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{{Short description|Ceremonial office in the United Kingdom}} {{Use British English|date=July 2022}} {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}} [[File:United-Kingdom-Lord-Lieutenant.svg|thumb|250px|The [[banner]] flown by lord-lieutenants.]] A '''lord-lieutenant''' ({{IPAc-en|UK|l|ɛ|f|ˈ|t|ɛ|n|ə|n|t}} {{respell|lef|TEN|ənt}})<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/lieutenant?showCookiePolicy=true|publisher=Collins Dictionary|title=Definition: Lieutenant|access-date=31 December 2014|date=n.d.|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402115444/http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/lieutenant?showCookiePolicy=true|archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref> is the [[British monarch]]'s personal representative in each [[lieutenancy area]] of the United Kingdom. Historically, each lieutenant was responsible for organising the county's [[militia]]. In 1871, the lieutenant's responsibility over the local militia was removed. However, it was not until 1921 that they formally lost the right to call upon able-bodied men to fight when needed.<ref>{{cite web|title=History of the Lieutenancy|url=http://www.surreylieutenancy.org/historyofthelieu.html|website=surreylieutenancy.org|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903205010/http://www.surreylieutenancy.org/historyofthelieu.html|archive-date=3 September 2017}}</ref> Lord-lieutenant is now an honorary titular position usually awarded to a retired notable person in the county, and despite the name, may be either male or female. ==Origins== [[File:Lord Crathorne in Lord Lieutenant's Uniform.jpg|thumb|right|Reflecting the military origins of the lieutenancy, lord-lieutenants – here [[James Dugdale, 2nd Baron Crathorne|Lord Crathorne]] – wear uniform on formal occasions. The uniform of an English lord-lieutenant includes a [[Tudor rose#Origins|rose-and-crown]] badge on the cap and braided [[shoulder mark|shoulder boards]].]] ===England and Wales=== Lieutenants were first appointed to a number of [[Historic counties of England|English counties]] by King [[Henry VIII]] in the 1540s, when the military functions of the [[sheriff]]s were handed over to them. Each lieutenant raised and was responsible for the efficiency of the local [[militia]] units of his county, and afterwards of the [[yeomanry]] and volunteers. He was commander of these forces, whose officers he appointed.<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Lieutenant|volume=16|page=599}}</ref> These commissions were originally of temporary duration, and only when the situation required the local militia to be specially supervised and well prepared, often when invasion by [[Scotland]] or France might be expected. Lieutenancies soon became more organised, probably in the reign of Henry's successor [[Edward VI of England|King Edward VI]], their establishment being approved by the English parliament in 1550. However, it was not until the threat of invasion by the forces of Spain in 1585 that lieutenants were appointed to all counties and [[county corporate|counties corporate]] and became in effect permanent. Although some counties were left without lieutenants during the 1590s, following the defeat of the [[Spanish Armada]], the office continued to exist, and was retained by [[James VI and I|King James I]] even after the end of the [[Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)|Anglo-Spanish War]]. The office of lieutenant was abolished under the [[Commonwealth of England|Commonwealth]], but was re-established following the [[Stuart Restoration|Restoration]] under the [[City of London Militia Act 1662]], which declared that: {{blockquote|[T]he King's most Excellent Majesty, his Heirs and Successors, shall and may from Time to Time, as Occasion shall require, issue forth several Commissions of Lieutenancy to such Persons as his Majesty, his Heirs and Successors, shall think fit to be his Majesty's Lieutenants for the several and respective Counties, Cities and Places of England and Dominion of Wales, and Town of Berwick upon Tweed.}} Although not explicitly stated, from that date lieutenants were appointed to "counties at large", with their jurisdiction including the counties corporate within the parent county.<ref name=webb>{{cite book |last1=Webb |first1=Sidney |author-link1= Sidney Webb |last2=Webb |first2=Beatrice |author-link2= Beatrice Webb |title=English Local Government from the Revolution to the Municipal Corporations Act |url=https://archive.org/details/englishlocalgove01webbuoft |chapter=1: The Parish and the County | date=1906 |publisher= [[Longman|Longman's Green and Co.]] |location= London |pages= [https://archive.org/details/englishlocalgove01webbuoft/page/283 283]–287}}</ref> For example, lieutenants of Devon in the 17th and 18th centuries appointed [[deputy lieutenant]]s to the City of Exeter, and were sometimes described as the "Lieutenant of Devon and Exeter".<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=67116 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110526060600/https://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=67116 |archive-date= 2011-05-26 |title= The city of Exeter: Commissions, pardons etc |access-date= 2009-01-29 |author= Historical Manuscripts Commission |year=1916 |work= Report on the Records of the City of Exeter |publisher= British History Online }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Statutes at Large |date=1798 |page=426 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Imy3W_M5mtIC&pg=PA426 |access-date=18 February 2024 |chapter=Milita Act 1796 (37 Geo. 3 c. 3)|publisher=M. Baskett }}</ref> The one exception was [[Haverfordwest]], to which a lieutenant continued to be appointed until 1974. The origin of this anomaly may have lain in the former [[county palatine|palatine]] status of Pembrokeshire.<ref name=webb/> The official title of the office at this time was His or Her Majesty's "Lieutenant for the county of x", but, as almost all office-holders were [[peers of the realm]], they were referred to as "Lord-Lieutenant". The [[City of London]] was uniquely given a commission of lieutenancy, and was exempt from the authority of the lieutenant of [[Middlesex]]. The [[Constable of the Tower of London]] and the [[Warden of the Cinque Ports]] were ''[[ex officio]]'' lieutenants for the [[Tower division|Tower Hamlets]] and the [[Cinque Ports]] respectively, which were treated as counties in legislation regarding lieutenancy and militia affairs.<ref name=webb/> ===Ireland=== In the [[counties of Ireland]], the [[Commanding officer|officer in charge]] of [[militia#Irish militia|the county militia]] was styled "Lieutenant" until [[James II of England|James II]] and "Governor" thereafter.<ref>{{cite book |first1=George Edward |last1=Cokayne |author-link1=George Edward Cokayne |first2=Vicary |last2=Gibbs |author-link2=Vicary Gibbs (St Albans MP) |title=The Complete Peerage |volume=I |date=1910 |url=https://archive.org/stream/completepeerageo01coka#page/174 |page=174, fn (b) |access-date=11 July 2019}}</ref> There could be up to three Governors in one [[county]].<ref name="hansard1872">{{cite web |title=Ireland—Lord Lieutenancy of Clare—Resolution |url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/1872-05-07/debates/68937d86-131a-460f-a7e4-a079700d66b8/Ireland%E2%80%94LordLieutenancyOfClare%E2%80%94Resolution |access-date=11 July 2019 |no-pp=y|pages=HL Deb Vol.211 cc.409–410 |date=7 May 1872}}</ref> Responsibility for recommending [[County magistrate]]s lay with the [[Custos Rotulorum]].<ref name="hansard1872"/> The [[List of acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1831|Custos Rotulorum (Ireland) Act 1831]]<ref> [[1 & 2 Will. 4]]. c. 17 [https://archive.org/details/statutesunitedk00britgoog ''An Act to provide for the better Order and Government of Ireland, by Lieutenants for the several Counties, Counties of Cities, and Counties of Towns therein'']; [[short title]] assigned by [[Short Titles Act 1896]]</ref> cancelled the [[commission (document)|commission]]s of the Governors, transferred the [[militia]] and [[county magistrate]] functions to the (re)established office of Lieutenant (appointed by [[letters patent]] and styled "Lord Lieutenant"), and empowered the [[Lord Lieutenant of Ireland]] to appoint deputy lieutenants.<ref name="hansard1872"/> In the [[Republic of Ireland]] no Lord Lieutenants have been appointed since the creation of the [[Irish Free State]] in 1922, and all relevant statutes have been repealed. ===Northern Ireland=== In 1921, with the establishment of [[Northern Ireland]], lord lieutenants continued to be appointed through the [[Governor of Northern Ireland]] to the [[counties of Northern Ireland|six counties]] and the two [[county borough]]s of [[Derry]] and [[Belfast]]. Whereas in 1973 the counties and county boroughs [[Local Government Act (Northern Ireland) 1972|were abolished as local government units]], lord-lieutenants are now appointed directly by the King to "counties and county boroughs ... as defined for local government purposes immediately before 1 October 1973". ===Scotland=== [[File:Royal Standard of Scotland.svg|thumb|250px|The [[Royal Banner of Scotland]], which can be used by lord-lieutenants in Scotland.]] Although [[Colin Lindsay, 3rd Earl of Balcarres|Colin, Earl of Balcarres]] was appointed Lord Lieutenant of Fife in 1688,<ref>{{cite DNB|wstitle=Lindsay, Colin|first=Thomas Finlayson|last=Henderson|volume=33|pages=286–288}}</ref> and lieutenants were appointed to a few counties from about 1715, it was not until 1794 that permanent lieutenancies were established by [[Warrant (law)|royal warrant]]. By the [[Militia Act 1797]],<ref>Militia Act 1797 (37 Geo. 3, C.103)</ref> the lieutenants appointed "for the Counties, Stewartries, Cities, and Places" were given powers to raise and command county militia units. The [[Lord Provost]]s of [[Edinburgh]], [[Glasgow]], [[Aberdeen]], and [[Dundee]] are, by virtue of office, also the lord-lieutenants of their respective city. While in their lieutenancies, lord-lieutenants are among the few individuals in Scotland officially permitted to fly the banner of the [[Royal Arms of Scotland]], or "[[Royal Banner of Scotland|The Lion Rampant]]" as it is more commonly known. ==19th century== The [[Militia Act 1802]] ([[42 Geo. 3]]. c. 90)<ref>Militia Act 1802 ([[42 Geo. 3]]. c. 90)</ref> provided for the appointment of lieutenants to "Lieutenants for the Counties, Ridings, and Places" in England and Wales, and gave them command of the county militia. In the case of towns or cities which were [[county corporate|counties of themselves]], the "chief magistrate" (meaning the mayor, chief bailiff or other head of the corporation) had the authority to appoint deputy lieutenants in the absence of an appointment of a lieutenant by the crown. The [[Cardwell Reforms|Regulation of the Forces Act 1871]] ([[34 & 35 Vict.]] c. 86)<ref>Regulation of the Forces Act 1871 ([[34 & 35 Vict.]] c. 86) section 6</ref> removed the lieutenant as head of the county militia,<ref>{{cite news |title=Barry Dodd – Obituary |editor-last=Witherow|editor-first=John|work=The Times |issue=72556 |date=8 June 2018 |page=54|issn=0140-0460}}</ref> as the jurisdiction, duties and command exercised by the lieutenant were revested in the crown, but the power of recommending for first appointments was reserved to the lieutenant.<ref name="EB1911"/> The [[Militia Act 1882]] ([[45 & 46 Vict.]] c. 49)<ref>Militia Act 1882 ([[45 & 46 Vict.]] c. 49) section 5</ref> revested the jurisdiction of the lieutenants in the crown. The lieutenancies were reestablished on a new basis by section 29 of the Militia Act 1882 which stated that "Her Majesty shall from time to time appoint Lieutenants for the several counties in the United Kingdom". Counties for lieutenancy purposes were also redefined as "a county at large, with the exception that each [[Riding (division)|riding]] of the [[county]] of [[Yorkshire|York]] shall be a separate county". The text of the [[letters patent]] appointing lieutenants under the [[Act of Parliament|act]] stated they were to be: {{blockquote|...Our Lieutenant of and in the County of X and of all cities boroughs liberties places incorporated and privileged and other places whatsoever within the said county and the limits and precincts of the same.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Law and Custom of the Constitution |last=Anson |first=William |author-link=Sir William Anson, 3rd Baronet |volume=II: The Crown. Part I |year=1907 |publisher=[[University of Oxford]] |location=[[Oxford]] |page=264 }}</ref>}} This was a formal recognition of the situation that had existed since 1662 that the lieutenancies for the majority of counties corporate in England were held jointly with their associated county—for example a lieutenant was now appointed for "the County of Gloucester, and the City and County of Gloucester, and the City and County of City of Bristol".<ref>{{cite book |title=Militia Act |date=1882 |page=21 |publisher=Sweet & Maxwell |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N4pCAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA2-PA21 |access-date=18 February 2024}}</ref> [[Haverfordwest]] was permitted to retain a lieutenant while the [[Tower Hamlets]] and [[Cinque Ports]] were to continue to be regarded as counties for lieutenancy purposes. From 1889 lieutenancy counties in [[England]] and [[Wales]] were to correspond to groupings of [[administrative county|administrative counties]] and [[county boroughs]] established by the [[Local Government Act 1888]] ([[51 & 52 Vict.]] c. 41). The creation of a new [[County of London]] absorbed the former [[Tower division|Tower Hamlets]] [[Lieutenancy area|lieutenancy]]. The act also extinguished the lieutenancy of the Cinque Ports. Section 69 of the [[Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898]] ([[61 & 62 Vict.]] c. 37) realigned the lieutenancy counties with the new administrative counties created by the act. The one exception was [[County Tipperary]], which although administered by two [[county council]]s, was to remain united for lieutenancy. In contrast to legislation in England and Wales, each [[county borough]] was to have its own lieutenant, and those [[county corporate|counties corporate]] not made county boroughs were abolished. The effect of this was to create a lieutenant for the county boroughs of [[Lord Lieutenant of Belfast|Belfast]] and [[Lord Lieutenant of the City of Londonderry|Londonderry]], and to abolish those for the [[city]] of [[Kilkenny]], [[borough]] of [[Drogheda]] and [[town]] of [[Galway]]. The office of lieutenant was honorary and held during the royal pleasure, but often for life. Appointment to the office is by letters patent under the [[Great Seal of the Realm|great seal]]. Usually, though not necessarily, the person appointed lieutenant was also appointed [[custos rotulorum]] or keeper of the rolls. Appointments to the county's [[bench (law)|bench]] of [[magistrate]]s were usually made on the recommendation of the lieutenant.<ref name="EB1911"/> ==20th century== [[File:Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 9th Earl of Shaftesbury.jpg|thumb|180px|The [[Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 9th Earl of Shaftesbury|9th Earl of Shaftesbury]] in full-dress uniform as [[Lord-Lieutenant of Belfast]], 1900s.]] The [[Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907]] ([[7 Edw. 7]]. c. 9)<ref>[[Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907]] ([[7 Edw. 7]]. c. 9)</ref> established county territorial force associations, of which the lieutenant was to be head, styled president of the county association.<ref name="EB1911"/> It restated the combination of counties and counties corporate as lieutenancy counties. In 1921, with the establishment of [[Northern Ireland]], lieutenants continued to be appointed through the [[Governor of Northern Ireland]] to the six counties and two county boroughs. The creation of the [[Irish Free State]] in the following year saw the remaining county lieutenancies in Ireland abolished. In 1973 the counties and county boroughs were abolished as local government units in [[Northern Ireland]], and lord-lieutenants are now appointed directly by the sovereign to "counties and county boroughs... as defined for local government purposes immediately before 1 October 1973". In 1975 the term lord-lieutenant officially replaced that of lieutenant.<ref>[[Northern Ireland Constitution Act 1973]] (1973 c. 36) section 36(5)</ref><ref>The Northern Ireland (Lieutenancy) Order 1975 (SI 1975/156)</ref> Local government reform in England in 1965 led to the appointment of lieutenants to Greater London<ref>[[Administration of Justice Act 1964]] (1964 c. 2) section 18</ref> and [[Huntingdon and Peterborough]], and the abolition of those of the counties of [[County of London|London]], [[Middlesex]] and [[Huntingdonshire|Huntingdon]]. A more fundamental reform of local government throughout England and [[Wales]] (outside [[Greater London]]) created a new structure of metropolitan, non-metropolitan and Welsh counties in 1974. Section 218 of the [[Local Government Act 1972]] (c. 70) that established the new system stated: "Her Majesty shall appoint a lord-lieutenant for each county in England and Wales and for Greater London..." The act appears to be the first statutory use of the term "lord-lieutenant" for lieutenants to counties. Existing lord lieutenants were assigned to one of the corresponding new counties wherever possible. Where this could not be done, the existing office-holder became a lieutenant of a county, junior to the lord-lieutenant. For example, the [[Lord Lieutenant of Montgomeryshire]] was appointed [[Lord Lieutenant of Powys]], with those of Breconshire and Radnorshire each being designated as simply "Lieutenant of Powys". This measure was temporary, and no lieutenants have been appointed in this way since 1974, although the power still exists. In 1975 counties ceased to be used for local government purposes in [[Scotland]]. The [[Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973]] (c. 65) replaced the counties with regions, and each region was to have one or more lord-lieutenants appointed.<ref>The Lord-Lieutenants Order 1975 (SI 1975/428)</ref> The areas to which they were appointed approximated to the counties and were based and were defined in terms of the new local government districts. ==Present day== [[File:Lord Lieutenancies.png|thumb|right|The [[lieutenancy area]]s of the United Kingdom as of 2012.]] In 1996 Scottish regions and districts were abolished on further local government reorganisation, and since that date Lord-Lieutenants have been appointed to [[Lieutenancy areas of Scotland|"lieutenancy areas"]], in most places roughly equivalent to the historic Scottish counties.<ref>{{UK-LEG|path=uksi/1996/731/contents/made|title=The Lord-Lieutenants (Scotland) Order 1996, Statutory Instrument 1996 No. 731 (S.83).|asmade=yes|access_date=3 May 2001|noprefix=yes}}</ref> Partial reform of local government in England since 1995 has led to the creation of so-called [[Ceremonial counties of England|"ceremonial counties"]] to which Lord-Lieutenants are now appointed. The [[Lieutenancies Act 1997]] (c. 23) is the most recent piece of primary legislation dealing with lieutenancies in England and includes the definitive list of the current areas used. Ceremonial counties may comprise combinations of county council areas and unitary authority areas, or even parts of them.<ref>{{UK-LEG|path=ukpga/1997/23 |title=Lieutenancies Act 1997 (1997 c. 23)}}</ref> Since the local government re-organisation of 1996 in [[Wales]], Lord-Lieutenants are now appointed to [[Preserved counties of Wales|"preserved counties"]], i.e. the counties used for administrative purposes from 1974 to 1996.<ref>{{UK-LEG|path=wsi/2003/974.htm/contents/made|title=Preserved Counties (Amendment to Boundaries) (Wales) Order 2003|asmade=yes|access_date=3 May 2011}}</ref> The [[City of London]] was unaffected by changes introduced since 1882. It has a Commission of Lieutenancy rather than a Lord-Lieutenant, headed by the [[Lord Mayor of the City of London]].<ref>[https://city-lieutenancy.org.uk/ www.city-lieutenancy.org.uk]</ref> ===Duties=== Lord-Lieutenants are the monarch's representatives in their respective lieutenancies. It is their foremost duty to uphold the dignity of [[the Crown]], and in so doing they seek to promote a spirit of co-operation and good atmosphere through the time they give to voluntary and benevolent organisations and through the interest they take in the business and social life of their counties. [[File:Lord Tollemache.jpg|thumb|right|[[John Tollemache, 5th Baron Tollemache|Lord Tollemache]] presenting medals in November 2012, as [[Lord-Lieutenant of Suffolk]].]] The modern responsibilities of Lord-Lieutenants include: * Arranging visits of members of the [[British Royal Family|royal family]] and escorting royal visitors; * Presenting medals and awards on behalf of the sovereign, and advising on [[British honours system|honours]] [[nomination]]s; * Participating in civic, voluntary and social activities within the lieutenancy; * Acting as liaison with local units of the [[Royal Navy]], [[Royal Marines]], [[British Army|Army]], [[Royal Air Force]] and their associated Cadet Forces; * Leading the local [[magistrate|magistracy]] as chairman of the Advisory Committee on [[Justice of the Peace|Justices of the Peace]]; and * Chairing the local Advisory Committee for the Appointment of the General Commissioners of [[Income Tax]], a tribunal which hears appeals against decisions made by the [[HM Revenue and Customs]] on a variety of different tax-related matters. As the Sovereign's representative in each county, a Lord-Lieutenant remains non-political and may not hold office in any political party. They are appointed for life, although the customary age of retirement is 75 and the Sovereign may remove them. ===Deputies=== Each Lord-Lieutenant is supported by a Vice-Lieutenant and [[deputy lieutenant]]s that he or she appoints. The Vice-Lieutenant takes over when the Lord-Lieutenant is abroad, ill, or otherwise incapacitated. The Lord-Lieutenant appoints between thirty and forty deputy lieutenants depending on the county's population. ===Remuneration=== They are unpaid, but receive minimal allowances for secretarial help, mileage allowance and a driver. Lord-Lieutenants receive an allowance for the ceremonial uniform, worn when receiving members of the Royal Family and on other formal occasions. ===Uniform=== [[File:LC KCVO for Wikipedia.jpg|thumb|[[James Dugdale, 2nd Baron Crathorne|Lord Crathorne]] in uniform as [[Lord-Lieutenant of North Yorkshire]], 2014.]] Since at least the 18th century, a military-style uniform has been worn by lord-lieutenants (appropriate to the military origins of the post). Since 1831 this has been analogous to the uniform worn by a general staff officer, but with silver lace in place of the gold worn by regular officers.<ref>Mansfield, A., ''Ceremonial Costume''. London: A & C Black, 1980.</ref> Over time, the design of the uniform changed in line with changes made to army uniform.<ref>https://archive.org/stream/dressinsigniawor00greauoft#page/56/mode/2up Uniform as worn prior to the Second World War, illustrated in ''Dress Worn at Court'', Lord Chamberlain's Office, 1921.</ref> At present, it is a dark blue uniform in the style of a General Officer's [[British Army uniform#No.1: Temperate ceremonial|Army No. 1 dress]] (but with buttons, [[epaulette]]s, sash, etc. in silver rather than gold). A cap is worn, as well as a sword with a steel scabbard. The badge used on the uniform varies depending on where the lieutenant's county is situated – a rose is worn in England, shamrocks in Northern Ireland, a thistle in Scotland and Prince-of-Wales feathers in Wales. On the whole, the lord-lieutenant's insignia resemble a [[Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant-General of the British Army]].<ref name="Special Appointments">{{cite web |title=Army Dress Regulations: Part 12: Special Appointments |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5a822c7c40f0b6230269b3a4/2017-04841.pdf |website=Ministry of Defence |date=8 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Recognising The Lieutenancy |url=https://greaterlondonlieutenancy.com/about-us/our-role/recognising-the-lieutenancy/ |website=greaterlondonlieutenancy.com |access-date=17 March 2024}}</ref> The uniform for a vice lord-lieutenant and for [[deputy lieutenant]]s is of a similar style, but with features to distinguish it from that of a lord-lieutenant – on shoulder boards, no crown above the national symbol (rose, shamrocks, or thistle); blue cord instead of silver on the red collar patches (deputy lieutenants have a simple grey stripe); and only a single row of gold braid around the peak of the cap (deputy lieutenants have no oak leaf but simple gold tape). In addition, deputy lieutenants wear narrower shoulder boards than their superiors, and the red cap band is horizontally divided by a small grey stripe. The vice lord-lieutenant's dress resembles that of a former [[Brigadier-general (United Kingdom)|Brigadier-General of the British Army]], while a deputy lieutenant's dress resembles that of a field officer.<ref name="Special Appointments"/> The uniform is optional for female lord-lieutenants, vice lord-lieutenants, and deputy lieutenants. If not in uniform, female appointees wear a Badge of Office featuring their national symbol (rose, shamrocks, or thistle) on a bow of white and magenta – the Lieutenancy colours.<ref name="Special Appointments"/> ====Badge==== [[File:Duchess of Northumberland, Jane Percy.jpg|thumb|[[Jane Percy, Duchess of Northumberland|The Duchess of Northumberland]] wearing her badge as [[Lord-Lieutenant of Northumberland]] at a Battle of Britain commemoration in 2018.]] In 1975 a badge was provided for female lord-lieutenants to wear as an optional alternative to the uniform. It consists of an enamel version of the uniform cap badge topped by a jewelled crown, suspended from a ribbon of the same colour as the uniform sash.<ref name="Special Appointments"/><ref name="Risk2001">{{cite book |last1=Risk |first1=James |last2=Pownall |first2=Henry |last3=Stanley |first3=David |last4=Tamplin |first4=John |title=Royal Service (Volume II) |date=2001 |publisher=Third Millennium |location=Lingfield, Surrey |pages=88–89}}</ref> ==Lord Lieutenant of Ireland== The [[Lord Lieutenant of Ireland]] was the head of the British administration in Ireland until the foundation of the [[Irish Free State]] in 1922. == Forms of address for lord-lieutenants == *Written: '(Title and name), His Majesty's Lord-Lieutenant' *Salutation: 'Dear Lord-Lieutenant' *In a speech: 'My Lord-Lieutenant' *In conversation: '(Title and name)' or 'Lord-Lieutenant'. *Plural: 'Lord-lieutenants',<ref name="royalweb">{{cite web |url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/TheRoyalHousehold/OfficialRoyalposts/LordLieutenants/LordLieutenants.aspx |title=Lord-Lieutenants |publisher=The Royal Household |access-date=29 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120819061648/http://www.royal.gov.uk/TheRoyalHousehold/OfficialRoyalposts/LordLieutenants/LordLieutenants.aspx |archive-date=19 August 2012 }}</ref> although the form of 'Lords-Lieutenant' frequently appears. ==Colonial equivalents== In the [[English overseas possessions|English colonies]], and subsequently the British Empire, the duties of a Lord-Lieutenant were generally performed by the [[Commander-in-Chief]] or the [[Governor]]. Both offices may have been occupied by the same person. By way of an example, this is still the case in Britain's second, and oldest remaining, colony, [[Bermuda]], where the [[Royal Naval Dockyard, Bermuda|Royal Navy's headquarters, main base, and dockyard for the North America and West Indies Station]] was established following independence of the United States of America. The [[colony]] had raised militia and volunteer forces since official settlement in 1612 (with a troop-of-horse added later), and a small force of regular infantry from 1701 to 1783. Bermuda became an [[Imperial fortress]] (along with [[Halifax, Nova Scotia|Halifax in Nova Scotia]], [[Gibraltar]], and [[Malta]]), a large regular army garrison was built up after 1794, and the reserve forces faded away following the conclusion of the [[American War of 1812]] as the local government lost interest in paying for their upkeep. From this point until the 1960s, governors were almost exclusively senior British Army officers (particularly from the Royal Artillery or Royal Engineers) who were also military Commanders-in-Chief (and initially also Vice-Admirals) of the regular military forces stationed in the colony and not simply the reserves. Attempts to rekindle the militia without a Militia Act or funds from the colonial government were made throughout the century under the authorisation of the Governor and Commander-in-Chief, but none proved lasting. The colonial government was finally compelled to raise militia and volunteer forces (the [[Bermuda Militia Artillery]] and the [[Bermuda Volunteer Rifle Corps]]) by Act in the 1890s (the [[Bermuda Cadet Corps]], [[Bermuda Volunteer Engineers]], and [[Bermuda Militia Infantry]] were added at later dates), and these fell under the Governor and Commander-in-Chief, as well as under operational control of his junior, the [[brigadier]] in charge of the Bermuda Command (or [[Bermuda Garrison]]), which included the regular as well as the part-time military (as opposed to naval) forces in the colony. Although the Royal Naval and the regular army establishments have been withdrawn from Bermuda, the [[Governor of Bermuda]] remains the Commander-in-Chief (though most recent office holders have not been career army officers) of the [[Royal Bermuda Regiment]] (a 1965 amalgam of the BMA and BVRC, which had both been reorganised in line with the [[Territorial Army (United Kingdom)|Territorial Army]] after the [[First World War]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.bm/governor-bermuda|title=The Governor of Bermuda|last=travis.smith-simons|date=3 March 2016|website=gov.bm|access-date=7 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210050132/https://www.gov.bm/governor-bermuda|archive-date=10 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thebermudian.com/heritage/heritage-heritage/the-good-governor/|title=The Good Governor |work=The Bermudian|last=Shorto|first=Gavin|date=5 April 2018|access-date=10 May 2018}}</ref> ==Approximate equivalents in other countries== In [[France]] and [[Italy]], the role of Prefect ({{Lang|fr|[[Prefect (France)|préfet]]}} in French, ''prefetto'' in Italian) is different from that of lord-lieutenant, as the regional and departmental prefects of France are responsible for delivering as well as controlling functions of public services. Similarly to a lord-lieutenant, in [[Portugal]], a representative of the Republic (''representante da República'' in Portuguese) is the personal representative of the [[President of Portugal|Head of State]] in each of the two [[Autonomous Regions of Portugal|autonomous regions]] of the country, having a limited political role, besides the ceremonial one. In [[Sweden]] (as ''landshövding'') and [[Norway]] (as ''fylkesmann''), the regional governor is responsible for administrative control functions of services delivered and decisions made by local and county municipalities, as well as representing the king in the region. In the [[Netherlands]], [[King's commissioner|King's commissioners]] (''Commissaris van de Koning'' in Dutch) are appointed by the monarch, but unlike a lord-lieutenant, belong to a political party. The Lord-lieutenant (UK) and [[Governor (India)|Governor]] (Indian states) are ceremonial representatives appointed by central authorities. They engage in community initiatives and act as intermediaries between higher authorities and local/state governments. ==See also== *[[Ceremonial counties of England]] *[[Deputy lieutenant]] *[[High sheriff]] *[[King's commissioner]] (Netherlands) *[[Lieutenancy areas of Scotland]] *[[List of lord-lieutenants in the United Kingdom]] *[[List of vice-admirals of the coast]] (posts created in the 1530s to oversee defence of the coast) *[[Lord-Lieutenant's Young Person of the Year Awards]] *[[Lord-Lieutenant's Cadet]] *[[Preserved counties of Wales]] ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==External links== {{commonscat|Lord Lieutenants}} *[https://www.gov.uk/guidance/process-for-the-appointment-of-lord-lieutenants Process for the appointment of Lord-Lieutenants] at gov.uk *[https://www.royal.gov.uk/TheRoyalHousehold/OfficialRoyalposts/LordLieutenants/LordLieutenants.aspx Royal.gov.uk: Official Royal Lord-Lieutenants website] *[https://archives.parliament.uk/collections/getrecord/GB61_ALC Parliamentary Archives, Papers of the Association of Lord-Lieutenants of Counties] {{Lord Lieutenancies}} {{Representatives of the monarch in Commonwealth realms and Dominions}} [[Category:Lord-lieutenants| 01]] [[Category:Lord lieutenancies|.02]] [[Category:Ceremonial officers in the United Kingdom]] [[Category:Gubernatorial titles]] [[Category:Lord-lieutenants in England|*]] [[Category:Lord-lieutenants in Northern Ireland|*]] [[Category:Lord-lieutenants in Scotland|*]] [[Category:Lord-lieutenants of Wales|*]] [[Category:Titles of national or ethnic leadership]] [[Category:British Defence Forces]]
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