|720×348 (251k)
|720
|348 <!------------------------------- 348 ------------------------------->
|250,560
|60:29 (effectively 4:3)
|1&nbsp;bpp

|- style="vertical-align:top;"
![[Enhanced Graphics Adapter|EGA]]
|Enhanced Graphics Adapter
|Introduced in 1984 by IBM. A resolution of 640×350 pixels of 16 different colours in 4 bits per pixel (bpp), selectable from a 64-colour [[Palette (computing)|palette]] in 2 bits per each of red-green-blue (RGB) unit.<ref name="Mueller92"/> Other commonly used modes were the existing CGA 320×200 and 640×200 resolutions in 4&nbsp;bpp, with a fixed palette corresponding to the 16 colours available in CGA text mode, allowing an EGA card to be used in full colour with an unmodified CGA monitor by setting the correct [[DIP switch]] options; plus full EGA resolution (and CGA hi-res) in monochrome, if installed memory was insufficient for full colour at above 320×200.
|640×350 (224k), 640×200 (128k), 320×200 (64k)
|640
|350 <!------------------------------- 350 ------------------------------->
|224,000
|64:35, 16:5 and 16:10/8:5 (all effectively 4:3)
|4&nbsp;bpp

|- style="vertical-align:top;"
![[Monochrome Display Adapter|MDA]]
|Monochrome Display Adapter
|The original standard on [[IBM Personal Computer|IBM PCs]] and [[IBM Personal Computer XT|IBM PC XTs]] with 4&nbsp;[[kilobyte|kB]] [[video RAM]]. Introduced in 1981 by [[IBM]]. Supports [[text mode]] only.<ref name=Mueller92>{{Citation |first=Scott |last=Mueller |title=Upgrading and Repairing PCs |edition=2nd |publisher=Que Books |year=1992 |isbn=0-88022-856-3 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/upgradingrepairi0000muel_2ndedition/page/669 669–92] |url=https://archive.org/details/upgradingrepairi0000muel_2ndedition/page/669 }}</ref>
|720×350 (252k)
|720
|350 <!------------------------------- 350 ------------------------------->
|252,000
|72:35 (effectively 4:3 (non-square pixels) on CRTs but could be a variety of aspects on LCDs)
|1&nbsp;[[color depth|bpp]]

|- style="vertical-align:top;"
![[Orchid Graphics Adapter]]
|
|A monochrome display that expanded [[Monochrome Display Adapter]]'s capabilities with graphics. Introduced in 1982.
|720×350
|720
|350 <!------------------------------- 350 ------------------------------->
|252,000
|72:35 (effectively 4:3 (non-square pixels) on CRTs but could be a variety of aspects on LCDs)
|1&nbsp;bpp

|- style="vertical-align:top;"
!ST High Resolution
|Atari ST (etc.) Monochrome, proprietary standard
|[[Atari ST]] line. High resolution monochrome mode using a custom non-interlaced monitor with the slightly lower vertical resolution (in order to be an integer multiple of low and medium resolution and thus utilize the same amount of RAM for the framebuffer) allowing a "flicker free" 71.25&nbsp;Hz refresh rate, higher even than the highest refresh rate provided by VGA. All machines in the ST series could also use colour or monochrome VGA monitors with a proper cable or physical adapter, and all but the TT could display 640x400 at 71.25&nbsp;Hz on VGA monitors.
|640×400
|640
|400 <!------------------------------- 400 ------------------------------->
|256,000
|4:3 (or 16:10 with square pixels)
|1&nbsp;bpp for ST, on the Falcon: 1-8&nbsp;bpp grayscale on the ST monochrome monitor, and 8&nbsp;bpp colour on VGA/multisync monitors.

|- style="vertical-align:top;"
![[PowerBook]] internal panel
|PowerBook, early generations
|The first PowerBook, released in 1991, replaced the original Mac Portable (basically an original Mac with an LCD, keyboard and trackball in a lunchbox-style shell), and introduced a new 640×400 greyscale screen. This was joined in 1993 with the PowerBook 165c, which kept the same resolution but added colour capability similar to that of Mac II (256 colours from a palette of 16.7 million).
|640×400 (256k)
|640
|400 <!------------------------------- 400 ------------------------------->
|256,000
|16:10 / 8:5 (square pixels)
|8&nbsp;bpp

|- style="vertical-align:top;"
![[Professional Graphics Controller]]
|
|With on-board 2D and 3D acceleration introduced in 1984 for the 8-bit PC-bus, intended for CAD applications, a triple-board display adapter with built-in processor, and displaying high-resolution, full-colour graphics at a 60&nbsp;Hz frame rate.<ref name="Mueller92"/>
|640×480 (307k)
|640
|480 <!------------------------------- 480 ------------------------------->
|307,200
|4:3
|8&nbsp;bpp

|- style="vertical-align:top;"
![[Multi-Color Graphics Array|MCGA]]
|Multi-Color Graphics Array
|Introduced by IBM on [[Industry Standard Architecture|ISA]]-based [[IBM Personal System/2|PS/2]] models in 1987, with reduced cost compared to [[VGA]]. MCGA had a 320×200 256-colour (from a 262,144 colour [[Palette (computing)|palette]]) mode, and a 640×480 mode only in monochrome due to 64k video memory, compared to the 256k memory of VGA.<ref name="Mueller92"/>
|640×480 (307k),<br>320×200 (64k)
|640
|480 <!------------------------------- 480 ------------------------------->
|307,200
|4:3 (square pixels)<br>16:10 (effectively 4:3)
|8&nbsp;bpp<br>1&nbsp;bpp

|- style="vertical-align:top;"
![[Video Graphics Array|VGA]]
|Video Graphics Array
|Introduced on [[Micro Channel architecture|MCA]]-based PS/2 models in 1987, it replaced the digital TTL signaling of EGA and earlier standards with analog [[RGBHV]] signaling, using the synonymous [[VGA connector]]. As with EGA, the VGA standard actually encompasses a set of different resolutions; 640×480 is sometimes referred to as "VGA resolution" today, however as per the original standard this mode actually only supports 16 colours (4&nbsp;bpp) at 60 Hz. Other common display modes also defined as VGA include [[Mode 13h|320×200 at 256 colours]] (8&nbsp;bpp) (standard VGA resolution for DOS games that stems from halving the pixel rate of 640×400, but doubling color depth) and a text mode with 720×400 pixels; these modes run at 70 Hz and use non-square pixels, so 4:3 aspect correction is required for correct display.

Furthermore, VGA displays and adapters are generally capable of [[Mode X]] graphics, an undocumented mode to allow increased non-standard resolutions, most commonly 320×240 (with 8&nbsp;bpp and square pixels) at 60 Hz.<ref name="Mueller92"/> VGA, like the majority of the following standards, was capable of displaying most standard modes featured by IBM-compatible PCs—CGA, EGA, MDA and MCGA—but typically not Hercules or PGA/PGC.
|640×480 (307k) (hi-res graphics and LCD text)<br>720×400 (CRT text; 288k equivalent)<br>320×200 (64k), 320×240 (75k)
|640
|480 <!------------------------------- 480 ------------------------------->
|307,200
|4:3<br>9:5 (non-square [[Pixel aspect ratio|PAR]] 4:3)<br>16:10/8:5 (non-square [[Pixel aspect ratio|PAR]] 4:3)
|4&nbsp;bpp<br>4&nbsp;bpp<br>8&nbsp;bpp

|- style="vertical-align:top;"
!Video monitor I/NI
|Full-broadcast resolution video monitor or television
|[[Amiga]], [[Acorn Archimedes]], [[Atari Falcon]], and others. They used [[NTSC]] or [[PAL]]-compliant televisions and monochrome, composite video or RGB-component monitors. The interlaced (''i'' or ''I'') mode produced visible flickering of finer details, eventually fixable by use of scan doubler devices and VGA monitors.
|720×480i/576i maximum. Typically 640×400i/512i or 640×200/256 NI, and 320×200/256 NI for games.
|720
|576 <!------------------------------- 576 ------------------------------->
|414,720
|4:3 (non-square pixels)
|Up to 6&nbsp;bpp for Amiga (8&nbsp;bpp with later models), typically 2–4&nbsp;bpp for most hi-res applications (saving memory and processing time), 4–5&nbsp;bpp for games and "fake" 12/18&nbsp;bpp for static images (HAM mode). Up to 15&nbsp;bpp for Archimedes and Falcon (12&nbsp;bpp for TT), but typically 4&nbsp;bpp in use.

|- style="vertical-align:top;"
![[Super Video Graphics Array|SVGA]]
|Super Video Graphics Array
|An extension to VGA defined by [[VESA]] for IBM PC-compatible computers in 1989 meant to take advantage of video cards that exceeded the minimum 256&nbsp;kB defined in the VGA standard. For instance, one of the early supported modes was 800×600 in 16 colours at a slightly lower 56&nbsp;Hz refresh rate, leading to 800×600 sometimes being referred to as "SVGA resolution" today.

Over the course of the early-to-mid-1990s, "SVGA" became a quasi-standard term in PC games, typically referring to a 640×480 resolution using 256 colours (8&nbsp;bpp) at 60 Hz refresh rate. Many other higher and lower modes were standardized in the [[VESA BIOS Extensions]], leading to the establishment of "SVGA" and "VESA" as catch-all terms encompassing output modes that surpassed the original VGA specifications.
|800×600 (480k)<br>640×480 (307k)
|800
|600 <!------------------------------- 600 ------------------------------->
|480,000
|4:3
|4&nbsp;bpp<br>8&nbsp;bpp

|- style="vertical-align:top;"
![[Mac (computer)|Mac]] Colour
|Apple Mac II and later models
|The second-generation Macintosh, launched in 1987, came with colour (and greyscale) capability as standard, at two levels, depending on monitor size—512×384 (1/4 of the later XGA standard) on a 12" (4:3) colour or greyscale (monochrome) monitor; 640×480 with a larger (13" or 14") high-resolution monitor (superficially similar to VGA, but at a higher 67&nbsp;Hz refresh rate)—with 8-bit colour/256 grey shades at the lower resolution, and either 4-bit or 8-bit colour (16/256 grey) in high resolution depending on installed memory (256 or 512&nbsp;kB), all out of a full 24-bit master palette. The result was equivalent to VGA or even PGC—but with a wide palette—at a point simultaneous with the IBM launch of VGA.

Later, larger monitors (15" and 16") allowed use of an SVGA-like binary-half-megapixel 832×624 resolution (at 75&nbsp;Hz) that was eventually used as the default setting for the original, late-1990s iMac. Even larger 17" and 19" monitors could attain higher resolutions still, when connected to a suitably capable computer, but apart from the 1152×870 "XGA+" mode discussed further below, Mac resolutions beyond 832×624 tended to fall into line with PC standards, using what were essentially rebadged PC monitors with a different cable connection. Mac models after the II (Power Mac, Quadra, etc.) also allowed at first 16-bit High Colour (65,536, or "Thousands of" colours), and then 24-bit True Colour (16.7M, or "Millions of" colours), but much like PC standards beyond XGA, the increase in colour depth past 8&nbsp;bpp was not strictly tied to changing resolution standards.
|832×624 (519k), 640×480 (307k), 512×384 (197k)
|832
|624 <!------------------------------- 624 ------------------------------->
|519,168
|4:3
|4&nbsp;[[color depth|bpp]], 8&nbsp;bpp, and later 16/24&nbsp;bpp

|- style="vertical-align:top;"
![[Graphic display resolutions#HD (1280×720)|HD]]
|High Definition (720p)
|This display [[Aspect ratio (image)|aspect ratio]] is among the most common in recent{{When|date=February 2018}} notebook computers and desktop monitors.{{cn|date=February 2018}}
|1280×720 (921k)
|1280
|720 <!------------------------------- 720 ------------------------------->
|921,600
|16:9 to within 0.05% accuracy
(683:384 exact)
|24&nbsp;bpp

|- style="vertical-align:top;"
![[8514 (display standard)|8514]]
|
|Precursor to XGA and released shortly after VGA in 1987. 8514/A cards displayed interlaced video at 43.5&nbsp;Hz in a 1024×768 resolution, and at 640×480, 60&nbsp;Hz non-interlaced, both with up to 256 colours.<ref name="Mueller92"/>

The high-resolution mode introduced by 8514/A became a ''de facto'' general standard in a succession of computing and digital-media fields for more than two decades, arguably more so than SVGA, with successive IBM and clone videocards and CRT monitors (a multisync monitor's grade being broadly determinable by whether it could display 1024×768 at all, or show it interlaced, non-interlaced, or "flicker-free"), LCD panels (the standard resolution for 14" and 15" 4:3 desktop monitors, and a whole generation of 11–15" laptops), early plasma and [[HD ready]] LCD televisions (albeit at a stretched 16:9 aspect ratio, showing down-scaled material), professional video projectors, and most recently, tablet computers.
|1024×768 (786k), 640×480 (307k)
|1024
|768 <!------------------------------- 768 ------------------------------->
|786,432
|4:3
|8&nbsp;bpp

|- style="vertical-align:top;"
![[XGA]]
|Extended Graphics Array
|An IBM display standard introduced in 1990. XGA built on 8514/A's existing 1024×768 mode and added support for "high colour" (65,536 colours, 16&nbsp;bpp) at 640×480. The second revision ("XGA-2") was a more thorough upgrade, offering higher refresh rates (75&nbsp;Hz and up, non-interlaced, up to at least 1024×768), improved performance, and a fully programmable display engine capable of almost any resolution within its physical limits. For example, 1280×1024 (5:4) or 1360×1024 (≈4:3) in 16 colours at 60&nbsp;Hz, 1056×400 [14h] Text Mode (132×50 characters); 800×600 in 256 or 64k colours; and even as high as 1600×1200 (at a reduced 50&nbsp;Hz scan rate) with a high-quality multisync monitor (or an otherwise non-standard 960×720 at 60&nbsp;Hz on a lower-end one capable of high refresh rates at 800×600, but only interlaced mode at 1024×768).<ref name="Mueller92"/> However, the extended modes required custom drivers, and so only the basic options (1024×768×8 <abbr title="Interlaced">I</abbr>, 640×480×16 <abbr title="Non-Interlaced">NI</abbr>, high-res text) were commonly used outside Windows and other hardware-abstracting graphical environments.
|1024×768 (786k)<br>640×480 (307k), 1056×400 (text, 422k equivalent)
|1024
|768 <!------------------------------- 768 ------------------------------->
|786,432
|4:3<br>4:3, 66:25 (effectively 4:3)
|8&nbsp;bpp<br>16&nbsp;bpp

|- style="vertical-align:top;"
![[Wide XGA|WXGA]]
|Widescreen Extended Graphics Array
|A wide version of the XGA format. This display [[Aspect ratio (image)|aspect ratio]] was common in widescreen notebook computers until ''ca.'' 2010.
|1366×768&nbsp;(1,049k)<ref name="vesa TV">{{cite web |url=http://www.vesa.org/Public/Panel%20Standards/TVpnlV1.pdf |title=TV Panels Standard |publisher=VESA |date=10 March 2006 |access-date=2013-05-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209101345/http://www.vesa.org/Public/Panel%20Standards/TVpnlV1.pdf |archive-date=2008-12-09}}</ref>,<br>1360×768&nbsp;(1,044k),<br>1280×800 (1,024k)<br>
|1366
|768 <!------------------------------- 768 ------------------------------->
|1,049,088
|≈16:9 (1366×768 and 1360x768), 16:10 (1280x800)
|24&nbsp;bpp

|- style="vertical-align:top;"
![[XGA+]]
|Extended Graphics Array Plus
|Although not an official name, this term is now used to refer to 1152×864, which is the largest 4:3 array yielding less than a binary megapixel (2^20, 1048576 pixels, 1048 decimal kilopixels), thus allowing the greatest "normal" resolution at common colour depths with a standard amount of video memory (128&nbsp;kB, 512&nbsp;kB, 1&nbsp;MB, 2&nbsp;MB, etc.). Variants of this were used by [[NeXT]] (at 1120x832), Apple (at 1152×870), and [[Sun Microsystems]] (at 1152×900) for 17" to 21" CRT displays. {{citation needed|reason=A citation is needed that these are also called XGA+|date=May 2023}}.
|1152×864 (995k)<br> 1120×832 (932k)<br>1152×870 (1,002k)<br>1152×900 (1,037k)
|1152
|864 <!------------------------------- 864 ------------------------------->
|995,328
|4:3
|8&nbsp;bpp<br>16&nbsp;bpp

|- style="vertical-align:top;"
![[WXGA+]] ([[WSXGA]])
|Widescreen Extended Graphics Array PLUS
|An enhanced version of the WXGA format. This display [[Aspect ratio (image)|aspect ratio]] was common in widescreen notebook computers, and many 19" widescreen LCD monitors until ''ca.'' 2010.
|1440×900 (1,296k)
|1440
|900 <!------------------------------- 900 ------------------------------->
|1,296,000
|16:10
|24&nbsp;bpp

|- style="vertical-align:top;"
!HD+
|High Definition Plus (900p)
|
|1600×900 (1,440k)
|1600
|900 <!------------------------------- 900 ------------------------------->
|1,440,000
|16:9
|24&nbsp;bpp

|- style="vertical-align:top;"
!TT High Resolution
|Atari TT (etc.) Monochrome, proprietary standard
|[[Atari TT]] line. High resolution monochrome mode using a custom non-interlaced ECL monitor, allowing a higher, "flicker free" 70&nbsp;Hz refresh rate.
|1280×960 (1229k)
|1280
|960 <!------------------------------- 960 ------------------------------->
|1,228,800
|4:3
|1&nbsp;bpp for TT.

|- style="vertical-align:top;"
![[SXGA]]
|Super Extended Graphics Array
|A widely used ''[[de facto]]'' standard, introduced with XGA-2 and other early "multiscan" graphics cards and monitors, with an unusual [[Aspect ratio (image)|aspect ratio]] of 5:4 (1.25:1) instead of the more common 4:3 (1.{{overline|3}}:1), meaning that even 4:3 pictures and video will appear letterboxed on the narrower 5:4 screens. This is generally the native resolution—with, therefore, square pixels—of standard 17" and 19" LCD monitors. It was often a recommended resolution for 17" and 19" CRTs also, though as they were usually produced in a 4:3 aspect ratio, it either gave non-square pixels or required adjustment to show small vertical borders at each side of the image. Allows 24-bit colour in 4&nbsp;MB of graphics memory, or 4-bit colour in 640&nbsp;kB.
* Some manufacturers,{{Who|date=December 2011}} noting that the ''de facto'' industry standard was VGA (Video Graphics Array), termed this the E'''x'''tended Video Graphics Array, or XVGA.
|1280×1024 (1,310k)
|1280
|1024 <!------------------------------- 1024 ------------------------------->
|1,310,720
|5:4
|24&nbsp;bpp

|- style="vertical-align:top;"
![[SXGA+]]
|Super Extended Graphics Array PLUS
| Used on 14" and 15" notebook LCD screens and a few smaller screens, until the eventual{{when?|date=May 2023}} market-wide phasing-out of 4:3 aspect displays.
|1400×1050 (1,470k)
|1400
|1050 <!------------------------------- 1050 ------------------------------->
|1,470,000
|4:3
|24&nbsp;bpp

|- style="vertical-align:top;"
![[WSXGA+]]
|Widescreen Super Extended Graphics Array Plus
|A wide version of the SXGA+ format, the native resolution for many 22" widescreen LCD monitors, also used in larger, wide-screen notebook computers until ''ca.'' 2010.
|1680×1050 (1,764k)
|1680
|1050 <!------------------------------- 1050 ------------------------------->
|1,764,000
|16:10
|24&nbsp;bpp

|- style="vertical-align:top;"
![[Graphic display resolutions#FHD (1920×1080)|FHD]]
|Full High Definition (1080p)
|This display aspect ratio is the native resolution for many 24" widescreen LCD monitors, and is expected to also become a standard resolution for smaller-to-medium-sized wide-aspect tablet computers in the near future (as of 2012).
|1920×1080 (2,073k)
|1920
|1080 <!------------------------------- 1080 ------------------------------->
|2,073,600
|16:9
|24&nbsp;bpp

|- style="vertical-align:top;"
![[Digital cinema|DCI 2K]]
|Digital Cinema Initiatives 2K
|Baseline standard for digital cinema capture, post production and presentation.
|2048×1080 (2,212k)
|2048
|1080 <!------------------------------- 1080 ------------------------------->
|2,211,840
|≈19:10,≈17:9
(256:135 or 1.8<span style="text-decoration:overline;">962</span>:1 exact)
|48&nbsp;bpp (at 24 frame/s)

|- style="vertical-align:top;"
!UNNAMED
|UNNAMED
|Sometimes casually referred to as "1080p ultrawide". Referred to occasionally as "UW-UXGA".
|2560×1080 (2,765k)
|2560
|1080 <!------------------------------- 1080 ------------------------------->
|2,764,800
|≈21:9
(64:27, or 2.<span style="text-decoration:overline;">370</span>:1, or 21.<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>:9 exact)
|24&nbsp;bpp

|- style="vertical-align:top;"
![[QWXGA]]
|Quad Wide Extended Graphics Array
|Samsung has a QWXGA resolution 23" LCD monitor, the ''2342BWX''.
|2048×1152 (2,359k)
|2048
|1152 <!------------------------------- 1152 ------------------------------->
|2,359,296
|16:9
|

|- style="vertical-align:top;"
![[UXGA]]
|Ultra Extended Graphics Array
|A ''[[de facto]]'' high-resolution standard. This is the native resolution for many 20" LCD monitors, and was a recommended mode for some high-end 21" CRTs.
|1600×1200 (1,920k)
|1600
|1200 <!------------------------------- 1200 ------------------------------->
|1,920,000
|4:3
|24&nbsp;bpp

|- style="vertical-align:top;"
![[WUXGA]]
|Widescreen Ultra Extended Graphics Array
|A wide version of the UXGA format. This display aspect ratio was popular on high-end 15" and 17" widescreen notebook computers, as well as on many 23–27" widescreen LCD monitors, until ''ca.'' 2010. It is also a popular resolution for home cinema projectors, besides<!--beyond?--> 1080p, in order to show non-widescreen material slightly taller than widescreen (and therefore also slightly wider than it might otherwise be), and is the highest resolution supported by single-link [[Digital Visual Interface|DVI]] at standard colour depth and scan rate (i.e., no less than 24&nbsp;bpp and 60&nbsp;Hz non-interlaced)
|1920×1200 (2,304k)
|1920
|1200 <!------------------------------- 1200 ------------------------------->
|2,304,000
|16:10
|24&nbsp;bpp

|- style="vertical-align:top;"
!UNNAMED
|UNNAMED
|Used on [[Microsoft Surface 3]].
|1920×1280 (2,458k)
|1920
|1280 <!------------------------------- 1280 ------------------------------->
|2,457,600
|3:2
|24&nbsp;bpp

|- style="vertical-align:top;"
!UNNAMED
|UNNAMED
|4:3 superset of 1080p, common on high-resolution CRTs.
|1920×1440 (2,765k)
|1920
|1440 <!------------------------------- 1440 ------------------------------->
|2,764,800
|4:3
|24&nbsp;bpp

|- style="vertical-align:top;"
!UNNAMED
|UNNAMED
|Used on [[Microsoft Surface Pro 3]].
|2160×1440 (3,110k)
|2160
|1440 <!------------------------------- 1440 ------------------------------->
|3,110,400
|3:2
|24&nbsp;bpp

|- style="vertical-align:top;"
![[Graphics display resolution#QHD (2560x1440)|QHD]]
|Quad High Definition
|The native resolution for many higher end 27" widescreen [[IPS panel]]s and smartphones (from the mid-2010s onward); often referred to as "WQHD"
|2560×1440 (3,686k)
|2560
|1440 <!------------------------------- 1440 ------------------------------->
|3,686,400
|16:9
|24&nbsp;bpp

|- style="vertical-align:top;"
!UNNAMED
|UNNAMED
|Used on [[LG G6]], [[LG V30]] and [[Pixel 2 XL]] smartphones.
|2880×1440 (4,147k)
|2880
|1440 <!------------------------------- 1440 ------------------------------->
|4,147,200
|18:9/2:1
|24&nbsp;bpp

|- style="vertical-align:top;"
!UNNAMED
|UNNAMED
|Used on [[Samsung]] [[Samsung Galaxy S8|Galaxy S8]], [[Samsung Galaxy Note 8|Galaxy Note 8]], and [[Samsung Galaxy S9|Galaxy S9]] smartphones.
|2960×1440 (4,262k)
|2960
|1440 <!------------------------------- 1440 ------------------------------->
|4,262,400
|18.5:9/37:18
|24&nbsp;bpp

|- style="vertical-align:top;"
!UWQHD
|Ultra-Wide Quad HD
|Sometimes casually referred to as "1440p ultrawide".
|3440×1440 (4,954k)
|3440
|1440 <!------------------------------- 1440 ------------------------------->
|4,953,600
|≈21:9
(43:18, or 2.3<span style="text-decoration:overline;">8</span>:1, or 21.5:9 exact)
|24&nbsp;bpp

|- style="vertical-align:top;"
![[QXGA]]
|Quad Extended Graphics Array
|This is the highest resolution that generally can be displayed on analog computer monitors (most CRTs), and the highest resolution that most analogue video cards and other display transmission hardware (cables, switch boxes, signal boosters) are rated for (at 60&nbsp;Hz refresh). 24-bit colour requires 9&nbsp;MB of video memory (and transmission bandwidth) for a single frame. It is also the native resolution of medium-to-large latest-generation (2012) standard-aspect tablet computers.
|2048×1536 (3,146k)
|2048
|1536 <!------------------------------- 1536 ------------------------------->
|3,145,728
|4:3
|24&nbsp;bpp

|- style="vertical-align:top;"
![[WQXGA]]
|Widescreen Quad Extended Graphics Array
|A version of the XGA format, the native resolution for many 30" widescreen LCD monitors. Also, the highest resolution supported by dual-link [[Digital Video Interface|DVI]] at a standard colour depth and non-interlaced refresh rate (i.e. at least 24&nbsp;bpp and 60&nbsp;Hz). Used on [[MacBook Pro with Retina display]] (13.3"). Requires 12&nbsp;MB of memory/bandwidth for a single frame.
|2560×1600 (4,096k)
|2560
|1600 <!------------------------------- 1600 ------------------------------->
|4,096,000
|16:10
|24&nbsp;bpp

|- style="vertical-align:top;"
!UW4K
|Ultra-Wide 4K
|Commonly used on Ultra HD Blu-ray discs.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}
|3840×1600 (6,144k)
|3840
|1600 <!------------------------------- 1600 ------------------------------->
|6,144,000
|12:5
|24&nbsp;bpp

|- style="vertical-align:top;"
!QWXGA+<ref>{{cite web |title=新型MacBook Pro Retinaってどうよ？ 社内で聞いてみた |date=2012-06-24 |website=ASCII.jp×iPhone/Mac |publisher=Kadokawa Corporation |url=http://ascii.jp/elem/000/000/704/704443/ |language=Japanese}}</ref>
|Quad Wide Extended Graphics Array Plus
|Used on [[MacBook Pro with Retina display]] (15.4"). Double the resolution of the previous 1440×900 standard in each dimension.
|2880×1800 (5,184k)
|2880
|1800 <!------------------------------- 1800 ------------------------------->
|5,184,000
|16:10
|24&nbsp;bpp

|- style="vertical-align:top;"
!UNNAMED
|UNNAMED
|Used on [[Surface Pro 4|Microsoft Surface Pro 4]].
|2736×1824 (4,991k)
|2736
|1824 <!------------------------------- 1824 ------------------------------->
|4,990,464
|3:2
|24&nbsp;bpp

|- style="vertical-align:top;"
!UNNAMED
|UNNAMED
|Used on 14" Macbook Pro.
|3024×1964 (5,939k)
|3024
|1964 <!------------------------------- 1964 ------------------------------->
|5,939,136
|≈14:9
|10&nbsp;bpp

|- style="vertical-align:top;"
!UNNAMED
|UNNAMED
|Used on [[Surface Book|Microsoft Surface Book]].
|3000×2000 (6,000k)
|3000
|2000 <!------------------------------- 2000 ------------------------------->
|6,000,000
|3:2
|24&nbsp;bpp

|- style="vertical-align:top;"
![[QSXGA]]
|Quad Super Extended Graphics Array
|Double the resolution of SXGA in each dimension.
|2560×2048 (5,243k)
|2560
|2048 <!------------------------------- 2048 ------------------------------->
|5,242,800
|5:4
|24&nbsp;bpp

|- style="vertical-align:top;"
![[WQSXGA]]
|Wide Quad Super Extended Graphics Array
|
|3200×2048 (6,554k)
|3200
|2048 <!------------------------------- 2048 ------------------------------->
|6,553,600
|≈16:10
(25:16 exact)
|24&nbsp;bpp

|- style="vertical-align:top;"
![[Ultra-high-definition television|UHD]] 4K
|Ultra High-Definition, or Quad Full High-Definition
|Four times the resolution of 1080p. Requires a dual-link DVI, category 2 (high-speed) HDMI, [[DisplayPort]] or a single [[Thunderbolt (interface)|Thunderbolt]] link, and a reduced scan rate (up to 30&nbsp;Hz); a DisplayPort 1.2 connection can support this resolution at 60&nbsp;Hz, or 30&nbsp;Hz in stereoscopic 3D.
|3840×2160 (8,294k)
|3840
|2160 <!------------------------------- 2160 ------------------------------->
|8,294,400
|16:9
|24&nbsp;bpp

|- style="vertical-align:top;"
![[4K resolution|DCI 4K]]
|Digital Cinema Initiatives 4K
|The current standard (2012) in digital cinema. Double Hres and Vres of DCI 2K.
|4096×2160 (8,847k)
|4096
|2160 <!------------------------------- 2160 ------------------------------->
|8,847,360
|≈19:10,≈17:9
(256:135 or 1.8<span style="text-decoration:overline;">962</span>:1 exact)
|48&nbsp;bpp (at 24 frame/s)

|- style="vertical-align:top;"
!UW5K
|Ultra-Wide 5K
|Also referred to as WUHD in consumer displays. 21:9 aspect ratio version of UHD 4K, defined in CTA-861-G, or resulting from 3840x2160 with 4:3 pixel ratio in HDMI 2.0/2.1. 
|5120×2160 (11,059k)
|5120
|2160 <!------------------------------- 2160 ------------------------------->
|11,059,200
|≈21:9
(64:27, or 2.<span style="text-decoration:overline;">370</span>:1, or 21.<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>:9 exact)
|24&nbsp;bpp

|- style="vertical-align:top;"
!UNNAMED
|UNNAMED
|Used on 16" Macbook Pro.
|3456×2234 (7,721k)
|3456
|2234 <!------------------------------- 2234 ------------------------------->
|7,720,704
|≈14:9
|10&nbsp;bpp

|- style="vertical-align:top;"
![[QUXGA]]
|Quad Ultra Extended Graphics Array
|
|3200×2400 (7,680k)
|3200
|2400 <!------------------------------- 2400 ------------------------------->
|7,680,000
|4:3
|24&nbsp;bpp

|- style="vertical-align:top;"
![[WQUXGA]]
|Wide Quad Ultra Extended Graphics Array
|The [[IBM T220/T221 LCD monitors]] supported this resolution, but they are discontinued and no longer available.
Also used for Dell laptops from 2019 onwards. 
|3840×2400 (9,216k)
|3840
|2400 <!------------------------------- 2400 ------------------------------->
|9,216,000
|16:10
|24&nbsp;bpp

|- style="vertical-align:top;"
!UHD 5K
|5K Ultra High-Definition
|Often referred to as "5K" or "UHD+". Having exactly double the dimensions of WQHD's 2560×1440 (3686k), used on Apple's late-2014 27" [[iMac (Intel-based)#Slim Unibody iMac|iMac]] ''[[Retina Display|Retina 5K Display]]''
|5120×2880 (14,745k)
|5120
|2880 <!------------------------------- 2880 ------------------------------->
|14,745,600
|16:9
|24&nbsp;bpp

|- style="vertical-align:top;"
!UNNAMED
|UNNAMED
|Used on [[Microsoft Surface Studio]].
|4500×3000 (13,500k)
|4500
|3000 <!------------------------------- 3000 ------------------------------->
|13,500,000
|3:2
|24&nbsp;bpp

|- style="vertical-align:top;"
!HXGA
|Hex[adecatuple] Extended Graphics Array
|
|4096×3072 (12,583k)
|4096
|3072 <!------------------------------- 3072 ------------------------------->
|12,582,912
|4:3
|24&nbsp;bpp

|- style="vertical-align:top;"
!WHXGA
|Wide Hex[adecatuple] Extended Graphics Array
|
|5120×3200 (16,384k)
|5120
|3200 <!------------------------------- 3200 ------------------------------->
|16,384,000
|16:10
|24&nbsp;bpp

|- style="vertical-align:top;"
!UW8K
|Ultra-Wide 8K
|
|7680×3200 (24,576k)
|7680
|3200 <!------------------------------- 3200 ------------------------------->
|24,576,000
|12:5
|24&nbsp;bpp

|- style="vertical-align:top;"
!HSXGA
|Hex[adecatuple] Super Extended Graphics Array
|
|5120×4096 (20,972k)
|5120
|4096 <!------------------------------- 4096 ------------------------------->
|20,971,520
|5:4
|24&nbsp;bpp

|- style="vertical-align:top;"
!WHSXGA
|Wide Hex[adecatuple] Super Extended Graphics Array
|
|6400×4096 (26,214k)
|6400
|4096 <!------------------------------- 4096 ------------------------------->
|26,212,400
|≈16:10
(25:16 exact)
|24&nbsp;bpp

|- style="vertical-align:top;"
![[Ultra-high-definition television|UHD]] 8K
|8K Ultra-high-definition (Super Hi-Vision)
|Consumer video format defined by CTA-861-G. Provides effectively "pixel-less" imagery even on extra-large displays.
|7680×4320 (33,177k)
|7680
|4320 <!------------------------------- 4320 ------------------------------->
|33,177,600
|16:9
|30–36&nbsp;bpp

|- style="vertical-align:top;"
!UHD 10K
|
|21:9 aspect ratio version of UHD 8K, defined in CTA-861-G (VIC 210-217), or resulting from 7680x4320 with 4:3 pixel ratio in HDMI 2.1.
|10240×4320 (44,236k)
|10240
|4320 <!------------------------------- 4320 ------------------------------->
|44,236,800
|≈21:9
(64:27, or 2.<span style="text-decoration:overline;">370</span>:1, or 21.<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>:9 exact)
|30–36&nbsp;bpp

|- style="vertical-align:top;"
!HUXGA
|Hex[adecatuple] Ultra Extended Graphics Array
|
|6400×4800 (30,720k)
|6400
|4800 <!------------------------------- 4800 ------------------------------->
|30,720,000
|4:3
|24&nbsp;bpp

|- style="vertical-align:top;"
!WHUXGA
|Wide Hex[adecatuple] Ultra Extended Graphics Array
|
|7680×4800 (36,864k)
|7680
|4800 <!------------------------------- 4800 ------------------------------->
|36,864,000
|16:10
|24&nbsp;bpp
|}

==Display resolution prefixes==
Although the common standard prefixes ''super'' and ''ultra'' do not indicate specific modifiers to base standard resolutions, several others do:
;Quarter (Q or q)
:A quarter of the base resolution. E.g. [[QVGA]], a term for a 320×240 resolution, half the width and height of VGA, hence the quarter total resolution. The "Q" prefix usually indicates "Quad" (4 times as many, not 1/4 times as many) in higher resolutions, and sometimes "q" is used instead of "Q" to specify ''quarter'' (by analogy with [[SI prefix]]es m/M{{citation needed|reason=previously included k/K which makes no sense as there is no K and k is kilo 10^3, additionally M is 10^6, while m is 10^-3, making it different to the use of Q and q|date=August 2012}}), but this usage is not consistent.<ref>{{ Citation
 | title=Accurate Power Estimation of LCD Panels for Notebook Design of Low-Cost 2.2-inch qVGA LTPS TFT-LCD Panel
 | first1=Min-Seok
 | last1=Shin
 | first2=Jung-Whan
 | last2=Choi
 | first3=Yong-Jae
 | last3=Kim
 | first4=Kyong-Rok
 | last4=Kim
 | first5=Inhwan
 | last5=Lee
 | first6=Oh-Kyong
 | last6=Kwon
 | journal=SID 2007 Digest
 | volume=38
 | issue=1
 | year=2007
 | pages=260–263
| doi=10.1889/1.2785279
 | s2cid=109838866
 }}</ref>
;Wide (W)
:The base resolution increased by increasing the width and keeping the height constant, for square or near-square pixels on a widescreen display, usually with an aspect ratio of either 16:9 (adding an extra 1/3rd width vs a standard 4:3 display) or 16:10 (adding an extra 1/5th). However, it is sometimes used to denote a resolution that would have roughly the same total pixel count as this, but in a different aspect and sharing neither the horizontal OR vertical resolution—typically for a 16:10 resolution which is narrower but taller than the 16:9 option, and therefore larger in both dimensions than the base standard (e.g., compare 1366×768 and 1280×800, both commonly labelled as "WXGA", vs the base 1024×768 "XGA").
;Quad(ruple) (Q)
:Four times as many pixels compared to the base resolution, i.e. twice the horizontal and vertical resolution respectively.
;Hex(adecatuple) (H)
:Sixteen times as many pixels compared to the base resolution, i.e. four times the horizontal and vertical resolutions respectively.
;Super (S), eXtended (X), Plus (+) and/or Ultra (U)
:Vaguer terms denoting successive incremental steps up the resolution ladder from some comparative, more established base, usually somewhat less severe a jump than quartering or Quadrupling—typically less than doubling, and sometimes not even as much of a change as making a "wide" version; for example SVGA (800×600 vs 640×480), SXGA (1280×1024 vs 1024×768), SXGA+ (1400×1050 vs 1280×1024) and UXGA (1600×1200 vs 1024×768 - or more fittingly, vs the 1280×1024 of SXGA, the conceptual "next step down" at the time of UXGA's inception, or the 1400×1050 of SXGA+). Given the use of "X" in "XGA", it is not often used as an additional modifier (e.g. there is no such thing as XVGA except as an alternative designation for SXGA) unless its meaning would be unambiguous.

These prefixes are also often combined, as in [[WQXGA]] or [[WHUXGA]], with levels of stacking not hindered by the same consideration towards readability as the decline of the added "X" - especially as there is not even a defined hierarchy or value for S/X/U/+ modifiers.

==See also==
* [[Display resolution]]; this also lists the display resolutions of standard and HD televisions, which are sometimes used as computer monitors.
* [[Graphics display resolution]]
* [[List of common resolutions]]
* [[List of video connectors]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.webdoodles.org/pages/screentest.htm Display the resolution and color bit depth of your current monitor]
* [http://www.prinds.com/tools/screenDimensions.htm Calculate screen dimensions according to format and diagonal]
* [http://www.tvcalculator.com/ Calculate and compare display sizes, resolutions, and source material]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140302011852/http://www.equasys.de/standardresolution.html Standard resolutions used for computer graphics equipment, TV and video applications and mobile devices.]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140329085008/http://www.vgamuseum.info/images/stories/doc/historysm.png Large image of graphic card history tree]

{{Computer display standard}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Computer Display Standard}}
[[Category:Computer display standards]]
[[Category:Graphics standards]]
[[Category:VESA]]