Editing List of duplicating processes

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This is a partial list of text and image '''duplicating processes''' used in business and government from the [[Industrial Revolution]] forward.  Some are mechanical and some are chemical.  There is naturally some overlap with printing processes and photographic processes, but the challenge of precisely duplicating business letters, forms, contracts, and other paperwork prompted some unique solutions as well.  There were many short-lived [[invention]]s along the way.

==Duplicating processes==
''Within each type, the methods are arranged in very rough chronological order.''

* Methods of copying handwritten letters
** [[Manifold stylographic writer]], using early [[carbon paper|"carbonic paper"]]
** [[Letter copying book process]]
*Mechanical processes
**[[Tracing (Art)|Tracing]] to make accurate hand-drawn copies
**[[Pantograph]], manual device for making drawn copies without tracing, can also enlarge or reduce
*[[Printmaking]], which includes [[engraving]] and [[etching]]
**[[Relief print]]ing including [[woodcut]]
**[[Intaglio (printmaking)]] or copperplate engraving
**[[Planographic]] printing
**[[Line engraving]]

[[File:Office of Consumers Biscuit Co New Orleans 1917.jpg|right|thumb|1917 office with a "Multigraph" duplicating machine at lower right]]

* [[Printing]]/Applied ink methods
** [[Letterpress printing]] (via [[printing press]])
** [[Gelatin method]]s (also ''indirect method'')
*** [[Hectograph]]
*** [[Collography]], [[autocopyist]]
*** Chromograph, Copygraph, Polygraph
** [[Flexography]]
** [[Spirit duplicator]] (also ''Rexograph'', ''Ditto machine'', ''Banda machine'', or ''Roneo'')
* [[Lithograph]]ic processes
** [[Transfer lithography]]
** [[Anastatic lithography]]
** [[Autographic process]]
** [[Offset lithography]]
** [[Photolithography]]
* [[Stencil]]-based copying methods
** [[Papyrography]]
** [[Electric pen]], invented by [[Thomas Edison]]
** [[Trypograph]] (also ''file plate process'')
** [[Cyclostyle (copier)|Cyclostyle]], [[Neostyle]]
* [[Stencil]]-based machines
** [[Mimeograph]] (also ''Roneo'', ''Gestetner'')
** [[Digital Duplicators]] (also called CopyPrinters, e.g., Riso and [[Gestetner]])
* [[Typewriter]]-based copying methods
** [[Carbon paper]]
** [[Blueprint typewriter ribbon]]
** [[Carbonless copy paper]]
* [[Photographic processes]]:
** [[Reflex copying process]] (also ''reflectography'', ''reflexion copying'')
*** Breyertype, Playertype, Manul Process, Typon Process, Dexigraph, Linagraph
** [[Daguerreotype]]
** [[Salt print]]
** [[Calotype]] (the first photo process to use a negative, from which multiple prints could be made)
** [[Cyanotype]]
** [[Photostat machine]]
** [[Photostat machine|Rectigraph]]
** [[Airgraph]] (also ''[[V-mail]]'')
** [[Kodagraph autopositive paper]]
** [[Kodagraph repro-negative paper]]
** [[Diffusion transfer]]
*** Verifax, Copyproof
*** [[Photomechanical transfer]] (also ''PMT''')
** [[Duostat]], [[duoprint]]
** [[Retroflex (printing process)]]
** [[Dual spectrum process]]
** [[LightJet]]
** [[Ozalid]]
* [[Chemical]] processes
** [[Aniline process]]
** [[Cyanotype]] (used for [[blueprint]]s)
** [[Diazotype]] (also ''whiteprint'', ''ammonia print'', or ''gas print'')
* Heat-sensitivity methods
** [[Thermofax]] (also ''thermography'')
** [[Eichner drycopy process]]
** [[Adherography]]
* Electrostatic methods
** [[Electrofax]]
** [[Xerography]], [[Photocopying]]
* Ultraviolet-sensitivity methods
** [[APT process]], for transferring drawings to animation [[cel]]s
* [[Image scanning]] and [[digital printing]]

== External links ==
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090624015049/http://teched.vt.edu/gcc/HTML/PrintingsPast/BeforeCopies.html |date=June 24, 2009 |title=Duplicating in the year B.C. - Before (xerographic) Copies }}
* [http://www.creativepro.com/article/-heavy-metal-madness-making-copies-from-carbon-to-kinkos Making Copies from Carbon to Kinkos]
* [http://pr.caltech.edu/periodicals/EandS/articles/LXVIII_3/Owen.pdf Copies in Seconds (PDF)]
* [http://www.officemuseum.com/copy_machines.htm Antique Copying Machines] at [http://www.officemuseum.com/ Officemuseum.com]
* [http://psap.library.illinois.edu/collection-id-guide/summary-officeprintcopy Office and Reprographic Printing Cheatsheet] – Preservation Self-Assessment Program

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[[Category:Office equipment]]
[[Category:Printing]]
[[Category:Technology-related lists]]