Editing List of cryptographers

{{Short description|A list of historical mathmaticians}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
This is a '''list of cryptographers'''. [[Cryptography]] is the practice and study of techniques for [[secure communication]] in the presence of third parties called [[adversary (cryptography)|adversaries]].

==Pre twentieth century==
* [[Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi]]: wrote a (now lost) book on cryptography titled the "''Book of Cryptographic Messages''".
* [[Al-Kindi]], 9th century [[Arabic]] polymath and originator of [[frequency analysis]].
* [[Athanasius Kircher]], attempts to decipher crypted messages
* [[Augustus the Younger, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg]], wrote a standard book on cryptography
* [[Ibn Wahshiyya]]: published several cipher alphabets that were used to encrypt magic formulas.<ref>{{cite book |last=Whitman and Mattord |title=[[Principles of Information Security]] |publisher=Course Technology |year=2010 |isbn=978-1111138219 |edition=4th |page=351}}</ref>
* [[John Dee]], wrote an occult book, which in fact was a cover for crypted text
* [[Ibn 'Adlan]]: 13th-century cryptographer who made important contributions on the sample size of the frequency analysis.
* [[Duke of Mantua]] [[Francesco I Gonzaga]] is the one who used the earliest example of homophonic [[Substitution cipher]] in early 1400s.<ref>David Salomon. [https://books.google.com/books?id=A88kvYwIVu0C&dq=homophonic+cipher+mantua+1400s&pg=PA224 Coding for Data and Computer Communications]. Springer, 2005.</ref><ref>Fred A. Stahl. "[http://www.computer.org/csdl/proceedings/afips/1973/5081/00/50810565.pdf A homophonic cipher for computational cryptography]" Proceedings of the national computer conference and exposition (AFIPS '73), pp. 123–126, New York City, 1973.</ref>
* [[Ibn al-Durayhim]]: gave detailed descriptions of eight cipher systems that discussed substitution ciphers, leading to the earliest suggestion of a "tableau" of the kind that two centuries later became known as the "Vigenère table".
* [[Ahmad al-Qalqashandi]]: Author of ''Subh al-a 'sha'', a fourteen volume encyclopedia in Arabic, which included a section on cryptology. The list of ciphers in this work included both substitution and transposition, and for the first time, a cipher with multiple substitutions for each plaintext letter.
* [[Charles Babbage]], UK, 19th century mathematician who, about the time of the [[Crimean War]], secretly developed an effective attack against [[polyalphabetic substitution]] ciphers.
* [[Leone Battista Alberti]], [[polymath]]/universal [[genius]], inventor of [[polyalphabetic substitution]] (more specifically, the [[Alberti cipher]]), and what may have been the first mechanical encryption aid.
* [[Giovanni Battista della Porta]], author of a seminal work on [[cryptanalysis]].
* [[Étienne Bazeries]], French, military, considered one of the greatest natural cryptanalysts. Best known for developing the "[[Jefferson disk|Bazeries Cylinder]]" and his influential 1901 text ''Les Chiffres secrets dévoilés'' ("Secret ciphers unveiled").
* [[Giovan Battista Bellaso]], Italian cryptologist
* [[Giovanni Fontana (engineer)]], wrote two encrypted books
* [[Hildegard of Bingen]] used her own alphabet to write letters.
* [[Julius Caesar]], Roman general/politician, has the [[Caesar cipher]] named after him, and a [[Lost literary work|lost work]] on cryptography by Probus (probably Valerius Probus) is claimed to have covered his use of military cryptography in some detail. It is likely that he did not invent the cipher named after him, as other [[substitution cipher]]s were in use well before his time.
* [[Friedrich Kasiski]], author of the first published attack on the [[Vigenère cipher]], now known as the [[Kasiski test]].
* [[Auguste Kerckhoffs]], known for contributing cipher design principles.
* [[Edgar Allan Poe]], author of the book, ''A Few Words on Secret Writing'', an essay on cryptanalysis, and ''[[The Gold Bug]]'', a short story featuring the use of letter frequencies in the solution of a cryptogram.
* [[Johannes Trithemius]], mystic and first to describe ''tableaux'' (tables) for use in [[polyalphabetic substitution]]. Wrote an early work on [[steganography]] and cryptography generally.
* [[Philips van Marnix, lord of Sint-Aldegonde]], deciphered Spanish messages for [[William I of Orange|William the Silent]] during the Dutch revolt against the Spanish.
* [[John Wallis]] codebreaker for Cromwell and Charles II
* [[Charles Wheatstone|Sir Charles Wheatstone]], inventor of the so-called [[Playfair cipher]] and general polymath.

==World War I and World War II wartime cryptographers==

* [[Richard J. Hayes]] (1902–1976) Irish code breaker in World War II.
* [[Jean Argles]] (1925–2023), British code breaker in World War II
* [[Arne Beurling]] (1905–1986), Swedish mathematician and cryptographer.
* [[Lambros D. Callimahos]], US, [[NSA]], worked with William F. Friedman, taught NSA cryptanalysts.
* [[Ann Z. Caracristi]], US, [[Signals Intelligence Service|SIS]], solved Japanese Army codes in World War II, later became deputy director of [[National Security Agency]].
* [[Alec Naylor Dakin]], UK, [[Hut 4]], [[Bletchley Park]] during World War II.
* [[Ludomir Danilewicz]], [[Poland]], [[Biuro Szyfrow]], helped to construct the Enigma machine copies to break the ciphers.
* [[Patricia Davies (cryptographer)|Patricia Davies]] (born 1923), British code breaker in World War II
* [[Alastair Denniston]], UK, director of the [[Government Code and Cypher School]] at [[Bletchley Park]] from 1919 to 1942.
* [[Agnes Meyer Driscoll]], US, broke several Japanese ciphers.
* [[Genevieve Grotjan Feinstein]], US, [[Signals Intelligence Service|SIS]], noticed the pattern that led to breaking [[Purple (cipher machine)|Purple]].
* [[Elizebeth Smith Friedman]], US, [[United States Coast Guard|Coast Guard]] and [[United States Department of the Treasury|US Treasury Department]] cryptographer, co-invented modern cryptography.<ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Worrall|first1=Simon|title=This Woman Saved the Americas From the Nazis|url=https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/10/elizebeth-friedman-codebreaker-nazi-spy-fagone/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007105852/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/10/elizebeth-friedman-codebreaker-nazi-spy-fagone/|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 October 2017|magazine=National Geographic|access-date=1 April 2018|date=7 October 2017}}</ref>
* [[William F. Friedman]], US, [[Signals Intelligence Service|SIS]], introduced statistical methods into [[cryptography]].
* [[Cecilia Elspeth Giles]], UK, [[Bletchley Park]]
* [[I. J. Good|Jack Good]] UK, [[Government Code and Cypher School]], [[Bletchley Park]] worked with [[Alan Turing]] on the statistical approach to cryptanalysis.
* [[Nigel de Grey]], UK, [[Room 40]], played an important role in the decryption of the [[Zimmermann Telegram]] during World War I.
* [[Dillwyn Knox]], UK, [[Room 40]] and [[Government Code and Cypher School]], broke commercial [[Enigma (machine)|Enigma]] cipher as used by the [[Abwehr]] (German military intelligence).
* [[Solomon Kullback]] US, [[Signals Intelligence Service|SIS]], helped break the Japanese [[Type A Cipher Machine|Red cipher]], later Chief Scientist at the [[National Security Agency]].
* [[Frank W. Lewis]] US, worked with William F. Friedman, puzzle master
* [[Martin and Mitchell Defection|William Hamilton Martin and Bernon F. Mitchell]], U.S. [[National Security Agency]] cryptologists who defected to the Soviet Union in 1960
* [[Leo Marks]] UK, [[Special Operations Executive]] cryptography director, author and playwright.
* [[Donald Michie]] UK, [[Government Code and Cypher School]], [[Bletchley Park]] worked on [[Cryptanalysis of the Lorenz cipher]] and the [[Colossus computer]].
* [[Consuelo Milner]], US, crytopgraher for the [[Naval Applied Science Lab]]
* [[Max Newman]], UK, [[Government Code and Cypher School]], [[Bletchley Park]] headed the section that developed the [[Colossus computer]] for [[Cryptanalysis of the Lorenz cipher]]. 
* [[Georges Painvin]] French, broke the [[ADFGVX cipher]] during the [[First World War]].
* [[Marian Rejewski]], [[Poland]], [[Biuro Szyfrów]], a Polish mathematician and cryptologist who, in 1932, solved the [[Enigma machine]] with plugboard, the main cipher device then in use by Germany. The first to break the cipher in history.
* [[John Joseph Rochefort]] US, made major contributions to the break into [[JN-25]] after the [[attack on Pearl Harbor]].
* [[Leo Rosen]] US, [[Signals Intelligence Service|SIS]], deduced that the [[Type B Cipher Machine|Japanese Purple machine]] was built with stepping switches.
* [[Frank Rowlett]] US, [[Signals Intelligence Service|SIS]], leader of the team that broke [[Purple (cipher machine)|Purple]].
* [[Jerzy Różycki]], [[Poland]], [[Biuro Szyfrów]], helped break German [[Enigma (machine)|Enigma]] ciphers.
* [[Luigi Sacco]], Italy, Italian General and author of the ''Manual of Cryptography''.
* [[Laurance Safford]] US, chief cryptographer for the US Navy for 2 decades+, including World War II.
* [[Abraham Sinkov]] US, [[Signals Intelligence Service|SIS]].
* [[John Tiltman]] UK, Brigadier, [[Room 40]], [[Government Code and Cypher School]], [[Bletchley Park]], [[GCHQ]], [[NSA]]. Extraordinary length and range of cryptographic service
* [[Alan Turing|Alan Mathison Turing]] UK, [[Government Code and Cypher School]], [[Bletchley Park]] where he was chief cryptographer, inventor of the [[Bombe]] that was used in decrypting [[Enigma machine|Enigma]], mathematician, logician, and renowned pioneer of [[Computer Science]]. 
* [[W. T. Tutte|William Thomas Tutte]] UK, [[Government Code and Cypher School]], [[Bletchley Park]], with [[John Tiltman]], broke Lorenz SZ 40/42 encryption machine (codenamed Tunny) leading to the development of the [[Colossus computer]].
* [[Betty Webb (code breaker)]], British codebreaker during World War II
* [[William Stone Weedon]], US, 
* [[Gordon Welchman]] UK, [[Government Code and Cypher School]], [[Bletchley Park]] where he was head of Hut Six (German Army and Air Force [[Enigma machine|Enigma]] [[cipher]]. [[decryption]]), made an important contribution to the design of the [[Bombe]].
* [[Herbert Yardley]] US, [[Black Chamber|MI8 (US)]], author "The American Black Chamber", worked in China as a cryptographer and briefly in Canada.
* [[Henryk Zygalski]], [[Poland]], [[Biuro Szyfrów]], inventor of Zygalski sheets, broke German [[Enigma machine|Enigma]] ciphers pre-1939.
* [[Karl Stein (mathematician)|Karl Stein]] German, Head of the Division IVa (security of own processes) at [[Cipher Department of the High Command of the Wehrmacht]]. Discoverer of [[Stein manifold]].
* [[Gisbert Hasenjaeger]] German, Tester of the Enigma. Discovered new proof of the [[Gödel's completeness theorem|completeness theorem]] of [[Kurt Gödel]] for [[predicate logic]].
* [[Heinrich Scholz]] German, Worked in Division IVa at [[Cipher Department of the High Command of the Wehrmacht|OKW]]. Logician and pen friend of Alan Turning.
* [[Gottfried Köthe]] German, Cryptanalyst at OKW. Mathematician created theory of [[topological vector spaces]].
* [[Ernst Witt]] German, Mathematician at OKW. [[List of things named after Ernst Witt|Mathematical Discoveries Named After Ernst Witt]].
* [[Helmut Grunsky]] German, worked in [[complex analysis]] and [[geometric function theory]]. He introduced [[Grunsky's theorem]] and the [[Grunsky inequalities]].
* [[Georg Hamel]].
* [[Oswald Teichmüller]] German, temporarily employed at OKW as cryptanalyst. Introduced [[quasiconformal mapping]]s and [[differential geometry|differential geometric]] methods into [[complex analysis]]. Described by [[Friedrich L. Bauer]] as an extreme Nazi and a true genius. 
* [[Hans Rohrbach]] German, Mathematician at AA/Pers Z, the German department of state, civilian diplomatic cryptological agency.
* [[Wolfgang Franz (mathematician)|Wolfgang Franz]] German, Mathematician who worked at OKW. Later significant discoveries in [[Topology]]. 
* [[Werner Weber (mathematician)|Werner Weber]] German, Mathematician at OKW.
* [[Georg Aumann]] German, Mathematician at OKW. His doctoral student was [[Friedrich L. Bauer]].
* [[Otto Leiberich]] German, Mathematician who worked as a linguist at the [[Cipher Department of the High Command of the Wehrmacht]].
* [[Alexander Aigner]] German, Mathematician who worked at OKW.
* [[Erich Hüttenhain]] German, Chief cryptanalyst of and led Chi IV (section 4) of the [[Cipher Department of the High Command of the Wehrmacht]]. A German mathematician and cryptanalyst who tested a number of German cipher machines and found them to be breakable.  
* [[Wilhelm Fenner]] German, Chief Cryptologist and Director of [[Cipher Department of the High Command of the Wehrmacht]]. 
* [[Walther Fricke]] German, Worked alongside Dr Erich Hüttenhain at [[Cipher Department of the High Command of the Wehrmacht]]. Mathematician, logician, cryptanalyst and linguist.
* [[Fritz Menzer]] German. Inventor of SG39 and SG41.

==Other pre-computer==
* [[Rosario Candela]], US, Architect and notable amateur cryptologist who authored books and taught classes on the subject to civilians at [[Hunter College]].
* [[Claude Elwood Shannon]], US, founder of [[information theory]], proved the [[one-time pad]] to be unbreakable.

==Modern==

See also: [[:Category:Modern cryptographers|Category:Modern cryptographers]] for a more exhaustive list.

===Symmetric-key algorithm inventors===
* [[Ross J. Anderson|Ross Anderson]], UK, [[University of Cambridge]], co-inventor of the [[Serpent (cipher)|Serpent]] cipher.
* [[Paulo S. L. M. Barreto]], Brazilian, [[University of São Paulo]], co-inventor of the [[Whirlpool (algorithm)|Whirlpool hash function]].
* [[George Blakley]], US, independent inventor of [[secret sharing]].
* [[Eli Biham]], Israel, co-inventor of the [[Serpent (cipher)|Serpent]] cipher.
* [[Don Coppersmith]], co-inventor of [[Data Encryption Standard|DES]] and [[MARS (cryptography)|MARS]] ciphers.
* [[Joan Daemen]], Belgian, [[Radboud University]], co-developer of [[Rijndael]] which became the [[Advanced Encryption Standard]] (AES), and [[Keccak]] which became [[SHA-3]].
* [[Horst Feistel]], German, [[IBM]], namesake of [[Feistel network]]s and [[Lucifer (cipher)|Lucifer]] cipher.
* [[Lars Knudsen]], [[Denmark]], co-inventor of the [[Serpent (cipher)|Serpent]] cipher.
* [[Ralph Merkle]], US, inventor of [[Merkle tree]]s.
* [[Bart Preneel]], Belgian, [[KU Leuven]], co-inventor of [[RIPEMD-160]].
* [[Vincent Rijmen]], Belgian, [[KU Leuven]], co-developer of [[Rijndael]] which became the [[Advanced Encryption Standard]] (AES).
* [[Ron Rivest|Ronald L. Rivest]], US, [[MIT]], inventor of [[RC5|RC cipher series]] and [[MD5|MD algorithm series]].
* [[Bruce Schneier]], US, inventor of [[Blowfish (cipher)|Blowfish]] and co-inventor of [[Twofish]] and [[Threefish]].
* [[Xuejia Lai]], CH, co-inventor of [[International Data Encryption Algorithm]] (IDEA).
* [[Adi Shamir]], Israel, [[Weizmann Institute]], inventor of [[secret sharing]].
* [[Walter Tuchman]]. US. led the [[Data Encryption Standard de]]velopment team at IBM and inventor of [[Triple DES]]

===Asymmetric-key algorithm inventors===
[[Image:Cryptographers-2008.jpg|right|thumb|[[Whitfield Diffie]], [[Martin Hellman]], [[Ronald Rivest]], and [[Adi Shamir]] at [[RSA Conference|RSA 2008]]]]
* [[Leonard Adleman]], US, [[University of Southern California|USC]], the 'A' in [[RSA (algorithm)|RSA]].
* [[David Chaum]], US, inventor of [[blind signature]]s.
* [[Clifford Cocks]], UK [[GCHQ]] first inventor of [[RSA (algorithm)|RSA]], a fact that remained secret until 1997 and so was unknown to [[Ron Rivest|Rivest]], [[Adi Shamir|Shamir]], and [[Leonard Adleman|Adleman]].
* [[Whitfield Diffie]], US, (public) co-inventor of the [[Diffie-Hellman]] key-exchange protocol.
* [[Taher Elgamal]], US (born Egyptian), inventor of the [[Elgamal encryption|Elgamal discrete log cryptosystem]].
* [[Shafi Goldwasser]], US and Israel, [[MIT]] and [[Weizmann Institute]], co-discoverer of [[zero-knowledge proofs]], and of [[Semantic security]].
* [[Martin Hellman]], US, (public) co-inventor of the [[Diffie-Hellman]] key-exchange protocol.
* [[Neal Koblitz]], independent co-creator of [[elliptic curve cryptography]].
* [[Alfred Menezes]], co-inventor of [[MQV]], an [[elliptic curve cryptography|elliptic curve]] technique.
* [[Silvio Micali]], US (born Italian), [[MIT]], co-discoverer of [[zero-knowledge proofs]], and of [[Semantic security]].
* [[Victor S. Miller|Victor Miller]], independent co-creator of [[elliptic curve cryptography]].
* [[David Naccache]], inventor of the [[Naccache–Stern cryptosystem]] and of the [[Naccache–Stern knapsack cryptosystem]].
* [[Moni Naor]], co-inventor the Naor–Yung encryption paradigm for [[Chosen-ciphertext attack|CCA security]].
* [[Rafail Ostrovsky]], co-inventor of [[Oblivious RAM]], of single-server [[Private Information Retrieval]], and [[proactive secret sharing|proactive cryptosystems]].
* [[Pascal Paillier]], inventor of [[Paillier encryption]].
* [[Michael O. Rabin]], Israel, inventor of [[Rabin encryption]].
* [[Ron Rivest|Ronald L. Rivest]], US, [[MIT]], the 'R' in [[RSA (algorithm)|RSA]].
* [[Adi Shamir]], Israel, [[Weizmann Institute]], the 'S' in [[RSA (algorithm)|RSA]].
* [[Victor Shoup]], US, [[Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences|NYU Courant]], co-inventor of the [[Cramer–Shoup cryptosystem|Cramer-Shoup cryptosystem]].
* [[Moti Yung]], co-inventor of the Naor–Yung encryption paradigm for [[Chosen-ciphertext attack|CCA security]], of [[threshold cryptosystem]]s, and [[proactive secret sharing|proactive cryptosystems]].

===Cryptanalysts===
* [[Joan Clarke]], English cryptanalyst and numismatist best known for her work as a code-breaker at Bletchley Park during the Second World War.
* [[Ross J. Anderson|Ross Anderson]], UK.
* [[Eli Biham]], Israel, co-discoverer of [[differential cryptanalysis]] and [[Related-key attack]].
* [[Matt Blaze]], US.
* [[Dan Boneh]], US, [[Stanford University]].
* [[Niels Ferguson]], Netherlands, co-inventor of Twofish and Fortuna.
* [[Ian Goldberg]], Canada, [[University of Waterloo]].
* [[Lars Knudsen]], Denmark, [[Technical University of Denmark|DTU]], discovered [[integral cryptanalysis]].
* [[Paul Carl Kocher|Paul Kocher]], US, discovered [[differential power analysis]].
* [[Mitsuru Matsui]], Japan, discoverer of [[linear cryptanalysis]].
* [[Kenny Paterson]], UK, previously [[Information Security Group|Royal Holloway]], now [[ETH Zurich]], known for several attacks on cryptosystems.
* [[David A. Wagner|David Wagner]], US, [[UC Berkeley]], co-discoverer of the [[slide attack|slide]] and [[boomerang attack]]s.
* [[Xiaoyun Wang]], the People's Republic of China, known for [[MD5]] and [[SHA-1]] [[cryptographic hash function|hash function]] attacks.
* [[Alex Biryukov]], [[University of Luxembourg]], known for [[impossible differential cryptanalysis]] and [[slide attack]].
*[[Moti Yung]], [[Kleptography]].
*[[Bill Buchanan (computer scientist)|Bill Buchanan]], creator of ASecuritySite - one of the most comprehensive cryptography website in the World.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Buchanan |first=Bill |title=ASecuritySite |url=https://asecuritysite.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://asecuritysite.com/ |website=ASecuritySite}}</ref>

===Algorithmic number theorists===
* [[Daniel J. Bernstein]], US, developed several popular algorithms, fought US government restrictions in ''[[Bernstein v. United States]].''
* [[Don Coppersmith]], US
* [[Dorian M. Goldfeld]], US, Along with Michael Anshel and Iris Anshel invented the [[Anshel–Anshel–Goldfeld key exchange]] and the [[Algebraic Eraser]]. They also helped found [[Braid group|Braid Group Cryptography]].
* [[Victor Shoup]], US, [[Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences|NYU Courant]].

===Theoreticians===
* [[Mihir Bellare]], US, [[UCSD]], co-proposer of the [[Random oracle]] model.
* [[Dan Boneh]], US, [[Stanford]].
* [[Gilles Brassard]], Canada, [[Université de Montréal]]. Co-inventor of [[quantum cryptography]].
* [[Claude Crépeau]], Canada, [[McGill University]].
* [[Oded Goldreich]], Israel, [[Weizmann Institute]], author of [[Foundations of Cryptography]].
* [[Shafi Goldwasser]], US and Israel.
* [[Silvio Micali]], US, [[MIT]].
* [[Rafail Ostrovsky]], US, [[UCLA]].
* [[Charles Rackoff]], co-discoverer of [[zero-knowledge proof]]s.
* [[Oded Regev (computer scientist)|Oded Regev]], inventor of [[learning with errors]].
* [[Phillip Rogaway]], US, [[UC Davis]], co-proposer of the [[Random oracle]] model.
* [[Amit Sahai]], US, [[UCLA]].
* [[Victor Shoup]], US, [[Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences|NYU Courant]].
* [[Gustavus Simmons]], US, [[Sandia National Laboratories|Sandia]], [[authentication]] theory.
* [[Moti Yung]], US, Google.

===Government cryptographers===
* [[Clifford Cocks]], UK, [[GCHQ]], secret inventor of the algorithm later known as [[RSA (algorithm)|RSA]].
* [[James H. Ellis]], UK, [[GCHQ]], secretly proved the possibility of asymmetric encryption.
* [[Lowell Frazer]], US, [[National Security Agency]]
* [[Laura Holmes]], US, [[National Security Agency]]
* [[Julia Wetzel]], US, [[National Security Agency]]
* [[Malcolm Williamson (cryptographer)|Malcolm Williamson]], UK, [[GCHQ]], secret inventor of the protocol later known as the [[Diffie–Hellman key exchange]].

===Cryptographer businesspeople===
* [[Bruce Schneier]], US, CTO and founder of [[BT Counterpane|Counterpane Internet Security, Inc.]] and cryptography author.
* [[Scott Vanstone]], Canada, founder of [[Certicom]] and [[elliptic curve cryptography]] proponent.

==See also==
* [[Cryptography]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wiktionary|cryptographer}}
* [http://www.swcp.com/~mccurley/cryptographers/cryptographers.html List of cryptographers' home pages]

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[[Category:Cryptographers| ]]
[[Category:Lists of people by occupation]]
[[Category:Cryptography lists and comparisons]]