Editing Lowell Observatory

{{Short description|Astronomical observatory and historic landmark in Arizona, US}}
{{Confused|Lovell Telescope}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2015}}
{{Infobox Observatory
|name            = Lowell Observatory
|image           = [[File:Clark dome.jpg|250px]]
|caption         = The [[Alvan Clark|Clark]] Telescope Dome on Mars Hill
|organization    = Private institution
|location        = [[Flagstaff, Arizona]]
|coords          = {{coord|35|12|10|N|111|39|52|W|display=inline,title}}
|altitude        = {{convert|2210|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|weather         =
|established     = 1894
|closed          =
|website         = {{URL|http://www.lowell.edu|lowell.edu}}
|telescope1_name = [[Lowell Discovery Telescope]]
|telescope1_type = {{convert|4.28|m|in|abbr=on}} telescope ''(located at Happy Jack, Arizona)''
|telescope2_name = Perkins Telescope
|telescope2_type = {{convert|72|in|cm|abbr=on|order=flip}} [[Cassegrain reflector|cassegrain]] telescope ''(located at Anderson Mesa)''
|telescope3_name = John S. Hall Telescope
|telescope3_type = {{convert|42|in|cm|abbr=on|order=flip}} [[Ritchey-Chretien]] telescope ''(located at Anderson Mesa)''
|telescope4_name = Unnamed telescope
|telescope4_type = {{convert|31|in|cm|abbr=on|order=flip}} [[reflecting telescope]] ''(located at Anderson Mesa)''
|telescope5_name = [[LONEOS]] Schmidt Telescope
|telescope5_type = {{convert|25|in|cm|abbr=on|order=flip}} [[catadioptric]] ''(located at Anderson Mesa)''
|telescope6_name = 24-inch Clark Telescope
|telescope6_type = {{convert|24|in|cm|abbr=on|order=flip}} [[Alvan Clark & Sons|Alvan Clark]] [[refractor]]
|telescope7_name = Unnamed telescope
|telescope7_type = {{convert|21|in|cm|abbr=on|order=flip}} reflecting telescope
|telescope8_name = Unnamed telescope
|telescope8_type = {{convert|18|in|cm|abbr=on|order=flip}} [[astrograph]]
|telescope9_name = John Vickers McAllister Telescope
|telescope9_type = {{convert|16|in|cm|abbr=on|order=flip}} [[Boller and Chivens]] cassegrain telescope
|telescope10_name = Abbot L. Lowell Astrograph (Pluto Discovery Telescope)
|telescope10_type = {{convert|13|in|cm|abbr=on|order=flip}} astrograph
|telescope11_name = Planet Search Survey Telescope
|telescope11_type = ''(located at Anderson Mesa)''
|telescope12_name = [[Navy Optical Interferometer|Navy Precision Optical Interferometer]]
|telescope12_type = six-aperture [[astronomical interferometer]] with baselines up to {{convert|437|m|abbr=on}} ''(located at Anderson Mesa, operated in partnership with the [[USNO]] (through [[United States Naval Observatory Flagstaff Station|NOFS]]) and the [[United States Naval Research Laboratory|NRL]])''
{{Infobox NRHP
| embed                = yes
| name                 = Lowell Observatory
| nrhp_type            = nhl
| image                = LowellObservatory.jpg
| caption              = The Slipher Rotunda Museum at Lowell Observatory
| locmapin             = Arizona#USA
| area                 =
| built                = 1894
| designated_nrhp_type = December 21, 1965<ref name="nhlsum">{{cite web|url=http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=89&ResourceType=Building
|title=Lowell Observatory |access-date=September 27, 2007|work=National Historic Landmark summary listing|publisher=[[National Park Service]]}}</ref>
| added                = October 15, 1966<ref name="nris">{{NRISref|2007a}}</ref>
| mpsub                = Flagstaff MRA (AD)
| refnum               = 66000172
}}}}

'''Lowell Observatory''' is an [[astronomy|astronomical]] [[observatory]] in [[Flagstaff, Arizona]], [[United States]]. Lowell Observatory was established in 1894, placing it among the oldest observatories in the United States, and was designated a [[National Historic Landmark]] in 1965.<ref name="nhlsum" /><ref name="nrhpinv">{{Cite journal|url={{NHLS url|id=66000172}}|title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Lowell Observatory|author=Marilynn Larew|format=PDF|date=October 31, 1977|publisher=National Park Service|access-date=May 5, 2009}} and {{NHLS url|id=66000172|title=''Accompanying six photos, exterior, from 1964 and 1976''|photos=y}}</ref> In 2011, the Observatory was named one of "The World's 100 Most Important Places" by [[Time Magazine]].<ref name=History/> It was at the Lowell Observatory that the dwarf planet [[Pluto]] was discovered in 1930 by [[Clyde Tombaugh]].

The observatory was founded by astronomer [[Percival Lowell]] of Boston's [[Lowell family]] and is overseen by a sole trustee, a position historically handed down through the family. The first trustee was Lowell's third cousin [[Guy Lowell]] (1916–1927). Percival's nephew [[Roger Putnam]] served from 1927 to 1967, followed by Roger's son [[Michael C. J. Putnam|Michael]] (1967–1987), Michael's brother [[William Lowell Putnam III]] (1987–2013), and current trustee W. Lowell Putnam.

Multiple astronauts attended the Lowell Observatory in 1963 while the moon was being mapped for the [[Apollo Program]].<ref name=History>{{Cite web|url=https://lowell.edu/history/|title=History|website=Lowell Observatory|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-01}}</ref>

==History==
{{expand section|missing history of the earliest telescope and observatory; how funded?; when built?|date=February 2022}}
In 1877 the Italian astronomer [[Giovanni Schiaparelli]] purported to have discovered a series of [[martian canals]]. Percival Lowell had seen these drawings and was fascinated by the idea of artificial canals in Mars. In the winter of 1893, he devoted to use his wealth and connections to establish an observatory in the US. His wealth stemmed from his connection to the influential Boston [[Lowell family]] and his successful career as an investment banker. Lowell hired American astronomer Andrew E. Douglas to find a suitable location for the observatory and in 1894 they agreed to build it in Flagstaff, Arizona due to its elevation, dark night skies, and proximity to the railroad. The materials for the construction of the observatory were all sourced locally, but the Clark Refracting Telescope was assembled in Boston.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=2011JBAA..121...91A Page 92 |url=https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/2011JBAA..121...91A/0000092.000.html |access-date=2023-07-27 |journal=Journal of the British Astronomical Association|bibcode=2011JBAA..121...91A |last1=Abel |first1=P. G. |date=2011 |volume=121 |page=91 }}</ref>

The observatory has carried out a wide array of research. One of its programs was the measurement of the variability of [[solar irradiance]].<ref name="Reflector">{{cite journal |last1=Wotkyns|first1=Steele|year=2006|title= Lowell Observatory's 21-inch Telescope Delivering Long-Term Results|journal=Reflector|publisher=the Astronomical League|volume=LVIII|issue=2|page=16}}</ref> When [[Harold L. Johnson]] took over as the director in 1952, the stated objective became to focus on light from the Sun reflecting from [[Uranus]] and [[Neptune]].<ref name="Reflector" /> In 1953, the current {{convert|21|in|cm|adj=on|abbr=in|order=flip|sp=us}} telescope was erected.<ref name="Reflector" /> Beginning in 1954, this telescope began monitoring the brightness of these two planets, and comparing these measurements with a reference set of Sun-like stars.<ref name="Reflector" />

Self-taught astronomer [[Robert Burnham Jr.]] was an employee at Lowell observatory from 1958 to 1979, being known for his ''Celestial Handbook''.

Beginning in 2012, Lowell Observatory began offering camps for children known as LOCKs (Lowell Observatory Camps for Kids). The first camp was established for elementary students. Later on, in 2013, they added an additional camp program for preschool children. The following year they added another program for middle school students. ("Kelly", Manager at Lowell Observatory). Kids have the opportunity to learn hands-on about science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) through a variety of activities that include games, experiments, story time, art, music, and more.

In 2016, Kevin Schindler published ''Lowell Observatory'', a 128-page book containing over 200 captions and pictures. [[Arcadia Publishing]]'s ''Images of America'' included it in their series, which increased the enthusiasm of space in the public. The book itself features the popular reputation of Lowell Observatory, encompassing the revolutionary research of scientists and how they contributed to the field of astronomy.<ref name=History /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goodreads.com/work/best_book/47152659-lowell-observatory-images-of-america-arizona|title=Lowell Observatory|website=www.goodreads.com|access-date=2019-04-03}}</ref> <gallery>
File:Percival Lowell observing Venus from the Lowell Observatory in 1914.jpg|Percival Lowell in the observer's chair of the Alvan Clark {{convert|24|in|cm|adj=on|abbr=in|order=flip|sp=us}} refractor
File:Alvan Clark Telescope Lowell Observatory.jpg|Historic Clark telescope installed in 1896 and housed in a wooden dome resting on automobile tires.
File:Lowell astrograph.jpg|{{convert|13|in|cm|adj=on|abbr=in|order=flip|sp=us}} [[astrograph]] used to discover Pluto
</gallery>

== Exhibits ==
* '''The Rotunda Museum:''' Built in 1916, it is used by the observatory as a library and collection area for artifacts. It features displays that discuss the Lowell family history and the discoveries made at the observatory. It also houses many different measuring tools including Thatcher's Calculating Instrument.<ref name=Exhibits>{{Cite web|url=https://lowell.edu/visit/exhibits/|title=Museum Exhibits {{!}} Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, AZ|website=Lowell Observatory|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-12}}</ref>
* '''Putnam Collection Center/ Lowell's Lunar Legacy:''' When the Rotunda Museum is closed, the Putnam Collection Center and Lowell's Lunar Legacy, are open to the public. The Center highlights the Observatories history and features artifacts from Lowell's past and other scientific discoveries.<ref name=Exhibits />
* '''The Giovale Open Deck Observatory:''' It is the newest addition to the Lowell observatory that allows guests to learn astronomy during the day and night. It features six telescopes, six plinths on the deck's circumference, and an APS spectrum display. The six telescopes on the deck are a 5.5-inch TEC wide-field refractor, an 8-inch Moonraker Victorian refractor, a 32-inch Starstructure Dobsonian reflector, a 16-inch Meade ACF catadioptric reflector, a 17-inch PlaneWave CDK catadioptric reflector, and a 14-inch PlaneWave CDK catadioptric reflector.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lowell.edu/giovale-open-deck-observatory/|title=The Giovale Open Deck Observatory|website=Lowell Observatory|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-12}}</ref>

== Telescopes and interior ==
[[File:Discovery Channel Telescope.JPG|thumb|250px|Lowell Discovery Telescope]]

=== Lowell Discovery Telescope ===
{{main article|Lowell Discovery Telescope}}
Lowell Observatory owns and operates the Lowell Discovery Telescope (LDT, formerly the Discovery Channel Telescope) located near [[Happy Jack, Arizona]]. This 4.3-meter [[reflecting telescope]] is the fifth-largest telescope in the contiguous United States and one of the most powerful in the world, thanks to a unique instrument cube that can accommodate up to five instruments at the Ritchey-Chrétien focus, four via fold mirrors and another at the bore sight. The LDT can switch between any of these instruments in about a minute by placing or removing these fold mirrors in the optical path of the instrument cube, making it uniquely suited for time-domain programs as well as opportunity targets such as gamma ray bursts and supernovae.

The 6700-pound [[primary mirror]] measures {{convert|4.3|m|in|abbr=on}} in diameter yet only about {{convert|10|cm|in|abbr=on}} in thickness. This finely figured, thin meniscus mirror, held in shape by a 156-element active optics system, 120 lateral pistons and 36 lateral supports, regularly delivering sub-arcsecond seeing. The mirror was ground and polished into its [[Hyperbolic functions|hyperbolic]] shape at the Optical Fabrication and Engineering Facility of the College of Optical Sciences of the [[University of Arizona]] in [[Tucson, Arizona|Tucson]].

The LDT is housed in a 73-foot-tall, 62-foot-diameter metal dome located at an elevation of {{convert|7,800|ft}} and about {{convert|40|mi}} southeast of Flagstaff. Groundbreaking for the facility occurred on July 11, 2005.  A little over six years later, the first image from just the primary mirror was recorded, using a small test camera mounted where the secondary mirror would eventually go. The secondary mirror was installed in January 2012. To celebrate first light, Lowell hosted a gala celebration on July 21, 2012, featuring a keynote address by [[Neil Armstrong]]. This was his final public appearance before his death several weeks later.

The telescope is named for the [[Discovery Channel]] television network. Discovery founder and CEO [[John Hendricks]] has long been a member of Lowell Observatory's Advisory Board, and Discovery and John and his wife Maureen made gifts of $16 million toward the $53 million cost of the project. These were gifts, not purchases: Discovery has no ownership in the telescope, nor any direction of the research conducted with it. In return for their contributions, they received naming rights and first right of refusal for use of images in educational broadcasts. Research use proceeds as it would at any other professional telescope.

[[Boston University]], the [[University of Maryland]], the [[University of Toledo]], [[Northern Arizona University]], and [[Yale University]] have joined Lowell as partners with access to DCT.

=== Other ===
The observatory operates several [[telescope]]s at three locations in the Flagstaff area. The main facility, located on Mars Hill just west of downtown Flagstaff, houses the original {{convert|24|in|cm|adj=on|abbr=off|order=flip|sp=us}} Clark Refracting Telescope, which is now used for public education, with 85,000 annual visitors. The telescope, built in 1896 for $20,000, was assembled in Boston by [[Alvan Clark & Sons]] and then shipped by train to Flagstaff. Also located on the Mars Hill campus is the {{convert|13|in|cm|adj=on|abbr=off|order=flip|sp=us}} Pluto Discovery Telescope, used by [[Clyde Tombaugh]] in 1930 to discover the dwarf planet [[Pluto]].

In 2014, the {{convert|8,000|ft2}} Putnam Center was opened.<ref>{{cite web |title=Putnam Collection Center |url=https://lowell.edu/history/putnam-collection-center/}}</ref> This observatory included many rooms with tools that were useful to observers including a library for research, a room for processing photographic glass plates, multiple antique instruments used by previous astronomers, and many artifacts. The observatory does contain areas that are closed to the public view, although there are multiple places that tourists are welcome to visit.<ref name="History" />

Lowell Observatory currently operates four research telescopes at its [[Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa]] dark-sky site, located {{convert|20|km|mi|abbr=on}} southeast of Flagstaff, including the {{convert|72|in|cm|adj=on|abbr=off|order=flip|sp=us}} Perkins Telescope (in partnership with Boston University) and the {{convert|42|in|cm|adj=on|abbr=off|order=flip|sp=us}} John S. Hall Telescope. Lowell is a partner with the [[United States Naval Observatory Flagstaff Station|United States Naval Observatory]] and [[United States Naval Research Laboratory|Naval Research Laboratory]] in the [[Navy Optical Interferometer|Navy Precision Optical Interferometer]] (NPOI) also located at that site. The Observatory also operates smaller research telescopes at its historic site on Mars Hill and in Australia and Chile.

Past Anderson Mesa, on the peak of [[Happy Jack, Arizona|Happy Jack]], Lowell Observatory built the {{convert|4.28|m|in|adj=on|abbr=off|sp=us}} [[Lowell Discovery Telescope]] in partnership with Discovery Communications, Inc.

== Current research ==
Lowell Observatory's astronomers conduct research on a wide range of solar system and astrophysical topics using ground-based, airborne, and space-based telescopes. Among the many current programs are a search for [[near-Earth asteroid]]s, a survey of the [[Kuiper Belt]] beyond [[Neptune]], a search for [[extrasolar planets]], a decades-long study of the brightness stability of the sun, and a variety of investigations of star formation and other processes in distant galaxies. In addition, the Observatory staff designs and builds custom instrumentation for use on Lowell's telescopes and elsewhere. For example, Lowell staff built a sophisticated high-speed camera for use on the [[Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy]] (SOFIA). SOFIA is a joint project of NASA and [[German Aerospace Center|DLR]], the German space agency, and consists of a {{convert|2.5|m|ft|adj=on|abbr=off|sp=us}} telescope on board a Boeing 747 SP.

Lowell astronomers, Nick Moskovitz, Brian Skiff, and Tom Polakis also contributed observations in [[Double Asteroid Redirection Test|NASA's Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART)]] using both the 1.1-meter John Hall Telescope and 4.3-meter [[Lowell Discovery Telescope]]. This experiment is the world's first full-scale planetary defense test.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schindler |first=Kevin |date=2023-03-02 |title=Press Release: Assessing the Impact of the DART Mission |url=https://lowell.edu/2023/03/02/press-release-assessing-the-impact-of-the-dart-mission/ |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=Lowell Observatory |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Notable Discoveries ===
{{see also|Category:Discoveries by the Lowell Observatory|Planets beyond Neptune}}
* The dwarf planet [[Pluto]] by [[Clyde Tombaugh]] in 1930
* Large [[recessional velocity|recessional velocities]] of [[galaxies]] by [[Vesto Melvin Slipher]] between 1912 and 1914 (that led ultimately to the realization our universe is expanding)
* Co-discovery of the [[rings of Uranus]] in 1977<ref>{{cite journal | bibcode=1977Natur.267..328E |journal=Nature |volume=267 |date=1977 |pages=328–330 |title=The rings of Uranus |doi=10.1038/267328a0 |last1=Elliot |first1=J  |last2=Dunham |first2=T |last3=Mink |first3=D |issue=5609 }}</ref>
* The periodic variation in the activity of [[Comet Halley]] during the 1985/1986 apparition<ref>{{cite journal | bibcode=1990AJ....100..896S |journal=Astronomical Journal |volume=100 |date=1990 |pages=896–912 |title= Periodic variations in the activity of Comet P/Halley during the 1985/1986 apparition |doi=10.1086/115570 |last1=Schleicher |first1=David G. |last2=Millis |first2=Robert L. |last3=Thompson |first3=Don T. |last4=Birch |first4=Peter V. |last5=Martin |first5=Ralph |last6=Tholen |first6=David J. |last7=Piscitelli |first7=Joseph R. |last8=Lark |first8=Neil L. |last9=Hammel |first9=Heidi B. |display-authors=5 }}</ref>
* The three largest known stars
* The atmosphere of [[Pluto]]
* Accurate orbits for two of Pluto's moons: [[Nix (moon)|Nix]] and [[Hydra (moon)|Hydra]]
* Oxygen on [[Jupiter]]'s satellite [[Ganymede (moon)|Ganymede]]
* [[Carbon dioxide ice]] on three Uranian satellites
* The first [[Neptune trojan|Trojan of Neptune]]
* Evidence that the atmosphere of [[HD 209458 b]] contains water vapor<ref>{{cite journal | bibcode=2007ApJ...661L.191B |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=661 |date=2007 |pages=L191–L194 |title=Identification of Absorption Features in an Extrasolar Planet Atmosphere |doi=10.1086/518736 |last1=Barman |first1=Travis |issue=2 | authorlink= Travis Barman |arxiv=0704.1114 }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of astronomical observatories]]
* [[List of largest optical telescopes in the continental United States]]

== References ==
;Footnotes
{{Reflist}}
; Sources
* {{cite journal |title= Lowell, Percival, Pickering, W.H. and the founding of the Lowell Observatory
|author= Strauss, David|journal= Annals of Science|volume= 51 |issue=1 | pages=37–58 |year=1994|doi=  10.1080/00033799400200121}}
* Strauss, David (2001), ''Percival Lowell: The Culture and Science of a Boston Brahmin'', Cambridge: Harvard University Press, {{ISBN|978-0674002913}}, {{OCLC|44613096}}
* Hoyt, William Graves (1996), ''Lowell and Mars'', Tucson: University of Arizona Press, {{ISBN|978-0816505142}}, {{OCLC|18744671}}
* Putnam, William Lowell (1994), ''The Explorers of Mars Hill: A Centennial History of Lowell Observatory, 1894–1994'', New Hampshire: Phoenix Publishing, {{ISBN|978-0914659693}}, {{OCLC|243795932}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.lowell.edu/ Lowell Observatory]
* [https://lowell.edu/visit/locks/ Lowell Observatory Camps for Kids]
* {{GNIS|31334}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120902003450/http://www.lowell.edu/dct.php Lowell Discovery Telescope]
* [http://cleardarksky.com/c/FlagstaffAZkey.html?1 Flagstaff Clear Sky Clock] Forecasts of observing conditions covering Lowell Observatory.
* [http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceID=89&resourceType=Building National Historic Landmarks Program: Lowell Observatory]
* [https://wonderdome.co.uk/lowell-observatory Wonderdome Mobile Planetarium Blog]

;Historic American Buildings Survey (photographic survey)
* {{HABS |survey=AZ-206 |id=az0371 |title=Lowell Observatory, 1400 West Mars Hill Road, Flagstaff, Coconino County, AZ}}
* {{HABS |survey=AZ-206-A |id=az0372 |title=Lowell Observatory, Slipher Building |link=no}}
* {{HABS |survey=AZ-206-B |id=az0373 |title=Lowell Observatory, Clark Dome |link=no}}
* {{HABS |survey=AZ-206-C |id=az0374 |title=Lowell Observatory, Pluto Dome |link=no}}
* {{HABS |survey=AZ-206-D |id=az0383 |title=Lowell Observatory, Mausoleum |link=no}}
* {{HABS |survey=AZ-206-E |id=az0384 |title=Lowell Observatory, Water Tank |link=no}}
* {{HABS |survey=AZ-206-F |id=az0385 |title=Lowell Observatory, Lodge |link=no}}

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[[Category:Astronomical observatories in Arizona]]
[[Category:National Register of Historic Places in Flagstaff, Arizona]]
[[Category:National Historic Landmarks in Arizona]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Arizona]]
[[Category:1894 establishments in Arizona Territory]]
[[Category:Historic American Buildings Survey in Arizona]]
[[Category:Discoveries by the Lowell Observatory|*]]