Editing Long-tailed duck

{{Short description|Species of bird}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2012}}
{{Speciesbox
 | name              = Long-tailed duck
 | image             = Long-tailed-duck.jpg
 | image_caption     = Non-breeding male
 | image2            = Clangula-hyemalis-011.jpg
 | image2_caption    = Female<br />
[[File:Clangula hyemalis.ogg|thumb|center|Call, Long Island, New York]]
 | status            = VU
 | status_system     = IUCN3.1
 | status_ref        = <ref name="iucn status 11 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2018 |title=''Clangula hyemalis'' |volume=2018 |page=e.T22680427A132528200 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22680427A132528200.en |access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref>
 | genus             = Clangula
 | parent_authority  = [[William Elford Leach|Leach]], 1819
 | species           = hyemalis
 | authority         = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]])
 | synonyms          = *''Anas hyemalis'' {{small|Linnaeus,&nbsp;1758}}
*''Anas glacialis'' {{small|Linnaeus,&nbsp;1766}}
*''Harelda hyemalis'' {{small|(Linnaeus,&nbsp;1758)}}
 | range_map         = Clangula hyemalis map.svg
}}
[[File:Long-tailed duck (Clangula hyemalis) breeding male Oppdal.jpg|thumb|Breeding male, Norway]]

The '''long-tailed duck''' ('''''Clangula hyemalis''''') or '''coween''',<ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|coween|accessdate=20 January 2024}}</ref> is a medium-sized [[sea duck]] that breeds in the tundra and taiga regions of the arctic and winters along the northern coastlines of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. It is the only member of the [[genus]] '''''Clangula'''''.

==Taxonomy==
The long-tailed duck was [[Species description|formally described]] by the Swedish naturalist [[Carl Linnaeus]] in 1758 in the [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|tenth edition]] of his ''[[Systema Naturae]]''. He placed it with all the other ducks in the genus ''[[Anas]]'' and coined the [[binomial nomenclature|binomial name]] ''Anas hyemalis''.<ref>{{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=Carl | author-link=Carl Linnaeus | year=1758 | title= Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | volume=1 | edition=10th | page=126 | publisher=Laurentii Salvii | location=Holmiae (Stockholm) | language=Latin | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727031 }}</ref> Linnaeus cited the English naturalist [[George Edwards (naturalist)|George Edwards]]'s description and illustration of the "Long-tailed duck from Hudson's-Bay" that had been published in 1750 in the third volume of his ''A Natural History of Uncommon Birds''.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Edwards | first=George | author-link=George Edwards (naturalist) | year=1750 | title=A Natural History of Uncommon Birds | location=London | publisher=Printed for the author at the College of Physicians | volume=Part III | page=156 Plates 156 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/50196354 }}</ref>

This duck is now the only species placed in the genus ''Clangula''; the genus was introduced in 1819 by the English zoologist [[William Elford Leach|William Leach]] to accommodate the long-tailed duck, in an appendix on species to [[John Ross (Royal Navy officer)|John Ross]]'s account of his voyage to look for the [[Northwest Passage]].<ref>{{ cite book | last=Leach | first=William Elford | author-link=William Elford Leach | editor-last=Ross | editor-first=John | editor-link=John Ross (Royal Navy officer)| year=1819 | title=A Voyage of Discovery made under the orders of the Admiralty in her Majesty's ships Isabella and Alexander, for the purpose of exploring Baffin's Bay, and enquiring into the probability of a North-West passage | location=London | publisher=John Murray | at=Appendix II: Zoological Memoranda, pp. 48–49 | url=https://archive.org/details/voyageofdiscover00ross/page/48/mode/1up }}</ref><ref>{{ cite book | editor1-last=Mayr | editor1-first=Ernst | editor1-link=Ernst Mayr | editor2-last=Cottrell | editor2-first=G. William | year=1979 | title=Check-List of Birds of the World | volume=1 | edition=2nd | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=492 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16109132 }}</ref><ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | date=July 2021 | title=Screamers, ducks, geese & swans | work=IOC World Bird List Version 11.2 | url=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/waterfowl/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=1 December 2021 }}</ref> The genus name ''Clangula'' is a diminutive of the [[Latin]] ''clangere'', meaning "to resound". The specific epithet ''hyemalis'', also Latin, means "of winter".<ref>{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title= The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn= 978-1-4081-2501-4 | pages=[https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n110/mode/1up 110], [https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n197/mode/1up 197]}}</ref> The species is considered to be [[monotypic]] – no [[subspecies]] are recognised.<ref name=ioc/>

In [[North American English]] it is sometimes called ''oldsquaw'', though this name has fallen out of favour. In 2000, the American Ornithologists' Union (AOU) formally adopted the name ''long-tailed duck'', in response to petitioning by a group of biologists who feared that the former name would be offensive to [[Indigenous peoples in the Americas|Native American]] tribes whose help was required for conservation efforts.{{efn|Though ''[[squaw]]'' originated as a word simply meaning "young woman" in the [[Massachusett]] and related [[Algonquian languages]], it is now considered offensive by many Native Americans and is labelled as such in modern dictionaries.<ref name="NMAI">{{cite book |author=National Museum of the American Indian |title=Do All Indians Live in Tipis? |location=New York |publisher=HarperCollins |date=2007 |isbn=978-0-06-115301-3 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780061153013 |page=12}}</ref>}} The AOU stated that "[[political correctness]]" alone was not sufficient to justify changing a long-standing name, but in this case decided to make the change because doing so would "conform with English usage in other parts of the world".<ref name=AOU/>

An undescribed [[Conspecificity|congener]] is known from the [[Middle Miocene]] [[Sajóvölgyi Formation]] (Late [[Badenian]], 13–12 Mya) of [[Mátraszőlős]], [[Hungary]].<ref name=Gal1998/>

==Distribution==
Long-tailed ducks breed on [[tundra]] across northern Eurasia (in Russian [[Siberia]], [[Kamchatka]], and [[Karelia]], for example), the [[Faroe Islands]], Finland, parts of southern Greenland, Iceland, Norway, as well as across northern North America (Alaska and northern Canada).

In winter, they are found on and near large bodies of seawater, such as the [[Northern Pacific Ocean]], the [[North Atlantic Ocean]], [[Hudson Bay]] and the American [[Great Lakes]]. Small numbers are found on the Missouri river

==Description==
[[File:Long-tailed Duck (Clangula hyemalis).jpg|thumb|In flight]]
Adults have white underparts, though the rest of the [[plumage]] goes through a complex moulting process. The male has a long pointed tail ({{convert|10|to|15|cm|in|abbr=on}} long) and a dark grey [[beak|bill]] crossed by a [[pink]] band. In winter, the male has a dark cheek patch on a mainly white head and neck, a dark breast and mostly white body. In summer, the male is dark on the head, neck and back with a white cheek patch. The female has a brown back and a relatively short pointed tail. In winter, the female's head and neck are white with a dark crown. In summer, the head is dark. Juveniles resemble adult females in autumn plumage, though with a lighter, less distinct cheek patch.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 87%;"
|-
! colspan="2" | Standard Measurements<ref name=BOC /><ref name=Sibley />
|-
| style="padding-right: 1em;padding-left:0.35em;" | [[Bird measurement#Total Body Length|Total Body Length]] || style="padding-right: 0.5em;padding-left:0.5em;" | {{convert|17.5|-|23.5|in|mm|abbr=on|order=flip}}
|-
| style="padding-right: 1em;padding-left:0.35em;" | [[Bird measurement#Weight|Weight]] || style="padding-right: 0.5em;padding-left:0.5em;" | {{convert|740|g|lb|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="padding-right: 1em;padding-left:0.35em;" | [[Bird measurement#Wingspan|Wingspan]] || style="padding-right: 0.5em;padding-left:0.5em;" | {{convert|28|in|mm|abbr=on|order=flip}}
|-
| style="padding-right: 1em;padding-left:0.35em;" | [[Bird measurement#Wing|Wing]] || style="padding-right: 0.5em;padding-left:0.5em;" | {{convert|209|-|228|mm|in|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="padding-right: 1em;padding-left:0.35em;" | [[Bird measurement#Tail|Tail]] || style="padding-right: 0.5em;padding-left:0.5em;" | {{convert|165|-|237|mm|in|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="padding-right: 1em;padding-left:0.35em;" | [[Bird measurement#Culmen|Culmen]] || style="padding-right: 0.5em;padding-left:0.5em;" | {{convert|26|-|30|mm|in|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="padding-right: 1em;padding-left:0.35em;" | [[Bird measurement#Tarsus|Tarsus]] || style="padding-right: 0.5em;padding-left:0.5em;" | {{convert|34|-|38|mm|in|abbr=on}}
|}

The males are vocal and have a musical yodelling call ''ow, ow, owal-ow''.

==Behaviour==
[[File:Clangula hyemalis MWNH 1029.JPG|right|thumb|upright=0.7|Egg, [[Museum Wiesbaden]]]]
[[File:Clangula hyemalis -Iceland -mother and ducklings-8.jpg|right|thumb|Mother and six ducklings in Iceland]]
[[File:Clangula Hyemalis (Long Tailed Duck) 14.jpg|right|thumb|Swimming on [[Lake Ontario]]]]

===Breeding===
Their breeding habitat is in [[tundra]] pools and marshes, but also along sea coasts and in large mountain lakes in the North Atlantic region, Alaska, northern Canada, northern Europe, and Russia. The [[bird nest|nest]] is located on the ground near water; it is built using vegetation and lined with down. They are [[bird migration|migratory]] and winter along the eastern and western coasts of North America, on the [[Great Lakes]], coastal northern Europe and Asia, with stragglers to the [[Black Sea]]. The most important wintering area is the [[Baltic Sea]], where a total of about 4.5 million gather. As of 2022 it has also been breeding in parts of Western Europe, such as on the [[Marker Wadden]] in the Netherlands.

===Food and feeding===
The long-tailed duck is gregarious, forming large flocks in winter and during migration. They feed by diving for [[mollusk]]s, [[crustacean]]s and some small [[fish]]. Although they usually feed close to the surface, they are capable of diving to depths of {{convert|60|m|ft|abbr=on}}. According to the Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Birds they can dive to {{convert|80|fathom|m ft}}. They use their wings, like velvet scoters, to dive, which gives them the ability to dive much deeper than other ducks.

==Status==
The long-tailed duck is still hunted across a large part of its range. There has been a significant decline in the number of birds wintering in the Baltic Sea, partly due to their susceptibility to being trapped in [[gillnet]]s. For these reasons the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] (IUCN) has categorised the long-tailed duck as [[Vulnerable species|vulnerable]].<ref name="iucn status 11 November 2021"/> It is one of the species to which the ''[[Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds]]'' (AEWA) applies.<ref>{{ cite web | title=Species| url=https://www.unep-aewa.org/en/species | publisher=Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) | access-date=14 November 2021}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=AOU>{{cite journal |author=American Ornithologists' Union |year=2000 |title=Forty-second supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union ''Check-list of North American Birds'' |journal=[[The Auk]] |volume=117 |issue=3 |pages=847–858 |doi=10.1642/0004-8038(2000)117[0847:fsstta]2.0.co;2|doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name=BOC>{{cite book |last=Godfrey |first=W. Earl |date=1966 |title=The Birds of Canada |location=Ottawa |publisher=National Museum of Canada |page=72}}</ref>

<ref name=Gal1998>{{cite journal |last1=Gál |first1=Erika |last2=Hír |first2=János |last3=Kessler |first3=Eugén |last4=Kókay |first4=József |year=1998–1999 |title=Középsõ-miocén õsmaradványok, a Mátraszõlõs, Rákóczi-kápolna alatti útbevágásból. I. A Mátraszõlõs 1. lelõhely |trans-title=Middle Miocene fossils from the sections at the Rákóczi chapel at Mátraszőlős. Locality Mátraszõlõs I. |language=hu |journal=Folia Historico Naturalia Musei Matraensis |volume=23 |pages=33–78 |url=http://www.matramuzeum.hu/Personal/folia/23/03MATSZOLOS.PDF |access-date=2007-02-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721111701/http://www.matramuzeum.hu/Personal/folia/23/03MATSZOLOS.PDF |archive-date=2011-07-21 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name=Sibley>{{cite book |last=Sibley |first=David Allen |author-link=David Allen Sibley |date=2000 |title=The Sibley Guide to Birds |location=New York |publisher=Knopf |page=[https://archive.org/details/sibleyguidetobir00sibl_0/page/97 97] |isbn=0-679-45122-6 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/sibleyguidetobir00sibl_0/page/97 }}</ref>
}}

==External links==
* {{InternetBirdCollection|long-tailed-duck-clangula-hyemalis}}
* {{VIREO|Long-tailed+Duck}}
* [http://www.ornithos.de/Ornithos/Feather_Collection/Clangula_hyemalis/Clangula_hyemalis.htm Feathers of Long-tailed Duck (''Clangula hyemalis'')]
* {{IUCN_Map|22680427/166208883|Clangula hyemalis}}

{{Odontoanserae|B.|state=collapsed}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q26597}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Merginae]]
[[Category:Birds of the Arctic]]
[[Category:Holarctic birds]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1758]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]