Editing Longleaf pine

{{Short description|Species of plant (tree)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{speciesbox
| status = EN
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Farjon, A. |date=2013 |title=''Pinus palustris'' |volume=2013 |page=e.T39068A2886222 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T39068A2886222.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
| status2 = G5
| status2_system = TNC
| status2_ref = <ref>{{cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.152746/Pinus_palustris |website=explorer.natureserve.org |access-date=28 March 2022}}</ref>
| image = Pinus palustris UGA1.jpg
| image_caption = Longleaf pine (''Pinus palustris'') forest
| parent = Pinus subsect. Australes
| display_parents = 3
| taxon = Pinus palustris
| authority = [[Philip Miller|Mill.]]
| range_map = Pinus palustris range map.png 
}}

The '''longleaf pine''' ('''''Pinus palustris''''') is a [[pine]] species native to the [[Southeastern United States]], found along the coastal plain from [[East Texas]] to southern [[Virginia]], extending into northern and central [[Florida]].<ref name="range">{{Cite web
| title = Longleaf Pine Range Map
| work = The Longleaf Alliance
| access-date = 25 November 2015
| url = http://www.longleafalliance.org/next-generation/lesson-material/range-bw.pdf/at_download/file
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151125185820/http://www.longleafalliance.org/next-generation/lesson-material/range-bw.pdf/at_download/file
| archive-date = 25 November 2015
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> In this area it is also known as "yellow pine" or "long leaf yellow pine", although it is properly just one out of a number of species termed [[yellow pine]].  It reaches a height of {{convert|30|-|35|m|ft|abbr=on}} and a diameter of {{convert|0.7|m|in|abbr=on}}. In the past, before extensive logging, they reportedly grew to {{convert|47|m|ft|abbr=on}} with a diameter of {{convert|1.2|m|in|abbr=on}}. The tree is a cultural symbol of the [[Southern United States]], being the official state tree of [[Alabama]].<ref name="ArchivesAlabama2014">{{cite web |title=Official Emblems and Symbols, Tree, Southern Longleaf Pine |url=https://archives.alabama.gov/emblems/st_tree.html |website=archives.alabama.gov |publisher=Alabama Department of Archives and History |access-date=16 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818151514/http://www.archives.alabama.gov/emblems/st_tree.html |archive-date=18 August 2014}}</ref> This particular species is one of the eight pine tree species that falls under the "Pine" designation as the state tree of [[North Carolina]].<ref name="Case">{{cite web |url=https://www.ncpedia.org/tree-pine |title=State Tree of North Carolina: Pine |last=Case |first=Steven |date=2011 |website=NCPedia |access-date=2020-07-06}}</ref>

==Description==
[[File:Longleaf pine bark.jpg|left|thumb|Close up of longleaf pine bark]]
The bark is thick, reddish-brown, and scaly.<ref name="Bonnicksen2000">{{cite book|author=Thomas M. Bonnicksen|title=America's Ancient Forests: From the Ice Age to the Age of Discovery|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=diE7u3qX374C&pg=PA234|date=7 February 2000|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-471-13622-4|page=234}}</ref><ref name="Grimm2002">{{cite book|author=William Carey Grimm|title=Illustrated Book of Trees: The Comprehensive Field Guide to More than 250 Trees of Eastern North America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MQ7uv7tCSOwC&pg=PT181|date=1 March 2002|publisher=Stackpole Books|isbn=978-0-8117-4164-4|page=181}}</ref> The [[leaf|leaves]] are dark green and needle-like, and occur in bundles of mainly three, sometimes two or four, especially in seedlings. They often are twisted and {{convert|20|-|45|cm|in|abbr=off|frac=4}} in length.  A local [[Race (biology)|race]] of ''P. palustris'' in a cove near Rockingham, North Carolina, have needles up to 24 inches (61 centimeters ) in length.<ref>{{cite book | last1= Coker | first1= William C. Ph.D. | last2= Totten | first2= Henry R. Ph.D. | date= 1945 | title= Trees of the Southeastern States | location= Chapel Hill, No. Carol. | publisher= Univ. No. Carol. Press | page= 19 }}</ref> It is one of the two Southeastern U.S. pines with long needles, the other being [[Pinus elliottii|slash pine]].

The [[conifer cone|cones]], both female seed cones (ovulate strobili) and male pollen cones (staminate [[strobili]]), are initiated during the growing season before buds emerge. Pollen cones begin forming in their buds in July, while seed conelets are formed during a relatively short period of time in August. Pollination occurs early the following spring, with the male cones {{convert|3|-|8|cm|abbr=on|frac=4}} long. The female (seed) cones mature in about 20 months from pollination; when mature, they are yellow-brown in color, {{convert|15|-|25|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=4}} long, and {{convert|5|-|7|cm|abbr=on|frac=4}} broad, opening to {{convert|12|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=4}}, and have a small, but sharp, downward-pointing spine on the middle of each scale. The [[seed]]s are {{convert|7|-|9|mm|frac=8}} long, with a {{convert|25|-|40|mm|abbr=on|adj=mid|frac=8}} wing.

Longleaf pine takes 100 to 150 years to become full size and may live to be 500 years old. When young, they grow a long [[taproot]], which usually is {{convert|2|-|3|m|ft|abbr=off|frac=2}} long; by maturity, they have a wide spreading lateral root system with several deep 'sinker' roots. They grow on well-drained, usually sandy [[soil]], characteristically in pure stands.<ref name="McArdle1930">{{cite book|author=Richard Edwin McArdle|title=The Yield of Douglas Fir in the Pacific Northwest|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dE3jFdjSab0C&pg=RA5-PA7|year=1930|publisher=U.S. Department of Agriculture|pages=5|quote=Longleaf pine in both the virgin forest and second growth is characteristically a tree of pure stand—one in which 80 per cent or more of the trees are of a single species.}}</ref> 
Longleaf pine also is known as being one of several species grouped as a [[southern yellow pine]]<ref name="Moore2008">{{cite book |author1=Moore, Gerry |author2=Kershner, Bruce |author3=Craig Tufts |author4=Daniel Mathews |author5=Gil Nelson |author6=Spellenberg, Richard |author7=Thieret, John W. |author8=Terry Purinton |author9=Block, Andrew |title=National Wildlife Federation Field Guide to Trees of North America |publisher=Sterling |location=New York |year=2008 |page=75 |isbn=978-1-4027-3875-3}}</ref> or longleaf yellow pine, and in the past as pitch pine (a name dropped as it caused confusion with pitch pine, ''[[Pinus rigida]]'').

==Etymology==
The species [[epithet]] ''palustris'' is Latin for "of the marsh" and indicates its common habitat.<ref>Archibald William Smith {{google books|ahNMkgoNJ7IC|A Gardener's Handbook of Plant Names: Their Meanings and Origins|page=258}}</ref>  The scientific name meaning "of marshes" is a misunderstanding on the part of [[Philip Miller]], who described the species, after seeing longleaf pine forests with temporary winter flooding.

==Ecology==
[[Image:Grassstage 8236.jpg|left|thumb|Longleaf pine: 'grass stage' seedling, near [[Georgetown, South Carolina]]]]
Longleaf pine is highly [[pyrophyte|pyrophytic]] (resistant to [[wildfire]]) and dependent on fire. Their thick bark and growth habits help to provide a tolerance to fire.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Longleaf Pine Forests|url=https://www.nclongleaf.org/llPineForests.html|access-date=2020-10-02|website=www.nclongleaf.org}}</ref> Periodic natural wildfire and anthropogenic fires select for this species by removing competition and exposing bare soil for successful germination of seeds.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Wahlenberg|first=W.G.|title=Longleaf Pine: Its Use, Ecology, Regeneration, Protection, Growth, and Management|chapter=Chapter 4: Role of Fire in Regeneration of Longleaf Pine|publisher=Charles Lathrop Pack Forestry Foundation|location=Washington, D.C.|pages=57–67|access-date=20 August 2023|chapter-url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/60165287|via=Biodiversity Heritage Library|year=1946}}</ref>{{rp|58–59}} The lack of medium-tall trees (called a midstory [[Canopy (biology)|canopy]]) leads to open longleaf pine [[forest]]s or [[Eastern savannas of the United States|savannas]]. New seedlings do not appear at all tree-like and resemble a dark-green fountain of needles. This form is called the grass stage. During this stage, which lasts for 5–12 years, vertical growth is very slow, and the tree may take a number of years simply to grow ankle high. After that, it has a growth spurt, especially if it is in a [[Treefall gap|gap]] or no tree canopy is above it. In the grass stage, it is very resistant to low intensity fires because the terminal bud is protected from lethal heating by the tightly packed needles.  While relatively immune to fire at this stage, the plant is quite appealing to [[Wild boar#Feral pigs|feral pigs]]; the early settlers' habit of releasing swine into the woodlands to feed may have been partly responsible for the decline of the species.

Longleaf pine forests are rich in [[biodiversity]]. They are well-documented for their high levels of plant diversity, in groups including sedges, grasses, carnivorous plants, and orchids.<ref>Peet, R. K. and D. J Allard. 1993. Longleaf pine vegetation of the southern Atlantic and eastern Gulf coast regions: a preliminary classification. pp. 45–81. In S. M. Hermann (ed.) Proceedings of the Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference. No. 18. The Longleaf Pine Ecosystem: Ecology, Restoration, and Management. Florida: Tall Timbers Research Station.</ref><ref>Keddy, P.A., L. Smith, D.R. Campbell, M. Clark and G. Montz. 2006. Patterns of herbaceous plant diversity in southeastern Louisiana pine savannas. Applied Vegetation Science 9:17-26.</ref> These forests also provide habitat for [[gopher tortoise]]s, which as keystone species, dig burrows that provide habitat for hundreds of other species of animals. The [[red-cockaded woodpecker]] is dependent on mature pine forests and is now [[conservation status|endangered]] as a result of this decline. Longleaf pine [[seed]]s are large and nutritious, forming a significant food source for [[bird]]s (notably the [[brown-headed nuthatch]]) and other [[wildlife]]. Nine [[salamander]] species and 26 [[frog]] species are characteristic of pine savannas, along with 56 species of [[reptile]]s, 13 of which could be considered specialists on this habitat.<ref>Means, D. Bruce. 2006. Vertebrate faunal diversity in longleaf pine savannas. Pages 155-213 in S. Jose, E. Jokela and D. Miller (eds.) Longleaf Pine Ecosystems: Ecology, Management and Restoration. Springer, New York. xii + 438 pp.</ref>

The [[Red Hills Region]] of Florida and Georgia is home to some of the best-preserved stands of longleaf pines. These forests have been burned regularly for many decades to encourage [[bobwhite quail]] habitat in private hunting plantations.

== Native range, restoration, and protection ==
[[File:Timberpinesofsouth1896mohr 0038.jpg|left|thumb|Old growth longleaf pine stand, scorched by fire (top); longleaf pine stand after timber removal (bottom)]]
Before European settlement, longleaf pine forest dominated as much as {{convert|90000000|acre|km2}} stretching from Virginia south to Florida and west to East Texas. Its range was defined by the frequent widespread fires that were lit by humans and occurred naturally throughout the southeast. In the late 19th century, these virgin timber stands were "among the most sought-after timber trees in the country." This rich ecosystem now has been relegated to less than 5% of its presettlement range due to fire suppression and [[clear-cutting]] practices:

<blockquote>As they stripped the woods of their trees, loggers left mounds of flammable debris that frequently fueled catastrophic fires, destroying both the remaining trees and seedlings. The exposed earth left behind by clear-cutting operations was highly susceptible to erosion, and nutrients were washed from the already porous soils. This further destroyed the natural seeding process. At the peak of the timber cutting in the 1890s and first decade of the new century, the longleaf pine forests of the Sandhills were providing millions of board feet of timber each year. The timber cutters gradually moved across the South; by the 1920s, most of the "limitless" virgin longleaf pine forests were gone.
:— Jerry Simmons, "ASLC Large Operation from Beginnings"<ref>{{cite web |last=Simmons |first=Jerry |year=2009 |title=ASLC Large Operation from Beginnings |url=http://www.algersullivan.org/pdf/comp_hist_mod_3.pdf |access-date=28 October 2019}}</ref></blockquote>

<blockquote>In "[[pine barrens]]" most of the day. Low, level, sandy tracts; the pines wide apart; the sunny spaces between full of beautiful abounding grasses, [[liatris]], long, wand-like [[solidago]], [[Serenoa|saw palmettos]], etc., covering the ground in garden style. Here I sauntered in delightful freedom, meeting none of the cat-clawed vines, or shrubs, of the alluvial bottoms.
: – [[John Muir]]</blockquote>
[[Image:LongleafPine.jpg|right|thumb|Naturally regenerated longleaf pines in [[DeSoto National Forest]], [[Mississippi]]]]

Efforts are being made to restore longleaf pine ecosystems within its natural range. Some groups such as the Longleaf Alliance are actively promoting research, education, and management of the longleaf pine.<ref name="longleafalliance">{{Cite web |title=Longleaf Pine Forests and Longleaf Alliance Home |url=http://www.longleafalliance.org/ |access-date=2009-04-04 |work=Longleaf Alliance}}</ref>

The [[USDA]] offers cost-sharing and technical assistance to private landowners for longleaf restoration through the [[Natural Resources Conservation Service|NRCS]] Longleaf Pine Initiative. Similar programs are available through most state forestry agencies in the longleaf's native range. In August 2009, the Alabama Forestry Commission received $1.757 million in stimulus money to restore longleaf pines in state forests.<ref name="birminghamnews">{{Cite web |title=Stimulus to fund repopulation of longleaf pines in Alabama |url=http://www.al.com/news/birminghamnews/statebriefs.ssf?/base/news/1251792925311250.xml&coll=2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006083924/http://www.al.com/news/birminghamnews/statebriefs.ssf?%2Fbase%2Fnews%2F1251792925311250.xml&coll=2 |archive-date=6 October 2012 |access-date=2009-09-01 |work=The Birmingham News}}</ref>

Four large core areas within the range of the species provide the opportunity to protect the biological diversity of the coastal plain and to restore wilderness areas east of the Mississippi River.<ref>Keddy, P.A. 2009. Thinking big: A conservation vision for the Southeastern coastal plain of North America. Southeastern Naturalist 8: 213-226.</ref> Each of these four ([[Eglin Air Force Base]]: 187,000+ ha; [[Apalachicola National Forest]]: 228,000+ ha; [[Okefenokee]]-[[Osceola National Forest|Osceola]]: 289,000+ ha; [[De Soto National Forest]]: 200,000+ ha) have nearby lands that offer the potential to expand the total protected territory for each area to well beyond 500,000 ha. These areas would provide the opportunity not only to restore forest stands, but also to restore populations of native plants and animals threatened by landscape fragmentation.

Notable eccentric populations exist within the [[Uwharrie National Forest]] in the central Piedmont region of North Carolina. These have survived owing to relative inaccessibility, and in one instance, intentional protection in the 20th century by a private landowner (a property now owned and conserved by the LandTrust for Central North Carolina).

[[File:Post-burn longleaf pine saplings.jpg|left|thumb|Longleaf pine saplings post-burn, all trees are still alive]]
The United States Forest Service is conducting prescribed burning programs in the 258,864-acre [[Francis Marion National Forest]], located outside of [[Charleston, South Carolina]]. They are hoping to increase the longleaf pine forest type to {{convert|44700|acre|km2}} by 2017 and {{convert|53500|acre|km2}} in the long term.  In addition to longleaf restoration, prescribed burning will enhance the endangered red-cockaded woodpeckers' preferred habitat of open, park-like stands, provide habitat for wildlife dependent on grass-shrub habitat, which is very limited, and reduce the risk of damaging wildfires.<ref>{{cite web |date=2007-09-26 |title=Fiscal Year 2006 Monitoring and Evaluation Annual Report |url=http://www.fs.fed.us/r8/fms/fmarion/resources/documents/FM_2006_MonitoringRpt_final.pdf |access-date=2009-06-16 |work=Francis Marion National Forest |publisher=United States Forest Service}}</ref>

Since the 1960s, longleaf restoration has been ongoing on almost 95,000 acres of state and federal land in the [[Sandhills (Carolina)|sandhills]] region of South Carolina, between the [[Piedmont (United States)|piedmont]] and coastal plain.  The region is characterized by deep, infertile sands deposited by a prehistoric sea, with generally arid conditions. By the 1930s, most of the native longleaf had been logged, and the land was heavily eroded. Between 1935 and 1939, the federal government purchased large portions of this area from local landowners as a relief measure under the [[Resettlement Administration]]. These landowners were resettled on more fertile land elsewhere. Today, the South Carolina Sand Hills State Forest comprises about half of the acreage, and half is owned by the [[United States Fish and Wildlife Service]] as the adjacent [[Carolina Sandhills National Wildlife Refuge]]. At first, restoration of forest cover was the goal. Fire suppression was practiced until the 1960s, when prescribed fire was introduced on both the state forest<ref>{{cite web |title=SCFC Sand Hills |url=http://www.state.sc.us/forest/refshill.htm |website=www.state.sc.us}}</ref> and the Sandhills NWR<ref>{{cite web |title=Carolina Sandhills NWR History |url=http://www.fws.gov/refuge/Carolina_Sandhills/about.html}}</ref><ref name="USFWSburn">{{cite web |title=Refuge to Begin Conducting Prescribed Burns in February |url=http://www.fws.gov/carolinasandhills/pdf/RXBurning2011.pdf |access-date=2011-12-14 |work=[[United States Fish and Wildlife Service]]}}</ref> as part of the restoration of the longleaf/wiregrass ecosystem.

[[Nokuse Plantation]] is a 53,000-acre private nature preserve located around 100 miles east of [[Pensacola, Florida]]. The preserve was established by M.C. Davis, a wealthy philanthropist who made his fortune buying and selling land and mineral rights, and who has spent $90 million purchasing land for the preserve, primarily from timber companies.  One of its main goals is the restoration of longleaf pine forest, to which end he has had 8 million longleaf pine seedlings planted on the land.<ref name="Block2015">{{cite news |last1=Block |first1=Melissa |date=17 June 2015 |title=Gambler-Turned-Conservationist Devotes Fortune To Florida Nature Preserve |work=All Things Considered |agency=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/2015/06/17/415226300/gambler-turned-conservationist-devotes-fortune-to-florida-nature-preserve |access-date=18 June 2015}}</ref>

A 2009 study by the National Wildlife Federation says that longleaf pine forests will be particularly well adapted to environmental changes caused by [[global warming|climate disruption]].
<ref>{{cite web |date=2009-12-12 |title=Restoring roots of Southeast: Environmental benefits, quality of wood touted |url=http://www.postandcourier.com/news/2009/dec/12/restoring-roots-of-southeast/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100409090452/https://www.postandcourier.com/news/2009/dec/12/restoring-roots-of-southeast/ |archive-date=9 April 2010 |access-date=2009-12-12 |publisher=The (Charleston, SC) Post and Courier}}</ref>

In 2023, the [[Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation]] announced a plan to reintroduce longleaf pines to the [[Dendron Swamp Natural Area Preserve]], with seedlings propagated from cones collected at [[South Quay Sandhills Natural Area Preserve]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Harlow |first=Katelyn |date=7 August 2023 |title=Native pine tree species to be restored in Southeast Virginia |url=https://www.wric.com/news/virginia-news/native-pine-tree-species-to-be-restored-in-southeast-virginia |access-date=22 July 2024 |work=8News}}</ref>

== Uses ==
[[File:P. palustris catface.jpg|left|thumb|alt= Side-by-side photo and print each show men working on cutting a so-called "cat-face" into a longleaf pine tree to extract resin. The two men in the photo on the left are of African descent and the man in the pringing on the right shows lighter skin.|Men shown harvesting resin from longleaf pine trees]]
[[Image:Pinus palustris Pengo.jpg|right|thumb|''Pinus palustris'' close-up]]
[[File:Pinus palustris seed tree.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Mature longleaf pine tree with a prolific number of female cones. Lake City, Florida, 1929]]
Vast forests of longleaf pine once were present along the southeastern [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] coast and [[Gulf of Mexico|Gulf Coast]] of [[North America]], as part of the [[Eastern savannas of the United States|eastern savannas]]. These forests were the source of naval stores{{Snd}}[[resin]], [[turpentine]], and [[timber]]{{Snd}}needed by [[merchant]]s and the [[navy]] for their [[ship]]s. They have been cutover since for timber and usually replaced with faster-growing [[loblolly pine]] and [[Pinus elliottii|slash pine]], for [[agriculture]], and for urban and suburban development. Due to this deforestation and overharvesting, only about 3% of the original longleaf pine forest remains, and little new is planted. Longleaf pine is available, however, at many nurseries within its range; the southernmost known point of sale is in [[Lake Worth Beach, Florida]].

The yellow, resinous [[wood]] is used for [[lumber]] and [[Wood pulp|pulp]]. Boards cut years ago from virgin [[timber]] were very wide, up to {{convert|1|m|ft|abbr=on}}, and a thriving salvage business obtains these boards from demolition projects to be reused as flooring in upscale homes.

The extremely long needles are popular for use in the ancient craft of coiled basket making.

Annual sales of pine straw for use as [[mulch]] were estimated at $200M in 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Frankel|first=Todd C.|date=2021-03-31|title=The 'brown gold' that falls from pine trees in North Carolina|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2021/03/31/pine-needle-mulch-north-carolina/|access-date=2021-04-01|newspaper=[[Washington Post]]|language=en}}</ref>

The stumps and taproots of old trees become saturated with resin and will not rot. Farmers sometimes find old buried stumps in fields, even in some that were cleared a century ago, and these usually are dug up and sold as [[fatwood]], "fat lighter", or "lighter wood", which is in demand as kindling for fireplaces, wood stoves, and barbecue pits. In old-growth pine, the [[heartwood]] of the [[Trunk (botany)|bole]] is often saturated in the same way. When boards are cut from the fat lighter wood, they are very heavy and will not rot, but buildings constructed of them are quite flammable and make extremely hot fires.

The seeds of the longleaf pine are edible raw or roasted.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Deuerling|first1=Dick|last2=Lantz|first2=Peggy|date=Winter 1990|title=Nuts to You!|url=https://www.fnps.org/assets/pdf/palmetto/deuerling_dick__peggy_lantz_nuts_to_you__native_wild_foods_series_vol_10_no_4_winter_1990.pdf|journal=The Palmetto|volume=10|issue=4|pages=13|via=Florida Native Plant Society}}</ref>

==Culture==
The longleaf pine is the official [[List of U.S. state trees|state tree]] of Alabama.<ref>{{Cite web
| title = Southern Longleaf Pine
| work = Official Symbols and Emblems of Alabama
| access-date = 2009-04-04
| url = http://www.archives.state.al.us/emblems/st_tree.html
| archive-date = 1 June 2019
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190601104835/http://www.archives.state.al.us/emblems/st_tree.html
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> It is referenced by name in the first line of the official [[North Carolina State Toast]].<ref name="Case"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=1957 |title=North Carolina General Statutes - § 149-2{{!}}"A Toast" to North Carolina |url=https://www.ncleg.net/enactedlegislation/statutes/html/bysection/chapter_149/gs_149-2.html |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=www.ncleg.net}}</ref> Also, the state's highest honor is named the "[[Order of the Long Leaf Pine]]". The state tree of North Carolina is officially designated as simply "pine", under which this and seven other species fall.<ref name="Case"/><ref>{{cite web |date=1963 |title=North Carolina General Statutes - § 145-3{{!}}State tree |url=http://www.ncleg.net/enactedlegislation/statutes/html/bysection/chapter_145/gs_145-3.html |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=www.ncleg.net}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Alabama}}
* [[Longleaf pine ecosystem]]
* [[Mountain Longleaf National Wildlife Refuge]]
* [[Sonderegger pine]], a hybrid between [[Pinus taeda|loblolly]] and longleaf species

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{Citation
| title = "A Toast" to North Carolina.
| access-date = 2009-04-04
| date = January 1957
| url = http://www.ncleg.net/enactedlegislation/statutes/html/bysection/chapter_149/gs_149-2.html
}}
* {{Cite web
| last = Vanderbilt University
| first = Department of Biological Sciences
| title = Bioimages - Pinus palustris
| work = Bioimages
| access-date = 2009-04-04
| url = http://www.cas.vanderbilt.edu/bioimages/species/frame/pipa2.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110607015457/http://www.cas.vanderbilt.edu/bioimages/species/frame/pipa2.htm
| archive-date = 7 June 2011
| url-status = dead
}}
* {{Cite web
| title = Pinus palustris description
| work = The Gymnosperm Database
| access-date = 2009-04-04
| url = http://www.conifers.org/pi/pin/palustris.htm
}}
* {{Citation
| title = Pinus palustris in Flora of North America @ efloras.org
| access-date = 2009-04-04
| url = http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200005348
}}
* {{Citation
| title = State tree
| access-date = 2009-04-04
| date = January 1963
| url = http://www.ncleg.net/enactedlegislation/statutes/html/bysection/chapter_145/gs_145-3.html
}}
* {{Cite web
| title = Tall Timbers
| access-date = 2009-04-04
| url = http://www.talltimbers.org/
}}
* {{Cite journal
| volume = 1
| issue = 1
| pages = 42–53
| last = Outcalt
| first = Kenneth W.
| title = The Longleaf Pine Ecosystem of the South
| journal = Native Plants Journal
| year = 2000
| doi = 10.3368/npj.1.1.42
| doi-access = free
}}
* {{Cite book
| last = Ashe
| first = William Willard
| title = The Forests, Forest Lands, and Forest Products of Eastern North Carolina
| publisher = J. Daniels
| access-date = 2009-04-04
| year = 1897
| url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_ICgDAAAAYAAJ
| quote = eastern north carolina forests.
}}
* {{Cite web
 |title      = North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service - Reforestation of North Carolina's Pines
 |access-date = 2009-04-04
 |date       = 2007-08-14
 |url        = http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/nreos/forest/woodland/won-09.html
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/19970712160702/http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/nreos/forest/woodland/won-09.html
|url-status   = dead
|archive-date = 1997-07-12
}}
* {{Cite web
| title = Longleaf pine/wiregrass ecosystem
| work = Carolina Sandhills National Wildlife Refuge
| access-date = 2009-04-04
| url = http://www.fws.gov/carolinasandhills/longleaf.html
}}

* {{cite book|last=Barnett|first=James P.|title=Direct Seeding Southern Pines: History and Status of a Technique Developed for Restoring Cutover Forests|date=2014|publisher=U.S. Department of Agriculture, Southern Research Station|location=Asheville, NC|url=https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo50763|access-date=27 July 2014}}
*{{cite web|title=Cross City: Turpentine Camp—Visit to Aycock & Lindsey Turpentine Camp, Cross City, Florida|first=Zora Neale|last=Hurston|author-link=Zora Neale Hurston|date=August 1939|url=https://www.floridamemory.com/learn/classroom/learning-units/zora-neale-hurston/documents/essay/|access-date=20 August 2023|via=Florida Memory}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline|Pinus palustris|''Pinus palustris''}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q148542}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pinus Palustris}}
[[Category:Pinus|palustris]]
[[Category:Vulnerable plants]]
[[Category:Trees of Northern America]]
[[Category:Symbols of Alabama]]
[[Category:Symbols of North Carolina]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Philip Miller]]