Editing Lithops

{{Short description|Genus of plants}}
{{Redirect|Living stone|the 1958 documentary film|The Living Stone}}
{{Automatic taxobox
|image = Marloth-Lithops-drawing.jpg
|image_caption = ''Lithops'' sp. by [[Rudolf Marloth]], 1929
|display_parents = 2
|taxon = Lithops
|authority = [[Nicholas Edward Brown|N.E.Br.]]<ref name="GRIN">{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?6900 |title=Genus: ''Lithops'' N. E. Br. |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |date=2009-06-09 |access-date=2011-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011100535/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?6900 |archive-date=2012-10-11 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|subdivision_ranks = Species
|subdivision = See text
}}

'''''Lithops''''' is a [[genus]] of [[succulent plant]]s in the ice plant family, [[Aizoaceae]]. Members of the genus are native to [[southern Africa]]. They avoid being eaten by herbivores with [[camouflage in plants|their camouflage]] as small stones, and are often known as '''pebble plants''' or '''living stones'''.

"Lithops" is both the genus name and the common name, and is singular as well as plural. The name is derived from the [[Ancient Greek]] words {{wikt-lang|grc|λίθος}} ({{transliteration|grc|líthos}}) 'stone' and {{wikt-lang|grc|ὄψ}} ({{transliteration|grc|óps}}) 'face', referring to the stone-like appearance of the plants.

== Description ==
[[Image:Lithops turbiniformis 1.jpg|left|thumb|''[[Lithops hookeri]]''. Two new leaf pairs are emerging between the old one, leading to a double-headed plant]]
Individual ''Lithops'' consist of one or more pairs of bulbous, almost fused [[leaf|leaves]] opposite each other and hardly any [[Plant stem|stem]]. The slit between the leaves contains the [[meristem]] and produces [[flower]]s and new leaves. The leaves of ''Lithops'' are mostly buried below the surface of the [[soil]], with a partially or completely translucent top surface known as a [[leaf window]] which allows light to enter the interior of the leaves for [[photosynthesis]].<ref>[https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0075671 Best of Both Worlds: Simultaneous High-Light and Shade-Tolerance Adaptations within Individual Leaves of the Living Stone Lithops aucampiae]</ref>

During winter a new leaf pair, or occasionally more than one, grows inside the existing fused leaf pair. In [[spring (season)|spring]] the old leaf pair parts to reveal the new leaves and the old leaves will then dry up. ''Lithops'' leaves may shrink and disappear below ground level during [[drought]]. Yellow or white flowers emerge from the fissure between the leaves after the new leaf pair fully matures, one per leaf pair. This is usually in autumn, but can be before the summer [[solstice]] in ''[[Lithops pseudotruncatella|L. pseudotruncatella]]'' and after the winter [[solstice]] in ''[[Lithops optica|L. optica]]''. The flowers are often sweetly scented.
[[File:Dissected Lithops 0133 (3137859955)(cropped).JPG|thumb|Longitudinal section of a ''Lithops'' plant, showing the epidermal window at the top, the translucent succulent tissue, the green photosynthetic tissue, and the [[Decussation|decussate]] budding leaves growing between the mature leaves]]
The most startling [[adaptation]] of ''Lithops'' is the colouring of the leaves. The leaves are [[Leaf window|fenestrated]], and the [[Leaf window|epidermal windows]] are patterned in various shades of cream, grey, and brown, with darker windowed areas, dots, and red lines, according to species and local conditions.  The markings function as remarkable [[Camouflage in plants|camouflage for the plant]] in its typically stony environment. As is typical of a window plant, the green tissue lines the inside of the leaves and is covered with [[Transparency and translucency|translucent]] tissue beneath the epidermal windows.

''Lithops'' are obligate [[outcrossing|outcrossers]] and require [[pollination]] from a separate plant. Like most [[mesemb]]s, Lithops fruit is a dry [[Capsule (fruit)|capsule]] that opens when it becomes wet; some [[seed]]s may be ejected by falling raindrops, and the capsule re-closes when it dries out. Capsules may also sometimes detach and be distributed intact, or may disintegrate after several years.

== Distribution ==
[[Image:Lithops salicola.jpg|thumb|Large stand of ''[[Lithops salicola]]'']]
''Lithops'' occur naturally across wide areas of [[Namibia]] and [[South Africa]], as well as small bordering areas in [[Botswana]] and possibly [[Angola]], from sea level to high mountains. Nearly a thousand individual populations are documented, each covering just a small area of dry grassland, [[veld]], or bare rocky ground.  Different ''Lithops'' species are preferentially found in particular environments, usually restricted to a particular type of rock.  ''Lithops'' have not [[Naturalisation (biology)|naturalised]] outside this region.

[[Rain]]fall in ''Lithops'' habitats ranges from approximately 700&nbsp;mm/year to near zero. Rainfall patterns range from exclusively summer rain to exclusively winter rain, with a few species relying almost entirely on dew formation for moisture. Temperatures are usually hot in summer and cool to cold in winter, but one species is found right at the coast with very moderate temperatures year round.

== Cultivation ==
[[Image:Lithops dividing.JPG|left|thumb|Group of ''Lithops'' sp. dividing and producing new leaf growth.]]
''Lithops'' are popular [[house plant]]s and many specialist [[succulent]] growers maintain collections. [[Seed]]s and plants are widely available in shops and over the [[Internet]]. They are relatively easy to grow and care for if given sufficient sun and kept in well-draining soil.

Normal treatment in mild [[Temperateness|temperate]] [[climate]]s is to keep them completely dry during winter, watering only when the old leaves have dried up and are replaced by a new leaf pair. Watering continues through autumn, when the plants flower, and then stops for winter. The best results are obtained in an environment with additional heat such as a greenhouse. In hotter [[climate]]s, ''Lithops'' will have a summer dormancy when they should be kept mostly dry, and they may require some water in winter. In [[Tropical climate|tropical]] climates, ''Lithops'' can be grown primarily in winter with a long summer dormancy. In all conditions, ''Lithops'' will be most active and need most water during autumn and most species will flower at approximately the same time.

[[File:Lithops olivacea - RSA 5.jpg|thumb|''Lithops olivacea'']]

''Lithops'' thrive best in a coarse, well-drained substrate. Any soil that retains too much water will cause the plants to burst their skins as they over-expand. Plants grown in strong light will develop hard strongly coloured skins which are resistant to damage and rot, although persistent overwatering will still be fatal. Excessive heat will kill potted plants as they cannot cool themselves by [[transpiration]] and rely on staying buried in cool soil below the surface. Commercial growers mix a mild fungicide or weak strength horticultural sulfur into the plant's water to prevent rotting.  Lithops are sensitive to watering during hot weather, which can cause the plants to rot; in habitat the plants are often dormant when the temperatures are high, doing most of their growing during the cool months of the year. Low light levels will make the plants highly susceptible to rotting and fungal infection.<ref>{{cite book|author=Ed Storms|title=The New Growing the Mesembs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WC2vtgAACAAJ|year=1986|publisher=Storms}}</ref>

In the [[United Kingdom]] the following species have gained the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s [[Award of Garden Merit]]:<ref>{{cite web  | url= https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf | title = AGM Plants - Ornamental | date = July 2017 | page = 61 | publisher = Royal Horticultural Society | access-date = 25 March 2018}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*''[[Lithops karasmontana]]''<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/10366/i-Lithops-karasmontana-i/Details
| title = RHS Plantfinder - ''Lithops karasmontana'' | access-date = 25 March 2018}}</ref>  
*''[[Lithops olivacea]]''<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/10370/i-Lithops-olivacea-i/Details
| title = RHS Plantfinder - ''Lithops olivacea'' | access-date = 25 March 2018}}</ref> 
*''[[Lithops pseudotruncatella]]''<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/10372/i-Lithops-pseudotruncatella-i/Details
| title = RHS Plantfinder - ''Lithops pseudotruncatella'' | access-date = 25 March 2018}}</ref>
*''[[Lithops salicola]]''<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/150628/i-Lithops-salicola-i/Details
| title = RHS Plantfinder - ''Lithops salicola'' | access-date = 25 March 2018}}</ref> 
*''[[Lithops schwantesii]]''<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/10373/i-Lithops-schwantesii-i/Details
| title = RHS Plantfinder - ''Lithops schwantesii'' | access-date = 25 March 2018}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

==Cultivars==
Mr Keith Green was appointed [[International Cultivar Registration Authority]] for ''Lithops'' in 2013, and recognises over 100 registered [[cultivar]]s.<ref name=scrapbook>{{cite web |url=https://scrapbooklithops.com/cultivars.html |title=The International Cultivar Registration Authority Register and Checklist for the genus Lithops N.E.Br. |website=Scrapbooklithops |author=Keith Green |access-date=2023-07-09 }}</ref>

Since ''Lithops'' are mostly propagated by seed, cultivars require to be stabilised as seed strains. Most cultivars are either abnormally green or abnormally red plants, lacking most of the normal leaf pigments. Some were initially found as isolated unusual plants in habitat, but increasingly have arisen from cultivation, sometimes by deliberately selecting mildly-coloured plants to achieve intense colours for a cultivar.  The term "aberrant colour form" (acf.) has been used for these unusually-coloured ''Lithops''.<ref name=cole2006/>

There are also so-called "pattern cultivars" of ''Lithops'', seed strains which have been selectively-bred or stabilised from isolated unusual plants to have intensified or unusual leaf patterns, and sometimes unusual flowers. In some cases, these are [[hybrid (biology)|hybrids]].<ref name=scrapbook/>

===Propagation===
[[File:Lithops Seedlings.jpg|thumb|''Lithops'' seedlings]]
Propagation of ''Lithops'' is by [[seed]] or [[Cutting (plant)|cuttings]]. Cuttings can only be used to produce new plants after a plant has naturally divided to form multiple heads, so most propagation is by seed. ''Lithops'' can readily be pollinated by hand if two separate [[cloning|clone]]s of a species flower at the same time, and seed will be [[Ripening|ripe]] about 9 months later. Seed is easy to [[germinate]], but the seedlings are small and vulnerable for the first year or two, and will not flower until at least two or three years old.

== Conservation status ==
At least half of the species listed in the [[Red List of South African Plants]] are classified as endangered or threatened for various reasons, including poaching for the succulent horticultural trade, habitat degradation, and decreased or restricted range due to urban and agriculture expansion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Species list: Lithops {{!}} Threatened Species Programme {{!}} SANBI Red List of South African Plants |url=http://redlist.sanbi.org/genus.php?genus=85 |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=redlist.sanbi.org}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Species
!Conservation status
|-
|[[Lithops aucampiae]]
|VU
|-
|[[Lithops coleorum]]
|VU
|-
|[[Lithops dinteri]]
|VU
|-
|[[Lithops divergens]]
|NT
|-
|[[Lithops dorotheae]]
|EN
|-
|[[Lithops geyeri]]
|Rare
|-
|[[Lithops helmutii]]
|VU
|-
|[[Lithops herrei]]
|VU
|-
|[[Lithops lesliei]] subsp. burchellii 
|NT
|-
|Lithops lesliei subsp. lesliei 
|VU
|-
|[[Lithops meyeri]]
|VU
|-
|[[Lithops naureeniae]]
|VU
|-
|[[Lithops olivacea]]
| VU
|-
|[[Lithops otzeniana]]
|VU
|-
|[[Lithops salicola]]
|NT
|-
|[[Lithops viridis]]
|VU

|}

== History ==
[[File:Lithops flower bud growth and first bloom - Time lapse HD video.ogv|thumb|Seven-day time-lapse]]
The first scientific description of ''Lithops'' was made by [[botanist]] and artist [[William John Burchell]], explorer of [[South Africa]], although he called it ''[[Mesembryanthemum]] turbiniforme''. In 1811, Burchell discovered a specimen when picking up a "curiously shaped pebble" from the ground.<ref name="cole2006"/> Unfortunately the documented physical description was not detailed enough to be sure which ''Lithops'' he had discovered and the name ''Lithops turbiniformis'' is no longer used, although for many years it was applied to what is now known as ''[[Lithops hookeri]]''.

Several more ''Lithops'' were published as ''Mesembryanthemum'' [[species]] until in 1922 [[Nicholas Edward Brown|N E Brown]] started to split up the overly large genus on the basis of the [[Capsule (fruit)|capsules]]. The [[genus]] ''Lithops'' was created and dozens more species were published in the following decades.  Brown, [[Martin Heinrich Gustav Schwantes|Gustav Schwantes]], [[Kurt Dinter]], [[Gert Nel]], and Louisa Bolus continued to document ''Lithops'' from across southern Africa, but there was little consensus on the relationships between them, or even which populations should be grouped as species. As recently as the 1950s, the genus remained rather unknown in cultivation and was not well understood [[taxonomically]].

In the 1950s, Desmond and Naureen Cole began to study ''Lithops''. Together, the couple visited nearly all natural habitats of the different lithops populations and collected samples from approximately 400. They document and identify them, assigning a number, which is now known as the Cole number still used today all around the world. They studied and revised the genus, in 1988 publishing a definitive book ''(Lithops: Flowering Stones'') describing the [[species]], [[subspecies]], and [[variety (botany)|varieties]] which have been accepted ever since.

Because their camouflage is so effective, new species continue to be discovered. Recent discoveries include ''[[Lithops coleorum|L. coleorum]]'' in 1994, ''[[Lithops hermetica|L. hermetica]]'' in 2000, and ''[[Lithops amicorum|L. amicorum]]'' in 2006.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Eller |first1=Benno M. |last2=Ruess |first2=Beatrice |date=1982 |title=Water relations of Lithops plants embedded into the soil and exposed to free air |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1982.tb00300.x |journal=Physiologia Plantarum |language=en |volume=55 |issue=3 |pages=329–334 |doi=10.1111/j.1399-3054.1982.tb00300.x |issn=0031-9317|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
{{clear}}

== Taxonomy ==

[[File:Lithops 3.jpg|thumb|''Lithops fulviceps'' 'Aurea', green-bodied cultivar]]

Many of the species listed have named [[subspecies]] or [[variety (botany)|varieties]] and some have many regional [[form (botany)|form]]s identified by old names or habitat locations.  Identification of species is primarily by flower colour and leaf patterns.  The species list here follows Cole & Cole (2006).<ref name=cole2006/>

{| class=wikitable sortable
 |+''Lithops''<ref name=hartmann2001>{{cite book |editor=Hartmann, H.E.K. |title=Illustrated Handbook of Succulent Plants: Aizoaceae F-Z |publisher=Springer |year=2001 |isbn=3-540-41723-0}}</ref>
 |-
 !Specific epithet
 !Meaning
 |-
 |''[[Lithops amicorum|amicorum]]''<ref>{{cite journal |last=Cole |first=Desmond |title=Cactus&Co Journal |journal=Cactus&Co |volume=X(1) |pages=57–59 |year=2006}}</ref>
 |of the friends
 |-
 |''[[Lithops aucampiae|aucampiae]]'' 
 |named after Juanita Aucamp
 |-
 |''[[Lithops bromfieldii|bromfieldii]]''
 |named after H. Bromfield
 |-
 |''[[Lithops coleorum|coleorum]]''
 |named after Desmond & Naureen Cole
 |-
 |''[[Lithops comptonii|comptonii]]''
 |named after Prof. [[Robert Harold Compton]]
 |-
 |''[[Lithops dinteri|dinteri]]''
 |named after [[Moritz Kurt Dinter]]
 |-
 |''[[Lithops divergens|divergens]]''
 |divergent lobes
 |-
 |''[[Lithops dorotheae|dorotheae]]''
 |named after Dorothea Huyssteen
 |-
 |''[[Lithops francisci|francisci]]''
 |named after Frantz de Laet
 |-
 |''[[Lithops fulviceps|fulviceps]]''
 |tawny head
 |-
 |''[[Lithops gesineae|gesineae]]''
 |named after Gesine de Boer
 |-
 |''[[Lithops geyeri|geyeri]]''
 |named after Albertus Geyer
 |-
 |''[[Lithops gracilidelineata|gracilidelineata]]''
 |thin lined
 |-
 |''[[Lithops hallii|hallii]]''
 |named after [[Harry Hall (botanist)|Harry Hall]]
 |-
 |''[[Lithops helmutii|helmutii]]''
 |named after Helmut Meyer
 |-
 |''[[Lithops hermetica|hermetica]]''
 |named after the 'hermetically sealed' location, [[Sperrgebiet]]
 |-
 |''[[Lithops herrei|herrei]]''
 |named after Adolar 'Hans' Herre
 |-
 |''[[Lithops hookeri|hookeri]]''
 |named after [[Joseph Dalton Hooker|Sir Joseph Hooker]]
 |-
 |''[[Lithops julii|julii]]''
 |named after Julius Derenberg
 |-
 |''[[Lithops karasmontana|karasmontana]]''
 |named after the [[Great Karas Mountains]]
 |-
 |''[[Lithops lesliei|lesliei]]''
 |named after T. N. Leslie
 |-
 |''[[Lithops localis|localis]]''
 |of a place
 |-
 |''[[Lithops marmorata|marmorata]]''
 |marbled
 |-
 |''[[Lithops meyeri|meyeri]]''
 |named after Rev. Gottlieb Meyer
 |-
 |''[[Lithops naureeniae|naureeniae]]''
 |named after Naureen Cole
 |-
 |''[[Lithops olivacea|olivacea]]''
 |olive-green
 |-
 |''[[Lithops optica|optica]]''
 |eye-like
 |-
 |''[[Lithops otzeniana|otzeniana]]''
 |named after M. Otzen
 |-
 |''[[Lithops pseudotruncatella|pseudotruncatella]]''
 |had been confused with ''[[Conophytum truncatum]]''
 |-
 |''[[Lithops ruschiorum|ruschiorum]]''
 |named after Rusch family
 |-
 |''[[Lithops salicola|salicola]]''
 |salt-dweller
 |-
 |''[[Lithops schwantesii|schwantesii]]''
 |named after [[Martin Heinrich Gustav Schwantes|Gustav Schwantes]]
 |-
 |''[[Lithops vallis-mariae|vallis-mariae]]''
 |named after the location [[Mariental, Namibia|Mariental]] (Latinised)
 |-
 |''[[Lithops verruculosa|verruculosa]]''
 |warty
 |-
 |''[[Lithops villetii|villetii]]''
 |named after C. T. Villet
 |-
 |''[[Lithops viridis|viridis]]''
 |green
 |-
 |''[[Lithops werneri|werneri]]''
 |named after Werner Triebner
 |}

Although the species, subspecies, and varieties published by Cole & Cole<ref name=cole2006>{{cite book |last1=Cole |first1=Desmond |last2=Cole |first2=Naureen  |title=Lithops—Flowering Stones |publisher=Cactus & Co |year=2005 |isbn=88-900511-7-5}}</ref> largely remain accepted and in widespread use,<ref name=hartmann2001/> some variations have been published by other authors.  Some published changes since 2006 include:
* reducing ''L. amicorum'' to a subspecies of ''L. karasmontana''; combining ''L. karasmontana'' ssp. ''bella'' and ssp. ''eberlanzii'' into one subspecies; and combining ''L. herrei'' with ''L. optica''.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1073/pnas.1100628108 |title=Contemporaneous and recent radiations of the world's major succulent plant lineages |year=2011 |last1=Arakaki |first1=Mónica |last2=Christin |first2=Pascal-Antoine |last3=Nyffeler |first3=Reto |last4=Lendel |first4=Anita |last5=Eggli |first5=Urs |last6=Ogburn |first6=R. Matthew |last7=Spriggs |first7=Elizabeth |last8=Moore |first8=Michael J. |last9=Edwards |first9=Erika J. |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=108 |issue=20 |pages=8379–8384 |pmid=21536881 |pmc=3100969 |bibcode=2011PNAS..108.8379A |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* raising ''L. dendritica'' and ''L. eberlanzii'' to species level and dropping all the separate varieties of ''L. karasmontana''.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.25223/brad.n38.2020.a20 |title=The form, structure and size of Lithops N.E.Br. Seeds and the taxonomic implications |year=2020 |last1=Earlé |first1=Roy A. |last2=Young |first2=Andrew J. |journal=Bradleya |volume=2020 |issue=38 |page=195 |s2cid=220072147 }}</ref>
* raising ''L. bella'', ''L. burchellii'', ''L. euniceae'', and ''L. glaudinae'' to species level; combining ''L. dorotheae'' and ''L schwantesii'' var. ''marthae'' under ''L. dinteri''; combining ''L. francisci'', ''L. gesinae'', and ''L. hermetica''; combining ''L. geyeri'' under ''L. herrei''; dropping separate subspecies of ''L. julii'' and ''L. gracilidelineata''; splitting ssp. ''archerae'', ''dendritica'' and ''groendrayensis'' from ''L. pseudotruncatella'' as ''L. dendritica''; and dropping separate varieties under ''L. villetii''.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Ein neuer taxonomischer Ansatz für die Gattung Lithops N.E.Br. |author=H Jainta |journal=Avonia |date=2019 |volume=37 |issue=1 }}</ref>

One study of [[non-coding DNA|non-coding]] [[chloroplast DNA]] (trnS-trnG intergenic spacer), nuclear ribosomal [[internal transcribed spacer]] (nrITS) sequences and [[Amplified fragment length polymorphism|AFLP]] data found that Lithops was not [[monophyletic]] since ''[[Dinteranthus]]'', ''[[Schwantesia]]'', and ''[[Lapidaria (plant)|Lapidaria]]'' were involved.  It identified 9 clades which did not closely frame the accepted 37 species.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1438-8677.2010.00354.x |title=Genetic differentiation in the genus Lithops L. (Ruschioideae, Aizoaceae) reveals a high level of convergent evolution and reflects geographic distribution |year=2011 |last1=Kellner |first1=A. |last2=Ritz |first2=C. M. |last3=Schlittenhardt |first3=P. |last4=Hellwig |first4=F. H. |journal=Plant Biology |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=368–380 |pmid=21309984 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2011PlBio..13..368K }}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="300" heights="210">
Lithops sp flower.jpg|''Lithops'' sp. Blooms emerge between the leaves in autumn.
Lithops sp Blooms.jpg|''Lithops'' sp. Some species have flowers large enough to obscure the leaves. They open in the afternoon and close in the evening.
Lithops sculpture.jpg|Sculpture of lithops, National Botanical Gardens of Ireland
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* {{cite book |last=Jainta |first=Harald | title=Wild Lithops |publisher=Klaus Hess Verlag |year=2017 |isbn= 978-3-933117-93-9 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Cole |first=Desmond T | title=Lithops—Flowering Stones |publisher=Acorn Books |year=1988 |isbn=0-620-09678-0 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Cole |first=Desmond |author2=Cole, Naureen  | title=Lithops—Flowering Stones |publisher=Cactus & Co |year=2005 |isbn=88-900511-7-5 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Hammer |first=Steven | title=Lithops: Treasures of the Veld |publisher=BCCS |year=1999 |isbn=0-902099-64-7 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Schwantes |first=Gustav | title=Flowering Stones and Mid-day Flowers |publisher=London: Ernst Benn |year=1957 |ref=none}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikispecies}}
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A2654732 Lithops info from the BBC] (UK)
* [http://www.lithops.info/ A guide to the cultivation of Lithops]
* [http://www.scrapbooklithops.com/ Scrapbooklithops] (General info & habitat photographs)

{{Taxonbar|from=Q133283}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Lithops| ]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Taxa named by N. E. Brown]]
[[Category:Aizoaceae genera]]