Editing Livy

{{Short description|Roman historian (59 BC – AD 17)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{For|people with the given name or nickname|Livy (given name)}}
{{Infobox academic
| name = Livy
| birth_name = Titus Livius{{efn-lr|''Titus'' is the [[praenomen]] (the personal name); ''Livius'' is the [[Nomen gentilicium|nomen]] (the ''gentile'' name, i.e. "belonging to the [[gens Livia]]"). Therefore, Titus Livius did not have a [[cognomen]] (third name, i.e. family name), which was not unusual during the [[Roman Republic]]. About this, classical sources agree: [[Seneca the Younger|Seneca]] (''[[Epistulae Morales ad Lucilium|Ep.]]'' 100.9); [[Tacitus]] (''[[Annales (Tacitus)|Ann.]]'' IV.34.4); [[Pliny the Younger|Pliny]] (''[[Epistulae (Pliny)|Ep.]]'' II.3.8); and [[Suetonius]] (''[[The Twelve Caesars#Claudius|Claud.]]'' 41.1) call him ''Titus Livius.'' [[Quintilian]] calls him ''Titus Livius'' (''[[Institutio Oratoria|Inst. Or.]]'' VIII.1.3; VIII.2.18; X.1.101) or simply ''Livius'' (''Inst. Or.'' I.5.56; X.1.39). In the sepulchral inscription from [[Patavium]], which most probably concerns Titus, he is named, with the [[patronymic]], {{Langx|la|T Livius C f|lit='Titus Livius Gai filius'|label=none}} ({{CIL|5|2975}}).}}
| birth_date = 59 BC
| birth_place = [[Patavium]], [[Roman Republic]] (modern [[Padua]], [[Italy]])
| death_date = AD 17 (aged 74–75)
| death_place = Patavium, [[Roman Empire]]
| occupation = [[Historian]]
| discipline = [[History]]
| main_interests = [[History]], [[biography]], [[Public speaking|oratory]]
| period = [[Classical Latin|Golden Age of Latin]]
| influences = {{flatlist|
* [[Polybius]]
* [[Cicero]]
}}
| influenced = 
| signature = 
| image = Titus-Livius-Austrian-Parliament-Building.jpg
| caption = 19th-century statue of Livy at the [[Austrian Parliament Building]]
| notable_works = ''[[Ab urbe condita (Livy)|Ab urbe condita]]''
}}

'''Titus Livius''' ({{IPA|la|ˈtɪtʊs ˈliːwiʊs|lang}}; 59 BC – AD 17), known in English as '''Livy''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|ɪ|v|i}} {{respell|LIV|ee}}), was a [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] historian. He wrote a monumental history of [[Rome]] and the Roman people, titled {{Langx|la|[[Ab urbe condita (Livy)|Ab Urbe Condita]]|links=|lit='From the Founding of the City'|label=none}}, covering the period from the earliest legends of Rome before the traditional founding in 753 BC through the reign of [[Augustus]] in Livy's own lifetime. He was on good terms with members of the [[Julio-Claudian dynasty]] and was a friend of [[Augustus]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Tacitus|author-link=Tacitus|title=[[Annals (Tacitus)|Annales]]|at=IV.34.}}</ref> Livy encouraged Augustus’s young grandnephew, the future emperor [[Claudius]], to take up the writing of history.<ref>{{cite book|author=Suetonius|title=Claudius|series=[[The Twelve Caesars]]|at=41.1.|author-link=Suetonius|title-link=The Twelve Caesars#Claudius}}</ref>

==Life==
Livy was born in [[Patavium]] in northern [[Italy (Roman Empire)|Italy]], now modern [[Padua]], probably in 59 BC.{{efn-lr|[[Jerome]] says Livy was born in 59 BC and died in AD 17. First proposed by [[G. M. Hirst]], [[Ronald Syme]] and others have suggested bringing his birth and death dates back five years (64 BC – AD 12), but this idea has not gained consensus.<ref name="William M. Calder III 1962 pp. 149-152">William M. Calder III, ‘’Gertrude Hirst (1869-1962),” The Classical World Vol. 90, No. 2/3, Six Women Classicists (November 1996 - February 1997), pp. 149-152</ref><ref>[[Stephen Oakley|S.P. Oakley]], "Livy and Clodius Licinus", ''The Classical Quarterly'', vol. 42, no. 2 (1992), p. 548</ref><ref>T.D. Barnes, "''Roman Papers'' by Ronald Syme, E. Badian", ''The American Journal of Philology'', vol. 102, no. 4 (1981), p. 464</ref><ref>''A Companion to Livy'', Wiley-Blackwell (2014), p. 25</ref>}} At the time of his birth, his home city of Patavium was the second wealthiest on the Italian peninsula, and the largest in the province of [[Cisalpine Gaul]] (northern Italy). Cisalpine Gaul was merged into [[Roman Italy|Italy proper]] during his lifetime and its inhabitants were given Roman citizenship by [[Julius Caesar]]. In his works, Livy often expressed his deep affection and pride for Patavium, and the city was well known for its conservative values in [[morality]] and politics.{{Sfn|Livy|1998|loc=ix}}

Livy's teenage years were during the 40s BC, a period of [[Roman civil wars|civil wars throughout the Roman world]]. The governor of Cisalpine Gaul at the time, [[Gaius Asinius Pollio (consul 40 BC)|Asinius Pollio]], tried to sway Patavium into supporting [[Mark Antony|Marcus Antonius (Mark Antony)]], the leader of one of the warring factions during [[Caesar's Civil War]] (49-45 BC). The wealthy citizens of Patavium refused to contribute money and arms to Asinius Pollio, and went into hiding. Pollio then attempted to bribe the slaves of those wealthy citizens to expose the whereabouts of their masters; his bribery did not work, and the citizens instead pledged their allegiance to the [[Roman Senate|Senate]].<ref>Cicero ''[[Philippicae|Philippics]]'' xii. 4.10 [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/marcus%20tullius%20cicero-philippic%2012/2010/pb%20LCL507.197.xml (at Loeb Classical Library)]{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> It is therefore likely that the Roman civil wars prevented Livy from pursuing a higher education in Rome or going on a tour of [[Greece]], which was common for adolescent males of the nobility at the time.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Livy | title=Livy &#124; Roman Historian & Author of Ab Urbe Condita &#124; Britannica | date=January 2024 }}</ref> Many years later, Asinius Pollio derisively commented on Livy's "patavinity", saying that Livy's Latin showed certain "provincialisms" frowned on at Rome. Pollio's dig may have been the result of bad feelings he harboured toward the city of Patavium from his experiences there during the civil wars.{{Sfn | Livy | 1998 | loc = ix–x}}

Livy probably went to Rome in the 30s BC,<ref>{{cite book|last=Hazel|first=John|url=https://archive.org/details/whoswhoinromanwo00john|title=Who's Who in the Roman World|publisher=Routledge|year=2001|series=Who's Who Series|url-access=registration|via=EBSCOhost}}</ref> and it is likely that he spent a large amount of time in the city after this, although it may not have been his primary home. During his time in Rome, he was never a senator nor held a government position. His writings contain elementary mistakes on military matters, indicating that he probably never served in the [[Roman army]]. However, he was educated in philosophy and rhetoric. It seems that Livy had the financial resources and means to live an independent life, though the origin of that wealth is unknown. He devoted a large part of his life to his writings, which he was able to do because of his financial freedom.{{Sfn | Livy | 1998 | loc = x}}

Livy was known to give recitations to small audiences, but he was not heard of to engage in [[declamation]], then a common pastime. He was familiar with the emperor [[Augustus]] and the imperial family. Augustus was considered by later Romans to have been the greatest Roman emperor, benefiting Livy's reputation long after his death. [[Suetonius]] described how Livy encouraged the future emperor [[Claudius]], who was born in 10 BC,<ref>{{cite book|last=Payne|first=Robert|title=The Roman Triumph|publisher=Robert Hale|year=1962|place=London|page=38}}</ref> to write historiographical works during his childhood.<ref>{{cite book|author=Suetonius|title=Claudius|series=[[The Twelve Caesars]]|at=41.1|quote=''Historiam in adulescentia hortante T. Livio, Sulpicio vero Flavo etiam adiuvante, scribere adgressus est''. ('In his youth he began to write a history under the encouragement of Titus Livius and with the help of Sulpicius Flavus.')|author-link=Suetonius|title-link=The Twelve Caesars#Claudius}}.</ref>

Livy's most famous work was his history of [[Rome]]. In it he narrates a complete history of the city of Rome, from its foundation to the death of Augustus. Because he was writing under the reign of Augustus, Livy's history emphasizes the great triumphs of Rome. He wrote his history with embellished accounts of Roman heroism in order to promote the new type of government implemented by Augustus when he became emperor.<ref>{{cite book|last=Dudley|first=Donald R|title=The Romans: 850 BC – AD 337|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf|year=1970|place=New York|page=19}}</ref> In the preface to his history Livy wrote that he did not care whether his personal fame remained in darkness, as long as his work helped to "preserve the memory of the deeds of the world’s preeminent nation."<ref>{{cite book|last=Feldherr|first=Andrew|title=Spectacle and Society in Livy's History|publisher=University of California Press|year=1998|place=London|page=ix}}</ref> Because Livy was mostly writing about events that had occurred hundreds of years earlier, the historical value of his work was questionable, although many Romans came to believe his account to be true.<ref>{{cite book|last=Heichelheim|first=Fritz Moritz|title=A History of the Roman People|publisher=Prentice-Hall|year=1962|place=Upper Saddle River, NJ|page=47|author-link=Fritz Heichelheim}}</ref>

Livy was married and had at least one daughter and one son.{{Sfn | Livy | 1998 | loc = x}} He also produced other works, including an essay in the form of a letter to his son, and numerous dialogues, most likely modelled on similar works by [[Cicero]].{{Sfn|Livy|1998|loc=xi}} One of his sons wrote a book on geography and a daughter married Lucius Magius, a rhetorician.<ref name=":0">Mineo, ''Companion to Livy'', p. xxxiii.</ref>

Titus Livius died at his home city of Patavium in AD 17. The tombstone of Livy and his wife might have been found in Padua.<ref name=":0" />

==Works==
{{main|Ab urbe condita (Livy)}}
[[File:Ab Urbe condita.tif|thumb|upright=1.1|''Ab Urbe condita'' (printed edition dated 1714)]]
Livy's only surviving work is commonly known as ''History of Rome'' (or {{Langx|la|[[Ab Urbe Condita Libri|Ab Urbe Condita]]|links=|lit=From the Founding of the City|label=none}}). Together with [[Polybius]] it is considered one of the main accounts of the [[Second Punic War]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dillon |first1=Matthew |last2=Garland |first2=Lynda |author2-link=Lynda Garland |title=Ancient Rome: A Sourcebook |date=28 October 2013 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rfPWAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA174 |page=174|publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781136761362 }}</ref> 

When he began this work he was already past his youth, probably 33; presumably, events in his life prior to that time had led to his intense activity as a historian. He continued working on it until he left [[Rome]] for [[Padua]] in his old age, probably in the reign of [[Tiberius]] after the death of Augustus. [[Seneca the Younger]]<ref>{{cite book|author=Seneca the Younger|title=Moral Letters to Lucilius|at=100.9|author-link=Seneca the Younger}}</ref> says he was an orator and philosopher and had written some historical treatises in those fields.{{efn-lr|"Livy wrote both dialogues, which should be ranked as history no less than as philosophy, and works which professedly deal with philosophy"

({{Lang|la|"scripsit enim et dialogos, quos non magis philosophiae adnumerare possis quam historiae, et ex professo philosophiam continentis libros"}})

—[[Seneca the Younger]]. ''Moral Letters to Lucilius''. 100.9.}}

''History of Rome'' also served as the driving force behind the "northern theory" regarding the Etruscans' origins. This is because in the book Livy states, "The Greeks also call them the 'Tyrrhene' and the 'Adriatic&nbsp;... The Alpine tribes are undoubtedly of the same kind, especially the Raetii, who had through the nature of their country become so uncivilized that they retained no trace of their original condition except their language, and even this was not free from corruption".<ref>Livy. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0026:book=5:chapter=33&highlight=alpine ''History of Rome'']. Translated by Rev. Canon Roberts, E. P. Dutton and Co., 1912.</ref> Thus, many scholars, like Karl Otfried Müller, utilized this statement as evidence that the Etruscans or the Tyrrhenians migrated from the north and were descendants of an Alpine tribe known as the Raeti.<ref>{{cite book |last=Pallottino |first=Massimo |title=The Etruscans |translator-first=J. |translator-last=Cremona |edition=2nd |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=1975 |page=65}}</ref>

==Reception==
===Imperial era===
Livy's ''[[Ab Urbe Condita Libri (Livy)|History of Rome]]'' was in high demand from the time it was published and remained so during the early years of the empire. [[Pliny the Younger]] reported that Livy's celebrity was so widespread, a man from [[Cádiz]] travelled to Rome and back for the sole purpose of meeting him.<ref>{{cite book|author=Pliny|title=Epistlae|at=II.3.|author-link=Pliny the Younger|title-link=Epistulae (Pliny)}}</ref> Livy's work was a source for the later works of [[Aurelius Victor]], [[Cassiodorus]], [[Eutropius (historian)|Eutropius]], [[Festus (historian)|Festus]], [[Florus]], [[Granius Licinianus]] and [[Paulus Orosius|Orosius]]. [[Julius Obsequens]] used Livy, or a source with access to Livy, to compose his ''De Prodigiis'', an account of [[supernatural]] events in Rome from the consulship of [[Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus|Scipio]] and [[Gaius Laelius|Laelius]] to that of Paulus Fabius and Quintus Aelius.{{citation needed|date=December 2016}}

Livy wrote during the reign of Augustus, who came to power after a civil war with generals and consuls claiming to be defending the [[Roman Republic]], such as [[Pompey]]. Patavium had been pro-Pompey. To clarify his status, the victor of the civil war, [[Octavian Caesar]], had wanted to take the title ''[[Romulus]]'' (the first king of Rome) but in the end accepted the senate proposal of ''Augustus''. Rather than abolishing the republic, he adapted it and its institutions to imperial rule.

The historian [[Tacitus]], writing about a century after Livy's time, described the Emperor Augustus as his friend. Describing the trial of [[Aulus Cremutius Cordus|Cremutius Cordus]], Tacitus represents him as defending himself face-to-face with the frowning Tiberius as follows:

{{Blockquote|I am said to have praised [[Brutus]] and [[Gaius Cassius Longinus|Cassius]], whose careers many have described and no one mentioned without eulogy. Titus Livius, pre-eminently famous for eloquence and truthfulness, extolled [[Pompey|Cn. Pompeius]] in such a panegyric that Augustus called him Pompeianus, and yet this was no obstacle to their friendship.<ref>{{cite book|author=Tacitus|title=Annales|at=IV.34|quote=Brutum et Cassium laudavisse dicor, quorum res gestas cum plurimi composuerint nemo sine honore memoravit. Ti. Livius, eloquentiae ac fidei praeclarus in primis, Cn. Pompeium tantis laudibus tulit, ut Pompeianum eum Augustus appellaret: neque id amicitiae eorum offecit.|author-link=Tacitus|title-link=Annales (Tacitus)}}</ref>}}

Livy's reasons for returning to [[Padua]] after the death of Augustus (if he did) are unclear, but the circumstances of [[Tiberius]]'s reign certainly allow for speculation.{{citation needed|date=November 2016}}

===Later===
[[File:Briosco Titus Livius.jpg|thumb|Titus Livius by [[Andrea Riccio|Andrea Briosco]] ({{circa}} 1567)]]
During the [[Middle Ages]], due to the length of the work, the literate class was already reading summaries rather than the work itself, which was tedious to copy, expensive, and required a lot of storage space. It must have been during this period, if not before, that manuscripts began to be lost without replacement. The [[Renaissance]] was a time of intense revival; the population discovered that Livy's work was being lost and large amounts of money changed hands in the rush to collect Livian manuscripts. The poet [[Antonio Beccadelli (poet)|Beccadelli]] sold a country home for funding to purchase one manuscript copied by [[Poggio Bracciolini|Poggio]].{{Sfn|Foster|1919|p=24}} [[Petrarch]] and [[Pope Nicholas V]] launched a search for the now missing books. [[Lorenzo Valla|Laurentius Valla]] published an amended text initiating the field of Livy scholarship. [[Dante Alighieri|Dante]] speaks highly of him in his poetry, and [[Francis I of France]] commissioned extensive artwork treating Livian themes; [[Niccolò Machiavelli]]'s work on [[republic]]s, the ''[[Discourses on Livy]]'', is presented as a commentary on the ''History of Rome''. Respect for Livy rose to lofty heights. [[Walter Scott]] reports in ''[[Waverley (novel)|Waverley]]'' (1814) as an historical fact that a Scotsman involved in the first Jacobite uprising of 1715 was recaptured (and executed) because, having escaped, he yet lingered near the place of his captivity in "the hope of recovering his favourite ''Titus Livius''".<ref>{{cite book|last=Scott|first=Walter|title=Waverley|title-link=Waverley (novel)|publisher=[[Adam and Charles Black]]|year=1897|location=London|page=570|chapter=6|author-link=Sir Walter Scott|orig-year=1814}}</ref>

==Dates==

The authority supplying information from which possible vital data on Livy can be deduced is [[Eusebius of Caesarea]], a [[bishop]] of the early [[Christian Church]]. One of his works was a summary of world history in [[ancient Greek]], termed the ''[[Chronicon (Eusebius)|Chronikon]],'' dating from the early 4th century AD. This work was lost except for fragments (mainly excerpts), but not before it had been translated in whole and in part by various authors such as [[St. Jerome]]. The entire work survives in two separate manuscripts, [[Armenian language|Armenian]] and Greek (Christesen and Martirosova-Torlone 2006). St. Jerome wrote in Latin. Fragments in [[Syriac language|Syriac]] exist.<ref>{{cite book |last=Fotheringham |first=John Knight |author-link=John Knight Fotheringham |title=The Bodleian Manuscript of Jerome's Version of the Chronicle of Eusebius |date=1905 |url=https://archive.org/details/bodleianmanuscr00jerogoog |location=Oxford |publisher=[[The Clarendon Press]] |page=1}}</ref>

[[Eusebius]]' work consists of two books: the ''[[Chronicon (Eusebius)#Contents|Chronographia]]'', a summary of history in annalist form, and the ''Chronikoi Kanones'', tables of years and events. St. Jerome translated the tables into Latin as the ''[[Chronicon (Jerome)|Chronicon]]'', probably adding some information of his own from unknown sources. Livy's dates appear in ''Jerome's Chronicon.''

The main problem with the information given in the [[manuscript]]s is that, between them, they often give different dates for the same events or different events, do not include the same material entirely, and reformat what they do include. A date may be in ''Ab Urbe Condita'' or in [[Olympiad]]s or in some other form, such as age. These variations may have occurred through scribal error or scribal license. Some material has been inserted under the aegis of [[Eusebius]].

The topic of manuscript variants is a large and specialized one, on which authors of works on Livy seldom care to linger. As a result, standard information in a standard rendition is used, which gives the impression of a standard set of dates for Livy. There are no such dates.{{citation needed|date=July 2012}} A typical presumption is of a birth in the 2nd year of the 180th Olympiad and a death in the first year of the 199th Olympiad, which are coded 180.2 and 199.1 respectively.<ref name="jerome">{{cite web|url=http://www.attalus.org/translate/jerome2.html|title=St. Jerome (Hieronymus): Chronological Tables|date=29 February 2016|work=Attalus|access-date=14 August 2009}}</ref> All sources use the same first [[Olympiad]], 776/775–773/772 BC by the modern calendar. By a complex formula (made so by the 0 reference point not falling on the border of an Olympiad), these codes correspond to 59 BC for the birth, 17 AD for the death. In another manuscript the birth is in 180.4, or 57 BC.<ref>{{cite book |page=1 |title=Livy |volume=1 |first=Titus |last=Livius |editor-first =John Robert |editor-last=Seeley |editor-link=John Robert Seeley |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Clarendon Press]] |year=1881 |isbn=0-86292-296-8 |url=https://archive.org/stream/livybooks110with00livyuoft#page/n13}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist-lr}}

==Cultural references==
Actor [[Denis Carey (actor)|Denis Carey]] portrayed Livy in the mini-series [[I, Claudius (TV series)|I, Claudius]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |author=Livy |volume=I |location=Boston |translator-first=B. O. |translator-last=Foster |title=Livy |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |year=1919 |orig-year=written 27–9 BC |isbn=0-674-99256-3 |url=https://archive.org/stream/LivyBooks1and2/Livy_Books1and2 |author-link=Livy |ref=CITEREFFoster1919}}
* {{cite book|author=Livy|title=The Rise of Rome|volume=Books 1–5|translator=Luce|translator-first=T. J.|place=Oxford|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=1998|orig-year=written 27–9 BC|author-link=Livy}}.

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Chaplin |first=Janes D. |year=2000 |url=https://archive.org/details/livysexemplaryhi00chap/page/n3/mode/2up |title=Livy's Exemplary History |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-815274-3 }}
* {{cite journal|last=Damon|first=Cynthia|s2cid=162297951|author-link=Cynthia Damon|year=1997|title=From Source to Sermo: Narrative Technique in Livy 34.54.4-8.|journal=[[The American Journal of Philology]]|volume=118|issue=2|pages=251–266|doi=10.1353/ajp.1997.0026|url=https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1051&context=classics_papers|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite book|last=Davies|first=Jason P.|year=2004|title=Rome's Religious History: Livy, Tacitus and Ammianus on their Gods|location=Cambridge|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]}}
* {{cite book|editor-last=Dorey|editor-first=Thomas Allen|year=1971|title=Livy|url=https://archive.org/details/livy00thom|url-access=registration|location=London|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780710068767}}
* {{cite book |last=Feldherr |first=Andrew |year=1998 |url=https://archive.org/details/spectaclesociety00feld/mode/2up |title=Spectacle and Society in Livy's History |location=Berkeley |publisher=[[University of California Press]]}}
* {{cite book|editor1-first=Simon|editor1-last=Hornblower|editor1-link=Simon Hornblower|editor2-first=Antony|editor2-last=Spawforth|title=The Oxford Classical Dictionary|year=2003|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-860641-3}}
* {{cite journal|last=Klindienst|first=Patricia|author-link=Patricia Klindienst|year=1990|title='Ritual Work on Human Flesh': Livy's Lucretia and the Rape of the Body Politic.|journal=Helios|volume=17|issue=1|pages=51–70}}
* {{cite book|last1=Kraus|first1=C. S.|last2=Woodman|first2=A. J.|year=1997|title=Latin Historians|url=https://archive.org/details/latinhistorians0000krau|url-access=registration|location=Oxford|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|pages=[https://archive.org/details/latinhistorians0000krau/page/51 51–81]|isbn=9780199222933}}
* {{cite book|last=Levene|first=D. S.|year=2010|title=Livy on the Hannibalic War|location=Oxford|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}
* {{cite book|last=Linderski|first=Jerzy|author-link=Jerzy Linderski|section=Roman Religion in Livy|title=Livius: Aspekte senes Werkes|editor=Wolfgang Schuller|pages=53–70|location=Konstanz|publisher=[[Universität Konstanz|Universitätsverlag Konstanz]]}}
* {{cite book |last=Miles |first=Gary B. |year=1995 |url=https://archive.org/details/livyreconstructi00mile/page/n5/mode/2up |title=Livy: Reconstructing Early Rome |location=Ithaca, New York |publisher=[[Cornell University Press]]|isbn=9780801430602 }}
* Mineo, Bernard (editor) (2015). ''A Companion to Livy'', Chichester, John Wiley & Sons. {{ISBN|978-1-118-30128-9}}
* {{cite book|last=Moore|first=Timothy J.|year=1989|title=Artistry and Ideology: Livy's Vocabulary of Virtue|location=Frankfurt|publisher=Athenäum}}
* {{cite DGRBM|volume=II|wstitle=Livius|pages=[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Biography_and_Mythology_(1870)_-_Volume_2.djvu/804 790]–[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Biography_and_Mythology_(1870)_-_Volume_2.djvu/810 796]|first=William|last=Ramsay|author-link=William Ramsay (classical scholar)}}
* {{cite journal|last=Rossi|first=Andreola|s2cid=154240047|year=2004|title=Parallel Lives: Hannibal and Scipio in Livy's Third Decade|journal=[[Transactions of the American Philological Association]]|volume=134|issue=2|pages=359–381|doi=10.1353/apa.2004.0017}}
* {{cite journal|last=Syme|first=Ronald|author-link=Ronald Syme|year=1959|title=Livy and Augustus|journal=[[Harvard Studies in Classical Philology]]|volume=64|pages=27–78|doi=10.2307/310937|jstor=310937}}
* {{cite book|last=Vandiver|first=Elizabeth|author-link=Elizabeth Vandiver|year=1999|section=The Founding Mothers of Livy’s Rome: The Sabine Women and Lucretia|title=The Eye Expanded: Life and the Arts in Greco-Roman Antiquity|editor-last1=Titchener|editor-first1=Frances B.|editor-last2=Moorton|editor-first2=Richard F. Jr.|pages=206–232|location=Berkeley|publisher=[[University of California Press]]}}
* {{cite book|last=Walsh|first=Patrick G.|year=1961|title=Livy: His Historical Aims and Methods|url=https://archive.org/details/livyhishistorica0000wals|url-access=registration|location=Cambridge|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
{{wikisource1911Enc|Livy}}
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{{Library resources box |by=yes |onlinebooks=yes |others=yes |about=yes |label=Livy
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{{for|links to the surviving works of Livy in Latin and English|Ab Urbe Condita Libri (Livy)}}
* [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/searchresults?q=Livy&redirect=true Works by Livy at Perseus Digital Library]
* {{Gutenberg author |id=3707}}
* {{Internet Archive author}}
* {{Librivox author |id=428}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|first=Jona|last=Lendering|title=Livy (1): Life|url=https://www.livius.org/li-ln/livy/livy.htm|encyclopedia=Livius Articles on Ancient History|date=2006–2009|publisher=Livius.org|access-date=13 August 2009|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303171237/http://www.livius.org/li-ln/livy/livy.htm|url-status=dead}}

{{Ancient Rome topics}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Livy}}

[[Category:1st-century BC births]]
[[Category:17 deaths]]

[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]

[[Category:Year of death uncertain]]
[[Category:Golden Age Latin writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Padua]]
[[Category:Latin historians]]
[[Category:1st-century BC historians]]
[[Category:1st-century historians]]
[[Category:1st-century BC Romans]]
[[Category:1st-century Romans]]
[[Category:Livii]]
[[Category:Ancient Romans from Padua]]