Editing Logic family

{{short description|Either of two concepts in computer engineering}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2021}}
In [[computer engineering]], a '''logic family''' is one of two related concepts:
* A logic family of monolithic digital [[integrated circuit]] devices is a group of electronic [[logic gate]]s constructed using one of several different designs, usually with compatible [[logic level]]s and power supply characteristics within a family. Many logic families were produced as individual components, each containing one or a few related basic logical functions, which could be used as "building-blocks" to create systems  or as so-called "glue" to interconnect more complex integrated circuits.
* A logic family may also be a set of techniques used to implement logic within [[VLSI]] [[integrated circuits]] such as [[CPU|central processor]]s, memories, or other complex functions. Some such logic families use [[dynamic logic (digital logic)#Static versus dynamic logic|static techniques]] to minimize design complexity. Other such logic families, such as [[domino logic]], use [[dynamic logic (digital logic)|clocked dynamic techniques]] to minimize size, [[power consumption]] and delay.

Before the widespread use of integrated circuits, various solid-state and vacuum-tube logic systems were used but these were never as standardized and interoperable as the integrated-circuit devices. The most common logic family in modern [[semiconductor devices]] is [[metal–oxide–semiconductor]] (MOS) logic, due to low power consumption, [[MOSFET scaling|small transistor sizes]], and high [[transistor density]].

== Technologies ==

The list of packaged building-block logic families can be divided into categories, listed here in roughly chronological order of introduction, along with their usual abbreviations:
* [[Resistor–transistor logic]] (RTL)
** [[Direct-coupled transistor logic]] (DCTL)
** Direct-coupled unipolar transistor logic (DCUTL)
** Resistor–capacitor–transistor logic (RCTL)
* [[Emitter-coupled logic]] (ECL)
** [[Positive emitter-coupled logic]] (PECL)
** [[Low-voltage positive emitter-coupled logic|Low-voltage PECL]] (LVPECL)
** Complementary transistor micrologic (CTuL)<ref name="Savard_CTUL">{{harvnb|Savard|2018}}</ref><ref name="Mueller_CTL">{{cite web |title=Logic gates |author-first=Dieter |author-last=Mueller |date=2005 |url=http://www.6502.org/users/dieter/mt15a/mt15a_3.htm |access-date=2018-07-18 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718213328/http://www.6502.org/users/dieter/mt15a/mt15a_3.htm |archive-date=2018-07-18}}</ref>
* [[Diode–transistor logic]] (DTL)
** Complemented transistor diode logic (CTDL)
** [[High Threshold Logic|High-threshold logic]] (HTL)
* [[Transistor–transistor logic]] (TTL)
* [[MOSFET|Metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) logic]]
** [[PMOS logic|P-type MOS (PMOS) logic]]
** [[NMOS logic|N-type MOS (NMOS) logic]]
*** [[Depletion-load NMOS logic]]
*** High-density NMOS ([[HMOS]])
** [[CMOS|Complementary MOS (CMOS) logic]]
** [[BiMOS|Bipolar MOS (BiMOS) logic]]
*** [[BiCMOS|Bipolar CMOS (BiCMOS)]]
* [[Integrated injection logic]] (I<sup>2</sup>L)
* [[Gunning transceiver logic]] (GTL)

The families RTL, DTL, and ECL were derived from the logic circuits used in early computers, originally implemented using [[discrete component]]s. One example is the [[Philips]] [[NORBIT]] family of logic building blocks.

The PMOS and I<sup>2</sup>L logic families were used for relatively short periods, mostly in special purpose custom [[large-scale integration]] circuits devices, and are generally considered obsolete. For example, early digital clocks or electronic calculators may have used one or more PMOS devices to provide most of the logic for the finished product. The [[F-14 CADC|F-14 Central Air Data Computer]], [[Intel 4004]], [[Intel 4040]], and [[Intel 8008]] [[microprocessor]]s and their support chips were PMOS.

Of these families, only ECL, TTL, NMOS, CMOS, and BiCMOS are currently still in widespread use. ECL is used for very high-speed applications because of its price and power demands, while [[NMOS logic]] is mainly used in [[VLSI]] circuits applications such as CPUs and memory chips which fall outside of the scope of this article. Present-day "building block" logic gate ICs are based on the ECL, TTL, CMOS, and BiCMOS families.

==Resistor–transistor logic (RTL)==
{{Main|Resistor–transistor logic}}

Class of [[digital circuit]]s built using [[resistor]]s as the input network and [[bipolar junction transistor]]s (BJTs) as switching devices.

The [[Atanasoff–Berry Computer]] used resistor-coupled [[vacuum tube]] logic circuits similar to RTL. Several early [[transistor]]ized computers (e.g., [[IBM 1620]], 1959) used RTL, where it was implemented using discrete components.

A family of simple resistor–transistor logic integrated circuits was developed at [[Fairchild Semiconductor]] for the [[Apollo Guidance Computer]] in 1962. [[Texas Instruments]] soon introduced its own family of RTL. A variant with integrated capacitors, RCTL, had increased speed, but lower immunity to noise than RTL. This was made by Texas Instruments as their "51XX" series.

==Diode–transistor logic (DTL)==
{{Main|Diode–transistor logic}}

Class of digital circuits in which the logic gating function (e.g., AND) is performed by a diode network and the amplifying function is performed by a transistor.

[[Diode logic]] was used with vacuum tubes in the earliest electronic computers in the 1940s including [[ENIAC]].  Diode–transistor logic (DTL) was used in the [[IBM 608]], which was the first all-transistorized computer.  Early transistorized computers were implemented using discrete transistors, resistors, diodes and capacitors.

The first diode–transistor logic family of integrated circuits was introduced by [[Signetics]] in 1962. DTL was also made by Fairchild and [[Westinghouse Electric (1886)|Westinghouse]]. A family of diode logic and diode–transistor logic integrated circuits was developed by [[Texas Instruments]] for the [[D-37C]] [[Minuteman (missile)#Minuteman-II (LGM-30F)|Minuteman II Guidance Computer]] in 1962, but these devices were not available to the public.

A variant of DTL called "high-threshold logic" incorporated [[Zener diode]]s to create a large offset between logic 1 and logic 0 voltage levels. These devices usually ran off a 15 volt power supply and were found in industrial control, where the high differential was intended to minimize the effect of noise.<ref>{{cite book |first=Jacob |last=Millman |title=Microelectronics Digital and Analog Circuits and Systems |publisher=McGraw-Hill  |date=1979 |isbn=0-07-042327-X}}
</ref>

==PMOS and NMOS logic==
{{Main|PMOS logic|NMOS logic}}
{{See|MOSFET|Depletion-load NMOS logic}}

[[PMOS logic|P-type MOS (PMOS) logic]] uses [[p-channel]] [[MOSFET]]s to implement [[logic gate]]s and other [[digital circuit]]s. PMOS logic dominated industry approximately from 1960 to 1970.

[[NMOS logic|N-type MOS (NMOS) logic]] uses [[n-channel]] MOSFETs to implement logic gates and other digital circuits.

For devices of equal current driving capability, n-channel MOSFETs can be made smaller than p-channel MOSFETs, due to p-channel charge carriers ([[electron hole|holes]]) having lower [[electron mobility|mobility]] than do n-channel charge carriers ([[electrons]]); also, producing only one type of MOSFET on a silicon substrate is cheaper and technically simpler. These were the driving principles in the design of [[NMOS logic]], which uses n-channel MOSFETs exclusively. However, neglecting [[leakage current]], NMOS logic consumes power even when no switching is taking place, unlike CMOS logic.

The MOSFET invented at Bell Labs between 1955 and 1960 had both pMOS and nMOS devices with a [[20&nbsp;μm process]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Huff |first1=Howard |last2=Riordan |first2=Michael |date=2007-09-01 |title=Frosch and Derick: Fifty Years Later (Foreword) |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1149/2.F02073IF |journal=The Electrochemical Society Interface |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=29 |doi=10.1149/2.F02073IF |issn=1064-8208|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Frosch |first1=C. J. |last2=Derick |first2=L |date=1957 |title=Surface Protection and Selective Masking during Diffusion in Silicon |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1149/1.2428650 |journal=Journal of the Electrochemical Society |language=en |volume=104 |issue=9 |pages=547 |doi=10.1149/1.2428650|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lojek |first=Bo |title=History of Semiconductor Engineering |date=2007 |publisher=Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg |isbn=978-3-540-34258-8 |location=Berlin, Heidelberg |page=321}}</ref><ref name="Lojek1202">{{cite book |last1=Lojek |first1=Bo |title=History of Semiconductor Engineering |date=2007 |publisher=[[Springer Science & Business Media]] |isbn=9783540342588 |page=120}}</ref><ref name="Lojek">{{cite book |last1=Lojek |first1=Bo |title=History of Semiconductor Engineering |date=2007 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9783540342588 |pages=321–3}}</ref> Their original MOSFET devices had a gate length of 20{{nbsp}}[[μm]] and a [[gate oxide]] thickness of [[100 nm]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sze |first1=Simon M. |author1-link=Simon Sze |title=Semiconductor Devices: Physics and Technology |date=2002 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=0-471-33372-7 |page=4 |edition=2nd |url=http://www.fulviofrisone.com/attachments/article/453/Semiconductor.Devices_Physics.Technology_Sze.2ndEd_Wiley_2002.pdf}}</ref> However, the nMOS devices were impractical, and only the pMOS type were practical working devices.<ref name="Lojek"/> A more practical NMOS process was developed several years later. NMOS was initially faster than [[CMOS]], thus NMOS was more widely used for computers in the 1970s.<ref name="shmj">{{cite web |title=1978: Double-well fast CMOS SRAM (Hitachi) |url=http://www.shmj.or.jp/english/pdf/ic/exhibi727E.pdf |website=Semiconductor History Museum of Japan |date=23 January 2019 |access-date=5 July 2019}}</ref>

With advances in technology, CMOS logic displaced NMOS logic in the mid-1980s to become the preferred process for digital chips.

==Emitter-coupled logic (ECL)==
{{Main|Emitter-coupled logic}}

1961 IBM invented ECL (also knon as current-mode logic (CML)) as [[current steering logic]] for use in the [[transistor]]ized [[IBM 7030 Stretch]] computer, where it was implemented using discrete components. In 1962 Motorolla introduced their first line of ECL integrated circuit devices referred to as ''MECL 10000.<ref name=":1">{{cite book |last=Blood Jr. |first=William R. |url=http://www.bitsavers.org/components/motorola/_dataBooks/1972_Motorola_MECL_System_Design_Handbook_2ed.pdf |title=MECL System Design Handbook |date=1972 |publisher=[[Motorola]] Semiconductor Products |edition=2nd |page=vi |oclc=17253029 |via=Bitsavers}}</ref>'' MECL required negative power supply.''<ref name=":1" />'' A subsequent development of ECL using positive-supply includes later ''PECL'' and ''LVPECL''. 

ECL uses an overdriven [[bipolar junction transistor]] (BJT) differential amplifier with single-ended input and limited emitter current. 

==Transistor–transistor logic (TTL)==
{{Main|Transistor–transistor logic}}

In TTL logic, [[bipolar junction transistor]]s (BJTs) perform the logic and amplifying functions.

The first transistor–transistor logic family of integrated circuits was introduced by [[Osram Sylvania|Sylvania]] as ''Sylvania Universal High–Level Logic'' (SUHL) in 1963. Texas Instruments introduced the [[7400 series]] TTL family in 1964. Transistor–transistor logic uses [[bipolar junction transistor|bipolar transistor]]s to form its integrated circuits.<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Don Lancaster |first=Don |last=Lancaster |title=TTL Cookbook |publisher=Howard W. Sams and Co. |date=1975 |isbn=0-672-21035-5}}</ref> TTL has changed significantly over the years, with newer versions replacing the older types.

Since the transistors of a standard TTL gate are saturated switches, minority carrier storage time in each junction limits the switching speed of the device. Variations on the basic TTL design are intended to reduce these effects and improve speed, power consumption, or both.

The German physicist [[Walter H. Schottky]] formulated a theory predicting the '''[[Schottky effect]]''', which led to the [[Schottky diode]] and later [[Schottky barrier#Devices|Schottky transistors]]. For the same power dissipation, Schottky transistors have a faster switching speed than conventional transistors because the Schottky diode prevents the transistor from saturating and storing charge; see [[Baker clamp]]. Logic gates built with Schottky transistors switch faster than TTL gates built with ordinary BJTs but consume more power.  With '''Low-power Schottky''' (LS), internal resistance values were increased to reduce power consumption and increase switching speed over the original version.  The introduction of '''Advanced Low-power Schottky''' (ALS) further increased speed and reduced power consumption. A faster logic family called '''FAST''' (Fairchild Advanced Schottky TTL) (Schottky) (F) was also introduced that was faster than original Schottky TTL.

==Complementary MOS (CMOS) logic==
{{main | CMOS}}

CMOS logic gates use complementary arrangements of enhancement-mode N-channel and P-channel [[field effect transistor]].  Since the initial devices used oxide-isolated metal gates, they were called '''[[CMOS]]''' (complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor logic).  In contrast to TTL, CMOS uses almost no power in the static state (that is, when inputs are not changing). A CMOS gate draws no current other than leakage when in a steady 1 or 0 state. When the gate switches states, current is drawn from the power supply to charge the capacitance at the output of the gate. This means that the current draw of CMOS devices increases with switching rate (controlled by clock speed, typically).

The first CMOS family of logic integrated circuits was introduced by [[RCA]] as ''CD4000 COS/MOS'', the  [[4000 series]], in 1968. Initially CMOS logic was slower than LS-TTL. However, because the logic thresholds of CMOS were proportional to the power supply voltage, CMOS devices were well-adapted to battery-operated systems with simple power supplies. CMOS gates can also tolerate much wider voltage ranges than TTL gates because the logic thresholds are (approximately) proportional to power supply voltage, and not the fixed levels required by bipolar circuits.

The required silicon area for implementing such digital CMOS functions has rapidly shrunk. [[Very-large-scale integration|VLSI technology]] incorporating millions of basic logic operations onto one chip, almost exclusively uses CMOS. The extremely small capacitance of the on-chip wiring caused an increase in performance by several orders of magnitude. On-chip clock rates as high as 4&nbsp;GHz have become common, approximately 1000 times faster than the technology by 1970.

===Lowering the power supply voltage===
{{main | LVCMOS}}

CMOS chips often work with a broader range of power supply voltages than other logic families. Early TTL ICs required a [[power supply]] [[voltage]] of 5V, but early CMOS could use 3 to 15V.<ref>{{cite book |title=RCA COS/MOS integrated circuits |publisher=RCA Corporation |date=1978 |oclc=4894263 |series=SSD-250A}}<!-- Might be in there if someone could look, page needed --></ref> Lowering the supply voltage reduces the charge stored on any capacitances and consequently reduces the energy required for a logic transition. Reduced energy implies less heat dissipation. The energy stored in a capacitance ''C'' and changing ''V'' volts is ½&nbsp;''CV''<sup>2</sup>. By lowering the power supply from 5V to 3.3V, switching power was reduced by almost 60 percent ([[CPU power dissipation|power dissipation]] is proportional to the square of the supply voltage). Many motherboards have a [[voltage regulator module]] to provide the even lower power supply voltages required by many CPUs.

===HC logic===

Because of the incompatibility of the CD4000 series of chips with the previous TTL family, a new standard emerged which combined the best of the TTL family with the advantages of the CD4000 family. It was known as the 74HC (which used anywhere from 3.3V to 5V power supplies (and used logic levels relative to the power supply)), and with devices that used 5V power supplies and TTL [[logic level]]s.

===The CMOS–TTL logic level problem===
{{Further|logic-level shifter}}
Interconnecting any two logic families often required special techniques such as additional [[pull-up resistor]]s, or purpose-built interface circuits, since the logic families may use different [[logic level|voltage levels]] to represent 1 and 0 states, and may have other interface requirements only met within the logic family.

TTL logic levels are different from those of CMOS – generally a TTL output does not rise high enough to be reliably recognized as a logic 1 by a CMOS input. This problem was solved by the invention of the 74HCT family of devices that uses CMOS technology but TTL input logic levels. These devices only work with a 5V power supply. They form a replacement for TTL, although HCT is slower than original TTL (HC logic has about the same speed as original TTL).

===Other CMOS families===

Other CMOS circuit families within [[integrated circuit]]s include [[cascode voltage switch logic]] (CVSL) and [[pass transistor logic]] (PTL) of various sorts.  These are generally used "on-chip" and are not delivered as building-block medium-scale or small-scale integrated circuits.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Baker |first1=R. Jacob |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N0XgLh2d2pkC |title=CMOS Circuit Design, Layout, and Simulation |volume=1 |publisher=Wiley |year=2008 |pages=369–370 |isbn=978-0470229415 |accessdate=2021-11-17 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Segura |first1=Jaume |last2=Hawkins |first2=Charles F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vl8naJHBTDIC |title=CMOS Electronics How It Works, How It Fails |publisher=Wiley |date=2004-03-26 |page=132 |isbn=978-0471476696 |accessdate=2021-11-17 }}</ref>

==Bipolar CMOS (BiCMOS) logic==
{{main | BiCMOS}}
One major improvement was to combine CMOS inputs and TTL drivers to form of a new type of logic devices called [[BiCMOS|BiCMOS logic]], of which the LVT and ALVT logic families are the most important. The BiCMOS family has many members, including [[ABT logic]], [[ALB logic]], [[ALVT logic]], [[BCT logic]] and [[LVT logic]].

===Improved versions===
With HC and HCT logic and LS-TTL logic competing in the market it became clear that further improvements were needed to create the ''ideal'' logic device that combined high speed, with low power dissipation and compatibility with older logic families. A whole range of newer families has emerged that use CMOS technology. A short list of the most important family designators of these newer devices includes:
* [[LVCMOS|LV logic]] (lower supply voltage)
* [[LVT logic]] (lower supply voltage while retaining TTL logic levels)
* [[ALVT logic]] (an 'advanced' version of LVT logic)

There are many others including [[AC/ACT logic]], [[AHC/AHCT logic]], [[ALVC logic]], [[AUC logic]], [[AVC logic]], [[CBT logic]], [[CBTLV logic]], [[FCT logic]] and [[LVC logic]] ([[LVCMOS]]).

==Integrated injection logic (IIL)==
{{main | Integrated injection logic}}
The integrated injection logic (IIL or I<sup>2</sup>L) uses [[bipolar junction transistor|bipolar transistor]]s in a current-steering arrangement to implement logic functions.<ref>{{cite book |title=VLSI Custom Microelectronics: Digital: Analog, and Mixed-Signal |first=Stanley L. |last=Hurst |date=1999 |publisher=Marcel Dekker |pages=31–38 |isbn=0-203-90971-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0tUbAPn6dTkC&pg=PA31}}</ref> It was used in some integrated circuits, but it is now considered obsolete.<ref>{{harvnb|Hurst|1999|p=38}}</ref>

==Monolithic integrated circuit logic families compared==

The following logic families would either have been used to build up systems from functional blocks such as flip-flops, counters, and gates, or else would be used as "glue" logic to interconnect very-large scale integration devices such as memory and processors. Not shown are some early obscure logic families from the early 1960s such as DCTL (direct-coupled transistor logic), which did not become widely available.

''Propagation delay'' is the time taken for a two-input NAND gate to produce a result after a change of state at its inputs. ''Toggle speed'' represents the fastest speed at which a J-K flip flop could operate. ''Power per gate'' is for an individual 2-input NAND gate; usually there would be more than one gate per IC package.  Values are very typical and would vary slightly depending on application conditions, manufacturer, temperature, and particular type of logic circuit. ''Introduction year'' is when at least some of the devices of the family were available in volume for civilian uses. Some military applications pre-dated civilian use.<ref>{{cite book |title=The TTL Data Book for Design Engineers |edition=1st |publisher=[[Texas Instruments]] |date=1973 |pages=59, 87 |oclc=6908409}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first1=Paul |last1=Horowitz |first2=Winfield |last2=Hill |title=The Art of Electronics |edition=2nd |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=1989 |isbn=0-521-37095-7 |chapter=Table 9.1 |page=570}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" frame=void rules=rows style="border-collapse:collapse; font-size:smaller;"
|- valign=bottom style="border-bottom: 3px double #999;"
! align=left | Family
! align=left | Description
! align=left | Propagation delay (ns)
! align=left | Toggle speed (MHz)
! align=left | Power per gate @1&nbsp;MHz (mW)
! align=left | Typical supply voltage V (range)
! align=left | Introduction year
! align=left | Remarks
|- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;"
| RTL
| [[Resistor–transistor logic]]
| 500
| 4
| 10
| 3.3
| 1963
| the first CPU built from integrated circuits (the [[Apollo Guidance Computer]]) used RTL.
|- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;"
| DTL
| [[Diode–transistor logic]]
| 25
|
| 10
| 5
| 1962
| Introduced by Signetics, Fairchild 930 line became industry standard in 1964
|- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;"
| PMOS
| MEM 1000
| 300
| 1
| 9
| -27 and -13
| 1967
| Introduced by General Instrument
|- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;"
| CMOS
| AC/ACT
| 3
| 125
| 0.5
| 3.3 or 5 (2-6 or 4.5-5.5)
| 1985
| ACT has TTL compatible levels
|- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;"
| CMOS
| HC/HCT
| 9
| 50
| 0.5
| 5 (2-6 or 4.5-5.5)
| 1982
| HCT has TTL compatible levels
|- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;"
| CMOS
| 4000B/74C
| 30
| 5
| 1.2
| 10V (3-18)
| 1970
| Approximately half speed and power at 5 volts
|- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;"
| TTL
| Original series
| 10
| 25
| 10
| 5 (4.75-5.25)
| 1964
| Several manufacturers
|- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;"
| TTL
| L
| 33
| 3
| 1
| 5 (4.75-5.25)
| 1964
| Low power
|- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;"
| TTL
| H
| 6
| 43
| 22
| 5 (4.75-5.25)
| 1964
| High speed 
|- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;"
| TTL
| S
| 3
| 100
| 19
| 5 (4.75-5.25)
| 1969
| Schottky high speed 
|- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;"
| TTL
| LS
| 10
| 40
| 2
| 5 (4.75-5.25)
| 1976
| Low power Schottky high speed
|- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;"
| TTL
| ALS
| 4
| 50
| 1.3
| 5 (4.5-5.5)
| 1976
| Advanced Low power Schottky 
|- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;"
| TTL
| F
| 3.5
| 100
| 5.4
| 5 (4.75-5.25)
| 1979
| Fast
|- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;"
| TTL
| AS
| 2
| 105
| 8
| 5 (4.5-5.5)
| 1980
| Advanced Schottky 
|- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;"
|TTL
|G
|1.5
|1125 (1.125&nbsp;GHz)
|
|1.65 - 3.6
|2004
|First GHz 7400 series logic
|- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;"
| ECL
| ECL III
| 1
| 500
| 60
| -5.2(-5.19 - -5.21)
| 1968
| Improved ECL 
|- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;"
| ECL
| MECL I
| 8
|
| 31
| -5.2
| 1962
| first integrated logic circuit commercially produced
|- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;"
| ECL
| ECL 10K
| 2
| 125
| 25
| -5.2(-5.19 - -5.21)
| 1971
| Motorola
|- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;"
| ECL
| ECL 100K
| 0.75
| 350
| 40
| -4.5(-4.2 - -5.2)
| 1981
|
|- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;"
| ECL
| ECL 100KH
| 1
| 250
| 25
| -5.2(-4.9 - -5.5)
| 1981
|  
|}

== On-chip design styles ==

Several techniques and design styles are primarily used in designing large single-chip application-specific integrated circuits (ASIC) and CPUs, rather than generic logic families intended for use in multi-chip applications.

These design styles can typically be divided into two main categories,
[[dynamic logic (digital logic)#Static versus dynamic logic|static techniques]] and
[[dynamic logic (digital logic)|clocked dynamic techniques]].
(See [[dynamic logic (digital electronics)#Static versus dynamic logic|static versus dynamic logic]] for some discussion on the advantages and disadvantages of each category).

=== Static logic ===
* Pulsed static CMOS
* Differential cascode voltage switch (DCVS)
* Cascode non-threshold logic (CNTL)
* Pass-gate/transmission-gate logic: [[pass transistor logic]] (PTL)
* Complementary pass-gate logic (CPL)
* Push–pull logic
* Output prediction logic (OPL)
* [[Cascode voltage switch logic]] (CVSL)

=== Dynamic logic ===
* [[four-phase logic]]
* [[domino logic]]
* Footless domino
* NORA/zipper logic
* Multiple-output domino
* Compound domino
* Dual-rail domino
* Self-resetting domino
* Sample-set differential logic
* Limited-switch dynamic logic

==See also==
* [[4000 series]] (commercial CMOS logic)
* [[7400 series]] (commercial transistor-transistor logic)
* [[Logic gate]]
* [[Pin-compatibility]]
* [[Open collector]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |editor-first=H.P. |editor-last=Westman  |title=Reference Data for Radio Engineers |edition=6th  |publisher=Howard W. Sams & Co. |isbn=0-672-21218-8 |oclc=919405869 }} [https://archive.org/details/referencedatafor00inte 4th ed. 1964]
* {{cite web |title=What Computers Are Made From |author-first=John J. G. |author-last=Savard |date=2018 |orig-year=2005 |work=quadibloc |url=http://www.quadibloc.com/comp/cp01.htm |access-date=2018-07-16 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702235616/http://www.quadibloc.com/comp/cp01.htm |archive-date=2018-07-02}}
* {{cite web |title=Logic Guide |author=Texas Instrument |url=http://www.ti.com/lit/sg/sdyu001ab/sdyu001ab.pdf}}

{{Logic Families}}

[[Category:Logic families| ]]