Editing Lloyd's building

{{Short description|Building by Richard Rogers in London}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox building
|name               = Lloyd's building
|image              = Lloyds building taken 2011.jpg
|image_size         = 250px
|caption            = Lloyd's building in 2011, with the preserved entrance from the 1928 building visible on the right.
|mapframe           = no
|location           = [[Lime Street, London]]
|coordinates        = {{coord|51|30|47|N|0|04|56.5|W|region:GB_source:cswiki|display=inline,title}}
|status             =
|start_date         = {{start date and age|1978}}
|completion_date    = {{start date and age|1986}}
|building_type      = Office building
|architectural_style = [[Hi-Tech Architecture]]
|antenna_spire      = {{convert|95.1|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
|roof               = {{convert|88|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
|top_floor          =
|floor_count        = 14
|elevator_count     = 14 (12 external, 2 internal)
|cost               = £75 million
|floor_area         =
|architecture_firm  = [[Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners|Richard Rogers & Partners]]<br><small>Project Architects:<ref>{{cite web |title=Lloyd's Building |url=http://www.ajbuildingslibrary.co.uk/projects/display/id/457 |work=Architects Journal |access-date=2016-10-30}}</ref><br />[[Richard Rogers]]<br>[[Graham Stirk]]<br>[[Ivan Harbour]]<br>[[Syd Cheatle]]<br>[[Wilkinson Eyre Architects|Chris Wilkinson]]<br>[[John McAslan]]<br >[[Caruso St John|Peter St John]]</small>
|structural_engineer= [[Arup Group|Arup]]<br><small>[[Peter Rice (structural engineer)|Peter Rice]]</small>
|services_engineer  = [[Arup Group|Arup]]
|main_contractor    = [[Bovis Construction|Bovis]]
|developer          =
|owner              = [[Ping An Insurance]]<ref>{{cite news |title=中国平安24亿元购英国劳埃德大厦_财经_腾讯网 |url=https://finance.qq.com/a/20130709/001359.htm |access-date=16 June 2018 |work=finance.qq.com |language=zh-CN}}</ref>
|management         =
|designations = [[Listed building|Grade I listed]]
|references         =
}}

The '''Lloyd's building''' (sometimes known as '''the Inside-Out Building''')<ref>[http://www.lloyds.com/News_Centre/Features_from_Lloyds/News_and_features_2009/Corporation_news/Lloyds_opens_to_the_public.htm Lloyd's of London Homepage] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090924054710/http://www.lloyds.com/News_Centre/Features_from_Lloyds/News_and_features_2009/Corporation_news/Lloyds_opens_to_the_public.htm |date=24 September 2009 }}. Page accessed 20 May 2010.</ref> is the home of the [[insurance]] institution [[Lloyd's of London]]. It is located on the former site of [[East India House]] in [[Lime Street, London|Lime Street]], in London's main financial district, the [[City of London]]. The building is a leading example of radical [[Bowellism]] architecture in which the services for the building, such as ducts and [[Elevator|lift]]s, are located on the exterior to maximise space in the interior.

In 2011, twenty-five years after its completion in 1986 the building received Grade I [[listed building|listing]]; at this time it was the youngest structure ever to obtain this status. It is said by [[Historic England]] to be "universally recognised as one of the key buildings of the modern epoch".<ref>{{cite web |title=Rogers' Lloyd's becomes youngest Grade-I listed building |last=Waite |first=Richard |url=http://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/news/daily-news/rogers-lloyds-becomes-youngest-grade-i-listed-building/8624035.article |work=[[Architects' Journal]]|date=19 December 2011 |access-date=7 February 2013}}</ref> Its innovation of having key service pipes and other components routed outside the walls has led to very expensive maintenance costs due to their exposure to the elements.

==History==
The first Lloyd's building (address 12 [[Leadenhall Street]]) had been built on this site in 1928 to the design of Sir [[Edwin Cooper (architect)|Edwin Cooper]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.archiseek.com/2013/lloyds-leadenhall-st-london/ |title=1922 – Old Lloyd's Building, Leadenhall Street |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= 19 June 2013|website=archiseek.com |access-date=9 March 2021 }}</ref> In 1958, due to expansion of the market, a new building was constructed across the road at 51 Lime Street (now the site of the [[Willis Building (London)|Willis Building]]). Lloyd's now occupied the Heysham Building and the Cooper Building.

By the 1970s Lloyd's had again outgrown these two buildings and proposed to extend the Cooper Building. In 1978, the corporation ran an architectural competition which attracted designs from practices such as [[Foster + Partners|Foster Associates]], [[Arup Group|Arup]] and [[Ioeh Ming Pei]].<ref>{{cite web |title=English Heritage Listing Information |page=2 |url=http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/content/imported-docs/k-o/lloyds-list-entry.pdf |work=English Heritage |date=19 December 2011 |access-date=6 February 2013}}</ref> Lloyd's commissioned [[Richard Rogers]] to redevelop the site, and the original 1928 building on the western corner of Lime and Leadenhall Streets was demolished to make way for the present one, which was officially opened by Queen [[Elizabeth II]] on 18 November 1986. The 1928 building's entrance at 12 Leadenhall Street was preserved and forms a rather [[Facadism|incongruous attachment]] to the 1986 structure. Demolition of the 1958 building commenced in 2004 to make way for the 26-storey Willis Building.

The building was previously owned by [[Dublin]] based real estate firm Shelbourne Development Group, who purchased it in 2004 from a German investment bank.<ref>{{cite news |date=10 January 2004 |title=Lloyd's Tower Purchased |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/01/10/business/world-business-briefing-europe-britain-lloyd-s-tower-purchased.html |access-date=14 July 2013 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> In July 2013 it was sold to the Chinese company [[Ping An Insurance]] in a £260 million deal.<ref>{{cite news |date=8 July 2013 |title=Lloyd's building sold to Chinese insurance group in £260m deal |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2013/jul/08/lloyds-building-sold-chinese-insurance-ping-an |access-date=14 July 2013 |work=[[The Guardian]] |location=London}}</ref>

In 2008 the [[Twentieth Century Society]] called for the building to be [[listed building|Grade I listed]]<ref>{{cite news |last=Thompson |first=Max |date=24 January 2008 |title=Call for 'urgent' Grade-I listing of Lloyd's building |url=https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/news/call-for-urgent-grade-i-listing-of-lloyds-building/536377.article |access-date=26 August 2016 |work=Architects' Journal}}</ref> and in 2011 it was granted this status.<ref name="Londonist-2011">{{Cite web |date=2011-12-19 |title=Lloyd's Building Gets Grade I Listed Status |url=https://londonist.com/2011/12/lloyds-building-gets-grade-i-listed-status |access-date=2024-11-22 |website=Londonist}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Waite |first=Richard |date=19 December 2011 |title=Rogers' Lloyd's becomes youngest Grade-I listed building |url=https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/home/rogers-lloyds-becomes-youngest-grade-i-listed-building/8624035.article |access-date=26 August 2016 |work=Architects' Journal}}</ref>

==Design==
[[File:Lloyd's building interior.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Inside the Lloyd's building]]

=== Features ===
The current Lloyd's building (address 1 Lime Street) was designed by the architect company [[Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners|Richard Rogers & Partners]] and built between 1978 and 1986. [[Bovis Construction|Bovis]] was the management contractor.<ref>[http://www.richardrogers.co.uk/Asp/uploadedFiles/Image/0170_lloyds/RSHP_A_JS_0170_L_E_GB.pdf Richard Rogers Partnership] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090706030011/http://www.richardrogers.co.uk/Asp/uploadedFiles/Image/0170_lloyds/RSHP_A_JS_0170_L_E_GB.pdf |date=6 July 2009 }}</ref> Like the [[Centre Georges Pompidou|Pompidou Centre]] in Paris (designed by [[Renzo Piano]] and Rogers), the building was innovative in having its services such as staircases, [[elevator|lift]]s, ductwork, electrical power conduits and water pipes on the outside, leaving an uncluttered space inside. The 12 glass lifts were the first of their kind in the United Kingdom. Like the Pompidou Centre, the building was highly influenced by the work of [[Archigram]] in the 1950s and 1960s.

Rogers selects primarily concrete and some steel for the structure, utilizing materials appropriate to the site's local logistics.<ref name="Dezeen-2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-01-12 |title="We were attacked by everybody" on Lloyd's building recalls Richard Rogers |url=https://www.dezeen.com/2022/01/12/richard-rogers-interview-lloyds-london/ |access-date=2024-11-22 |website=Dezeen |language=en}}</ref> Additionally, Rogers emphasizes that contemporary buildings incorporate both current and historical technologies.<ref name="Dezeen-2022" />

The building consists of three main towers and three service towers around a central, rectangular space. Its core is the large Underwriting Room on the ground floor, which houses the [[HMS Lutine (1779)#The Lutine Bell|Lutine Bell]] within the Rostrum.  Also on the first floor is the loss book which for 300 years has had entries of significant losses entered by [[quill]].<ref name="pc360">{{cite web |url=http://www.propertycasualty360.com/2016/10/06/heres-what-lloyds-of-london-looks-like-on-the-insi?eNL=57f64dde150ba07a1a23f218&page=3 |title=Here's what Lloyd's of London looks like on the inside |last1=Moynihan |first1=Shawn |date=6 October 2016 |website=Property Casualty 360 |publisher=ALM Media |access-date=6 October 2016 }}</ref> The Underwriting Room (often simply called "the Room") is overlooked by galleries, forming a {{convert|60|m|ft|0}} high atrium lit naturally through a huge [[barrel-vault]]ed glass roof. The first four galleries open onto the atrium space, and are connected by escalators through the middle of the structure. The higher floors are glassed in and can only be reached via the exterior lifts.

The 11th floor houses the Committee Room (also known as the Adam Room), an 18th-century dining room designed for the [[William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne|2nd Earl of Shelburne]] by [[Robert Adam]] in 1763; it was transferred piece by piece from the previous (1958) Lloyd's building across the road at 51 Lime Street.

The Lloyd's building is {{convert|88|m|ft|0}} to the roof, with 14 floors.<ref>[http://www.skyscrapernews.com/buildings.php?id=642&idi=Lloyds+Building&data=all Skyscrapernews]

</ref> On top of each service core stand the cleaning cranes, increasing the overall height to {{convert|95.10|m|ft|0}}. Modular in plan, each floor can be altered by addition or removal of partitions and walls.[[File:Lloyds_Building_massing_model.svg|thumb|300px|Simplified plan and rotating 3D model (to see rotation model view the image at its [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Lloyds_Building_massing_model.svg direct link])]]

=== Criticism ===
Prince Charles and others initially criticized the design of Lloyd's Building, similar to the backlash of Centre Pompidou.<ref name="Dezeen-2022"/><ref name="Londonist-2011" /> Rogers stated that, "Lloyds said they wanted two things: they wanted a building that would last into the next century – we made that one – and they wanted a building that would meet their changing needs."<ref name="Dezeen-2022"/> One of those changing needs relates to the much-vaunted design innovation of having the service pipes, ducts, and stairwells outside the walls led to such costs caused by weathering and maintenance that Lloyds considered vacating the building in 2014. 
Lloyd's former chief executive Richard Ward stated: "There is a fundamental problem with this building. Everything is exposed to the elements, and that makes it very costly."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dezeen.com/2014/06/01/lloyds-of-london-may-quit-richard-rogers-building-over-design-frustrations/#|title = Lloyd's of London may quit Rogers building over design "frustrations"|date = June 2014}}</ref>

==Gallery==
{|class="wikitable"
!<big>Images inside and outside of the Lloyd's building</big> 
<gallery mode=packed heights=170px>
File:Lloyd's building Loss Book.jpg|A Liveried Waiter writes in the Loss Book
File:Lloyd's building Adam Room.jpg|The Committee Room, on the 11th floor of the building
File:Lloyds Building, London - 2007.jpg|The Lloyd's building among the [[City of London|City]] skyline (2007)
File:Lloyds Building at Night.jpg|Lloyd's building at night
File:Outside lifts on Lloyd's Building geograph-2020666-by-David-Anstiss.jpg|The [[Elevator|lifts]] on the outside of the building
File:Lloyd's Building - Atrium 11th floor looking at the Walkie-Talkie.jpg|The atrium
File:Lloyd's Building - Atrium side wall.jpg|The atrium
File:Lloyd's Facade.jpg|The 1925 building façade on the northwest corner
File:Lloyd's building Lutine Bell.jpg|The [[HMS Lutine (1779)#The Lutine Bell|Lutine Bell]] is housed in the Rostrum
File:Willis and LLoyd's.jpg|The [[Willis Building (London)|Willis Building]] (left) and the Lloyd's building (right)
File:Lloyd's Building surrounded.jpg|Surrounded by new skyscrapers in 2024
</gallery>
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|London|Architecture}}
*[[EPM Intelligent Building]] – a Medellin building inspired by the Lloyd's building
*[[Willis Building (London)|Willis Building]], opposite at 51 Lime Street, on the site of a former Lloyd's building
*[[30 St Mary Axe]] – Norman Foster's gherkin-shaped skyscraper nearby
*[[122 Leadenhall Street]] – a skyscraper opposite on the northern side of Leadenhall Street
*[[52–54 Lime Street]] – 'The Scalpel' skyscraper opposite
*[[List of tallest buildings and structures in London]]
*[[World Architecture Survey]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Lloyd's building}}
*[http://www.galinsky.com/buildings/lloyds/index.htm Galinsky: Lloyd's building]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051230092213/http://www.lloyds.com/About_Us/The_Lloyds_building/ Lloyd's official website]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080514020634/http://www.0lll.com/lud/pages/architecture/archgallery/rogers_lloyds/index.htm 0lll Architecture Gallery: Lloyd's building (images)]

{{City of London}}
{{London landmarks}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Office buildings completed in 1986]]
[[Category:Office buildings in London]]
[[Category:Skyscrapers in the City of London]]
[[Category:Richard Rogers buildings]]
[[Category:Grade I listed buildings in the City of London]]
[[Category:Grade I listed office buildings]]
[[Category:Skyscraper office buildings in London]]
[[Category:1986 establishments in England]]