Editing List of grammatical cases

{{short description|None}}
{{redirect|List of cases|legal cases|Lists of case law}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2009}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
This is a '''list of [[Grammatical case|grammatical cases]]''' as they are used by various [[Inflection|inflectional language]]s that have [[declension]].

This list will mark the case, when it is used, an example of it, and then finally what language(s) the case is used in.

==Location and movement==
Note: Most cases used for location and motion can be used for time as well.

===Location===
{| class="wikitable"
! Case !! Usage !! Example !! Found in
|-
| [[Adessive case]] || close || near/at/by the house
| [[Estonian language|Estonian]] {{pipe}} [[Finnish language|Finnish]]<ref name="PanuMäkinen--ExtLocCases">{{cite web|last1=Mäkinen|first1=Panu|title=Finnish Grammar - Exterior local cases|url=http://users.jyu.fi/~pamakine/kieli/suomi/sijat/sijatulkoen.html|website=users.jyu.fi|publisher=University of Jyväskylä|accessdate=6 March 2015}}</ref> {{pipe}} [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] {{pipe}} [[Lezgian language|Lezgian]] {{pipe}} [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] {{pipe}} [[Livonian language|Livonian]] {{pipe}} [[Tlingit language|Tlingit]] {{pipe}} [[Tsez language|Tsez]] {{pipe}} [[Kven language#Grammar|Kven]]
|-
| [[Antessive case]] || anterior || before the house
| [[Dravidian languages]]<ref>S. Agesthialingom, Prakya Sreesaila Subrahmanyam, ''Dravidian Linguistics- V: (proceedings of the Seminar on Dravidian Linguistics- V)'', Page 275, 1976 - 582 pages, [https://books.google.com/books?id=7fEOAAAAMAAJ&q=antessive Google book search link] quote: "''(6) 'before' (antessive), (7) 'behind, ...''"</ref>
|-
| [[Apudessive case]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Robert|first=Stéphane Robert|title=Language Diversity and Cognitive Representations|year=1999|pages=229|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nkkXN4NuZ9QC&dq=apudessive&pg=PP1|isbn=978-9027223555}}</ref>|| adjacent || next to the house
| [[Tsez language|Tsez]]
|-
| [[Inessive case]] || inside || inside the house
| [[Basque Language|Basque]] {{pipe}} [[Erzya language|Erzya]] {{pipe}} [[Estonian language|Estonian]] {{pipe}} [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] {{pipe}} [[Finnish language|Finnish]]<ref name="PanuMäkinen--LocalCases">{{cite web|last1=Mäkinen|first1=Panu|title=Finnish Grammar - Interior Local Cases|url=http://users.jyu.fi/~pamakine/kieli/suomi/sijat/sijatsisaen.html|website=users.jyu.fi|publisher=University of Jyväskylä|accessdate=6 March 2015}}</ref> {{pipe}} [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] {{pipe}} [[Ossetic language|Ossetic]] {{pipe}} [[Tsez language|Tsez]] {{pipe}} [[Kven language#Grammar|Kven]]
|-
| [[Intrative case]] || between || between the houses
| [[Limbu language|Limbu]] {{pipe}} [[Quechua language|Quechua]]
|-
| [[Locative case]] || location || at/on/in the house
| [[Eastern Armenian language|Armenian (Eastern)]] {{pipe}} [[Azeri language|Azeri]] {{pipe}} [[Bengali language|Bengali]] {{pipe}} [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]] {{pipe}} [[Bosnian language|Bosnian]] {{pipe}} [[Chuvash language|Chuvash]] {{pipe}} [[Croatian language|Croatian]] {{pipe}} [[Czech language|Czech]] {{pipe}} [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] {{pipe}} [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] {{pipe}} [[Inari Sámi language|Inari Sámi]] {{pipe}} [[Inuktitut language|Inuktitut]] {{pipe}} [[Japanese language|Japanese]]<ref name=tarou_takahashi/> {{pipe}} [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] {{pipe}} [[Latin]] (restricted) {{pipe}} [[Latvian language|Latvian]] {{pipe}} [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] {{pipe}} [[Manchu language|Manchu]] {{pipe}} [[Northern Sámi]] {{pipe}} [[Polish language|Polish]] {{pipe}} [[Quechuan languages|Quechua]] {{pipe}} [[Russian language|Russian]] {{pipe}} [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] {{pipe}} [[Serbian language|Serbian]] {{pipe}} [[Skolt Sámi language|Skolt Sámi]] {{pipe}} [[Slovak language|Slovak]] {{pipe}} [[Slovene language|Slovene]] {{pipe}} [[Sorbian language|Sorbian]] {{pipe}} [[Tamil language|Tamil]] {{pipe}} [[Telugu language|Telugu]] {{pipe}} [[Tlingit language|Tlingit]] {{pipe}} [[Turkish language|Turkish]] {{pipe}} [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] {{pipe}} [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]] <br />(Note: the case in [[Slavic languages]] termed the "locative case" in English is actually a [[prepositional case]].)
|-
| [[Pergressive case]]|| vicinity || in the vicinity of the house
| [[Kamu language|Kamu]]
|-
| [[Pertingent case]] || contacting || touching the house
| [[Tlingit language|Tlingit]] {{pipe}} [[Archi language|Archi]]
|-
| [[Postessive case]] || posterior || after the house
| [[Lezgian language|Lezgian]] {{pipe}} [[Agul language|Agul]]
|-
| [[Subessive case]] || under || under/below the house
| [[Tsez language|Tsez]]
|-
| [[Superessive case]] || on the surface || on (top of) the house
| [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] {{pipe}} [[Ossetic language|Ossetic]] {{pipe}} [[Tsez language|Tsez]] {{pipe}} [[Finnish language|Finnish]]<ref name="PanuMäkinen--Advcases">{{cite web|last1=Mäkinen|first1=Panu|title=Finnish grammar - adverbial cases|url=http://users.jyu.fi/~pamakine/kieli/suomi/sijat/sijatadverbien.html|website=users.jyu.fi|publisher=University of Jyväskylä|accessdate=5 March 2015}}</ref>
|}

===Motion from===
{| class="wikitable"
! Case !! Usage !! Example !! Found in
|-
| [[Ablative case]] || near or inside || away from the house
| [[Albanian language|Albanian]] {{pipe}} [[Eastern Armenian language|Armenian (Eastern)]] {{pipe}} [[Western Armenian language|Armenian (Western)]] {{pipe}} [[Azeri language|Azeri]] {{pipe}} [[Chuvash language|Chuvash]] {{pipe}} [[Erzya language|Erzya]] {{pipe}} [[Estonian language|Estonian]] {{pipe}} [[Evenki language|Evenki]] {{pipe}} [[Finnish language|Finnish]]<ref name="PanuMäkinen--ExtLocCases" /> {{pipe}} [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] {{pipe}} [[Inuktitut language|Inuktitut]] {{pipe}} [[Japanese language|Japanese]]<ref name=tarou_takahashi/> {{pipe}} [[Ablative (Latin)|Latin]] {{pipe}} [[Manchu language|Manchu]] {{pipe}} [[Ossetic language|Ossetic]] {{pipe}} [[Quechua language|Quechua]] {{pipe}}  [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<ref name="HaroldSchiffman--TamilCases">{{cite web |url=http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/public/h_sch_9a.pdf |title=The Tamil Case System |first=Harold F. |last=Schiffman |access-date=26 March 2024}}</ref> {{pipe}} [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] {{pipe}} [[Standard Tibetan|Tibetan]] {{pipe}} [[Tlingit language|Tlingit]] {{pipe}} [[Tsez language|Tsez]] {{pipe}} [[Turkish language|Turkish]] {{pipe}} [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]] {{pipe}} [[Yukaghir language|Yukaghir]]
|-
| [[Adelative case]] || the vicinity || from near the house || [[Lezgian language|Lezgian]]
|-
| [[Delative case]] || the surface || from (the top of) the house
| [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] {{pipe}} [[Finnish language|Finnish]]<ref name="PanuMäkinen--Advcases" />
|-
| [[Egressive case]] || marking the beginning of a movement or time || beginning from the house
| [[Udmurt language|Udmurt]]
|-
| [[Elative case]] || the interior || out of the house
| [[Erzya language|Erzya]] {{pipe}} [[Estonian language|Estonian]] {{pipe}} [[Evenki language|Evenki]] {{pipe}} [[Finnish language|Finnish]]<ref name="PanuMäkinen--LocalCases" /> {{pipe}} [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] {{pipe}} [[Kven language#Grammar|Kven]]
|-
| Initiative case || starting point of an action || beginning from the house
| [[Manchu language|Manchu]]
|-
| [[Postelative case]] || movement from behind || from behind the house || [[Lezgian language|Lezgian]]
|}

===Motion to===
{| class="wikitable"
! Case !! Usage !! Example !! Found in
|-
| [[Allative case]] || in [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] and in [[Finnish language|Finnish]]:<br />the adjacency<br />in [[Estonian language|Estonian]] and in [[Finnish language|Finnish]]:<br />the surface || to the house<br /><br />onto the house
| [[Erzya language|Erzya]] {{pipe}} [[Estonian language|Estonian]] {{pipe}} [[Finnish language|Finnish]]<ref name="PanuMäkinen--ExtLocCases" /> {{pipe}} [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] {{pipe}} [[Inuktitut language|Inuktitut]] {{pipe}} [[Japanese language|Japanese]]<ref name=tarou_takahashi/> {{pipe}} [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] {{pipe}} [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] {{pipe}} [[Manchu language|Manchu]] {{pipe}} [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<ref name="HaroldSchiffman--TamilCases"/> {{pipe}} [[Tlingit language|Tlingit]] {{pipe}} [[Tsez language|Tsez]] {{pipe}} [[Turkish language|Turkish]] {{pipe}} [[Tuvan language|Tuvan]] {{pipe}} [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]] {{pipe}} [[Kven language#Grammar|Kven]]
|-
| [[Illative case]] || inside || into the house
| [[Erzya language|Erzya]] {{pipe}} [[Estonian language|Estonian]] {{pipe}} [[Finnish language|Finnish]]<ref name="PanuMäkinen--LocalCases" /> {{pipe}} [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] {{pipe}} [[Inari Sámi language|Inari Sámi]] {{pipe}} [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] {{pipe}} [[Northern Sámi]] {{pipe}} [[Skolt Sámi language|Skolt Sámi]] {{pipe}} [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<ref name="HaroldSchiffman--TamilCases"/> {{pipe}} [[Tsez language|Tsez]] {{pipe}} [[Kven language#Grammar|Kven]]
|-
| [[Lative case]] || near or inside|| to/into the house
| [[Erzya language|Erzya]] {{pipe}} [[Finnish language|Finnish]]<ref name="PanuMäkinen--Advcases" /> {{pipe}} [[Quechuan languages|Quechua]] {{pipe}} [[Tsez language|Tsez]] {{pipe}} [[Turkish language|Turkish]]
|-
| [[Sublative case]] || the surface or below || on(to) the house/under the house
| [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] {{pipe}} [[Tsez language|Tsez]] {{pipe}} [[Finnish language|Finnish]]<ref name="PanuMäkinen--Advcases" />
|-
| [[Superlative case]] || the top || on(to) the house/on top of the house
| [[Northeast Caucasian languages]]: [[Bezhta language|Bezhta]] {{pipe}} [[Hinuq language|Hinuq]] {{pipe}} [[Tsez language|Tsez]] 
|-
| [[Terminative case]] || marking the end of a movement or time || as far as the house
| [[Chuvash language|Chuvash]] {{pipe}} [[Estonian language|Estonian]] {{pipe}} [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] {{pipe}} [[Japanese language|Japanese]]<ref name=tarou_takahashi/> {{pipe}} [[Manchu language|Manchu]] {{pipe}} [[Quechuan languages|Quechua]]
|}

===Motion via===
{| class="wikitable"
! Case !! Usage !! Example !! Found in
|-
| [[Perlative case]] || movement through or along || through/along the house
| [[Evenki language|Evenki]] {{pipe}} [[Tocharian languages|Tocharian A & B]] {{pipe}} [[Warlpiri language|Warlpiri]] {{pipe}} [[Yankunytjatjara language|Yankunytjatjara]]
|-
| [[Prolative case]] (= prosecutive case, vialis case) || movement using a surface or way || by way of/through the house
| [[Erzya language|Erzya]] {{pipe}} [[Estonian language|Estonian]] (rare) {{pipe}} [[Finnish language|Finnish]] (rare)<ref name="PanuMäkinen--Advcases" /> {{pipe}} [[Tlingit language|Tlingit]] {{pipe}} [[Greenlandic language|Greenlandic]] {{pipe}} [[Inuktitut language|Inuktitut]]
|-
|}

===Time===
{| class="wikitable"
! Case !! Usage !! Example !! Found in
|- 
|[[Ablative case]]|| specifying a time when and within || E.g.: {{lang|la|eō tempore}}, "at that time"; {{lang|la|paucīs hōrīs}}, "within a few hours".
|[[Latin]] {{pipe}} [[Eastern Armenian|Armenian (Eastern)]] {{pipe}} [[Western Armenian|Armenian (Western)]] {{pipe}} [[Finnish language|Finnish]] {{pipe}} [[Turkish language|Turkish]] {{pipe}} [[Kven language#Grammar|Kven]]
|-
| [[Accusative case]] || indicating duration of time<br />known as the '''accusative of duration of time''' || E.g.: {{lang|la|multos annos}}, "for many years";<br />{{lang|la|ducentos annos}}, "for 200 years".
| [[Latin]] {{pipe}} [[German language|German]] {{pipe}} [[Esperanto]] | [[Serbian language|Serbian]] {{pipe}} [[Croatian language|Croatian]] {{pipe}} [[Russian language|Russian]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]]
|-
| [[Essive case]] || used for specifying days and dates || E.g.: {{lang|fi|maanantaina}}, "on Monday";<br />{{lang|fi|kuudentena joulukuuta}}, "on the 6th of December".
| [[Finnish language|Finnish]] {{pipe}} [[Estonian language#Grammar|Estonian]] {{pipe}} [[Kven language#Grammar|Kven]]
|-
| [[Limitative case]]|| specifying a deadline || E.g.: {{lang|ja|午後5時半までに}} ({{lang|ja-Latn|Gogo go-ji han made-ni}}) "by 5:30 PM" 
| [[Japanese language|Japanese]]<ref name=tarou_takahashi/>
|-
| [[Temporal case]] || specifying a time || E.g.: {{lang|hu|hétkor}} "at seven" or {{lang|hu|hét órakor}} "at seven o'clock"; {{lang|hu|éjfélkor}} "at midnight"; {{lang|hu|karácsonykor}} "at Christmas".
| [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] {{pipe}} [[Finnish language|Finnish]] (rare)<ref name="PanuMäkinen--Advcases" />
|}

===Chart for review for the basic cases===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
| 
|''interior''
|''surface''
|''adjacency''
|''state''
|-
|''from''
|[[Elative case|Elative]]
|[[Delative case|Delative]]
|[[Ablative case|Ablative]]
|[[Exessive case|Exessive]]
|-
|''at/in''
|[[Inessive case|Inessive]]
|[[Superessive case|Superessive]]
|[[Adessive case|Adessive]]
|[[Essive case|Essive]]
|-
|''(in)to''
|[[Illative case|Illative]]
|[[Sublative case|Sublative]]
|[[Allative case|Allative]]
|[[Translative case|Translative]]
|-
|''via''
|[[Perlative case|Perlative]]
|[[Prolative case|Prolative]]
|
|
|}

==Morphosyntactic alignment==
For meanings of the terms ''agent'', ''patient'', ''experiencer'', and ''instrument'', see ''[[thematic relation]]''.

{| class="wikitable"
! Case !! Usage !! Example !! Found in
|-
| [[Absolutive case]] (1) || patient, experiencer; subject of an intransitive verb and direct object of a transitive verb || he pushed the '''door''' and '''it''' opened
| [[Basque language|Basque]] {{pipe}} [[Standard Tibetan|Tibetan]]  
|-
| [[Absolutive case]] (2) || patient, involuntary experiencer || he pushed the '''door''' and '''it''' opened; '''he''' slipped
| [[active-stative language]]s
|-
| [[Absolutive case]] (3) || patient; experiencer; instrument || he pushed the '''door''' with his '''hand''' and '''it''' opened
| [[Inuktitut language|Inuktitut]]
|-
| [[Accusative case]] (1) || patient || he pushed the '''door''' and it opened
| [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] {{pipe}} [[Albanian language|Albanian]] {{pipe}} [[Arabic language|Arabic]] {{pipe}} [[Eastern Armenian language|Armenian (Eastern)]] {{pipe}} [[Western Armenian language|Armenian (Western)]] {{pipe}} [[Azeri language|Azeri]] {{pipe}} [[Bosnian language|Bosnian]] {{pipe}} [[Croatian language|Croatian]] {{pipe}} [[Czech language|Czech]] {{pipe}} [[Erzya language|Erzya]] {{pipe}} [[Esperanto]] {{pipe}} [[Faroese language|Faroese]] {{pipe}} [[Finnish language|Finnish]] {{pipe}} [[German language|German]] {{pipe}} [[Greek language|Greek]] {{pipe}} [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] {{pipe}} [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]] {{pipe}} [[Inari Sámi language|Inari Sámi]] {{pipe}} [[Japanese language|Japanese]]<ref name=tarou_takahashi/> {{pipe}} [[Latin]] {{pipe}} [[Latvian language|Latvian]] {{pipe}} [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] {{pipe}} [[Northern Sámi]] {{pipe}} [[Polish language|Polish]] {{pipe}} [[Romanian language|Romanian]] {{pipe}} [[Russian language|Russian]] {{pipe}} [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] {{pipe}} [[Serbian language|Serbian]] {{pipe}} [[Skolt Sámi language|Skolt Sámi]] {{pipe}} [[Slovak language|Slovak]] {{pipe}} [[Slovene language|Slovene]] {{pipe}} [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] {{pipe}} [[Georgian language|Georgian]] {{pipe}} [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]]
|-
| [[Accusative case]] (2) || [[direct object]] of a [[transitive verb]]; ''made from''; ''about''; ''for a time'' || I see '''her'''
| [[Inuktitut language|Inuktitut]] {{pipe}} [[Persian language|Persian]] {{pipe}} [[Turkish language|Turkish]] {{pipe}} [[Serbo-Croatian]]
|-
| [[Agentive case]] || agent, specifies or asks about ''who'' or ''what''; specific agent that is subset of a general topic or subject || it was '''she''' who committed the crime; as for him, his '''head''' hurts 
| [[Japanese language|Japanese]],<ref name="tarou_takahashi">{{cite book|last=Takahashi|first=Tarou|title=A Japanese Grammar|year=2010|publisher=Hitsuji Shobou|location=Japan|isbn=978-4-89476-244-2|page=27|display-authors=etal|language=Japanese|edition=4}}</ref> [[Mongsen Ao language|Mongsen Ao]]<ref>{{Citation |last=Coupe |first=A. R. |title=A Grammar of Mongsen Ao |date=2008-08-27 |work=A Grammar of Mongsen Ao |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110198522/html |access-date=2024-11-20 |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |language=en |doi=10.1515/9783110198522 |isbn=978-3-11-019852-2|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
|-
|[[Direct case]]
|direct subject or object of a transitive or intransitive verb
|'''I''' saw '''her'''; '''I''' gave her the '''book'''.
|[[Scottish Gaelic]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Case (definition) - Scottish Gaelic Grammar Wiki |url=https://gaelicgrammar.org/~gaelic/mediawiki/index.php/Case_(definition) |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=gaelicgrammar.org}}</ref> {{pipe}} many languages with [[Symmetrical voice|Austronesian Alignment]].
|-
| [[Ergative case]] || agent; subject of a transitive verb || '''he''' pushed the door and it opened
| [[Basque language|Basque]] {{pipe}} [[Chechen language|Chechen]] {{pipe}} [[Dyirbal language|Dyirbal]] {{pipe}} [[Georgian language|Georgian]] {{pipe}} [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] {{pipe}} [[Samoan language|Samoan]] {{pipe}} [[Standard Tibetan|Tibetan]] {{pipe}} [[Tlingit language|Tlingit]] {{pipe}} [[Tsez language|Tsez]]
|-
| style="padding-left: 2em" | [[Ergative-genitive case]] || agent, possession || '''he''' pushed the door and it opened; '''her''' dog
| [[Classic maya language|Classic Maya]] {{pipe}} [[Inuktitut language|Inuktitut]]
|-
| [[Instructive case|Instructive]] || means, answers question ''how?'' || by means of the house
| [[Estonian language|Estonian]] (rare) {{pipe}} [[Finnish language|Finnish]]<ref name="PanuMäkinen--MeansCases">{{cite web|last1=Mäkinen|first1=Panu|title=Finnish Grammar - Means Cases|url=http://users.jyu.fi/~pamakine/kieli/suomi/sijat/sijattapaen.html|website=users.jyu.fi|publisher=University of Jyväskylä|accessdate=6 March 2015}}</ref>
|-
| [[Instrumental case|Instrumental]] || instrument, answers question ''using what?'' || with the house
| [[Eastern Armenian language|Armenian (Eastern)]] {{pipe}} [[Western Armenian language|Armenian (Western)]] {{pipe}} [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]] {{pipe}} [[Bosnian language|Bosnian]] {{pipe}} [[Croatian language|Croatian]] {{pipe}} [[Czech language|Czech]] {{pipe}} [[Evenki language|Evenki]] {{pipe}} [[Georgian language|Georgian]] {{pipe}} [[Japanese language|Japanese]]<ref name=tarou_takahashi/> {{pipe}} [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] {{pipe}} [[Latvian language|Latvian]] {{pipe}} [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] {{pipe}} [[Manchu language|Manchu]] {{pipe}} [[Polish language|Polish]] {{pipe}} [[Russian language|Russian]] {{pipe}} [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] {{pipe}} [[Serbian language|Serbian]] {{pipe}} [[Slovak language|Slovak]] {{pipe}} [[Slovene language|Slovene]] {{pipe}} [[Tsez language|Tsez]] {{pipe}} [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] {{pipe}} [[Yukaghir language|Yukaghir]]
|-
| style="padding-left: 2em" | [[Instrumental-comitative case]] || instrument, in company || with the house
| [[Chuvash language|Chuvash]] {{pipe}} [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] {{pipe}} [[Tlingit language|Tlingit]]
|-
| [[Nominative case]] (1) || agent, experiencer; subject of a transitive or intransitive verb || '''he''' pushed the door and '''it''' opened
| [[nominative–accusative language]]s (including [[marked nominative language]]s)
|-
| [[Nominative case]] (2) || agent; voluntary experiencer || '''he''' pushed the door and it opened; '''she''' paused
| [[active language]]s
|-
| [[Objective case]] (1) || direct or indirect object of verb || I saw '''her'''; I gave '''her''' the book.
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]] {{pipe}} [[Chuvash language|Chuvash]]
|-
| [[Objective case|Objective]]/[[Oblique case|Oblique]] (2) || direct or indirect object of verb or object of preposition; a catch-all case for any situation except nominative or genitive || I saw '''her'''; I gave '''her''' the book; with '''her'''.
| [[English language|English]] {{pipe}} [[Swedish language|Swedish]] {{pipe}} [[Danish language|Danish]] {{pipe}} [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] {{pipe}} [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] 
|-
| [[Oblique case]] || all-round case; any situation except nominative or vocative || concerning the house
| [[Anglo-Norman language|Anglo-Norman]]{{Citation needed|date=July 2019}}  {{pipe}} [[Hindi]] {{pipe}}  [[Old French]] {{pipe}} [[Old Provençal]] {{pipe}} [[Telugu language|Telugu]] {{pipe}} [[Standard Tibetan|Tibetan]]
|-
| [[Intransitive case]] (also called passive or patient case) || the subject of an intransitive verb or the logical complement of a transitive verb || The door opened
| [[languages of the Caucasus]] {{pipe}} [[Ainu language|Ainu]]
|-
| [[Pegative case]] ||agent in a clause with a dative argument|| '''he''' gave the book to him
| [[Tlapanec language|Azoyú Tlapanec]]
|-
|}

==Relation==
{| class="wikitable"
! Case !! Usage !! Example !! Found in
|-
| [[Ablative case]] || all-round indirect case || concerning the house
| [[Albanian language|Albanian]] {{pipe}} [[Eastern Armenian language|Armenian (Eastern)]] {{pipe}} [[Western Armenian language|Armenian (Western)]] {{pipe}} [[Sanskrit]] {{pipe}} [[Inuktitut language|Inuktitut]] {{pipe}} [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] {{pipe}} [[Latin]] {{pipe}} [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] {{pipe}} [[Finnish language|Finnish]]<ref name="PanuMäkinen--ExtLocCases" />
|-
| [[Aversive case]] || avoiding or fear || avoiding the house
| [[Warlpiri language|Warlpiri]] {{pipe}} [[Yidiny language|Yidiny]]
|-
| [[Benefactive case]] || for, for the benefit of, intended for || for the house
| [[Basque language|Basque]] {{pipe}} [[Quechua language|Quechua]] {{pipe}} [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| [[Caritative case]] || because of presence or absence || for want of a house
| [[Ngiyambaa language|Ngiyambaa]]
|-
| [[Causal case]] || because, because of || because of the house
| [[Quechua language|Quechua]] {{pipe}} [[Telugu language|Telugu]] 
|-
| style="padding-left: 2em" | [[Causal-final case]] || efficient or final cause || for a house
| [[Chuvash language|Chuvash]] {{pipe}} [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]
|-
| [[Comitative case]] || accompanied with || with the house
| [[Dumi language|Dumi]] {{pipe}} [[Ingush language|Ingush]] {{pipe}} [[Estonian language|Estonian]] {{pipe}} [[Finnish language|Finnish]] (rare)<ref name="PanuMäkinen--MeansCases" /> {{pipe}} [[Inari Sámi language|Inari Sámi]] {{pipe}} [[Japanese language|Japanese]]<ref name=tarou_takahashi/> {{pipe}} [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] {{pipe}} [[Kven language#Grammar|Kven]] {{pipe}} [[Northern Sámi]] {{pipe}} [[Skolt Sámi language|Skolt Sámi]] {{pipe}} [[Ossetic]] (only in [[Iron dialect|Iron]]) {{pipe}} [[Standard Tibetan|Tibetan]]
|-
| [[Dative case]] || shows direction or recipient || for/to the house
| [[Albanian language|Albanian]] {{pipe}} [[Eastern Armenian language|Armenian (Eastern)]] {{pipe}} [[Western Armenian language|Armenian (Western)]] {{pipe}} [[Azeri language|Azeri]] {{pipe}} [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]] {{pipe}} [[Bosnian language|Bosnian]] {{pipe}} [[Croatian language|Croatian]] {{pipe}} [[Czech language|Czech]] {{pipe}} [[Erzya language|Erzya]] {{pipe}} [[Faroese language|Faroese]] {{pipe}} [[Georgian language|Georgian]] {{pipe}} [[German language|German]] {{pipe}} [[Ancient Greek]] {{pipe}} [[Hindi]] {{pipe}} [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] {{pipe}} [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]] {{pipe}} [[Inuktitut language|Inuktitut]] {{pipe}} [[Japanese language|Japanese]]<ref name=tarou_takahashi/> {{pipe}} [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] {{pipe}} [[Latin]] {{pipe}} [[Latvian language|Latvian]] {{pipe}} [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] {{pipe}} [[Manchu language|Manchu]] {{pipe}} [[Ossetic language|Ossetic]] {{pipe}} [[Polish language|Polish]] {{pipe}} [[Romanian language|Romanian]] {{pipe}} [[Russian language|Russian]] {{pipe}} [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] {{pipe}} [[Scottish Gaelic]]{{ref|gd-dat|†}} {{pipe}} [[Serbian language|Serbian]] {{pipe}} [[Slovak language|Slovak]] {{pipe}} [[Slovene language|Slovene]] {{pipe}} [[Tsez language|Tsez]] {{pipe}} [[Turkish language|Turkish]] {{pipe}} [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] {{pipe}} [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]]

<small>{{note|gd-dat|†}} The case classically referred to as dative in Scottish Gaelic has shifted to, and is sometimes called, a [[#Semantics|prepositional case]].</small>
|-
| [[Distributive case]] || distribution by piece || per house
| [[Chuvash language|Chuvash]] {{pipe}} [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] {{pipe}} [[Manchu language|Manchu]] {{pipe}} [[Finnish language|Finnish]]<ref name="PanuMäkinen--Advcases" />
|-
| style="padding-left: 2em" | [[Distributive-temporal case]] || frequency || daily; on Sundays
| [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]; [[Finnish language|Finnish]]<ref name="PanuMäkinen--Advcases"/>
|-
| [[Genitive case]] || shows generic relationship, generally ownership, but also composition, reference, description, etc.   || of the house; the house's
| [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] {{pipe}} [[Albanian language|Albanian]] {{pipe}} [[Arabic language|Arabic]] {{pipe}} [[Eastern Armenian language|Armenian (Eastern)]] {{pipe}} [[Western Armenian language|Armenian (Western)]] {{pipe}} [[Azeri language|Azeri]] {{pipe}} [[Bengali language|Bengali]] {{pipe}} [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]] {{pipe}} [[Bosnian language|Bosnian]] {{pipe}} [[Chuvash language|Chuvash]] {{pipe}} [[Croatian language|Croatian]] {{pipe}} [[Czech language|Czech]] {{pipe}} [[Danish language|Danish]] {{pipe}} [[Dutch language|Dutch]] {{pipe}} [[English language|English]] {{pipe}} [[Erzya language|Erzya]] {{pipe}} [[Estonian language|Estonian]] {{pipe}} [[Faroese grammar|Faroese]] {{pipe}} [[Finnish language|Finnish]] {{pipe}} [[Georgian language|Georgian]] {{pipe}} [[German language|German]] {{pipe}} [[Greek language|Greek]] {{pipe}} [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] {{pipe}} [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]] {{pipe}} [[Inari Sámi language|Inari Sámi]] {{pipe}} [[Irish language|Irish]] {{pipe}} [[Japanese language|Japanese]]<ref name="tarou_takahashi" /> {{pipe}} [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] {{pipe}} [[Latin]] {{pipe}} [[Latvian language|Latvian]] {{pipe}} [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] {{pipe}} [[Manchu language|Manchu]] {{pipe}} [[Northern Sámi]] {{pipe}} [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] {{pipe}} [[Persian language|Persian]]<ref>Behrang QasemiZadeh, Saeed Rahimi, [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F11816508_54 Persian in MULTEXT-East Framework], 5th International Conference on NLP, FinTAL 2006 Turku, Finland, August 23–25, 2006 Proceedings</ref> {{pipe}} [[Polish language|Polish]] {{pipe}} [[Romanian language|Romanian]] {{pipe}} [[Russian language|Russian]]  {{pipe}} [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] {{pipe}} [[Scottish Gaelic]] {{pipe}} [[Serbian language|Serbian]] {{pipe}} [[Skolt Sámi language|Skolt Sámi]] {{pipe}} [[Slovak language|Slovak]] {{pipe}} [[Slovene language|Slovene]] {{pipe}} [[Swedish language|Swedish]] {{pipe}} [[Standard Tibetan|Tibetan]] {{pipe}} [[Tsez language|Tsez]] {{pipe}} [[Turkish language|Turkish]] {{pipe}} [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] {{pipe}} [[Kven language#Grammar|Kven]]
|-
| [[Ornative case]] || endowment || equipped with a house
| [[Dumi language|Dumi]]; [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]
|-
| [[Possessed case]] || passive possession || the house is owned
| [[Tlingit language|Tlingit]]<nowiki> | </nowiki>[[Turkish language|Turkish]]{{Ref|psee|†}}
{{Note|psee|†}}A sentence with possessed case noun always has to include a possessive case noun.
|-
| [[Possessive case]] || direct ownership || owned by the house
| [[English language|English]] {{pipe}} [[Turkish language|Turkish]]
|-
| [[Privative case]] || lacking, without || without a house
| [[Chuvash language|Chuvash]] {{pipe}} [[Kamu language|Kamu]] {{pipe}} [[Martuthunira language|Martuthunira]] {{pipe}} [[Wagiman language|Wagiman]]
|-
| [[Semblative case|Semblative/Similative case]] || similarity, comparing || that tree is like a house
| [[Wagiman language|Wagiman]]
|-
| [[Sociative case]] || along with, together with || (together) with the house
| [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] {{pipe}} [[Ossetic language|Ossetic]]
|-
|[[Substitutive case]]|| substituting, instead of || instead of him
| [[Archi language|Archi]]
|-
|}

==Semantics==
{| class="wikitable"
! Case !! Usage !! Example !! Found in
|-
| [[Partitive case]] || used for amounts || three (of the) houses
| [[Estonian language|Estonian]] {{pipe}} [[Finnish language|Finnish]]<ref name="PanuMäkinen--Amount-State-Cases">{{cite web|last1=Mäkinen|first1=Panu|title=Finnish Grammar - General Local Cases|url=http://users.jyu.fi/~pamakine/kieli/suomi/sijat/sijatyleisen.html|website=users.jyu.fi|publisher=University of Jyväskylä|accessdate=6 March 2015}}</ref> {{pipe}} [[Inari Sámi language|Inari Sámi]] {{pipe}} [[Russian language|Russian]] {{pipe}} [[Skolt Sámi language|Skolt Sámi]] {{pipe}} [[Kven language#Grammar|Kven]]
|-
| [[Prepositional case]] || when prepositions precede the noun || in/on/about the house
| [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]]{{ref|slav-prep|†}} {{pipe}} [[Czech language|Czech]]{{ref|slav-prep|†}} {{pipe}} [[Polish language|Polish]]{{ref|slav-prep|†}} {{pipe}} [[Russian language|Russian]] {{pipe}} [[Scottish Gaelic]]{{ref|gd-prep|‡}} {{pipe}} [[Slovak language|Slovak]]{{ref|slav-prep|†}} {{pipe}} [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]{{ref|slav-prep|†}}

<small>{{note|slav-prep|†}} This case is called ''lokál'' in Czech and Slovak, ''miejscownik'' in Polish, ''місцевий (miscevý)'' in Ukrainian and ''месны (miesny)'' in Belarusian; these names imply that this case also covers [[locative case]].<br />{{note|gd-prep|‡}} The prepositional case in Scottish Gaelic is classically referred to as a [[#Relation|dative case]].</small>
|-
| [[Vocative case]] || used for addressing, with or without a preposition || Hey, father!<br />O father!<br />Father!
| [[Albanian language|Albanian]] (rare) {{pipe}} [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]] (rare) {{pipe}} [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] {{pipe}} [[Bosnian language|Bosnian]] {{pipe}} [[Croatian language|Croatian]] {{pipe}} [[Czech language|Czech]] {{pipe}} [[Georgian language|Georgian]] {{pipe}} [[Greek language|Greek]] {{pipe}}  [[Hindi]] {{pipe}} [[Irish language|Irish]] {{pipe}} [[Japanese language|Japanese]] (literary or poetic) {{pipe}} [[Scottish Gaelic]] {{pipe}} [[Manx language|Manx]] {{pipe}} [[Itelmen language|Itelmen]] {{pipe}} [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] {{pipe}} [[Ket language|Ket]] {{pipe}} [[Latin]] {{pipe}} [[Latvian language|Latvian]] {{pipe}} [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] {{pipe}} [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]] {{pipe}} [[Nivkh language|Nivkh]] {{pipe}} [[Polish language|Polish]] {{pipe}} [[Romanian language|Romanian]] {{pipe}} [[Russian language|Russian]] (rare) {{pipe}} [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] {{pipe}} [[Scottish Gaelic]] {{pipe}} [[Serbian language|Serbian]] {{pipe}} [[Slovak language|Slovak]] (rare) {{pipe}} [[Telugu language|Telugu]] {{pipe}} [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] {{pipe}} [[Nahuatl language|Nahuatl]]
|-
|}

==State==
{| class="wikitable"
! Case !! Usage !! Example !! Found in
|-
| [[Abessive case]] || lacking || without the house
| [[Erzya language|Erzya]] {{pipe}} [[Estonian language|Estonian]] {{pipe}} [[Finnish language|Finnish]]<ref name="PanuMäkinen--MeansCases" /> {{pipe}} [[Inari Sámi language|Inari Sámi]] {{pipe}} [[Skolt Sámi language|Skolt Sámi]] {{pipe}} [[Quechua language|Quechua]] {{pipe}} [[Kven language#Grammar|Kven]]
|-
| [[Adverbial case]] || temporary state || as a house
| [[Georgian language|Georgian]] {{pipe}} [[Udmurt language|Udmurt]] {{pipe}} [[Finnic languages]] {{pipe}} [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]]
|-
| [[Comparative case]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Caha |first=Pavel |last2=De Clercq |first2=Karen |last3=Vanden Wyngaerd |first3=Guido |date=December 2019 |title=The Fine Structure of the Comparative |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/stul.12107 |journal=Studia Linguistica |language=en |volume=73 |issue=3 |pages=470–521 |doi=10.1111/stul.12107 |issn=0039-3193|hdl=1854/LU-8577244 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>|| comparison || like the house
| [[Dumi language|Dumi]] {{pipe}} [[Mari language|Mari]] {{pipe}} [[Nivkh language|Nivkh]]
|-
| [[Equative case]] || similarity || similar to the house
| [[Greenlandic language|Greenlandic]] {{pipe}} [[Ossetic language|Ossetic]] {{pipe}} [[Sumerian language|Sumerian]] {{pipe}} [[Tlingit language|Tlingit]] {{pipe}} [[Tsez language|Tsez]]
|-
| [[Essive case]] || temporary state of being || as the house
| [[Estonian language|Estonian]] {{pipe}} [[Finnish language|Finnish]]<ref name="PanuMäkinen--Amount-State-Cases" /> {{pipe}} [[Inari Sámi language|Inari Sámi]] {{pipe}} [[Inuktitut language|Inuktitut]] {{pipe}} [[Middle Egyptian]] {{pipe}} [[Northern Sámi]] {{pipe}} [[Skolt Sámi language|Skolt Sámi]] {{pipe}} [[Tsez language|Tsez]]
|-
| style="padding-left: 2em" | [[Essive-formal case]] || marking a condition as a quality (a kind of shape) || as a house
| [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] {{pipe}} [[Manchu language|Manchu]]
|-
| style="padding-left: 2em" | [[Essive-modal case]] || marking a condition as a quality (a way of being) || as a house
| [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]
|-
| [[Exessive case]] || marking a transition from a condition || from being a house (i.e., it stops being a house)
| [[Estonian language|Estonian]] (rare) {{pipe}} [[Finnish language|Finnish]] (dialectal)
|-
| Formal case || marking a condition as a quality || as a house 
| [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]
|-
| Identical case || showing equality || being the house
| [[Manchu language|Manchu]]
|-
| [[Orientative case]] || positive orientation || turned towards the house
| [[Chukchi language|Chukchi]] {{pipe}} [[Manchu language|Manchu]]
|-
| [[Revertive case]] || negative orientation || against the house
| [[Manchu language|Manchu]]
|-
| [[Translative case]] || change of a condition into another || (turning) into a house
| [[Erzya language|Erzya]] {{pipe}} [[Estonian language|Estonian]] {{pipe}} [[Finnish language|Finnish]]<ref name="PanuMäkinen--Amount-State-Cases" /> {{pipe}} [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] {{pipe}} [[Japanese language|Japanese]] {{pipe}} [[Khanty language|Khanty]] {{pipe}} [[Manchu language|Manchu]] {{pipe}} [[Kven language#Grammar|Kven]]
|}

==References==
<references />

{{Grammatical cases}}

[[Category:Grammatical cases|*]]
[[Category:Linguistics lists|Grammatical cases]]

[[eo:Kazo]]
[[sk:Pád (jazykoveda)]]