Editing Litigant in person

{{Short description|English legal concept}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
In [[England and Wales]], a '''litigant in person''' is an individual, company or organisation that has [[rights of audience]] (this is, the right to address the court) and is not represented in a [[Courts of England and Wales|court of England and Wales]] by a [[solicitor]] or [[barrister]]. Instructing a barrister and not a solicitor, for example through the [[Public Access Scheme]], however, does not prevent the party on whose behalf the barrister had been instructed from being a litigant in person.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-12-10 |title=Agassi v Robinson (Inspector of Taxes)(No.2)Court of Appeal (Civil Division) |url=https://www.dipublico.org/100871/agassi-v-robinson-inspector-of-taxes/ |access-date=2022-04-06 |website=www.dipublico.org}}</ref>

It is possible nevertheless for litigants in England and Wales to obtain free legal advice and in some cases representation from the [[Citizens Advice Bureau]] (CAB).

The term ''litigant in person'' is also used in the similar (but separate) legal systems of [[Law of the Republic of Ireland|Irish law]] and [[Northern Irish law]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guidelines for Litigants in Person |url=http://www.courts.ie/Courts.ie/library3.nsf/(WebFiles)/78EC834664F2107780258027002C6A56/$FILE/Information%20Booklet%20for%20High%20Court%20Central%20Office.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011014413/http://www.courts.ie/Courts.ie/library3.nsf/(WebFiles)/78EC834664F2107780258027002C6A56/$FILE/Information%20Booklet%20for%20High%20Court%20Central%20Office.pdf |archive-date=2018-10-11 |access-date=2018-10-10 |website=The Courts Service of Ireland}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ulster.ac.uk/faculties/arts-humanities-and-social-sciences/schools/law/research/litigants-in-person |title=Litigants in person in Northern Ireland - Ulster University |access-date=2018-10-10 |archive-date=2018-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011013829/https://www.ulster.ac.uk/faculties/arts-humanities-and-social-sciences/schools/law/research/litigants-in-person |url-status=live }}</ref>

The equivalent in [[Scotland]] is a [[party litigant]] and in the United States is [[Pro se legal representation in the United States|''pro se'' legal representation]].

The right to defend oneself in person or through chosen legal assistance is provided for in [[Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights]].<ref>{{cite wikisource|European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms}}</ref>

==Civil defendant==
The defendants in the [[McLibel case]] (''McDonald's Corporation v Steel & Morris'', [1997] EWHC QB 366) represented themselves in person both at first instance and on appeal during a [[libel]] lawsuit which lasted nearly ten years.

==Criminal defendant==
A special category of ''litigant in person'' arises when a defendant in a criminal case dismisses their defence counsel and chooses to defend the case themselves. This is almost invariably an inadvisable course of action, since the law and procedure can be complex and the penalties if convicted can be severe. Furthermore, in some jurisdictions the ''litigant in person'' is restricted from cross-examining the alleged victim in [[rape]] and other serious sexual offences. The underlying policy is that an alleged victim should not have to answer directly to an alleged rapist. The right of the individual to defend themselves is in conflict with the need to protect the alleged victim from any further humiliation. In the UK this conflict is resolved by the court appointing a special counsel at public expense to conduct cross-examination.

High-profile cases in Scotland where the accused conducted his own defence and lost were [[Peter Manuel]] (who was [[hanged]]) and [[Tommy Sheridan]].

==Appellant in person==
An appellant in person is someone who by their own choice, or because their former counsel is criticised and has withdrawn, is conducting their own appeal at a Crown Court or at the Court of Appeal Criminal Division. The number of appellants who choose to do this is exceptionally small, mainly due to the inherent risks involved, appellants who serve a custodial sentence can have part of that sentence ordered to be served again if the court is of the view that the application is without merit. They must also understand highly complex court procedures, prepare detailed legal paperwork and orally argue a full legal appeal case in front of three High Court judges and a full court.

==Representing companies==
In ''Battle v Irish Art Promotion Centre Ltd'',<ref>[1968] IR 252</ref> the [[Supreme Court of Ireland]] ruled that a company cannot be represented by a [[corporate officer]] in lieu of a barrister or solicitor. The "''Battle'' rule" has been slightly relaxed by later decisions.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sometimes you just need a Lawyer |url=https://www.mccannfitzgerald.com/knowledge/disputes/sometimes-you-just-need-a-lawyer |publisher=Mccann Fitzgerald |accessdate=18 October 2018 |location=Dublin |language=en |archive-date=18 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018201810/https://www.mccannfitzgerald.com/knowledge/disputes/sometimes-you-just-need-a-lawyer |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Pro se litigant]], an equivalent concept in the United States
* [[McKenzie friend]]
* [[Personal Support Unit]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040123173042/http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199798/ldhansrd/vo980212/text/80212-28.htm Discussion] in the [[House of Lords]], UK of ''litigants in person'' in the context of sexual cases, in [[Hansard]].

[[Category:English law]]
[[Category:Law of Ireland]]
[[Category:Law of Northern Ireland]]
[[Category:Legal procedure]]
[[Category:Criminal procedure]]