Editing Little Nemo

{{Short description|American 20th century comic strip}}
{{About|the comic strip and character}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2013}}
{{Infobox comic strip
| title       = Little Nemo
| image       = [[File:Little Nemo 1906-02-11 last panel.jpg|300px]]
| caption     = Nemo in bed where he awoke at the end of each strip (here February 11, 1906)
| alt         = Cartoon drawing of a boy waking up in bed. A word balloon from the right reads: "What's the trouble in there, Nemo?  Go to sleep!"
| author      = [[Winsor McCay]]
| status      = <!-- Discontinued --><!-- redundant---there's an end date already -->
| first       = {{start date|1905|10|15}}
| last        = {{end date|1927|1|9}}
| altnames =  ''In the Land of Wonderful Dreams'' (1911–1914)
| publisher   = {{plainlist|
* ''[[New York Herald]]''
* ''[[New York Journal-American|New York American]]''}}
| preceded by = [[Dream of the Rarebit Fiend]]
| followed by = }}
<!-- {{multiple image
| align     = right
| direction = vertical
| width     = 100
| image1    = Little Nemo alone2 modified.png
| width1    = 110
| caption1  = ''Little Nemo''
| image2    = Little Nemo Flip 2.jpg
| width2    = 111
| caption2  = Flip
| image3    = Little Nemo King.jpg
| width3    = 130
| caption3  = King Morpheus
| image4    = Little Nemo the Imp 2.jpg
| width4    = 120
| caption4  = The Imp
| image5    = Little Nemo princess.jpg
| width5    = 116
| caption5  = The Princess}} -->
'''Little Nemo''' is a fictional character created by American cartoonist [[Winsor McCay]]. He originated in an early comic strip by McCay, ''[[Dream of the Rarebit Fiend]]'', before receiving his own spin-off series, '''''Little Nemo in Slumberland'''''.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/m/mccay.htm | title=Winsor McCay}}</ref> The full-page weekly strip depicted Nemo having fantastic dreams that were interrupted by his awakening in the final panel. The strip is considered McCay's masterpiece for its experiments with the form of the comics page, its use of color and perspective, its timing and pacing, the size and shape of its panels, and its architectural and other details.

''Little Nemo in Slumberland'' ran in the ''[[New York Herald]]'' from October 15, 1905 until July 23, 1911. The strip was renamed '''''In the Land of Wonderful Dreams''''' when McCay brought it to [[William Randolph Hearst]]'s ''[[New York American]]'', where it ran from September 3, 1911 until July 26, 1914. When McCay returned to the ''Herald'' in 1924, he revived the strip, and it ran under its original title from August 3, 1924 until January 9, 1927, when McCay returned to Hearst.<ref name=Holtz>{{cite book |last1=Holtz |first1=Allan |title=American Newspaper Comics: An Encyclopedic Reference Guide |date=2012 |publisher=The University of Michigan Press |location=Ann Arbor |isbn=9780472117567 |page=241}}</ref>

==Concept==
A weekly fantasy adventure, ''Little Nemo in Slumberland'' featured the young Nemo ("No one" in Latin) who dreamed himself into wondrous predicaments{{sfn|Canemaker|2005|p=97}} from which he awoke in bed in the last panel.{{sfn|Harvey|1994|p=21}}

The first episode{{efn|{{Commons file|Little Nemo 1905-10-15.jpg|this strip (October 15, 1905)}}}} begins with a command from King Morpheus of Slumberland to a minion to collect Nemo.{{sfn|Canemaker|2005|p=97, 113}} Nemo was to be the playmate of Slumberland's Princess, but it took months of adventures before Nemo finally arrived. A green, cigar-chewing clown named Flip was determined to disturb Nemo's sleep with a top hat emblazoned with the words "Wake Up".{{sfn|Canemaker|2005|p=97}} Nemo and Flip eventually become companions and are joined by an African Imp whom Flip finds in the Candy Islands. The group travels far and wide, from shanty towns to [[Mars]], to [[Jack Frost]]'s palace, to the bizarre architecture and distorted [[Distorting mirror|funhouse-mirror]] illusions of Befuddle Hall.{{sfn|Canemaker|2005|pp=113, 118}}

[[File:Little Nemo 1907-12-01 panels 3 and 4.jpg|thumb|center|500px|alt=|Flip, Nemo and Impie [[breaking the fourth wall]] by breaking apart the panel's outlines and eating the letters of the title.]]
The strip shows McCay's understanding of dream psychology, particularly of dream fears—falling, drowning, impalement. This dream world has its own moral code, perhaps difficult to understand.{{sfn|Canemaker|2005|p=107}} Breaking it has terrible consequences as when Nemo ignores instructions not to touch Queen Crystalette who inhabits a cave of glass. Overcome with his infatuation, he causes her and her followers to shatter and awakens with "the groans of the dying guardsmen still ringing in his ears".{{efn|{{Commons file|Little Nemo 1905-11-19.jpg|this strip (November 11, 1905)}}}}{{sfn|Canemaker|2005|p=113}}

[[File:Little Nemo 1907-09-29.jpg|thumb|alt=|Nemo and the Little Imp explore the city as giants, September 9, 1907.]]
Although the strip began October 15, 1905, with King Morpheus, ruler of Slumberland, making his first attempt to bring Little Nemo to his realm. Nemo did not get into Slumberland until March 4, 1906. Due to Flip's interfering, Nemo did not get to see the Princess until July 8. His dream quest is always interrupted, either by his falling out of bed, Nemo suddenly waking up, or by his parents forcing him to wake up.

On July 12, 1908, McCay made a major change of direction: Flip visits Nemo and tells him that he has had his uncle destroy Slumberland (it had been dissolved before, into day, but this time it appeared to be permanent). After this, Nemo's dreams take place in his home town, though Flip—and a curious-looking boy named the Professor—accompany him. These adventures range from the down-to-earth to [[Dream of the Rarebit Fiend|Rarebit-fiend]] type fantasy; one very commonplace dream had the Professor pelting people with snowballs. The famous "walking bed" story was in this period. Slumberland continued to make sporadic appearances until it returned for good on December 26, 1909.

Story-arcs included Befuddle Hall, a voyage to Mars (with a well-realized Martian civilization), and a trip around the world (including a tour of New York City).

==Style==
McCay experimented with the form of the comics page, its timing and pacing, the size and shape of its panels, perspective, and architectural and other detail.{{sfn|Harvey|1994|p=21}} From the second installment, McCay had the panel sizes and layouts conform to the action in the strip: as a forest of mushrooms grew, so did the panels, and the panels shrank as the mushrooms collapsed on Nemo. In an early Thanksgiving episode, the focal action of a giant turkey gobbling Nemo's house receives an enormous circular panel in the center of the page.{{sfn|Canemaker|2005|p=107}} McCay also accommodated a sense of proportion with panel size and shape, showing elephants and dragons at a scale the reader could feel in proportion to the regular characters.{{sfn|Harvey|1994|p=21}} McCay controlled narrative pacing through variation or repetition, as with equally-sized panels whose repeated layouts and minute differences in movement conveyed a feeling of buildup to some climactic action.{{sfn|Harvey|1994|p=21}}

[[File:Little Nemo 1905-11-26 middle five panels.jpg|center|500px|alt=Five panels of a color comic strip. The circular center panel overwhelms the others with an image of a giant turkey lifting up and eating a house. In the other panels, a boy is shaken from the house and falls into a lake of cranberry sauce.|McCay sized and placed panels to conform to the action they contained (November 25, 1905).{{efn|{{Commons file|Little Nemo 1905-11-26.jpg|The full version of this strip (November 26, 1905)}}}}]]

In his familiar [[Art Nouveau]]-influenced style, McCay outlined his characters in heavy blacks. Slumberland's ornate architecture was reminiscent of the architecture designed by [[McKim, Mead & White]] for the 1893 [[World's Columbian Exposition]] in Chicago, as well as [[Luna Park (Coney Island, 1903)|Luna Park]] and [[Dreamland (Coney Island, 1904)|Dreamland]] in [[Coney Island]], and the Parisian [[Luxembourg Palace]].{{sfn|Canemaker|2005|p=100}}

{{multiple image
|footer = ''Nemo''{{'}}s ornate architecture was inspired by McCay's memories of the 1893 [[World's Columbian Exposition]] in Chicago, and his experience working at [[Coney Island]] ([[Luna Park, Coney Island (1903)|Luna Park]] pictured).
|align  = center

|image1 = Little Nemo 1905-12-17 panel nine.jpg
|width1 = 197
|alt1   = A comic strip panel.  A character in a frilled red suit points a boy at a city with ostentatious architecture.

|image2 = The Dragon's Gorge, Luna Park, Coney Island, NY.jpg
|width2 = 303
|alt2   = A colored photograph of an ornately-decorated amusement park.
}}

McCay made imaginative use of color, sometimes changing the backgrounds' or characters' colors from panel to panel in a [[psychedelic (disambiguation)|psychedelic]] imitation of a dream experience. The colors were enhanced by the careful attention and advanced [[Ben-Day dots|Ben Day]] lithographic process employed by the ''Herald''{{'}}s printing staff.{{sfn|Canemaker|2005|pp=100–101}} McCay annotated the ''Nemo'' pages for the printers with the precise color schemes he wanted.{{sfnm|1a1=Harvey|1y=1994|1p=22|2a1=Canemaker|2y=2005|2p=107}}

For the first five months the pages were accompanied with captions beneath them,{{sfn|Canemaker|2005|p=107}} and at first the captions were numbered.{{sfn|Bukatman|2012|p=27}} In contrast to the high level of skill in the artwork, the dialogue in the speech balloons is crude, sometimes approaching illegibility,{{sfnm|1a1=Gutjahr|1a2=Benton|1y=2001|1p=166|2a1=Heller|2y=2007}} and "disfigur{{interp|ing McCay's}} otherwise flawless work", according to critic [[R. C. Harvey]].{{sfn|Harvey|1994|p=28}} The level of effort and skill apparent in the title lettering highlights{{sfn|Gutjahr|Benton|2001|p=166}} what seems to be the little regard for the dialogue balloons, their content, and their placement in the visual composition.

McCay used ethnic stereotypes prominently in ''Little Nemo'', as in the ill-tempered Irishman Flip, and the nearly-mute African Impie.{{sfn|Winokur|2012|pp=58, 63}}

==Background==
[[Winsor McCay]]&nbsp;({{circa|1867–71}}&nbsp;– 1934){{efn|Different accounts have given McCay's birth year as 1867, 1869, and 1871. His birth records are not extant.{{sfn|Canemaker|2005|p=22}}}} had worked prolifically as a commercial artist and cartoonist in carnivals and [[dime museum]]s before he began working for newspapers and magazines in 1898. In 1903, he joined the staff of the ''[[New York Herald]]'' family of newspapers,{{sfn|Eagan|2010|p=32}} where he had success with comic strips such as ''[[Little Sammy Sneeze]]'' (1904–06).{{sfn|Canemaker|2005|p=75}} and ''[[Dream of the Rarebit Fiend]]'' (1904–11){{efn|''Rarebit Fiend'' was revived between 1911 and 1913 under other titles, such as ''Midsummer Day Dreams'' and ''It Was Only a Dream''.{{sfn|Merkl|2007|p=478}}}}{{sfn|Eagan|2010|p=32}}

[[File:Bobbie McCay Little Nemo.jpg|thumb|alt=A black-and-white photograph of a curly-haired young boy, seated with one leg crossed over the other, and wearing a sailor suit.|Winsor McCay's son [[Bob McCay|Robert]] served as the model for Nemo.]]

In 1905, McCay got "an idea from the ''Rarebit Fiend'' to please the little folk".{{sfn|Canemaker|2005|p=87}} That October, the full-page [[Sunday comics|Sunday strip]] ''Little Nemo in Slumberland'' debuted in the ''Herald''.{{sfn|Canemaker|2005|p=97}}  Considered McCay's masterpiece,{{sfnm|1a1=Harvey|1y=1994|1p=21|2a1=Hubbard|2y=2012|3a1=Sabin|3y=1993|3p=134|4a1=Dover editors|4y=1973|4p=vii|5a1=Canwell|5y=2009|5p=19}} its child [[protagonist]], whose appearance was based on McCay's son [[Bob McCay|Robert]],{{sfn|Crafton|1993|p=97}} had fabulous dreams that would be interrupted with his awakening in the last panel. McCay experimented with the form of the comics page, its timing and pacing, the size and shape of its panels, perspective, architectural and other detail.{{sfn|Harvey|1994|p=21}}

==Publication history==
''Little Nemo in Slumberland'' debuted on the last page of the Sunday comics section of ''[[The New York Herald]]'' newspaper, on October 15, 1905. The full-page, color comic strip ran until July 23, 1911.{{sfn|Canemaker|2005|p=97}} In spring 1911, McCay moved to [[William Randolph Hearst|William Randolph Hearst's]] ''[[New York Journal-American|New York American]]'' and took ''Little Nemo''{{'}}s characters with him. The ''Herald'' held the strip's copyright,{{sfn|Canemaker|2005|p=164}} but McCay won a lawsuit that allowed him to continue using the characters.{{sfn|Canemaker|2005|p=168}} In the ''American'', the strip ran under the title ''In the Land of Wonderful Dreams''. The ''Herald'' was unsuccessful in finding another cartoonist to continue the original strip.{{sfn|Canemaker|2005|p=164}}

McCay left Hearst in May 1924{{sfn|Canemaker|2005|p=228}} and returned to the ''Herald Tribune''. He began ''Little Nemo in Slumberland'' afresh on August 3 of that year.{{sfn|Canemaker|2005|p=229}} The new strip displayed the [[virtuoso]] technique of the old, but the panels were laid out in an unvarying grid. Nemo took a more passive role in the stories,{{sfn|Canemaker|2005|p=226}} and there was no continuity.{{sfn|Canemaker|2005|p=235}} The strip came to an end in January 1927,{{sfn|Canemaker|2005|p=229}} as it was not popular with readers. Hearst executives had been trying to convince McCay to return to the ''American'', and they succeeded in 1927.{{sfn|Canemaker|2005|p=235}} Due to the lack of the 1920s Nemo's success, the ''Herald Tribune'' signed over all copyrights to the strip to McCay for one dollar.{{sfn|Canemaker|2005|p=237}}

In 1937, McCay's son Robert attempted to carry on his father's legacy by reviving ''Little Nemo''. [[Comic book packager]] [[Harry "A" Chesler]]'s syndicate announced a Sunday and daily ''Nemo'' strip, credited to "Winsor McCay, Jr." Robert also drew a comic-book version for Chesler called ''Nemo in Adventureland'' featuring grown-up versions of Nemo and the Princess. Neither project lasted long.{{sfn|Canemaker|2005|p=253}} Production continued on both after the syndicate was closed in 1938, being utilized in various comic books including Cocomalt Comics and [[Blue Ribbon Comics|Blue Ribbon]], published by MLJ Publications (later [[Archie Publications]]). Chesler closed his shop (the first of several times) around 1940. [[Street & Smith]] ran Little Nemo in 1942 in ''[[Shadow Comics]]''. In 1945, McCay was again with Chesler’s shop, producing Little Nemo in Adventureland for Red Seal and Punch Comics until 1947, when the shop closed down for the final time.<ref name="ww.lambiek.net">[http://www.lambiek.net/artists/m/mccay_bob.htm Bob McCay] at the [[Lambiek Comiclopedia]]</ref>

In 1947, Robert and fabric salesman Irving Mendelsohn organized the McCay Feature Syndicate, Inc. to revive the original ''Nemo'' strip from McCay's original art, modified to fit the size of modern newspaper pages. This revival also did not last.{{sfnm|1a1=Waugh|1y=1947|1pp=20–21|2a1=Canemaker|2y=2005|2p=253}}  The McCay-Richardson Syndicate distributed this version from approximately March to December 1947.

In 1966, cartoonist [[Woody Gelman]] discovered the original artwork for many ''Little Nemo'' strips at a cartoon studio where McCay's son Bob had worked. In 1973, Gelman published a collection of ''Little Nemo'' strips in Italy.{{sfn|Jamieson|2010|p=126}} His collection of McCay originals is preserved at the [[Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum]] at [[Ohio State University]].{{sfn|Spencer|2005}}

In 2005, collector Peter Maresca self-published a {{convert|21|xx|16|in|cm|adj=on}} volume of ''Nemo'' Sundays as ''Little Nemo in Slumberland: So Many Splendid Sundays!'' via his [[Sunday Press Books]]. The volume was large enough to reproduce the pages at their original size, as they appeared in newspapers. Restoration work took Maresca between five and twenty hours per page.{{sfn|Boxer|2005}} A second volume, ''Little Nemo in Slumberland: Many More Splendid Sundays!'', appeared in 2008.{{sfn|Doctorow|2008}}

==Adaptations==
===Theatre===
[[File:Master Gabriel Little Nemo.jpg|thumb|alt=A black-and-white photographed of a neatly-dressed young boy in a hat, sitting on a pedestal.|Master Gabriel as the star of the 1908 ''Little Nemo'' musical]]

As early as 1905, several abortive attempts were made to put ''Little Nemo'' on stage. In summer 1907, [[Marcus Klaw]] and [[A. L. Erlanger]] announced they would put on an extravagant ''Little Nemo'' show for an unprecedented $100,000, with a score by [[Victor Herbert]]{{sfn|Canemaker|2005|p=141}} and lyrics by [[Harry B. Smith]].{{sfn|Canemaker|2005|p=141}} It starred Gabriel Weigel, an actor with dwarfism, as Nemo, [[Joseph Cawthorn]] as Dr. Pill, and [[Billy B. Van]] as Flip.{{sfn|Canemaker|2005|p=143}} Reviews were positive, and it played to sold-out houses in New York. It went on the road for two seasons.{{sfn|Canemaker|2005|p=148}} McCay brought his vaudeville act to each city where ''Little Nemo'' played. When a [[Benjamin Franklin Keith|Keith]] circuit{{efn|Keith had partnered with Proctor in 1906.}} refused to let McCay perform in Boston without a new act, McCay switched to the [[William Morris Agency|William Morris]] circuit, with a $100-a-week raise.{{sfn|Canemaker|2005|p=149}} In several cities, McCay brought his son, who sat on a small throne dressed as Nemo as publicity.{{sfn|Canemaker|2005|p=151}}

As part of an improvised story, Cawthorn introduced a mythical creature he called a "[[Whiffenpoof]]". The word stuck with the public, and became the name of a [[s:The Whiffenpoof Song|hit song]] and a [[The Whiffenpoofs|singing group]].{{sfn|Canemaker|2005|p=143}} One reviewer of the 1908 operetta gave a paragraph of praise to the comic hunting tales presented in a scene in which three hunters are trying to outdo each other with hunting stories about the "montimanjack", the "peninsula", and the "whiffenpoof". He calls it "one of the funniest yarns ever spun" and compares it favorably to [[Lewis Carroll]]'s [[The Hunting of the Snark]].<ref>"Some Dramatic Notes", ''The [Duluth] Sunday News Tribune'', November 15, 1908, p. 4</ref> One source indicates that the dialogue in fact began as an [[ad lib]] by actor [[Joseph Cawthorn]], covering for some kind of backstage problem during a performance.<ref>Gerald Boardman, ''American Musical Theatre, A Chronicle'', as cited by {{cite web|url=http://members.cox.net/jeepers/woof.html|title=Cracker Jack Gobbler|author=Jim Davis|date=February 18, 2006|access-date=2008-07-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907023713/http://members.cox.net/jeepers/woof.html|archive-date=September 7, 2008|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The whiffenpoof is also referred in one of the Little Nemo [[:File:Little Nemo 1909-04-11.jpg|comic strips published in 1909 (April 11)]]. After being held down by nine policemen during a hysteria crisis, Nemo's father tells the doctor: "Just keep those whiffenpoofs away. Will you?".
[[:File:Little Nemo 1909-09-26.jpg|The strip for September 26]] starts with a hunt for whiffenpoofs but instead the hunters find a "montemaniac" and a "peninsula".

Despite the show's success, it failed to make back its investment due to its enormous expenses,{{sfn|Canemaker|2005|p=149}} and came to an end in December 1910.{{sfn|Canemaker|2005|p=151}} In mid-2012 Toronto-based theatre company Frolick performed an adaptation of the strip into ''Adventures in Slumberland'', a multimedia show featuring puppets large and small and a score that included as a refrain "Wake Up Little Nemo", set to the tune of [[The Everly Brothers]]' 1957 hit "[[Wake Up Little Susie]]".{{sfn|Morrow|2012}} [[Talespinner Children's Theatre]] in [[Cleveland]], OH produced a scaled-down, "colorful and high-energy 45-minute"{{sfn|Howey|2013}} adaptation in 2013, ''Adventures In Slumberland'' by [[David Hansen (playwright)|David Hansen]].

In March 2017, a short, one-act adaptation of the "Little Nemo" adventures was staged at Fordham University in New York City. The play, simply entitled ''Little Nemo in Slumberland'', was written by Aladdin Lee Grant Rutledge Collar, and directed by student Peter McNally. The six person cast, as well as creative team, consisted of students and alums at the university.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://theatre.blog.fordham.edu/studio-season-spring-2017/|title=Studio Season Fall 2017 - Theatre|website=fordham.edu|access-date=April 8, 2018}}</ref>

===Film===
[[File:Winsor McCay, the Famous Cartoonist of the N.Y. Herald and His Moving Comics - Little Nemo (1911).webm|thumb|alt=Silent, black and white film, partially animated. A man bets his colleagues that he can make pictures move. He wins the bet by animating cartoon characters.|''Little Nemo'' (1911)]]

McCay played an important role in the early history of animation. In 1911, he completed his first film, ''Winsor McCay, the Famous Cartoonist of the N.Y. Herald and His Moving Comics'' (also known as ''[[Little Nemo (1911 film)|Little Nemo]]''), first in theatres and then as part of his vaudeville act.{{sfn|Canemaker|2005|p=160}} McCay made the 4,000 [[Rice paper|rice-paper]] drawings for the animated portion of the film. The animated portion took up about four minutes of the film's total length.{{sfn|Canemaker|2005|p=161}} Photography was done at the [[Vitagraph Studios]] under the supervision of animation pioneer [[James Stuart Blackton]].{{sfn|Canemaker|2005|p=160}} During the live-action portion of the film, McCay bets his colleagues he can make his drawings move. He wins the bet by animating his ''Little Nemo'' characters, who shapeshift and transform.{{sfn|Canemaker|2005|p=161}}

In 1984, Arnaud Sélignac produced and directed a film titled ''[[Nemo (1984 film)|Nemo]]'',<ref>{{Citation | url = https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0087784/ | title = IMDb | contribution = Nemo}}</ref> a.k.a. ''Dream One'', starring [[Jason Connery]], [[Harvey Keitel]], and [[Carole Bouquet]]. It involves a little boy called Nemo, who wears pajamas and travels to a fantasy world, but otherwise the connection to McCay's strip is a loose one. The fantasy world is a dark and dismal beach, and Nemo encounters characters from other works of fiction rather than those from the original strip.  Instead of Flip or the Princess, Nemo meets [[Zorro]], [[Alice (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)|Alice]], and [[Jules Verne]]'s [[Nautilus (Verne)|Nautilus]] (which was led by [[Captain Nemo]]).

A joint American-Japanese feature-length film ''[[Little Nemo: Adventures in Slumberland]]'' was released in Japan in 1989 and in the United States in August 1992 from [[Hemdale Film Corporation]], with contributions by [[Ray Bradbury]], [[Chris Columbus (filmmaker)|Chris Columbus]], and [[Jean Giraud|Moebius]],{{sfn|Grant|2006|p=46}} and music by the [[Sherman Brothers]]. The story tells of a quest by Nemo and friends to rescue King Morpheus from the Nightmare King. The Princess is named Princess Camille, Flip has a bird companion named Flap, and Nemo has a pet flying squirrel named Icarus.{{sfn|Beck|2005|p=149}} It received mixed reviews from critics, where it earned $11.4 million on a $35 million budget and was a [[box-office bomb]], but it sold well on home video and has since developed into a [[cult film]].

A live-action film adaptation, ''[[Slumberland (film)|Slumberland]]'', directed by [[Francis Lawrence]], was released in 2022. It features a gender-swapped version of the title character played by Marlow Barkley. [[Jason Momoa]] stars as a radically altered version of Flip, who is described as a "nine-foot tall creature that is half-man, half-beast, has shaggy fur and long curved tusks". The plot centers on Nemo and Flip traveling to Slumberland in search of the former's father.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fullcirclecinema.com/2020/01/31/jason-mamoa-to-star-in-francis-lawrences-little-nemo-in-slumberland-adaptation/|title=Jason Mamoa To Star In Francis Lawrence's 'Little Nemo In Slumberland' Adaptation|website=Full Circle|last=Hubbard|first=Christian|date=January 31, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://movieweb.com/slumberland-netflix-movie-jason-momoa-images/|title=Jason Momoa Has Horns in First Look at Netflix's Slumberland|last=Fuge|first=Jon|work=[[MovieWeb]]|date=April 6, 2021|access-date=July 28, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/director-francis-lawrence-lightens-slumberland-171830118.html | title=Director Francis Lawrence Lightens up with Slumberland: 'Everything I Had Done Was Pretty Dark' | date=November 22, 2022}}</ref>

===Opera===
The [[Sarasota Opera]] commissioned composer [[Daron Hagen]] and librettist [[J. D. McClatchy]] to create an opera based on ''Little Nemo''. Two casts of children alternated performances when it debuted in November 2012. The dreamlike nonlinear story told of Nemo, the Princess, and their comrades trying to prevent the Emperor of Sol and the Guardian of Dawn from bringing daylight to Slumberland. Special effects and shifting backgrounds were produced with projections onto a scaffolding of boxes.{{sfn|Williams|2012}} The work was first performed on November 10 and 11, by members of the Sarasota Opera, Sarasota Youth Opera, Sarasota Prep Chorus, The Sailor Circus and students from Booker High school.

===Other media===
In 1990, [[Capcom]] produced a video game for the [[Nintendo Entertainment System|NES]], titled ''[[Little Nemo: The Dream Master]]'' (known as ''Pajama Hero Nemo'' in Japan), a licensed game based on the 1989 film. The film would not see a US release until 1992, two years after the game's Japanese release, so the game is often thought to be a standalone adaptation of ''Little Nemo'', not related to the film. An [[arcade game]] called simply ''[[Nemo (arcade game)|Nemo]]'' was also released in 1990.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.klov.com/game_detail.php?game_id=8843 |title=Nemo – Videogame by Capcom |publisher=Klov |access-date=October 15, 2012}}</ref> In 2021, a new game, titled ''Little Nemo and the Nightmare Fiends'' based on the original comic strip was launched on Kickstarter. It is developed by Chris Totten of Pie For Breakfast Studios and Benjamin Cole of PXLPLZ.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pfbstudios.com/games/little-nemo |title=Little Nemo and the Nightmare Fiends |publisher=Chris Totten |access-date=March 7, 2021}}</ref> In 2022, a new game, titled ''Little Nemo and the Guardians of Slumberland'' based on the original comic strip was launched on Kickstarter. It is developed by Dave Mauro of DIE SOFT.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://diesoft.games/|title=Little Nemo and the Guardians of Slumberlan |publisher=Dave Mauro |access-date=March 7, 2023}}</ref>  

Throughout the years, various pieces of Little Nemo merchandise have been produced. In 1941, Rand, McNally & Co. published a Little Nemo children's storybook. ''Little Nemo in Slumberland in 3-D'' was released by [[Blackthorne Publishing]] in 1987; this reprinted Little Nemo issues with [[Anaglyph image#Viewing|3-D glasses]]. A set of 30 Little Nemo postcards was available through Stewart Tabori & Chang in 1996. In 1993, as promotion for the 1989 animated film, Hemdale produced a Collector's Set which includes a VHS movie, illustrated storybook, and cassette soundtrack. In 2001, [[Dark Horse Comics]] released a Little Nemo statue and tin lunchbox.

== Cultural influence ==
Little Nemo itself is influenced by children stories in general, and some French comic pages in particular.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.topfferiana.fr/2008/11/le-petit-lucien-au-pays-des-reves/|title=Le Petit Lucien au Pays des Rêves - Töpfferiana|website=www.topfferiana.fr|date=November 24, 2008 |access-date=April 8, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.topfferiana.fr/2008/12/le-petit-lucien-deuxieme-episode/|title=Le Petit Lucien, deuxième épisode - Töpfferiana|website=www.topfferiana.fr|date=December 21, 2008 |access-date=April 8, 2018}}</ref> Since its publishing, ''Little Nemo'' has had an influence on other artists, including [[Peter Newell]] (''The Naps of Polly Sleepyhead''), [[Frank King (cartoonist)|Frank King]] (''Bobby Make-Believe''), [[Clare Briggs]] (''Danny Dreamer'') or [[George McManus]] (''Nibsy the Newsboy in Funny Fairyland''). Through the Paris edition of the [[New York Herald]], his influence reached [[France]] and other European countries.<ref>Nocturnes, le rêve dans la bande dessinée, CNBDI, 2013</ref><ref>Little Nemo, un siècle de rêves, Impressions Nouvelles, 2005</ref>

In children's literature, [[Maurice Sendak]] said that this strip inspired his book ''[[In the Night Kitchen]]'', and [[William Joyce (writer)|William Joyce]] included several elements from Little Nemo in his children's book ''Santa Calls'', including appearances by Flip and the walking bed. Another tribute to Little Nemo is the comic, then made into a short film, ''Little Remo in Pinchmeland'', by Ellen Duthie and Daniela Martagón.

The character and themes from the comic strip ''Little Nemo'' were used in a song "Scenes from a Night's Dream" written by [[Tony Banks (musician)|Tony Banks]] and [[Phil Collins]] of the progressive rock group [[Genesis (band)|Genesis]] on their 1978 recording, ''[[...And Then There Were Three...]]''.<ref>
Bowler, Dave; Dray, Bryan (1992). Genesis – A Biography. Sidgwick & Jackson. {{ISBN|978-0-283-06132-5}}
</ref>

A progressive rock group from Germany named Scara Brae also recorded a musical impression of the comic on their rare self-titled disc from 1981 (the track was actually recorded 2 years earlier). Their concept piece was revived on the second album by the Greek band Anger Department, titled ''The Strange Dreams of a Rarebit Fiend'', again after a McCay-comic. Their ''Little Nemo'' was chosen for a theatre play, which was suggested for the cultural program for the Olympic Games in 2004.

In 1984, Italian comic artist [[Vittorio Giardino]] started producing a number of stories under the title ''[[Little Ego]]'', a [[parody|parodic]] adaptation of ''Little Nemo'', in the shape of adult-oriented [[erotic comics]]. [[Brian Bolland]]'s early comic strip ''Little Nympho in Slumberland'' employed a similar technique.

The bar in ''[[A Nightmare on Elm Street 3: Dream Warriors]]'' is called 'Little Nemo's'.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0093629/trivia?item=tr0659459|title=A Nightmare on Elm Street 3: Dream Warriors (1987)|publisher=IMDb}}</ref>

The strip influenced [[Alan Moore]], in ''Miracleman'' #4, when the [[Miracleman]] family end up in a palace called "Sleepy Town", which has imagery similar to Little Nemo's. In Moore (and [[J.H. Williams III]])'s ''[[Promethea]]'', a more direct [[pastiche]] – "Little Margie in Misty Magic Land"<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.angelfire.com/comics/eroomnala/LM.html |publisher=Angelfire |title=LM}}.</ref> – showed Moore's inspiration and debt to McCay's landmark 1905 strip. Little Nemo makes a visual cameo in Volume 4, issue #4 of Moore and [[Kevin O'Neill (comics)|Kevin O'Neill]]'s ''League of Extraordinary Gentleman'', during the Shakespearean Theatre scene that includes many other cameos.

The [[Sandman (Vertigo)|Sandman]] comics and graphic novel series occasionally references ''Little Nemo'' as well. Examples include ''[[The Sandman: The Doll's House]]'', where an abused child escapes into dreams styled after McCay's comics and using a similar "wake-up" mechanism, and ''[[The Sandman: Book of Dreams]]'' (pub. 1996), which features [[George Alec Effinger]]'s short "Seven Nights in Slumberland" (where Nemo interacts with [[Neil Gaiman]]'s characters [[Endless (comics)|The Endless]]).

In 1989, teen comic book [[Power Pack]] ran an issue (#47) which paid direct homage to one of McCay's Nemo storylines, featuring a castle that was drawn sideways and [[Katie Power]] re-enacting a classic Nemo panel with a sideways-drawn hallway that served as a bottomless pit with the line "Don't fall in, y'hear?"

The video of the 1989 song for "[[Runnin' Down a Dream]]" by [[Tom Petty]] is directly inspired by ''Little Nemo in Slumberland'' by Winsor McCay, which features a drawing style reminiscent of McCay's and showing Petty and a character who resembles Flip travelling through Slumberland.

The band [[Queensrÿche]] paid homage to Little Nemo in their 1990 video [[Silent Lucidity]].{{cn|date=November 2022}}

In 1994–1995, French artist [[Jean Giraud|Moebius]] wrote the story to a sequel comic series, ''Little Nemo'', drawn by Bruno Marchand in two [[comic album|albums]]. In 2000–2002, Marchand continued the story with two additional albums.<ref>https://www.lambiek.net/artists/m/marchand_bruno.htm</ref>

In 2006, electronic artist [[Daedelus (musician)|Daedelus]] used Little Nemo artwork for his album ''[[Denies the Day's Demise]]''.

The comic strip ''[[Cul de Sac (comic strip)|Cul de Sac]]'' includes a strip-within-the-strip, ''Little Neuro'', a parody of Little Nemo. Neuro is a little boy who hardly ever leaves his bed.

In 2009, the [[ToonSeum|Pittsburgh ToonSeum]] established its NEMO Award, given to notable individuals "for excellence in the cartoon arts". Recipients to date include veteran comic-book artist, [[Ron Frenz]],<ref>Uricchio, Marylynn [http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/09160/976092-460.stm "ToonSeum cartoon museum holds annual Ka-Blam! fundraiser"] ''[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]]'' June 9, 2009 Retrieved December 21, 2010</ref> editorial and comic-strip artist, [[Dick Locher]],<ref>JimHillMedia.com [http://jimhillmedia.com/editor_in_chief1/b/press_releases/archive/2011/03/30/legendary-cartoonist-dick-locher-receives-toonseum-s-nemo-award.aspx#.USRpex3qlio "Legendary Cartoonist Dick Locher Receives ToonSeum's Nemo Award"] March 30, 2011</ref> cartoonist and comics historian, [[Trina Robbins]],<ref>trinarobbins.wordpress.com [http://trinarobbins.wordpress.com/2011/06/01/fear-of-blogging-gets-around/ "Fear of Blogging Gets Around"] June 1, 2011</ref> and comics artist, editorial cartoonist and artists' rights advocate [[Jerry Robinson]].<ref>Riggenberg, Steven [http://www.tcj.com/jerry-robinson-january-1st-1922-december-7th-2011/ "Jerry Robinson: January 1st, 1922 – December 7th, 2011"] ''[[The Comics Journal]]'' December 13, 2011</ref>

On October 15, 2012, celebrating the 107th anniversary of the first ''Little Nemo'' story, Google displayed an interactive animated "[[Google Doodle]]" called "Little Nemo in Google-land" on its homepage. The doodle showed a typical Little Nemo adventure through a series of panels, each featuring a letter from the word "Google".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fh3BdDTFSFo |title=Winsor McCay 's Little Nemo |format=Doodle; HD 1080p |publisher=YouTube |access-date=October 15, 2012}}</ref> The doodle also ends in the same way as the comic strips, with Nemo falling from his bed.<ref>{{Citation |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-15/internet/34471783_1_colourful-doodle-animated-google-doodle-nemo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213506/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-15/internet/34471783_1_colourful-doodle-animated-google-doodle-nemo |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 4, 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |title=Google celebrates 107th anniversary of Winsor Zenic McCay's Little Nemo in Slumberland |date=October 15, 2012}}.</ref>

[[Eric Shanower]] and [[Gabriel Rodriguez (artist)|Gabriel Rodriguez]] revived the characters in 2014 in an IDW comic book series entitled ''Little Nemo: Return to Slumberland''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.comicbookdb.com/title.php?ID=44712|title=Little Nemo: Return to Slumberland (2014) – Comic Book DB}}</ref> That same year, Locust Moon Press released a new anthology and [[Taschen]] published the complete series (1905–1926).

A comic strip ''[[Mutts (comic strip)|Mutts]]'' has one of the strip's recurring characters, a naughty squirrel, "bonking" Nemo with an acorn, and wishing him "sweet dreams".<ref>{{Cite web |title=September 17 2022, Daily Comic Strip |url=https://mutts.com/products/strip-091722 |access-date=2024-02-02 |website=MUTTS |language=en}}</ref>

==Legacy==
[[File:Little_Nemo_in_Slumberland_mural_downtown_Cincinnati,_OH_Oct_2016.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Mural of a Little Nemo in Slumberland comic in downtown Cincinnati, Ohio|Mural of a Little Nemo in Slumberland comic in downtown Cincinnati, Ohio]]
Comics historian [[R. C. Harvey]] has called McCay "the first original genius of the comic strip medium". Harvey claims that McCay's contemporaries lacked the skill to continue with his innovations, so that they were left for future generations to rediscover and build upon.{{sfn|Harvey|1994|p=21}} Cartoonist [[Robert Crumb]] called McCay a "genius" and one of his favorite cartoonists.{{sfn|Young|2000}} [[Art Spiegelman]]'s ''[[In the Shadow of No Towers]]'' (2004) appropriated some of McCay's imagery, and included a page of ''Little Nemo'' in its appendix.{{sfn|Heer|2006}} [[Federico Fellini]] read ''Little Nemo'' in the children's magazine ''[[Corriere dei Piccoli|Il corriere dei piccoli]]'', and the strip was a "powerful influence" on the filmmaker, according to Fellini biographer Peter Bondanella.{{sfn|Bondanella|2002|p=10}}

McCay's original artwork has been poorly preserved.{{sfn|Heer|2006}} McCay insisted on having his originals returned to him, and a large collection survived him, but much of it was destroyed in a fire in the late 1930s. His wife was unsure how to handle the surviving pieces, so his son took on the responsibility and moved the collection into his own house.{{sfn|Canemaker|2005|p=253}} The family sold off some of the artwork when they were in need of cash. Responsibility for it passed to Mendelsohn, then later to daughter Marion. By the early twenty-first century, most of McCay's surviving artwork remained in family hands.{{sfn|Canemaker|2005|pp=253–254}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist|30em}}

==References==
{{Reflist|20em}}

===Works cited===
{{Refbegin|40em}}
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* {{cite book |first = Peter |last = Bondanella |author-link = Peter Bondanella |title = The Films of Federico Fellini |publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] |year = 2002 |isbn = 978-0-521-57573-7 |url = }} 
* {{cite news
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}}
* {{cite book |last=Bukatman |first=Scott |author-link=Scott Bukatman |title=The Poetics of Slumberland: Animated Spirits and the Animating Spirit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JUzsFWq97UUC |year=2012 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=978-0-520-95150-1}}<!-- Bukatman 2012 -->
* {{cite book |last = Canemaker |first = John |author-link = John Canemaker |title = Winsor McCay: His Life and Art |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=vs82AQAAIAAJ |edition = Revised |year = 2005 |publisher = Abrams Books |isbn = 978-0-8109-5941-5}}<!-- Canemaker 2005 -->
* {{cite book |editor-first = Dean |editor-last = Mullaney | editor1-link = Dean Mullaney |last = Canwell |first = Bruce |title = Bringing Up Father: From Sea to Shining Sea the Cross-Country Tour of 1939–1940 |year = 2009 |publisher = [[IDW Publishing]] |isbn = 978-1-60010-508-1}}<!-- Canwell 2009 -->
* {{cite book |title = Before Mickey: The Animated Film 1898–1928 |first = Donald |last = Crafton |year = 1993 |publisher = University of Chicago Press |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=yaeJFVTedysC |isbn = 9780226116679}}<!-- Crafton 1993 -->
* {{cite web
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* {{cite book |author = Dover editors |title = Dreams of the Rarebit Fiend |year = 1973 |publisher = [[Dover Publications]] |isbn = 978-0-486-21347-7}}<!-- Dover editors 1973 -->
* {{cite book |last = Eagan |first = Daniel |title = America's Film Legacy: The Authoritative Guide To The Landmark Movies In The National Film Registry |url = https://archive.org/details/americasfilmlega0000eaga |url-access = registration |year = 2010 |publisher = Continuum International Publishing Group |isbn = 978-0-8264-2977-3}}<!-- Eagan 2010 -->
* {{cite book |last = Grant |first = John |title = Animated Movies Facts, Figures & Fun |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=m2tOrUQTBosC |year = 2006 |publisher = AAPPL |isbn = 978-1-904332-52-7}}<!-- Grant 2006 -->
* {{cite book |last1 = Gutjahr |first1 = Paul C. |last2 = Benton |first2 = Megan L. |title = Illuminating Letters: Typography and Literary Interpretation |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=c6CuK-vq5DcC |year = 2001 |publisher = [[University of Massachusetts Press]] |isbn = 978-1-55849-288-2}}<!-- Gutjahr Benton -->
* {{cite book |last = Harvey |first = Robert C. |author-link = R. C. Harvey |title = The Art of the Funnies: An Aesthetic History |url = https://archive.org/details/artoffunniesaest0000harv |url-access = registration |year = 1994 |publisher = [[University Press of Mississippi]] |isbn = 978-0-87805-612-5}}<!-- Harvey 1994 -->
* {{cite web 
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* {{cite web
|url      = http://raveandpan.blogspot.com/2013/12/adventures-in-slumberland-talespinner_2.html
|title    = Adventures in Slumberland, Talespinner Children's Theatre
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|date     = December 2, 2013
|access-date = July 19, 2014
}}
* {{cite news
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}}
* {{cite book |title = Mint Condition: How Baseball Cards Became an American Obsession |first = Dave |last = Jamieson |year = 2010 |publisher = [[Grove/Atlantic, Inc.|Atlantic Monthly Press]] <!-- imprint of Grove/Atlantic Inc. --> |isbn = 978-0-8021-1939-1}}<!-- Jamieson 2010 -->
* {{cite book
|last      = Merkl
|first     = Ulrich
|title     = The Complete Dream of the Rarebit Fiend (1904–1913) by Winsor McCay 'Silas'
|location  = Catalog of episodes & text of the book
|type      = .doc
|year      = 2007
|publisher = Ulrich Merkl
|isbn      = 978-3-00-020751-8}} {{link note|note=on included DVD}}
* {{cite news
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}}
* {{cite book |last = Sabin |first = Roger |author-link = Roger Sabin |title = Adult Comics: An Introduction |publisher = [[Routledge]] |year = 1993 |isbn = 978-0-415-04419-6}}<!-- Sabin 1993 -->
* {{cite journal
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|url-access= subscription
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* {{cite book
|first        = Jeremy
|last         = Taylor
|author-link = Jeremy Taylor (dream worker)
|editor-last  = Merkl
|editor-first = Ulrich
|title        = The Complete Dream of the Rarebit Fiend (1904–1913) by Winsor McCay 'Silas'
|location     = Catalog of episodes & text of the book
|chapter      = Some archetypal symbolic aspects of ''Dream of the Rarebit Fiend''
|pages        = 552–561
|type         = .doc
|year         = 2007
|publisher    = Ulrich Merkl
|isbn         = 978-3-00-020751-8}} (on included DVD)
* {{cite book |author-link = Coulton Waugh |first = Coulton |last = Waugh |title = The Comics |publisher = [[University Press of Mississippi]] |year = 1947 |isbn = 978-0-87805-499-2}}<!-- Waugh 1947 -->
* {{cite news
 |newspaper    = Sarasota Herald-Tribune
 |title        = Opera Review: 'Little Nemo in Slumberland' has a timeless appeal
 |last         = Williams
 |first        = Gayle
 |date         = November 12, 2012
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 |archive-date = October 2, 2013
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20131002030719/http://arts.heraldtribune.com/2012-11-12/section/opera-review-little-nemo-in-slumberland-has-a-timeless-appeal/
 |url-status   = dead
}}
* {{cite book
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 |publisher     = [[University of Toronto Press]]
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 |chapter       = Creole Cartoons
}}
* {{cite web
|url       = https://www.nytimes.com/books/first/y/young-edge.html
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|first     = James E.
|last      = Young
|year      = 2000
|access-date = July 4, 2012
}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Little Nemo}}
{{Portal|Comics|Children's literature}}
* ''Little Nemo'' and other public-domain McCay strips for download at [http://www.comicstriplibrary.org The Comic Strip Library]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150905224638/http://www.comicstriplibrary.org/ Archived] from the original on September 5, 2015.
* {{Citation | url = http://www.vqronline.org/essay/little-nemo-comicsland | title = Little Nemo in Comicsland: Winsor McCay's influence on comics | first = Jeet | last = Heer | journal = [[Virginia Quarterly Review]] | date=Spring 2006 | archive-date= September 6, 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150906041819/http://www.vqronline.org/essay/little-nemo-comicsland | url-status=live}}.
* [http://www.toonopedia.com/nemo.htm ''Little Nemo in Slumberland''] at [[Don Markstein's Toonopedia]]. [https://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091016103309/http://www.toonopedia.com/nemo.htm Archived] from the original on November 16, 2015.

{{Winsor McCay navbox}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Little Nemo| ]]
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