Editing Local government in England

{{short description|System of state administration on a local level in England}}
{{for-multi|the history of local government in England|History of local government in England|the political make-up of local authorities|Political make-up of local councils in the United Kingdom}}{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{redirect|Joint-board|the U.S. military's Joint Army and Navy Board, also known as the "Joint Board"|Joint Chiefs of Staff}}
[[File:England Local Government Map.png|thumb|377x377px|The local authorities of England: unitary authorities (pink), metropolitan boroughs (purple), non-metropolitan counties and districts (green), London boroughs (orange), and the unique City of London and Isles of Scilly authorities (brown).]]
{{Politics of England}}
'''Local government in England''' broadly consists of three layers: civil parishes, local authorities, and regional authorities. Every part of England is governed by at least one local authority, but parish councils and regional authorities do not exist everywhere. In addition, there are 31 [[Police and crime commissioner|police and crime commissioners]], four [[Police, fire and crime commissioner|police, fire and crime commissioners]], and ten [[National park authority|national park authorities]] with local government responsibilities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Find your PCC |url=https://apccs.police.uk/find-your-pcc |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813050455/https://www.apccs.police.uk/find-your-pcc/ |archive-date=2024-08-13 |access-date=7 May 2022 |website=[[Association of Police and Crime Commissioners]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=UK |first=National Parks |title=Planning and Affordable Housing |url=https://www.nationalparksengland.org.uk/home/about-national-parks-england/policy/our-work-pages2/planning-and-affordable-housing |access-date=2023-06-23 |website=National Parks UK |language=English}}</ref> Local government is not standardised across the country, with the last comprehensive reform taking place [[Local Government Act 1972|in 1974]]. 

[[Civil parish|Civil parishes]] are the lowest tier of local government, and primarily exist in rural and smaller urban areas. The responsibilities of parish councils are limited and generally consist of providing and maintaining public spaces and facilities.

Local authorities cover the entirety of England, and are responsible for services such as education, transport, planning applications, and waste collection and disposal. In two-tier areas a [[non-metropolitan county]] council and two or more [[Districts of England|non-metropolitan district]] councils share responsibility for these services. In single-tier areas a [[Unitary authorities of England|unitary authority]], [[London boroughs|London borough]], or [[metropolitan borough]] provides all services. The [[City of London Corporation|City of London]] and [[Council of the Isles of Scilly|Isles of Scilly]] have unique local authorities.

The London boroughs, metropolitan boroughs, and some unitary authorities collaborate through regional authorities. The [[Greater London Authority]] (GLA) is the regional authority for [[Greater London]], with responsibility for transport, policing, fire and rescue, development and strategic planning. Combined authorities are [[Statutory body|statutory bodies]] which allow two or more local authorities to voluntarily pool responsibilities and negotiate a [[devolution deal]] with the [[Government of the United Kingdom|UK Government]] for the area they cover, giving it powers beyond those typically held by a local authority. Ten currently exist, with more planned.{{When|date=January 2024|reason=What does "more planned" mean? As of when? Are they still planned?}}

== Parish councils ==
{{Further|Parish council (England)}}
[[File:Parishes in England map, 2021.svg|thumb|The parishes of England, as of December 2021.]]
Parish councils form the lowest tier of local government and govern [[civil parish]]es. They may also be called a 'community council', 'neighbourhood council', 'village council', 'town council' or (if the parish holds city status) 'city council', but these names are stylistic and do not change their responsibilities.<ref>{{Cite legislation UK|type=act|year=1972|chapter=70|act=Local Government Act 1972}}</ref><ref>{{Cite legislation UK|type=act|year=1972|chapter=70|act=Local Government Act 1972|section=245}}</ref> As of December 2021 there are 10,475 parishes in England, but they do not cover the whole of the country as many urban parishes were abolished in 1974.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2022 |title=Parishes (December 2021) EW BFE |url=https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/datasets/ons::parishes-december-2021-ew-bfe |access-date=8 May 2022 |website=[[Office for National Statistics]]}}</ref>

The only specific statutory function of parish councils, which they must do, is establishing [[Allotment (gardening)|allotments]]. However, there are a number of other functions given by powers in the relevant legislation, which they can do, such as providing [[Waste container|litter bins]] and building [[Bus stop|bus shelters]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Association of Council Secretaries and Solicitors |title=Powers and Functions of Parish Councils |url=http://townforum.org.uk/servicesstructure/parishcouncilguide2007.pdf |access-date=8 May 2022 |website=townforum.org.uk}}</ref> Their statutory functions are few, but they may provide other services with the agreement of the relevant local authorities,<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Local government structure and elections |url=https://www.gov.uk/guidance/local-government-structure-and-elections |access-date=7 May 2022 |website=[[UK Government]]}}</ref> and under the [[Localism Act 2011]] eligible parish councils can be granted a "[[Everything which is not forbidden is allowed|general power of competence]]" (GPC) which allows them within certain limits the freedom to do anything an individual can do provided it is not prohibited by other legislation, as opposed to being limited to the powers explicitly granted to them by law.<ref>{{cite web |title=The General Power of Competence |url=https://www.local.gov.uk/sites/default/files/documents/general-power-competence--0ac.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918160836/https://www.local.gov.uk/sites/default/files/documents/general-power-competence--0ac.pdf |archive-date=2024-09-18 |access-date=2018-11-10 |website=Local Government Association |publisher=Local Government Association}}</ref> To be eligible for this a parish council must meet certain conditions of quality.<ref>{{Cite legislation UK|type=si|year=2012|number=965|si=The Parish Councils (General Power of Competence) (Prescribed Conditions) Order 2012}}</ref>

Civil parishes developed in the nineteenth century and were based on the [[Parish (Church of England)|Church of England's parishes]], which until then had both ecclesiastical and local government functions; parish councils were created by the [[Local Government Act 1894]] ([[56 & 57 Vict.]] c. 73).<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Parish|volume=20|last=|first=|author-link=|pages=823-825|short=1}}</ref> The ecclesiastical parishes continue to exist, but neither they nor their [[parochial church council]]s have any local government role.<ref>{{Cite web |title=bridekirkparish.org.uk |url=https://www.bridekirkparish.org.uk/Contents/ContentItems/4my2tat4wnmsfxtkm9vbewvhw1 |access-date=2023-06-24 |website=www.bridekirkparish.org.uk}}</ref>

== Local authorities ==
{{multiple image
| image1            = English administrative divisions map 2023.svg
| image2            = English districts map 2023.svg
| footer            = The local authorities of England (in two-tier areas, the county council is pictured first while the district councils are pictured second), as of April 2023.
}}

There are 317 local authorities (not counting parish councils) covering the whole of England.<ref name=":2" /> There are five main types of local authorities: [[London boroughs|London borough councils]], two-tier [[Non-metropolitan county|county]] and [[Non-metropolitan district|district councils]], [[Metropolitan borough|metropolitan district councils]] and [[Unitary authorities of England|unitary authorities]].<ref name=":2" /> Some local authorities have [[Borough status in the United Kingdom|borough]], [[City status in the United Kingdom|city]] or [[Royal Borough|royal borough]] status, but this is purely stylistic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of councils in England by type |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1026384/List_of_councils_in_England_2021.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218194659/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1026384/List_of_councils_in_England_2021.pdf |archive-date=2022-02-18 |access-date=7 May 2022 |website=[[UK Government]]}}</ref>

All local authorities are made up of [[Political make-up of local councils in the United Kingdom|councillors]], who represent geographical [[Wards and electoral divisions of the United Kingdom|wards]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=English Councils 2021 (Total 331) |url=http://opencouncildata.co.uk/councils.php?model=E&y=0 |access-date=7 May 2022 |website=Open Council Data UK}}</ref> There are 7,026 wards as of December 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 March 2022 |title=Wards (December 2021) GB BFE |url=https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/datasets/ons::wards-december-2021-gb-bfe |access-date=8 April 2022 |website=[[Office for National Statistics]]}}</ref> Local authorities run on four year cycles and councillors may be elected all at once, by halves or by thirds;<ref name=":2" /> although the Electoral Commission has recommended that all authorities use whole council elections every 4 years.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2004 |title=The cycle of local government elections in England Report and recommendations |url=https://democracy.peterborough.gov.uk/documents/s47107/13a.%20Appendix%20A%20Electoral%20Commission%20The%20cycle%20of%20local%20government%20elections%20in%20England.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806061609/https://democracy.peterborough.gov.uk/documents/s47107/13a.%20Appendix%20A%20Electoral%20Commission%20The%20cycle%20of%20local%20government%20elections%20in%20England.pdf |archive-date=2024-08-06 |archive-format=PDF |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Peterborough City Council |publisher=The [[Electoral Commission]]}}</ref>
Local authorities have a choice of [[executive arrangements]] under the [[Local Government Act 2000]]: mayor and cabinet executive, leader and cabinet executive, a committee system or bespoke arrangements approved by the Secretary of State.<ref name=":2" /> As of April 2023, just 15 local authorities have [[Directly elected mayors in England and Wales#Mayoralties covering a single local authority|directly-elected mayors]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Sandford |first=Mark |date=21 May 2021 |title=Directly-elected mayors |url=https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN05000/SN05000.pdf |access-date=7 May 2022 |website=[[House of Commons Library]]}}</ref> Some functions are just the responsibility of the executive of a local authority,<ref>{{Cite legislation UK|type=act|year=2000|chapter=22|act=Local Government Act 2000|section=9D}}</ref> but local authorities must also have at least one [[Overview and Scrutiny|overview and scrutiny committee]] to hold the executive to account.<ref>{{Cite legislation UK|type=act|year=2000|chapter=22|act=Local Government Act 2000|section=9F}}</ref>

The [[London Government Act 1963]] established 32 London borough councils.<ref>{{Cite legislation UK|type=act|year=1963|chapter=33|act=London Government Act 1963|section=1}}</ref> It also established the [[Greater London Council]], covering the whole of [[Greater London]],<ref>{{Cite legislation UK|type=act|year=1963|chapter=33|act=London Government Act 1963|section=2}}</ref> but this was later abolished by the [[Local Government Act 1985]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite legislation UK|type=act|year=1985|chapter=51|act=Local Government Act 1985|section=1}}</ref> Greater London also includes the ''sui generis'' [[City of London Corporation]].<ref name=":2" /> The other ''sui generis'' local authorities are the [[Council of the Isles of Scilly]],<ref name=":2" /> [[Middle Temple]] and [[Inner Temple]].<ref>{{Cite legislation UK|type=si|year=1998|number=494|si=The Health and Safety (Enforcing Authority) Regulations 1998|regulation=2}}</ref>

Outside Greater London and the [[Isles of Scilly]], the [[Local Government Act 1972]] divided England into [[Metropolitan county|metropolitan]] and non-metropolitan counties, which would have one county council and multiple district councils each.<ref>{{Cite legislation UK|type=act|year=1972|chapter=70|act=Local Government Act 1972|section=1(1)-(4)}}</ref> That meant that each area would be covered by two tiers of local authorities - both a county council and a district council, which would share local authority functions.<ref name=":2" /> In May 2022, 21 non-metropolitan county councils and 164 non-metropolitan district councils remain.<ref name=":2" /> These are better known as simply county councils and district councils. The Local Government Act 1985 also abolished metropolitan county councils,<ref name=":3" /> but there are still 36 metropolitan district councils as of May 2022.<ref name=":2" />

There are also (as of April 2023) 62 unitary authorities.<ref name=":2" /> These carry out the functions of both county and district councils and have replaced two-tier local government in some areas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sandford |first=Mark |date=22 July 2021 |title=Unitary local government |url=https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-9056/CBP-9056.pdf |access-date=7 May 2022 |website=[[House of Commons Library]]}}</ref> The creation of these first became possible under the [[Local Government Act 1992]],<ref>{{Cite legislation UK|type=act|year=1992|chapter=19|act=Local Government Act 1992|section=17}}</ref> but now takes place under the [[Local Government and Public Involvement in Health Act 2007]].<ref>{{Cite legislation UK|type=act|year=2007|chapter=28|act=Local Government and Public Involvement in Health Act 2007|section=7}}</ref>

In the 2023/24 financial year, 33% of budgeted service expenditure across local government as a whole is set to be on [[education]], 19% on adult [[Social care in England|social care]], 13% on [[Police in England|police]], 11% on children's social care and 24% on all other services.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=22 June 2023 |title=Local authority revenue expenditure and financing: 2023-24 budget, England |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/local-authority-revenue-expenditure-and-financing-2023-24-budget-england/local-authority-revenue-expenditure-and-financing-2023-24-budget-england |access-date=20 October 2023 |website=[[UK Government]] |language=en}}</ref> 

Notably, [[Cornwall Council]] has been subject to a devolution deal, which are usually reserved to combined authorities for additional functions and funding.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Devolution deals |url=https://local.gov.uk/our-support/safer-and-more-sustainable-communities/devolution-hub/devolution-deals |access-date=11 May 2022 |website=[[Local Government Association]]}}</ref> And, like some combined authorities and parish councils, local authorities do have a [[general power of competence]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sandford |first=Mark |date=20 September 2021 |title=The General Power of Competence |url=https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN05687/SN05687.pdf |access-date=8 May 2022 |website=[[House of Commons Library]]}}</ref> Separate to combined authorities, two or more local authorities can also work together through joint boards (for legally-required services: fire, public transport and waste disposal), joint committees (voluntarily) or through contracting out and agency arrangements.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Wilson |first1=David |title=Local Government in the United Kingdom |last2=Game |first2=Chris |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |year=2011 |isbn=9780230246393 |edition=5th |pages=84}}</ref>

== Regional government ==
[[File:Combined authorities and the Greater London Authority in England map, 2021.svg|thumb|The Greater London Authority and 10 combined authorities of England, as of December 2021.]]

=== Greater London Authority ===
{{Further|Greater London Authority}}

The [[Greater London Authority Act 1999]] established a [[Mayor of London]] and 25-member [[London Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite legislation UK|type=act|year=1999|chapter=29|act=Greater London Authority Act 1999|section=2}}</ref> The first [[2000 London mayoral election|mayoral]] and [[2000 London Assembly election|assembly]] elections took place in 2000.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Sandford |first=Mark |date=3 March 2022 |title=The Greater London Authority |url=https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN05817/SN05817.pdf |access-date=23 July 2022 |website=[[House of Commons Library]]}}</ref> The former [[Leader of the Greater London Council]], [[Ken Livingstone]], served as the inaugural Mayor, until he was defeated by future [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] [[Boris Johnson]] in [[2008 London mayoral election|2008]].<ref name=":0" /> The incumbent, [[Sadiq Khan]], was first elected in [[2016 London mayoral election|2016]].<ref name=":0" />

The Mayor's functions include chairing [[Transport for London]],<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Board Members |url=https://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/about-tfl/how-we-work/corporate-governance/board-members |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207020050/https://tfl.gov.uk/corporate/about-tfl/how-we-work/corporate-governance/board-members |archive-date=2019-02-07 |access-date=23 July 2022 |website=[[Transport for London]] |language=en}}</ref> holding the [[Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis|Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police]] and [[London Fire Commissioner]] to account<ref>{{Cite legislation UK|type=act|year=1972|chapter=70|act=Local Government Act 1972|section=3}}; {{Cite legislation UK|type=act|year=1999|chapter=29|act=Greater London Authority Act 1999|section=327A}}</ref> and keeping strategies up to date, including the [[London Plan]].<ref>{{Cite legislation UK|type=act|year=1999|chapter=29|act=Greater London Authority Act 1999}}, s 41(1)-(2).</ref> Meanwhile, it is the Assembly's role to regularly hold the Mayor and their key advisers to account and it can also amend the budget or a strategy by a two-thirds majority, though this has not ever happened as of March 2022.<ref name=":0" />

=== Combined authorities and combined county authorities ===
[[File:Combined Authorities (stages 2025).png|thumb|right|Combined authorities as of February 2025]]
{{Further|Combined authorities and combined county authorities}}

Combined authorities can be created at the request of two or more local authorities.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Sandford |first=Mark |date=17 December 2019 |title=Combined authorities |url=https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN06649/SN06649.pdf |access-date=7 May 2022 |website=[[House of Commons Library]]}}</ref> Combined authorities do not replace the local authorities in question, but can receive separate functions and funding.<ref name=":2" /> As of May 2022, there are 10 combined authorities covering some of England.<ref name=":2" /> The [[Secretary of State for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities|Secretary of State]] was first granted the power to create combined authorities by the [[Local Democracy, Economic Development and Construction Act 2009]].<ref>{{Cite legislation UK|type=act|year=2016|chapter=1|act=Cities and Local Government Devolution Act 2016|section=103}}</ref>

The [[Cities and Local Government Devolution Act 2016]] gave the Secretary of State the power to provide for a [[Directly elected mayors in England and Wales#Mayoralties covering more than one local authority|directly-elected combined authority mayor]].<ref>{{Cite legislation UK|type=act|year=2016|chapter=1|act=Cities and Local Government Devolution Act 2016}}, s 2.</ref> And, as of May 2022, nine out of the 10 combined authorities have mayors, including [[Andy Burnham]] in [[Greater Manchester Combined Authority|Greater Manchester]] and [[Andy Street]] in the [[West Midlands Combined Authority|West Midlands]].<ref name=":4" /> In the [[2024 United Kingdom local elections|2024 local elections]], new Combined Authorities were elected; they were the new [[York and North Yorkshire Combined Authority]], [[North East Mayoral Combined Authority]], [[East Midlands Combined County Authority]]. They are all controlled by the Labour Party as of 2024 except for [[Tees Valley Mayor|Tees Valley]].<ref> {{Cite web |last=Henderson |first=Duncan |last2=Paun |first2=Akash |last3=Allen |first3=Briony |last4=Mitchell |first4=Millie |date=2024-06-21 |orig-date=2023-03-06 |title=English devolution |url=https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/explainer/english-devolution |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224083133/https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/explainer/english-devolution |archive-date=2024-02-24 |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Institute for Government |language=en}} </ref>

Each combined authority's executive consists of a representative from each of its constituent local authorities, plus (if applicable) the mayor.<ref name=":1" /> Functions can be devolved directly to the mayor, to the combined authority as a whole, or have a different decision-making requirement.<ref name=":1" /> The budget and functions of each combined authority can be vastly different, but possible functions include responsibility for the relevant [[Law enforcement in the United Kingdom|police force]] and/or [[Fire services in the United Kingdom|fire brigade]], [[bus franchising]] and spatial strategy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sandford |first=Mark |date=10 February 2022 |title=Devolution to local government in England |url=https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN07029/SN07029.pdf |access-date=7 May 2022 |website=[[House of Commons Library]]}}</ref>

==Table of authority types==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Type
!Notes
!Example(s)
|-
![[Civil parish|Civil parish council]]
|Lowest level of local government.<ref name=":11" />
|[[Newbald|Newbald Parish Council]], [[Arlesey|Arlesey Parish Council]], [[Handforth Town Council]]
|-
|colspan=3|The only specific statutory function of parish councils, which they must do, is establishing [[Allotment (gardening)|allotments]]. However, there are a number of other functions given by powers in the relevant legislation, which they can do, such as providing [[Waste container|litter bins]] and building [[Bus stop|bus shelters]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Association of Council Secretaries and Solicitors |year=2007 |title=Powers and Functions of Parish Councils |url=http://townforum.org.uk/servicesstructure/parishcouncilguide2007.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240704045600/http://townforum.org.uk/servicesstructure/parishcouncilguide2007.pdf |archive-date=2024-07-04 |access-date=8 May 2022 |website=townforum.org.uk |publisher=Association of Council  Secretaries and Solicitors}}</ref> According to the [[Localism Act 2011]] eligible parish councils can be granted "[[Everything which is not forbidden is allowed|general power of competence]]" (GPC) which allows them, within certain limits, the freedom to do anything an individual can do provided it is not prohibited by other legislation.<ref name=":11">{{Cite legislation UK|type=act|year=2011|chapter=20|act=Localism Act 2011|section=1}}</ref>
|-
![[Non-metropolitan district|Non-metropolitan district / borough council]] in a two-tier system
|Type of local authority.
Lower-tier of a two-tier system.<ref name=":12">{{Cite legislation UK|type=act|year=1972|chapter=70|act=Local Government Act 1972}}</ref> 
|[[Epping Forest District|Epping Forest District council]], [[Gosport Borough Council]], [[Woking Borough Council]]
|-
|colspan=3|Responsible for [[Planning permission|local planning]] and [[Building regulations in the United Kingdom|building control]], local roads, [[council housing]], [[environmental health]], [[Market (place)|markets]] and fairs, [[refuse collection]] and [[recycling]], [[cemeteries]] and [[crematoria]], leisure services, parks, and tourism in a two-tier system.<ref name=":12" />
|-
![[List of county councils in England|County council]] in a two-tier system
|Type of local authority.
Upper-tier of a two-tier system.<ref name=":12" /> 
|[[Oxfordshire County Council]], [[Nottinghamshire County Council]]
|-
|colspan=3| Responsible for running the largest and most expensive local services such as [[Local education authority|education]], [[social services]], [[Library|libraries]], main roads, public transport, [[Fire service|fire services]], [[Trading Standards]], [[waste disposal]] and strategic planning in a two-tier system.<ref name=":12" />
|-
![[Metropolitan borough|Metropolitan district / borough council]]
|Type of local authority.
De facto unitary authorities since abolition of [[Metropolitan county council|metropolitan county councils]].<ref name=":13" />
|[[Metropolitan Borough of Stockport|Stockport]] [[Newcastle City Council|Metropolitan Borough]] Council, [[Newcastle City Council]], [[Sheffield City Council]]
|-
|colspan=3| Metropolitan district or borough councils were originally part of a two-tier system with metropolitan county councils. They differed from [[Non-metropolitan district|non-metropolitan districts / boroughs]] in the division of powers between district and county councils. Metropolitan district or borough councils were [[Local education authority|local education authorities]], and were also responsible for [[Social service|social services]] and [[Library|libraries]].

Metropolitan county councils were abolished in 1986 and most of their functions were devolved to the metropolitan boroughs making them [[Unitary authority|unitary authorities]] in all but name.<ref name=":13">{{Cite legislation UK|type=act|year=1985|chapter=51|act=Local Government Act 1985}}</ref>
|-
![[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]]
|Type of local authority.
|[[Plymouth City Council]], [[Durham County Council]], [[North Somerset Council]], [[Slough Borough Council]]
|-
|colspan=3| Unitary authorities combine the powers and functions that are normally delivered separately by the councils of non-metropolitan counties and non-metropolitan districts.<ref>{{Cite legislation UK|type=act|year=1992|chapter=19|act=Local Government Act 1992}}</ref><ref name=":17">{{Cite web |last=Nice |first=Alex |last2=Shepley |first2=Paul |date=2022-01-31 |title=Local government unitarisation |url=https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/explainer/local-government-unitarisation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305065217/https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/explainer/local-government-unitarisation |archive-date=2024-03-05 |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=Institute for Government}}</ref>
|-
![[Combined authority]]
|Combined authorities assume the role of an [[integrated transport authority]] and [[economic prosperity board]] on behalf of its member local authorities.<ref name=":14">{{Cite legislation UK|type=act|year=2016|chapter=1|act=Cities and Local Government Devolution Act 2016}}</ref>
|[[Greater Manchester Combined Authority]], [[Tees Valley Combined Authority]]
|-
|colspan=3| Combined authorities are created voluntarily and allow a group of local authorities to pool appropriate responsibility and receive certain delegated functions from central government in order to deliver transport and economic policy more effectively over a wider area.<ref name=":14" />
|-
![[London boroughs|London borough council]]
|Type of local authority in London only.
|[[Tower Hamlets London Borough Council]]
|-
|colspan=3| The London boroughs are administered by London borough councils (sometimes abbreviated LBCs), which are elected every four years. They are the principal local authorities in London and are responsible for running most local services, such as schools, social services, waste collection and roads. Some London-wide services are run by the [[Greater London Authority]], and some services and lobbying of government are pooled within [[London Councils]]. Some councils group together for services such as [[Waste disposal authorities in London|waste collection and disposal]]. The boroughs are [[Districts of England|local government districts]] and have similar functions to [[Metropolitan borough|metropolitan boroughs]]. Each borough council is a [[local education authority]].<ref>{{Cite legislation UK|type=act|year=1963|chapter=33|act=London Government Act 1963}}</ref>
|-
![[Greater London Authority]] (GLA)
|London only.
|[[Greater London Authority]]
|-
|colspan=3| The GLA has responsibility for transport, policing, fire and rescue, development and strategic planning. The GLA does not directly provide any services itself. Instead, its work is carried out by functional bodies which, together with the GLA itself, form the GLA Group  and work under the policy direction of the mayor and assembly.<ref>{{Cite legislation UK|type=act|year=1999|chapter=29|act=Greater London Authority Act 1999}}</ref><ref>{{Cite legislation UK|type=act|year=2007|chapter=24|act=Greater London Authority Act 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite legislation UK|type=act|year=2017|chapter=3|act=Policing and Crime Act 2017}}</ref>
|-
![[Police and crime commissioner]] (PCC)
|Replaced [[Police authority|police authorities.]]<ref name=":15" />
Some combined and regional authorities may assume responsibility for policing, e.g. [[Greater Manchester|South Yorkshire]].<ref name=":16" /><ref>{{Cite legislation UK|type=si|year=2024|number=414|si=The South Yorkshire Mayoral Combined Authority (Election of Mayor and Transfer of Police and Crime Commissioner Functions) Order 2024}}</ref>
|[[Hertfordshire Police and Crime Commissioner]]
|-
|colspan=3| PCCs are responsible for ensuring an effective police force within their area, and to hold the [[chief constable]] to account for the delivery of the police and crime plan. Police and crime commissioners are hold the police fund (from which all policing of the area is financed) and are able to raise the local policing [[precept]] from [[Council Tax|council tax]]. Police and crime commissioners are also responsible for the appointment, suspension and dismissal of the Chief Constable.<ref name=":15">{{Cite legislation UK|type=act|year=2011|chapter=13|act=Police Reform and Social Responsibility Act 2011}}</ref>
|-
![[Police, fire and crime commissioner]] (PFCC)
|Replaced police authorities and [[Fire authority|fire authorities]].
Some combined and regional authorities may assume responsibility for policing, e.g. [[Greater Manchester]].<ref name=":16" />
|[[Essex Police, Fire and Crime Commissioner]]
|-
|colspan=3| Same as PCC, with additional responsibility for [[Fire services in the United Kingdom|Fire and Rescue.]]<ref name=":16">{{Cite legislation UK|type=act|year=2017|chapter=3|act=Policing and Crime Act 2017}}</ref>
|-
![[National park authority]]
|Established by the [[Environment Act 1995]].<ref name=":10">{{Cite legislation UK|type=act|year=1995|chapter=25|act=Environment Act 1995|section=63}}</ref>
|[[Peak District National Park Authority]]
|-
|colspan=3| Responsible for maintenance of a national park.<ref name=":10" />
|-
![[Development corporation]]
|
|[[Middlesbrough Development Corporation]] 
|-
|colspan=3| Holds planning powers over a specific area and is awarded funding for urban regeneration.<ref>{{Cite legislation UK|type=act|year=1980|chapter=65|act=Local Government, Planning and Land Act 1980}}</ref><ref>{{Cite legislation UK|type=act|year=1981|chapter=64|act=New Towns Act 1981}}</ref><ref>{{Cite legislation UK|type=act|year=2011|chapter=20|act=Localism Act 2011}}</ref>
|-
![[City of London Corporation]]
|
|
|-
|colspan=3| [[Sui generis]] body for the [[City of London]].<ref name=":17" />
|-
![[Council of the Isles of Scilly]]
|
|
|-
|colspan=3| [[Sui generis]] body for the [[Isles of Scilly]].<ref>{{Cite legislation UK|type=si|year=1978|number=1844|si=The Isles of Scilly Order 1978}}</ref><ref>{{Cite legislation UK|type=act|year=1972|chapter=70|act=Local Government Act 1972|section=265}}</ref><ref name=":17" />
|-
![[Inner Temple|Governing Benchers of the Inn]]
|
|
|-
|colspan=3| [[Sui generis]] body for the [[Inner Temple]].
|-
![[Middle Temple|Parliament of the Middle Temple]]
|
|
|-
|colspan=3| [[Sui generis]] body for the [[Middle Temple]].
|}

== Funding ==
In England, local authorities have three main sources of funding: [[Government of the United Kingdom|UK Government]] grants, [[Council Tax|council tax]] and [[Business rates in England|business rates]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Atkins |first=Graham |last2=Hoddinott |first2=Stuart |date=10 March 2020 |title=Local government funding in England |url=https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/explainer/local-government-funding-england |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429001130/https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/explainer/local-government-funding-england |archive-date=2023-04-29 |access-date=20 October 2023 |website=[[Institute for Government]] |language=en}}</ref> In the financial year 2019/20, local authorities received 22% of their funding from grants, 52% from council tax and 27% from retained business rates.<ref name=":6" /> In the financial year 2023/24, 51% of revenue expenditure is expected to come from UK Government grants, 31% from council tax and 15% from retained business rates.<ref name=":8" /> 

Local government can also receive some money from fees and charges for the use of services, returns and interest from [[Investment|investments]], commercial income, [[fixed penalty notice]]s and capital receipts.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=29 December 2019 |title=Councillor workbook – Local government finance |url=https://www.local.gov.uk/publications/councillor-workbook-local-government-finance |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128112751/https://www.local.gov.uk/publications/councillor-workbook-local-government-finance |archive-date=2022-11-28 |access-date=20 October 2023 |website=[[Local Government Association]] |language=en}}</ref> The [[Information Commissioner's Office]] has ruled that there is a [[public interest]] in disclosing information about local government investments which will generally outweigh any concerns about whether disclosure could affect an investment's performance or be protected by [[confidentiality]] requirements.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thomas |first=Richard |date=2007-02-01 |title=Freedom of Information Act 2000 (Section 50) |url=https://ico.org.uk/media/action-weve-taken/decision-notices/2007/391832/DECISION_NOTICE_FS50086121.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815135733/https://ico.org.uk/media/action-weve-taken/decision-notices/2007/391832/DECISION_NOTICE_FS50086121.pdf |archive-date=2024-08-15 |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Information Commissioner's Office}}</ref>

Local authorities cannot borrow money to finance day-to-day spending and so must rely on yearly income or reserves for this type of expenditure, although they can borrow to fund capital expenditure.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /> 

Local government in England as a whole has limited revenue-raising powers compared to other [[G7]] countries.<ref name=":6" />

=== UK Government grants ===
In the 20th century, local authorities found that the costs of providing services exceeded the revenues raised from local taxes and so grants from the UK Government (specifically the [[HM Treasury|Treasury]]) gradually increased.<ref name=":7" /> However, UK Government grants were cut by 40% in real terms between the financial years 2009/10 and 2019/20, although grant income did grow due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom|COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref name=":6" />

Local government receives two types of grants: the Revenue Support Grant, which can be spent on any service according to the wishes of the local government body in question, and specific grants, which are usually 'ring fenced' to specifically defined service areas.<ref name=":7" />

=== Council tax ===
{{main|Council Tax}}
Council tax was introduced in 1993 to replace the '[[Poll tax (Great Britain)|poll tax]]'.<ref name=":7" /> It is a domestic property tax, based on eight bands (A to H) depending on the value of the property on 1 April 1991.<ref name=":7" /> Various discounts are set out in law and exist at the discretion of billing authorities.<ref name=":7" />

On a yearly basis, local government bodies review and consider whether to increase or decrease the level of council tax to fund their spending plans.<ref name=":7" /> The level at which a local authority can increase council tax each year without holding a local [[Referendums in the United Kingdom|referendum]] is regulated by the [[Localism Act 2011]].<ref>{{Cite legislation UK|type=act|year=2011|chapter=20|act=Localism Act 2011|section=72}}</ref><ref name=":7" /> In every area, one local authority acts as the billing authority (the district council in two-tier areas), which prepares and collects council tax bills.<ref name=":7" /> Other parts of local government (like county councils in two-tier areas, police and crime commissioners, fire authorities, parish councils and combined authorities) act as precepting authorities, which notify the relevant billing authority of their decision on council tax and later receive this money from the billing authority.<ref name=":7" />

Between financial years 2009/10 and 2021/22, council tax rates increased by 30% in real terms, in light of reduced grants from the UK Government.<ref name=":6" />

=== Business rates ===
{{main|Business rates in England}}
Business rates is a tax on business premises.<ref name=":7" /> It is based on the rateable value of the premises (set by the [[Valuation Office Agency]]) and a business rate multiplier.<ref name=":7" /> It is set and collected by billing authorities.<ref name=":7" />

Reforms in 2013 now mean that local authorities keep 50% of business rate revenues raised locally.<ref name=":6" /> The UK Government then distributes the remaining 50% of business rate revenues according to its own judgement.<ref name=":6" /> It was initially planned to increase the proportion of business rates that local authorities retain to 100%, but this was indefinitely delayed in 2021.<ref name=":6" />

== Criticisms ==
In 2022, the [[Public Administration and Constitutional Affairs Select Committee|Public Administration and Constitutional Affairs Committee]] said that it had "significant concerns about the current governance arrangements for England":<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=[[Public Administration and Constitutional Affairs Committee]] |title=Governing England |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm5803/cmselect/cmpubadm/463/report.html |access-date=20 October 2023 |website=[[UK Parliament]]}}</ref><blockquote>If the people within government are unsure at times where powers and responsibility, and hence accountability, rest, this lack of clarity is magnified for individuals who have little knowledge or experience of the structures. This has the potential to leave individuals less likely to be able to access what they need from government, leaving them often unable to know who is responsible, and as a result are not properly able to hold their democratic representatives to account.<ref name=":9" /></blockquote>

The Committee also said that "[t]he evidence is clear both practically and democratically that the overly centralised arrangements of government in England are problematic" and that reform was also needed of funding structures.<ref name=":9" />

==Administrative hierarchy==
As of March 2025, the various combined authorities, county, district, and sui generis councils formed an administrative hierarchy as shown in the table below. Unitary authorities are legally either district councils which also perform county functions or county councils which also perform district functions; they therefore straddle the county and district columns. Metropolitan districts and London boroughs are also shown straddling the county and district columns. In much of the country there is also a lower tier of [[civil parishes]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Election Maps |url=https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/election-maps/gb/ |publisher=Ordnance Survey |access-date=6 May 2024}}</ref> This administrative hierarchy differs from the [[Ceremonial counties of England|ceremonial hierarchy]].
{{sticky header}}
{| class="wikitable sticky-header"
!Combined authority!!County level!!District level
|-
|rowspan=6|[[Cambridgeshire and Peterborough Combined Authority|Cambridgeshire and Peterborough]]||rowspan=5|[[Cambridgeshire County Council|Cambridgeshire]]||[[Cambridge City Council|Cambridge]]
|-
|[[East Cambridgeshire]]
|-
|[[Fenland District|Fenland]]
|-
|[[Huntingdonshire District Council|Huntingdonshire]]
|-
|[[South Cambridgeshire]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Peterborough City Council|Peterborough]]
|-
|rowspan=9|[[Devon and Torbay Combined County Authority|Devon and Torbay]]||rowspan=8|[[Devon County Council|Devon]]||[[East Devon]]
|-
|[[Exeter City Council|Exeter]]
|-
|[[Mid Devon]]
|-
|[[North Devon]]
|-
|[[South Hams]]
|-
|[[Teignbridge]]
|-
|[[Torridge District|Torridge]]
|-
|[[West Devon]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Torbay Council|Torbay]]
|-
|rowspan=17|[[East Midlands Combined County Authority|East Midlands]]||colspan=2|[[Derby City Council|Derby]]
|-
|rowspan=8|[[Derbyshire County Council|Derbyshire]]||[[Amber Valley]]
|-
|[[Bolsover District|Bolsover]]
|-
|[[Borough of Chesterfield|Chesterfield]]
|-
|[[Derbyshire Dales]]
|-
|[[Borough of Erewash|Erewash]]
|-
|[[High Peak Borough Council|High Peak]]
|-
|[[North East Derbyshire]]
|-
|[[South Derbyshire]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Nottingham City Council|Nottingham]]
|-
|rowspan=7|[[Nottinghamshire County Council|Nottinghamshire]]||[[Ashfield District|Ashfield]]
|-
|[[Bassetlaw District|Bassetlaw]]
|-
|[[Borough of Broxtowe|Broxtowe]]
|-
|[[Borough of Gedling|Gedling]]
|-
|[[Mansfield District|Mansfield]]
|-
|[[Newark and Sherwood]]
|-
|[[Rushcliffe]]
|-
|rowspan=9|[[Greater Lincolnshire Combined County Authority|Greater Lincolnshire]]||rowspan=7|[[Lincolnshire County Council|Lincolnshire]]||[[Borough of Boston|Boston]]
|-
|[[City of Lincoln Council|Lincoln]]
|-
|[[East Lindsey]]
|-
|[[North Kesteven]]
|-
|[[South Holland, Lincolnshire|South Holland]]
|-
|[[South Kesteven]]
|-
|[[West Lindsey]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[North Lincolnshire Council|North Lincolnshire]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[North East Lincolnshire Council|North East Lincolnshire]]
|-
|rowspan=10|[[Greater Manchester Combined Authority|Greater Manchester]]||colspan=2|[[Bolton Council|Bolton]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Bury Metropolitan Borough Council|Bury]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Manchester City Council|Manchester]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Oldham Council|Oldham]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Rochdale Borough Council|Rochdale]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Salford City Council|Salford]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Stockport Metropolitan Borough Council|Stockport]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Tameside Metropolitan Borough Council|Tameside]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Trafford Council|Trafford]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Wigan Metropolitan Borough Council|Wigan]]
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Hull and East Yorkshire Combined Authority|Hull and East Yorkshire]]||colspan=2|[[Hull City Council|Hull]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[East Riding of Yorkshire Council|East Riding of Yorkshire]]
|-
|rowspan=14|[[Lancashire Combined County Authority|Lancashire]]||colspan=2|[[Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council|Blackburn with Darwen]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Blackpool Council|Blackpool]]
|-
|rowspan=12|[[Lancashire County Council|Lancashire]]||[[Borough of Burnley|Burnley]]
|-
|[[Borough of Chorley|Chorley]]
|-
|[[Borough of Fylde|Fylde]]
|-
|[[Hyndburn]]
|-
|[[City of Lancaster|Lancaster]]
|-
|[[Borough of Pendle|Pendle]]
|-
|[[City of Preston, Lancashire|Preston]]
|-
|[[Ribble Valley]]
|-
|[[Borough of Rossendale|Rossendale]]
|-
|[[South Ribble]]
|-
|[[West Lancashire]]
|-
|[[Borough of Wyre|Wyre]]
|-
|rowspan=6|[[Liverpool City Region Combined Authority|Liverpool City Region]]||colspan=2|[[Halton Borough Council|Halton]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Knowsley Metropolitan Borough Council|Knowsley]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Liverpool City Council|Liverpool]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[St Helens Council|St Helens]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Sefton Council|Sefton]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Wirral Council|Wirral]]
|-
|rowspan=33|[[London Assembly|London]]||colspan=2|[[Barking and Dagenham London Borough Council|Barking and Dagenham]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Barnet London Borough Council|Barnet]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Bexley London Borough Council|Bexley]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Brent London Borough Council|Brent]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Bromley London Borough Council|Bromley]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Camden London Borough Council|Camden]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Croydon London Borough Council|Croydon]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Ealing London Borough Council|Ealing]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Enfield London Borough Council|Enfield]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Greenwich London Borough Council|Greenwich]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Hackney London Borough Council|Hackney]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Hammersmith and Fulham London Borough Council|Hammersmith and Fulham]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Haringey London Borough Council|Haringey]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Harrow London Borough Council|Harrow]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Havering London Borough Council|Havering]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Hillingdon London Borough Council|Hillingdon]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Hounslow London Borough Council|Hounslow]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Islington London Borough Council|Islington]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Kensington and Chelsea London Borough Council|Kensington and Chelsea]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Kingston upon Thames London Borough Council|Kingston upon Thames]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Lambeth London Borough Council|Lambeth]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Lewisham London Borough Council|Lewisham]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[City of London Corporation|London (City)]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Merton London Borough Council|Merton]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Newham London Borough Council|Newham]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Redbridge London Borough Council|Redbridge]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Richmond upon Thames London Borough Council|Richmond upon Thames]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Southwark London Borough Council|Southwark]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Sutton London Borough Council|Sutton]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Tower Hamlets London Borough Council|Tower Hamlets]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Waltham Forest London Borough Council|Waltham Forest]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Wandsworth London Borough Council|Wandsworth]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Westminster City Council|Westminster]]
|-
|rowspan=7|[[North East Mayoral Combined Authority|North East]]||colspan=2|[[Durham County Council|Durham]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead|Gateshead]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Newcastle City Council|Newcastle upon Tyne]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[North Tyneside Council|North Tyneside]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Northumberland County Council|Northumberland]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[South Tyneside Council|South Tyneside]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Sunderland City Council|Sunderland]]
|-
|rowspan=4|[[South Yorkshire Mayoral Combined Authority|South Yorkshire]]||colspan=2|[[Barnsley Metropolitan Borough Council|Barnsley]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[City of Doncaster Council|Doncaster]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Rotherham Metropolitan Borough Council|Rotherham]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Sheffield City Council|Sheffield]]
|-
|rowspan=5|[[Tees Valley Combined Authority|Tees Valley]]||colspan=2|[[Borough of Darlington|Darlington]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Borough of Hartlepool|Hartlepool]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Middlesbrough Council|Middlesbrough]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Redcar and Cleveland Borough Council|Redcar and Cleveland]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Stockton-on-Tees Borough Council|Stockton-on-Tees]]
|-
|rowspan=7|[[West Midlands Combined Authority|West Midlands]]||colspan=2|[[Birmingham City Council|Birmingham]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Coventry City Council|Coventry]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Dudley Metropolitan Borough Council|Dudley]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Sandwell Metropolitan Borough Council|Sandwell]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Solihull Metropolitan Borough Council|Solihull]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Walsall Council|Walsall]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[City of Wolverhampton Council|Wolverhampton]]
|-
|rowspan=3|[[West of England Combined Authority|West of England]]||colspan=2|[[Bath and North East Somerset Council|Bath and North East Somerset]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Bristol City Council|Bristol]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[South Gloucestershire Council|South Gloucestershire]]
|-
|rowspan=5|[[West Yorkshire Combined Authority|West Yorkshire]]||colspan=2|[[City of Bradford Metropolitan District Council|Bradford]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Calderdale Metropolitan Borough Council|Calderdale]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Kirklees Council|Kirklees]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Leeds City Council|Leeds]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Wakefield Council|Wakefield]]
|-
|rowspan=2|[[York and North Yorkshire Combined Authority|York and North Yorkshire]]||colspan=2|[[North Yorkshire Council|North Yorkshire]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[York City Council|York]]
|-
|rowspan=191|None|| colspan="2" |[[Bedford Borough Council|Bedford]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole Council|Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Bracknell Forest Council|Bracknell Forest]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Brighton and Hove City Council|Brighton and Hove]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Buckinghamshire Council|Buckinghamshire]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Central Bedfordshire Council|Central Bedfordshire]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Cheshire East Council|Cheshire East]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Cheshire West and Chester Council|Cheshire West and Chester]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Cornwall Council|Cornwall]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Cumberland Council|Cumberland]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Dorset Council (UK)|Dorset]]
|-
|rowspan=5|[[East Sussex County Council|East Sussex]]||[[Eastbourne Borough Council|Eastbourne]]
|-
|[[Hastings Borough Council|Hastings]]
|-
|[[Lewes District|Lewes]]
|-
|[[Rother District|Rother]]
|-
|[[Wealden District|Wealden]]
|-
|rowspan=12|[[Essex County Council|Essex]]||[[Borough of Basildon|Basildon]]
|-
|[[Braintree District|Braintree]]
|-
|[[Borough of Brentwood|Brentwood]]
|-
|[[Castle Point]]
|-
|[[City of Chelmsford|Chelmsford]]
|-
|[[City of Colchester|Colchester]]
|-
|[[Epping Forest District|Epping Forest]]
|-
|[[Harlow District Council|Harlow]]
|-
|[[Maldon District|Maldon]]
|-
|[[Rochford District|Rochford]]
|-
|[[Tendring District|Tendring]]
|-
|[[Uttlesford]]
|-
|rowspan=6|[[Gloucestershire County Council|Gloucestershire]]||[[Cheltenham Borough Council|Cheltenham]]
|-
|[[Cotswold District|Cotswold]]
|-
|[[Forest of Dean District|Forest of Dean]]
|-
|[[Gloucester City Council|Gloucester]]
|-
|[[Stroud District|Stroud]]
|-
|[[Borough of Tewkesbury|Tewkesbury]]
|-
|rowspan=11|[[Hampshire County Council|Hampshire]]||[[Basingstoke and Deane]]
|-
|[[East Hampshire]]
|-
|[[Borough of Eastleigh|Eastleigh]]
|-
|[[Borough of Fareham|Fareham]]
|-
|[[Gosport Borough Council|Gosport]]
|-
|[[Hart District|Hart]]
|-
|[[Borough of Havant|Havant]]
|-
|[[New Forest District|New Forest]]
|-
|[[Rushmoor]]
|-
|[[Test Valley]]
|-
|[[City of Winchester|Winchester]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Herefordshire Council|Herefordshire]]
|-
|rowspan=10|[[Hertfordshire County Council|Hertfordshire]]||[[Borough of Broxbourne|Broxbourne]]
|-
|[[Dacorum]]
|-
|[[East Hertfordshire]]
|-
|[[Hertsmere]]
|-
|[[North Hertfordshire]]
|-
|[[St Albans City and District|St Albans]]
|-
|[[Stevenage Borough Council|Stevenage]]
|-
|[[Three Rivers District|Three Rivers]]
|-
|[[Watford Borough Council|Watford]]
|-
|[[Welwyn Hatfield]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Isle of Wight Council|Isle of Wight]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Council of the Isles of Scilly|Isles of Scilly]]
|-
|rowspan=12|[[Kent County Council|Kent]]||[[Borough of Ashford|Ashford]]
|-
|[[City of Canterbury|Canterbury]]
|-
|[[Borough of Dartford|Dartford]]
|-
|[[Dover District|Dover]]
|-
|[[Folkestone and Hythe District|Folkestone and Hythe]]
|-
|[[Gravesham]]
|-
|[[Borough of Maidstone|Maidstone]]
|-
|[[Sevenoaks District|Sevenoaks]]
|-
|[[Borough of Swale|Swale]]
|-
|[[Thanet District|Thanet]]
|-
|[[Tonbridge and Malling]]
|-
|[[Borough of Tunbridge Wells|Tunbridge Wells]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Leicester City Council|Leicester]]
|-
|rowspan=7|[[Leicestershire County Council|Leicestershire]]||[[Blaby District|Blaby]]
|-
|[[Borough of Charnwood|Charnwood]]
|-
|[[Harborough District|Harborough]]
|-
|[[Hinckley and Bosworth]]
|-
|[[Borough of Melton|Melton]]
|-
|[[North West Leicestershire]]
|-
|[[Oadby and Wigston]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Luton Borough Council|Luton]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Medway Council|Medway]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Milton Keynes City Council|Milton Keynes]]
|-
|rowspan=7|[[Norfolk County Council|Norfolk]]||[[Breckland District|Breckland]]
|-
|[[Broadland]]
|-
|[[Borough of Great Yarmouth|Great Yarmouth]]
|-
|[[King's Lynn and West Norfolk]]
|-
|[[North Norfolk]]
|-
|[[Norwich City Council|Norwich]]
|-
|[[South Norfolk]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[North Northamptonshire]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[North Somerset Council|North Somerset]]
|-
|rowspan=5|[[Oxfordshire County Council|Oxfordshire]]||[[Cherwell (district)|Cherwell]]
|-
|[[Oxford City Council|Oxford]]
|-
|[[South Oxfordshire]]
|-
|[[Vale of White Horse District Council|Vale of White Horse]]
|-
|[[West Oxfordshire]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Plymouth City Council|Plymouth]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Portsmouth City Council|Portsmouth]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Reading Borough Council|Reading]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Rutland County Council|Rutland]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Shropshire Council|Shropshire]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Slough Borough Council|Slough]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Somerset Council|Somerset]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Southampton City Council|Southampton]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Southend-on-Sea City Council|Southend-on-Sea]]
|-
|rowspan=8|[[Staffordshire County Council|Staffordshire]]||[[Cannock Chase District|Cannock Chase]]
|-
|[[East Staffordshire]]
|-
|[[Lichfield District|Lichfield]]
|-
|[[Borough of Newcastle-under-Lyme|Newcastle-under-Lyme]]
|-
|[[South Staffordshire]]
|-
|[[Borough of Stafford|Stafford]]
|-
|[[Staffordshire Moorlands]]
|-
|[[Tamworth Borough Council|Tamworth]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Stoke-on-Trent City Council|Stoke-on-Trent]]
|-
|rowspan=5|[[Suffolk County Council|Suffolk]]||[[Babergh District|Babergh]]
|-
|[[East Suffolk District|East Suffolk]]
|-
|[[Ipswich Borough Council|Ipswich]]
|-
|[[Mid Suffolk]]
|-
|[[West Suffolk District|West Suffolk]]
|-
|rowspan=11|[[Surrey County Council|Surrey]]||[[Borough of Elmbridge|Elmbridge]]
|-
|[[Epsom and Ewell]]
|-
|[[Borough of Guildford|Guildford]]
|-
|[[Mole Valley]]
|-
|[[Reigate and Banstead]]
|-
|[[Borough of Runnymede|Runnymede]]
|-
|[[Borough of Spelthorne|Spelthorne]]
|-
|[[Surrey Heath]]
|-
|[[Tandridge District|Tandridge]]
|-
|[[Borough of Waverley|Waverley]]
|-
|[[Woking Borough Council|Woking]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Swindon Borough Council|Swindon]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Telford and Wrekin Council|Telford and Wrekin]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Thurrock Council|Thurrock]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Warrington Borough Council|Warrington]]
|-
|rowspan=5|[[Warwickshire County Council|Warwickshire]]||[[North Warwickshire]]
|-
|[[Nuneaton and Bedworth]]
|-
|[[Borough of Rugby|Rugby]]
|-
|[[Stratford-on-Avon District|Stratford-on-Avon]]
|-
|[[Warwick District|Warwick]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[West Berkshire Council|West Berkshire]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[West Northamptonshire]]
|-
|rowspan=7|[[West Sussex County Council|West Sussex]]||[[Adur District|Adur]]
|-
|[[Arun District|Arun]]
|-
|[[Chichester District|Chichester]]
|-
|[[Crawley Borough Council|Crawley]]
|-
|[[Horsham District|Horsham]]
|-
|[[Mid Sussex District|Mid Sussex]]
|-
|[[Worthing Borough Council|Worthing]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Westmorland and Furness Council|Westmorland and Furness]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Wiltshire Council|Wiltshire]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Windsor and Maidenhead Borough Council|Windsor and Maidenhead]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Wokingham Borough Council|Wokingham]]
|-
|rowspan=6|[[Worcestershire County Council|Worcestershire]]||[[Bromsgrove District|Bromsgrove]]
|-
|[[Malvern Hills District|Malvern Hills]]
|-
|[[Redditch Borough Council|Redditch]]
|-
|[[Worcester City Council|Worcester]]
|-
|[[Wychavon]]
|-
|[[Wyre Forest District|Wyre Forest]]
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of local governments in the United Kingdom]]
* [[Political make-up of local councils in the United Kingdom]]
* [[Local government in Northern Ireland]]
* [[Local government in Scotland]]
* [[Local government in Wales]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}{{Administrative geography of the United Kingdom}}
{{Local government in Europe}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Local Government in England}}
[[Category:Local government in England| England]]

[[eo:Loka regado kaj administrado en Britio]]