Editing Lord of the manor

{{Short description|Landholder of a rural estate}}
{{Other uses|Lord of the manor (disambiguation)|Lady of the manor (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
[[File:IMote.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|[[Ightham Mote]], a 14th-century [[moat]]ed [[manor house]] near Sevenoaks, Kent, England]]

{{English Feudalism}}
'''Lord of the manor''' is a title that, in [[Anglo-Saxon England]] and [[Norman England]], referred to the landholder of a historical rural estate. The titles date to the English [[Feudalism|feudal]] (specifically [[English feudal barony|Baronial]]) system. The lord enjoyed [[Manorialism|manorial rights]] (the rights to establish and occupy a residence, known as the [[manor house]] and [[demesne]]) as well as [[seignory]], the right to grant or draw benefit from the estate (for example, as a [[landlord]]). The title is not a [[peerage]] or title of upper nobility (although the holder could also be a peer) but was a relationship to land and how it could be used and those living on the land (tenants) may be deployed, and the broad estate and its inhabitants administered. The title continues in modern [[England and Wales]] as a legally recognised form of property that can be held independently of its historical rights.<ref name="Land Registry Practice Guide 22">{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/manors/practice-guide-22-manors |title=Land Registry Practice Guide 22}}</ref> It may belong entirely to one person or be a [[moiety title|moiety]] shared with other people. The title is known as {{lang|cy|Breyr}} in [[Welsh language|Welsh]].

In Scotland, the equivalent title to a Lord of the Manor is [[Laird]], though it carries no formal status in law. Some sources, such as the [[Manorial Society of Great Britain|Manorial Society]], mistakenly claim that [[Baronage of  Scotland|Scottish baronies]] are equivalent to English Lords of the Manor, asserting that ''"Scottish Baronies are essentially what in England are called ‘manors’, but are called ‘baronies’."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Advice on buying a Manorial Title |url=https://www.manorialsociety.co.uk/advice.html |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=The Manorial Society of Great Britain |language=en}}</ref>'' However, this is incorrect. Scottish barons held a noble rank and title of honour<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lord Clyde |url=https://archive.org/details/1992-lord-clydes-dictum |title=1992 Lord Clyde's Dictum - Scottish Barony Title of Nobility and Title of Hounour - Law Lord's Legal Position |date=1992}}</ref> granted by the King through a crown charter, conferring pre-eminences, precedence, and privileges, including a seat in the [[Government in early modern Scotland|Scottish Parliament]] as part of the ancient [[Three Estates]] until the Union of 1707. When attending in person, they sat among the nobility of the ''Second Estate''. Today, these titles retain legal status as personal dignities and grant heraldic rights. In contrast, Lords of the Manor were not titles granted by the King and did not constitute a noble rank, but were rather a style applied to the owners of estates. Therefore, whilst Scottish barons held a recognised noble status with parliamentary privileges historically, and maintain certain rights today, Lords of the Manor did not possess noble rank or parliamentary rights.

In the British [[Crown Dependencies]] of [[Jersey]] and [[Guernsey]] the equivalent title is [[Seigneur]].

A similar concept of such a lordship is known in French as '''''Sieur''''' or {{lang|fr|[[Seigneur]] du Manoir}}, {{lang|de|Gutsherr}} in [[German language|German]], {{lang|tr|Kaleağası}} (Kaleagasi) in [[Turkish language|Turkish]], {{lang|no|Godsherre}} in [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] and [[Swedish language|Swedish]], {{lang|nl|Ambachtsheer}} in [[Dutch language|Dutch]], and {{lang|it|Signore}} or {{lang|it|Vassallo}} in [[Italian language|Italian]].

==Background==
{{Main| Manorialism}}

The manor formed the basic unit of land ownership within the baronial system. Initially in England the feudal "baronial" system considered all those who held land directly from the king by [[knight-service]], from earls downwards, as "barons". Others forms of land tenure under the feudal system included [[serjeanty]] (a form of tenure in return for a specified duty other than standard knight-service) and [[socage]] (payment of a fee). Under King Henry II, the {{lang|la|[[Dialogus de Scaccario]]}} already distinguished between greater barons (who held their baronies ''per baroniam'' by knight-service), and lesser barons (who owned the manor without knight-service). As they held their title due to ownership of manors, and not ''per baroniam'' knights service, Lords of the Manor were in the group of lesser barons. The entitlement or "title" to attend the [[curia regis|King's Council]] in [[English Parliament|parliament]] began to be granted exclusively by decree in the form of a [[writ]] of Summons from 1265 entrenching the status of the Greater Barons and effectively founding the [[House of Lords]].

Magna Carta (which had been first issued in 1215) had declared that "No free man shall be seized, imprisoned, dispossessed, outlawed, exiled or ruined in any way, nor in any way proceeded against, except by the lawful judgement of his peers", and thus this body of greater Barons with a right to attend parliament were deemed to be "peers" of one another, and it became the norm to refer to these magnates collectively as the "peerage" during the reign of [[Edward II of England|Edward II]]. Meanwhile the holders of smaller [[fief]]doms ''per baroniam'' ceased to be summoned to parliament, and instead lesser barons of each county would receive a single summons as a group through the sheriff, and representatives from their number would be elected to attend on behalf of the group (this would later evolve into the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]]). This meant the official political importance of ownership of manors declined, eventually resulting in [[baron|baronial status]] becoming a "personal" title rather than one linked to ownership of territory. The lesser Baronial titles, including Lordships of the Manor, therefore were not incorporated into the peerage. It is understood that all [[English feudal barony|English Feudal Baronies]] that were not Lordships of the Manor and had not been upgraded into a peerage, were abolished by the [[Tenures Abolition Act 1660]], passed after the Restoration, which took away knight-service and other legal rights. This left Lordships of the Manor as the sole vestige of the English feudal system. Like their English counterparts, by 1600 manorial titles in the formerly Norman territories in France and Italy did not ennoble their holders in the same way as did, for example, a barony in these territories.

Lordships of the Manor often have certain feudal era rights associated with them. The exact rights that each manor holds will be different: the right to hold a market, a right over certain waterways or mineral deposits are all within scope.<ref>https://committees.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/52466/pdf/ {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2024}}</ref>

==Types==
{{Feudal status}}
Historically a lord of the manor could either be a [[tenant-in-chief]] if he held a capital manor directly from [[English Crown|the Crown]], or a [[mesne lord]] if he was the [[vassal]] of another lord.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=mesne lord |first=David |last=Hey |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Local and Family History |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-19-860080-0 |access-date=24 August 2011 |chapter-url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Main&entry=t45.e945 |doi= 10.1093/acref/9780198600800.001.0001}}</ref> The origins of the lordship of manors arose in the [[Anglo-Saxon England|Anglo-Saxon system]] of [[manorialism]]. Following the [[Norman Conquest]], land at the manorial level was recorded in the [[Domesday Book]] of 1086<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.landreg.gov.uk/assets/library/documents/bhist-lr.pdf |title=A Short History of Land Registration in England and Wales |page=3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071118184323/http://www.landreg.gov.uk/assets/library/documents/bhist-lr.pdf |archive-date=18 November 2007}}</ref> (the Normans' registry in [[Kingdom of Sicily|Sicily]] was called, in [[Latin]], the ''[[Catalogus Baronum]]'', compiled a few years later). The title cannot nowadays be subdivided.<ref name="Land Registry Practice Guide 22"/> This has been prohibited since 1290 by the statute of ''[[Quia Emptores]]'' that prevents [[Tenement (law)|tenants]] from [[Alienation (property law)|alienating]] their lands to others by [[subinfeudation]], instead requiring all tenants wishing to alienate their land to do so by [[:wikt:substitution|substitution]].<ref>{{ cite book | title=An historical introduction to the land law |pages=105–106 |author=Sir William Searle |year=2002 |publisher=The Lawbook Exchange |isbn=9781584772620 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NscKQr-aqNIC&q=substitution&pg=PA105}}</ref>

[[Alfred Denning, Baron Denning|Lord Denning]], in ''Corpus Christi College Oxford v Gloucestershire County Council'' [1983] QB 360, described the manor thus:

{{blockquote|In medieval times the manor was the nucleus of English rural life. It was an administrative unit of an extensive area of land. The whole of it was owned originally by the lord of the manor. He lived in the big house called the manor house. Attached to it were many acres of grassland and woodlands called the park. These were the "demesne lands" which were for the personal use of the lord of the manor. Dotted all round were the enclosed homes and land occupied by the "tenants of the manor".}}

==Tenancy==
In [[England in the Middle Ages]], land was held on behalf of the [[English monarch]] or ruler by a powerful local supporter, who gave protection in return. The people who had sworn homage to the [[lord]] were known as [[vassal]]s. Vassals were nobles who served loyalty for the king, in return for being given the use of land. After the [[Norman Conquest|Norman conquest of England]], however, all land in England was owned by the [[monarch]] who then granted the use of it by means of a transaction known as [[enfeoffment]], to earls, barons, and others, in return for military service. The person who held feudal land directly from the [[king]] was known as a ''[[tenant-in-chief]]'' (see also [[Land tenure]]).

==Sub-tenancy==
Military service was based upon units of ten knights (see [[knight-service]]). An important tenant-in-chief might be expected to provide all ten knights, and lesser tenants-in-chief, half of one.{{clarify|date=April 2024}} Some tenants-in-chief "[[subinfeudation|sub-infeuded]]", that is, granted, some land to a sub-tenant. Further sub-infeudation could occur down to the level of a lord of a single manor, which in itself might represent only a fraction of a knight's fee. A [[mesne lord]] was the level of lord in the middle holding several manors, between the lords of a manor and the superior lord. The sub-tenant might have to provide knight-service, or finance just a portion of it, or pay something purely nominal. Any further sub-infeudation was prohibited by the Statute of {{lang|la|[[Quia Emptores]]}} in 1290. [[Knight's fee|Knight-service]] was abolished by the [[Tenures Abolition Act 1660]].

==Manorial courts==
{{main|court baron|court leet}}
Manors were defined as an area of land and became closely associated to the [[advowson]] of the church; often by default the advowson was appended to the rights of the Manor, sometimes separated into moieties.<ref>''A digest of the laws of England respecting real property'', Volume 5 page 3 item 8</ref><ref name="Britain, London 1980. page 15 & 16">Lord and peasant in nineteenth century Britain, London : Croom Helm; Totowa, N.J. : Rowman and Littlefield, 1980. Chapter 1 from page 15 & 16</ref> Many lords of the manor were known as [[Squire#Landed gentry|squire]]s, at a time when land ownership was the basis of power.<ref name="Britain, London 1980. page 15 & 16"/> While some inhabitants were serfs who were bound to the land, others were freeholders, often known as [[Franklin (class)|franklins]], who were free from customary services. Periodically all the tenants met at a 'manorial court', with the lord of the manor (or squire), or a steward, as chairman. These courts, known as [[Court baron|courts baron]], dealt with the tenants' rights and duties, changes of occupancy, and disputes between tenants. Some manorial courts also had the status of a [[court leet]], and so they elected constables and other officials and were effectively [[magistrates' court (England and Wales)|magistrates' court]]s for minor offences.

==Later history==
The tenure of the [[Freehold (law)|freeholders]] was protected by the royal courts. After the [[Black Death]], labour was in demand and so it became difficult for the lords of manors to impose duties on serfs. However their customary tenure continued and in the 16th century the royal courts also began to protect these customary tenants, who became known as [[copyhold]]ers. The name arises because the tenant was given a copy of the court's record of the fact as a title deed.

During the 19th century, traditional manor courts were phased out. This was largely because by the mid 17th century, large English cities had leading residents such as [[John Harrison (Leeds)|John Harrison]] (died 1656) of [[Leeds]], who saw the possession of the manor by only one resident as "giving him too great a superiority over his fellow townsmen, and exposing him to considerable odium". Thus, the Manor of Leeds was divided between several people ([[shares]]).<ref>{{cite book |title=White's History, gazetteer and directory of the West Riding of Yorkshire 1837 |date=1837 |url=https://www.genuki.org.uk/big/eng/YKS/WRY/Leeds/Leeds37 |access-date=14 April 2020 |quote=At the request of John Harrison, the founder of St. John's Church, who thought that the possession of the manor by a single individual, a resident in the place, would give him too great a superiority over his fellow townsmen, and expose him to considerable odium, Mr Sykes permitted him and several other gentlemen to become joint purchasers with him, reserving only one share for himself and another for his son. It has ever since been divided into nine shares.}}</ref> This situation could create legal problems. In January 1872, as a group, the "lords of the manor of Leeds" applied to the [[Law Courts]] to ascertain if they could "exercise acts of ownership" over land at a time when manorial  rights were being sold to larger city [[corporations]]. In 1854, the lords of the manor of Leeds had "sold" these acts of ownership to the "corporation of Leeds" which would become the [[City of Leeds]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Reports of All the Cases Decided by All the Superior Courts Relating to Magistrates, Municipal, and Parochial Law |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5nMDAAAAQAAJ&q=lords+of+the+manor+of+leeds&pg=PA407 |publisher=Law Times Office |year=1873 |access-date=26 February 2017 |page=407 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226050043/https://books.google.com.au/books?id=5nMDAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA407&dq=lords+of+the+manor+of+leeds&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwisvtuA-dfgAhWGT7wKHTEbCb4Q6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=lords%20of%20the%20manor%20of%20leeds&f=false |archive-date=26 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Morris |first1=J. |title=Atlas of Industrializing Britain, 1780–1914 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KZ-RAgAAQBAJ&q=manor+++of+Leeds++william++Lupton&pg=PA172 |publisher=Routledge |year=2002 |access-date=26 February 2017 |page=172 |quote=In the 1830s, William Lupton left his widow with land..... in Merrion and Belgrave streets  (Briggate)...the enclosed fields of the manor of Leeds were already occupied by a  woollen mill and its reservoir and the house and outbuildings of William Lupton – a gentleman merchant |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226111107/https://books.google.com.au/books?id=KZ-RAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA172&dq=manor+++of+Leeds++william++Lupton&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjOnZDX-9fgAhWOXSsKHe-6CDYQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=manor%20%20%20of%20Leeds%20%20william%20%20Lupton&f=false |archive-date=26 February 2019 |url-status=live |isbn=9781135836450 }}</ref> Other town corporations bought their manorial titles in the 19th century, including [[Manchester]], where the corporation paid £200,000 for the title in 1846.<ref>'Townships: Manchester (part 2 of 2)', in A History of the County of Lancaster: Volume 4, ed. William Farrer and J Brownbill (London, 1911), pp. 230-251. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/lancs/vol4/pp230-251 [accessed 5 December 2023].</ref>

By  1925, copyhold tenure had formally ended with the enactment of [[Law of Property Act]]s, Law of Property Act 1922 and Law of Property (Amendment) Act 1924, converting copyhold to [[fee simple]]. Although copyhold was abolished, the title of '''Lord of the Manor''' remains, and certain rights attached to it will also remain if they are registered under the [[Land Registration Act 2002]]. This Act ended manorial incidents unprotected by registration at the Land Registry after October 2013.<ref name="Farrer">{{cite web|url=http://www.farrer.co.uk/index.php?option%3Dcom_flexicontent%26view%3Ditems%26cid%3D299%3Abriefings%26id%3D1250%3Aprotecting-manorial-rights%26Itemid%3D4 |title=Protecting Manorial Rights |access-date=21 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324070530/http://www.farrer.co.uk/index.php?option=com_flexicontent&view=items&cid=299%3Abriefings&id=1250%3Aprotecting-manorial-rights&Itemid=4 |archive-date=24 March 2012 |year=2010 |work=Farrer & Co. Briefings}}</ref> The Land Registration Act 2002 does not affect the existence of unregistered lordships after October 2013, only the rights that would have previously been attached to the same.

During the latter part of the 20th century, many of these titles were sold to wealthy individuals seeking a distinction. However, certain purchasers, such as [[Mark Roberts (businessman)|Mark Roberts]], controversially exploited the right to claim unregistered land.<ref name="BBC News, To The Manor Bought"/><ref>{{ cite web|title=To the manor bought |first=Frank |last=Hinks |date=4 September 2008 |work=Legal Week |url=http://www.legalweek.com/Navigation/35/Articles/1159788/Commercial+and+Chancery+Bar+To+the+manor+bought.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081118102010/http://www.legalweek.com/Navigation/35/Articles/1159788/Commercial%2Band%2BChancery%2BBar%2BTo%2Bthe%2Bmanor%2Bbought.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 November 2008 |access-date=5 September 2008 }}</ref><ref name="publications.parliament.uk">[https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200304/cmhansrd/vo040203/halltext/40203h02.htm Hansard, 3 February 2004 : Column 204WH, 3 February 2004 : Column 205WH]</ref> A manorial title (i.e. ''Lord of the Manor'') is not a title of nobility, as in a [[peerage]] [[noble title|title]].<ref name = titles>{{cite web|url = https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/118548/titles-included-in-passports.pdf |title = Titles included in passports|publisher =United Kingdom|website = Home Office}}</ref>

==Use of style==
The holder of a lordship of the manor can be referred to as Lord or Lady of the manor of [''Placename''], or Lord or Lady of [''Placename''], for example Lord or Lady of Little Bromwich; this shortening is permitted as long as "of" is not omitted and the name of the holder is included before as not to imply a peerage.<ref>[https://uk-history.co.uk/titles "Titles of nobility"] ''Peerage and nobility of the United Kingdom''. Retrieved 15 October 2024</ref> It has been argued that lords of the manor can have the prefix "The Much Honoured" as using Mr, Miss or Mrs would be incorrect.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About |url=https://www.manorialsociety.co.uk/about.html |access-date=2024-01-12 |website=The Manorial Society of Great Britain |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Land Registry Practice Guide 22"/><ref>{{Cite news |date=22 August 2023 |title=Lord or Lady of West Bromwich nobility title to be auctioned for £20,000 |work=ITV News |url=https://www.itv.com/news/central/2023-08-21/fancy-being-lord-or-lady-of-west-brom-noblity-title-up-for-grabs-for-20k |access-date=27 August 2023}}</ref> The style 'Lord of the Manor of X' or 'Lord of X' is, in a sense, more of a description than a title, somewhat similar to the term [[laird]] in Scotland.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lyon-court.com/lordlyon/776.html |title=The Court of the Lord Lyon, Lairds |access-date=13 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120728090955/http://www.lyon-court.com/lordlyon/776.html |archive-date=28 July 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[King's College, Cambridge]] has given the view that the term "indicated wealth and privilege, and it carried rights and responsibilities".<ref>[http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/archive-centre/archive-month/july-2013.html "Estates: Lord of the manors"]. King's College Cambridge. July 2013.</ref>

It is debated whether manorial lordships can be classed as a noble title, historically holders of manorial titles were seen as people of rank. They are a semi-extinct form of hereditary landed title that grants the holder the rank of [[Esquire]] by prescription and are considered high [[gentry]] or lower, non-[[peerage]] [[nobility]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Reuter |first=T.|year=1997|title=The Companion to Historiography|place=London|publisher=M. Bentley|page=167}}</ref> by contemporary heralds and students of nobiliary. Lordship in this sense is a synonym for ownership, although this ownership involved a historic legal jurisdiction in the form of the [[court baron]].<ref name="Can I buy a British title">[http://ukinusa.fco.gov.uk/en/about-us/faqs/knighthood-honours/buy-british-title "Can I buy a British title?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727055906/http://ukinusa.fco.gov.uk/en/about-us/faqs/knighthood-honours/buy-british-title |date=27 July 2011 }}. Washington DC: British Embassy.</ref> The journal ''Justice of the Peace & Local Government Law'' advises that the position is unclear as to whether a lordship of a manor is a title of honour or a dignity, as this is yet to be tested by the courts.<ref name="books.google.co.uk">{{cite journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B4IwAQAAIAAJ&q=dignities,+lord+of+the+manor |journal=Justice of the Peace & Local Government Law |date=1997 |volume=161 |issue=1–26}}</ref>  Technically, lords of manors are [[baron]]s, or [[Freedom of the City|freemen]]; however, they do not use the term as a title. Unlike titled barons, they did not have a right to sit in the [[House of Lords]], which was the case for all noble peers until the [[House of Lords Act 1999]]. [[John Selden]] in his esteemed work ''Titles of Honour'' (1672) writes, "The word ''Baro'' (Latin for [[Baron]]) hath been also so much communicated, that not only all Lords of Manors have been from ancient time, and are at this day called sometimes Barons (as in the stile of their Court Barons, which is ''Curia Baronis, &c''. And I have read ''hors de son Barony'' in a barr to an Avowry for ''hors de son fee'') But also the Judges of the Exchequer have it from antient time fixed on them."<ref name="Selden">{{cite book |author=Selden, J. |year=1672 |title=Titles of Honor: By the Late and Famous Antiquary John Selden of Inner Temple, Esquire |edition=Third |place=London |publisher=Thomas Dring |page=570}}</ref>

==Manorial rights or incidents==
Since 1965 lords of the manor have been entitled to compensation in the event of compulsory purchase.<ref name=gov>{{cite web|title=Compulsory Purchase Act 1965|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1965/56/enacted|website=legislation.gov.uk|publisher=HMSO|access-date=19 August 2014}}</ref> Before the [[Land Registration Act 2002]] it was possible for manors to be registered with [[HM Land Registry]]. No manorial rights could be created after 1925, following entry into force of the Law of Property Act 1922. Manorial incidents, which are the rights that a lord of the manor may exercise over other people's land, lapsed on 12 October 2013 if not registered by then with the Land Registry. This is a separate issue to the registration of lordships of manors, since both registered and unregistered lordships will continue to exist after that date. It is only their practical rights that lost what is called 'overriding interest', or in other words the ability to affect land even if the interests or rights are not registered against that land, as of 12 October 2013. Manorial incidents can still be recorded for either registered or unregistered manors; however, proof of existence of the rights may need to be submitted to the Land Registry before they will be noted and they may not be registered at all after affected land is sold after 12 October 2013. This issue does not affect the existence of the title of lord of the manor.<ref name="Land Registry Practice Guide 22"/> There have been cases where manors have been sold and the seller has unknowingly parted with rights to unregistered land in England and Wales.<ref name="BBC News, To The Manor Bought">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/6923705.stm |work=BBC News |title=To The Manor Bought | date=31 July 2007}}</ref>

==Present day==
[[File:Lord of the Manor, Crofton - geograph.org.uk - 1087774.jpg|thumb|right|Manor house in [[Crofton, West Yorkshire]]]]

A manorial lordship or ladyship is not connected to the English or British [[Peerage of the United Kingdom|Peerage system]], but rather is a remnant of the [[feudal]] or [[English feudal barony|Baronial]] system that pre-dates it. It is debated as to whether the title forms part of the [[British nobility|"titled" strata of the British nobility]] which is these days predominantly linked to titles of peerage, but the title has historically been associated with the English [[landed gentry]] and [[squire]]archy within the context of the [[Social class in the United Kingdom|class structure of the United Kingdom]]. The status of lord of the manor is today often associated with the rank of [[esquire]] by prescription.<ref name="Can I buy a British title"/> Many Lordships of the Manor are 'held' via grand [[serjeanty]] – a duty to carry out certain functions when required – which places them in close proximity to the monarch, often during the [[Coronation of the British monarch|Coronation]]. An example would be the manor of [[Scrivelsby]], where the owner of the manor is required to serve as [[King's Champion]]. Additionally, many peers also hold lordships of the manor, and the [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|sovereign]] via the [[Duchy of Lancaster]] is one of the largest holders of manorial titles in the UK. The [[Duke of Westminster|Dukes of Westminster]] owe their fortune to the marriage of heiress Mary Davies, Lady of the Manor of [[Eia|Ebury]], to [[Sir Thomas Grosvenor, 3rd Baronet]], with the Manor of Ebury today forming the [[Grosvenor Group#Grosvenor Estate|Grosvenor Estate]]. As a feudal title 'Lord of the Manor', unlike titles of peerage, can be inherited by whomever the title holder chooses (including females), and it is the only English title that can be sold (though they rarely are), as lordships of the manor are considered non-physical property in England and are fully enforceable in the English court system.

Feudal lordships of the manor therefore still exist today (2023) in [[English property law]], being legal titles historically dating back to the Norman invasion of England in 1066. Being incorporated into property law (whether physical or non-physical) they can be bought and sold, as historic artifacts. The title itself as stated below can be separated from the physical property just as any other right can. Rights like the lordship, mineral and sporting can all be separate from the physical property. Since the 1290 statute of {{lang|la|[[Quia Emptores]]}} the title cannot be divided by [[subinfeudation]]. Land, sporting rights, and mineral rights can be separated. Property lawyers usually handle such transactions.

There are three elements to a manor (collectively called an ''honour''):
# the ''[[lord]]ship'' or ''dignity'' – the title granted by the manor,
# the ''[[manorial]]'' – the manor and its land,
# the ''[[seignory]]'' – the rights granted to the holder of the manor.

These three elements may exist separately or be combined. The first element, the title, may be held in [[moiety title|moieties]] and may not be [[fee tail|subdivided]] (this is prohibited by the statute of {{lang|la|[[Quia Emptores]]}}, preventing [[subinfeudation]]). The second and third elements in contrast can be subdivided.<ref name="Land Registry Practice Guide 22"/> Although manorial lordship titles today no longer have rights attached to them, historically the lordship title itself had the power to collect fealty (i.e. services) and taxes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The British Titles System |publisher=The Barony of North Cadbury, Somerset, England |url=https://baronyofnorthcadbury.com/History-Library/British-Titles-System |access-date=2022-08-11 |language=en-UK}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Manorial Counsel Ltd. |date=2015-01-23 |title=Lordship Rights in Law |publisher=Manorial Counsel Limited |url=https://www.manorialcounselltd.co.uk/lord-of-the-manor-lordship-rights-in-law/ |access-date=2022-08-02 |language=en-US}}</ref>

The [[Historical Manuscripts Commission]] maintains two ''Manorial Document Registers'' that cover [[southern England]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/mdr/ |title=Manorial Records |publisher=The National Archives}}</ref> One register is arranged under parishes, the other is arranged under manors and shows the last-known whereabouts of the manorial records, the records are often very limited. The [[National Archives (UK)|National Archives]] at [[Kew|Kew, London]], and [[county record office]]s maintain many documents that mention manors or manorial rights. In some cases [[manorial roll|manorial court roll]]s have survived; such documents are now protected by law.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/catalogue/rdleaflet.asp?sLeafletID=139&j=1 |title=Manorial Records in The National Archives Legal Records Information 1, 5. Court Rolls |publisher=The National Archives}}</ref>

Ownership of a [[manorialism|manorial]] lordship can be noted on request in British passports through an official observation worded, 'The Holder is the Lord of the Manor of [name]'.<ref name = titles/><ref>{{cite book |last=Young |first=John H. |year=1881 |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/17609/17609.txt |title=Our Deportment, Or the Manners, Conduct and Dress of the Most Refined Society; Including Forms for Letters, Invitations, Etc., Etc. Also, Valuable Suggestions on Home Culture and Training |publisher=F. B. Dickerson & Co./Pennsylvania Publishing House/Union Publishing House |location=Detroit, Michigan/Harrisburgh, Pennsylvania/Chicago, Illinois}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Dodd |first=Charles R. |year=1843 |title=A manual of dignities, privilege, and precedence: including lists of the great public functionaries, from the revolution to the present time |location=London |publisher=Whittaker & Co. |page=[https://archive.org/details/manualofdignitie00dodc/page/248 248] |url=https://archive.org/details/manualofdignitie00dodc}}</ref>

===Courts and Appointments===

Most [[Manorial court|manorial courts]] are now abolished, however the [[Administration of Justice Act 1977]] made exception for 32 [[Court leet|Court Leets]]. Their powers are significantly diminished from the era in which they held most power - The Court Leet of Henley in Arden for example is limited to the making of presentments about matters of local concern. There is also the Court Leet of Laxton which continues to oversee the [[Open-field system|open field system]] in [[Laxton, Nottinghamshire|Laxton]], and the [[Lordship_of_Denbigh#Modern_vestiges_of_the_lordship|Lordship of Denbigh Estray Court]] whose jurisdiction relates to return of lost sheep on common land.

Manors may appoint Stewards and other officers, though other than those outlined by legislation (such as the Steward of Laxton in respect of the Court Leet of Laxton) functionally these rolls are almost entirely ceremonial. For a [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] to resign from parliament, The Crown, acting as the respective Lord of the Manor, must appoint the member as either [[List of stewards of the Chiltern Hundreds|Crown Steward and Bailiff of the Chiltern Hundreds]] or [[List of stewards of the Manor of Northstead|Crown Steward and Bailiff of the Manor of Northstead]]. This is because an appointment to an "office of profit under The Crown" disqualifies an individual from sitting as an MP.<ref>https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1977/38</ref>

===Land claims===

The issues of land claims were raised in the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|UK Parliament]] in 2004 and were debated with a reply on the subject from the [[David Lammy|Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Constitutional Affairs]] acknowledging "need for reform of the remnants of feudal and manorial law" as a case was highlighted in [[Peterstone Wentloog]], [[Wales]], where villagers were being charged excessive fees to cross manorial land to access their homes.<ref name="publications.parliament.uk"/>

In 2007, a caution against first registration caused houses to stop selling in [[Alstonefield]] after [[Mark Roberts (businessman)|Mark Roberts]], a businessman from Wales also previously involved in the Peterstone Wentloog case, registered a caution against first registration for {{convert|25000|acre|km2}} after purchasing the lordship of the manor of Alstonefield for £10,000 in 1999. Judith Bray, land law expert from [[Buckingham University]], speaking to BBC about the case, said that "the legal situation is very confusing because a piece of legislation in the 1920s separated manorial rights from the ownership of land."<ref name="BBC News, To The Manor Bought"/>

In reports about the Alstonefield case, the BBC stated, "Scores of titles are bought and sold every year, some like the one [[Chris Eubank]] bought for fun, others seen as a business opportunity. It is entirely lawful, and there is no doubt the titles can be valuable. As well as rights to land like wastes and commons, they can also give the holder rights over land." The report goes on to say that the Law Commission in England and Wales were considering a project to abolish feudal land law but would not review manorial rights.<ref name="BBC News, To The Manor Bought"/>

In many cases, a title of lord of the manor may not have any land or rights, and in such cases the title is known as an 'incorporeal hereditament'. Before the [[Land Registration Act 2002]] it was possible to volunteer to register lordship titles with the Land Registry; most did not seek to register. Dealings in previously registered manors are subject to compulsory registration; however, lords of manors may opt to de-register their titles and they will continue to exist unregistered.<ref name="Land Registry Practice Guide 22"/> Manorial rights such as mineral rights ceased to be registerable after midnight on 12 October 2013.<ref name="hmrc">{{cite web |url=http://www1.landregistry.gov.uk/upload/documents/pg066.html |title=Land Registry Practice Guide 66 – Overriding interests losing automatic protection in 2013 |publisher=Land Registry |access-date=21 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613032959/http://www1.landregistry.gov.uk/upload/documents/pg066.html |archive-date=13 June 2011 |date=February 2011}}</ref>

===Mineral ownership===
There were fears in 2014 and earlier<ref name=fracking-early-fears>{{cite web|last=Gray|first=Louise|title='Lords of the Manor' to cash in on 'fracking'|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/earthnews/8869801/Lords-of-the-Manor-to-cash-in-on-fracking.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105223051/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/earthnews/8869801/Lords-of-the-Manor-to-cash-in-on-fracking.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 November 2011|newspaper=The Telegraph|access-date=7 February 2014}}</ref> that holders of the manorial rights would allow [[fracking]] under the homes and near local communities of people living within the [[Copyhold|manorial estate]] after a disclosure that 73,000 applications to assert manorial mineral rights had been received by the Land Registry. Many of the applications received were from the [[Duchy of Lancaster]] and the [[Duchy of Cornwall]] asserting their historic "manorial mineral ownership".<ref name=fracking>{{cite web|last=Gosden|first=Emily|title=Fracking fears as landowners lay claim to ancient rights|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/property/10575318/Land-Registry-receives-73000-land-rights-claims-minister-reveals.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116050329/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/property/10575318/Land-Registry-receives-73000-land-rights-claims-minister-reveals.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 January 2014|newspaper=The Telegraph|access-date=7 February 2014}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Peerages in the United Kingdom]]
* [[Squire#Village leader|Squire]]
* [[English land law]]

== Notes and references==
=== Notes ===
{{Reflist|group=Note}}

=== References ===
{{Reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
*[[J. W. Molyneux-Child|Molyneux-Child, J. W.]] (1987) ''The evolution of the English manorial system''. Lewes: The Book Guild. {{ISBN|0863322581}}

==External links==
* [http://www.heraldica.org/topics/odegard/titlefaq.htm Noble, princely, royal, and imperial titles]
* [http://www.chinet.com/~laura/html/titles01.html British titles of nobility]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1066 establishments in England]]
[[Category:Feudalism in the British Isles]]
[[Category:Titles in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Positions of authority]]
[[Category:Lords of the Manor| ]]