Editing Lubin

{{Short description|Town in Lower Silesia, Poland}}
{{other places|Lubin (disambiguation)}}
{{Distinguish|Lublin}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Lubin
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 270
| image_style = border:1;
| perrow = 1/2/2
| image1 = Lubin - Ratusz (TF027).jpg{{!}}City Hall
| image2 = Lubin, Kościół Najświętszego Serca Pana Jezusa - fotopolska.eu (229211).jpg{{!}}Sacred Heart church
| image3 = Lubin, Pałac Ślubów - fotopolska.eu (232193).jpg{{!}}Wedding Palace
}}
| image_caption = {{hlist|From top, left to right: City Hall|Sacred Heart church|Wedding Palace}}
| image_flag = POL Lubin flag.svg
| image_shield = POL Lubin COA.svg
| pushpin_map = Poland
| pushpin_label_position = bottom
| coordinates = {{coord|51|23|50|N|16|12|20|E|region:PL|display=title,inline}}
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{POL}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Voivodeships of Poland|Voivodeship]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Powiat|County]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Gmina]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Lower Silesian Voivodeship|Lower Silesian]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Lubin County|Lubin]]
| subdivision_name3 = Lubin <small>(urban gmina)</small>
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 12th century
| established_title3 = City rights
| established_date3 = 1295
| leader_title = City mayor
| leader_name = Robert Raczyński ([[Nonpartisan Local Government Activists|BS]])
| area_total_km2 = 40.77
| population_as_of = 31 December 2021
| population_total = 70815 {{decrease}}<ref name="population">{{cite web|url=https://bdl.stat.gov.pl/bdl/dane/teryt/jednostka|title=Local Data Bank|access-date= 15 August 2022|publisher=Statistics Poland}} Data for territorial unit 0211011.</ref>
| postal_code_type = Postal code
| postal_code = 59-300
| area_code = +48 76
| timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset = +1
| timezone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| utc_offset_DST = +2
| blank_name = [[Polish car number plates|Car plates]]
| blank_info = DLU
| blank_name_sec2 = [[Highways in Poland|Highways]]
| blank_info_sec2 = [[File:S3-PL.svg|32px|link=Expressway S3 (Poland)]]
| website = http://www.lubin.pl
}}
'''Lubin''' ({{IPA|pl|ˈlubin|lang|audio=Pl-Lubin.ogg}}; {{langx|de|Lüben}}) is a city in [[Lower Silesian Voivodeship]] in south-western Poland.{{TERYT}} It is the administrative seat of [[Lubin County]], and also of the rural district called [[Gmina Lubin]], although it is not part of the territory of the latter, as the town forms a separate urban [[gmina]]. As of 2021, the city had a total population of 70,815.<ref name="population" />

==Geography==
Lubin is situated on the [[Zimnica (river)|Zimnica]] river in the [[Lower Silesia]]n historical region, about {{convert|71|km|mi|abbr=off}} northwest of [[Wrocław]] and {{convert|20|km|mi|abbr=in}} north of [[Legnica]].

The city is one of the major industrial locations in Lower Silesia, with the headquarters of the third-largest Polish corporation, the [[KGHM Polska Miedź]] mining company.

== History ==
===Piast dynasty rule===
[[File:Lubin Piastowska ruiny.jpg|thumb|left|Ruins of the Piast Castle]]
The area of Lubin lies midway between the main settlements of two West Slavic [[Ślężanie]] tribes, the Dziadoszanie and the Trzebowianie, whose lands were both subdued by [[Mieszko I of Poland]] about 990. It is unclear which of the two tribes, if either, founded the town. One legend states that the town derives its name from ''Luba'', a young man credited with slaying a giant bear that had been terrifying the inhabitants. A [[papal bull]] dated to circa 1155 mentions Lubin as one of 13 Silesian [[castellany|castellanies]].

According to legend the Polish [[voivode]] [[Piotr Włostowic]] of [[Dunin]] (1080–1153) had a [[fieldstone church]] built on the hill in the west of Lubin, where about 1230 a [[castellany]] and a village arose that until today is called the ''Old City'' ({{langx|pl|Stary Lubin}}). The settlement in the [[Duchy of Głogów]] was first mentioned under the [[Old Polish]] name of ''Lubin'' in a 1267 deed by [[Pope Clement IV]] as a fiefdom of [[Sanctuary of St. Jadwiga in Trzebnica|Trzebnica Abbey]].

The New City of what is today Lubin was probably founded in the 1280s under the rule of Duke [[Przemko of Ścinawa]] by [[Germans|German]] settlers, maybe descending from [[Lower Lorraine]] or [[Franconia]], in the course of the ''[[Ostsiedlung]]''. It obtained its [[Magdeburg rights|city rights]] about 1295. In 1329 Duke [[John, Duke of Ścinawa|John of Ścinawa]] paid homage to King [[John of Bohemia]], who upon the death of John's brother Duke [[Przemko II of Głogów]] in 1331 invaded the lands, which were incorporated into the [[Kingdom of Bohemia]] and shared the political fortunes of the [[Silesia]]n crown land.
[[File:SM Lubin kapica św Jadwigi (4) ID 595703.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.9|[[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] [[Castle Chapel in Lubin|Castle Chapel]]]]
From 1348 Lubin Castle served as the residence of the [[Silesian Piasts|Piast]] duke [[Ludwik I the Fair|Louis I the Fair]] and his descendants. In the quarrel with his elder brother Duke [[Wenceslaus I of Legnica]] a 1359 judgement by Emperor [[Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles IV]] allotted Lubin along with [[Krzeczyn Wielki]], [[Krzeczyn Mały]], [[Osiek, Lubin County|Osiek]] and [[Pieszków, Lubin County|Pieszków]] to Louis. About 1353 he had a manuscript on the life of Saint [[Hedwig of Andechs]] drawn up, later called ''Schlackenwerth'' ([[Ostrov (Karlovy Vary District)|Ostrov]]) Codex, which today is kept at the [[J. Paul Getty Museum]].  The [[Castle Chapel in Lubin]] dates to the 14th century.

In the late 15th century the Lubin parish church was rebuilt in its present-day [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] style, its high altar was moved to [[Wrocław Cathedral]] in 1951. Under the rule of Duke [[George I of Brieg]] (died 1521) and his widow [[Anna of Pomerania, Duchess of Lubin|Anna of Pomerania]], the reformer [[Caspar Schwenckfeld]], born in nearby Osiek, made the town a centre of the [[Protestant Reformation]] in Lower Silesia. With Lower Silesia, Lubin in 1526 fell under suzerainty of the [[Habsburg monarchy]]. It was devastated several times during the [[Thirty Years' War]]. Lubin remained part of the [[Piast dynasty|Piast]]-ruled [[Duchy of Legnica]] until 1675, when it was incorporated to the Habsburg-ruled Bohemia.

===Late modern period and World War II===
Conquered in the [[Silesian Wars]] by King [[Frederick II of Prussia]] in the mid-18th century, the town became a part of [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]] and later, in 1871, Germany. In 1871, after creation of the [[German Empire]], it was connected by rail to [[Legnica]] (Liegnitz) and [[Głogów]] (Glogau). In reports on their parishes at the end of the 18th century, local pastors wrote about native Poles, who spoke a local dialect of the Polish language. The native Polish population was subjected to planned [[Germanisation]], which lasted until the 1930s. A labour camp of the [[Reich Labour Service]] was operated in the town under [[Nazi Germany]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tenhumbergreinhard.de/1933-1945-lager/rad-abteilungen/x-niederschlesien.html|title=X Niederschlesien|access-date=25 September 2022|language=de}}</ref>

During [[World War II]] about 70% of the town's buildings were destroyed. In 1945 between the days of 8–10 February [[Red Army]] soldiers mass-murdered 150 German pensioners in an old-people's home and 500 psychiatric hospital patients in Lubin.<ref>[http://www.zs2lubin.edu.pl/2.html Lubin's history]</ref> The city eventually became again part of Poland, although with a Soviet-installed [[People's Republic of Poland|communist regime]], which stayed in power until the 1980s. The remaining German population of the city was [[Flight and expulsion of Germans from Poland during and after World War II|either expelled]] in accordance with the [[Potsdam Agreement]], or prohibited from returning home by the communist authorities.{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}

===Discovery of copper deposits===
[[File:Autobus na budowie Zakładów Górniczych Lubin.jpg|thumb|right|Construction of mining facilities in 1965]]
In 1957 [[Jan Wyżykowski]] discovered and in 1959 documented in Lubin the largest copper ore deposits in Europe and one of the largest in the world. Soon copper mines were built and the [[KGHM Polska Miedź|KGHM]] company was established.

From 1975 to 1998 it belonged to the former [[Legnica Voivodeship]]. In 1982 the city saw significant demonstrations against the [[Martial law in Poland|martial law]] declared by the Communist regime, which were put down by its death squads, resulting in the murder of three people.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lubin82.pl/index.html |title=Lubin 1982 - wydarzenia z 31 sierpnia 1982, stan wojenny, fotografie - Solidarność, historia współczesna, historia stanu wojennego, ZOMO, milicja, podziemie, władza ludowa, demonstracja, opozycja, Michał Adamowicz, Andrzej Trajkowski, Mieczysławie Poźniak, ofiary<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2006-12-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100729164710/http://www.lubin82.pl/index.html |archive-date=2010-07-29 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20061214010142/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,951804,00.html Defiance in the Streets – TIME<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

==Education==
* Uczelnia Zawodowa Zagłębia Miedziowego
* I Liceum Ogólnokształcące im. Mikołaja Kopernika w Lubinie
* II Liceum Ogólnokształcące w Lubinie
* Technikum nr 1 im. Bolesława Krupińskiego w Lubinie

==Sports==
[[File:Lubin-Dialog-Arena-FlyRecord-2.jpg|thumb|Stadium of [[Zagłębie Lubin]]]]
* [[Zagłębie Lubin]] – men's [[Association football|football]] team playing in the [[Ekstraklasa]] (top division) as of season 2024–25, Polish Champions in seasons [[1990–91 Ekstraklasa|1990–91]] and [[2006–07 Ekstraklasa|2006–07]].
* [[Zagłębie Lubin (men's handball)|Zagłębie Lubin]] – men's [[Handball in Poland|handball]] team playing in the [[Polish Superliga]] (top division) as of season 2024–25, Polish Champions in season 2006–07.
* [[Zagłębie Lubin (women's handball)|Zagłębie Lubin]] – women's [[handball]] team playing in the [[Polish Women's Superliga (women's handball)|Women's Superliga]] (top division) as of season 2024–25, Polish Champions in seasons 2010–11, 2020–21 and 2021–22.

==Transport==
Major roads running through Lubin:
* [[Expressway S3 (Poland)|Expressway S3]] (highway), part of the [[European route E65]] – [[Lubawka]]-[[Legnica]]-Lubin-[[Zielona Góra]]-[[Gorzów Wielkopolski]]-[[Szczecin]]-[[Świnoujście]]
* [[National road 36 (Poland)|National road 36]] – [[Rawicz]]-Lubin-[[Prochowice]]

Lubin has an general aviation [[Lubin-Obora Airport|airport]] which is available for public use, it has a 1000m concrete/asphalt runway.

[[File:Irisbus Citelis 12M.jpg|thumb|Buses of Lubin public transport]]
Public transport:
* Lubin currently has [[free public transport]] within the city, with the main busses running approximately every 20 minutes.
* Lubin also has the PKS station which offers affordable coach type buses. These buses run between several other cities such as [[Wrocław]], [[Legnica]].

Currently the city has a newly built train station which offers connection to many locations across the country. And sometimes even out to [[Berlin]], [[Germany]] with the [[EuroCity]] services.<ref>{{cite web |title=Poster timetable - Station selection - Passenger Portal - PKP Polskie Linie Kolejowe S.A. |url=https://portalpasazera.pl/en/Plakaty |website=portalpasazera.pl |access-date=3 March 2025 |language=Polish}}</ref>

==Notable people==
{{see also|Category:People from Lubin}}
*[[William I of Württemberg]] (1781–1864), the second [[Kingdom of Württemberg|King of Württemberg]] from 1816 until his death, was born in Lüben, where his father [[Frederick I of Württemberg|Frederick I]] served as a commander in the [[Prussian Army]]
*[[Dieter Collin]] (1893–1918), World War I flying ace 
*Gerd von Tresckow (1899–1944), [[Wehrmacht]] officer, resistance fighter [[20 July plot]], elder brother of [[Henning von Tresckow]]
*[[Rudolf von Gersdorff]] (1905–1980), Wehrmacht officer, one of the few German military anti-Hitler plotters to survive the war
*[[Peter Schumann]] (born 1934), founder of the [[Bread and Puppet Theater]]
*[[Tadeusz Maćkała]] (born 1962), politician
*[[Kasia Wilk]] (born 1982), musician
*[[Mariusz Jurkiewicz]] (born 1982), handball player
*[[Natalia Czerwonka]] (born 1988), speed skater
*[[Arkadiusz Woźniak]] (born 1990), football player
*[[Adrian Błąd]] (born 1991), football player
*[[Filip Jagiełło]] (born 1997), football player
*[[Joseph Lubin (entrepreneur)|Joseph Lubin]] (born 1964), entrepreneur

==Twin towns – sister cities==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland}}

Lubin is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:<ref>{{cite web |title=Partnerschaft mit Lubin / Lüben|url=https://www.rhein-lahn-kreis.de/rhein-lahn-kreis/portrait-des-kreises/partnerschaften/lubin-lueben/|website=rhein-lahn-kreis.de|publisher=Rhein-Lahn-Kreis|language=de|access-date=2020-03-02}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Rhein-Lahn-Kreis|Rhein-Lahn (district)]], Germany

==Gallery==
{{Gallery|title=|width=170|height=120|align=center
|File:Lubin Baszta Głogowska.jpg|[[Gothic architecture in Poland|Gothic]] Głogów Tower (''Baszta Głogowska'')
|File:Lubin18.JPG|Gothic Our Lady of Częstochowa church, 15th century
|File:Lubin1 big.jpg|[[Tympanum (architecture)|Tympanum]] at the castle's chapel, c.1349
|File:Cuprum Arena.jpg|Cuprum Arena Shopping Center
|File:SM Lubin Kościół Najświętszego Serca Pana Jezusa.jpg|Sacred Heart church
|File:Kościół pw. Narodzenia NMP w Lubinie.jpg|Church of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary
|File:Lubin, Składowa front.jpg|Old guardhouse
|File:Lubin, Urząd Pocztowy Lubin 1 - fotopolska.eu (229642).jpg|Post office
|File:Lubin, Zespół Szkół nr 1 im. prof. Bolesława Krupińskiego - fotopolska.eu (231748).jpg|Technical school
|File:Pomnik Jana Wyżykowskiego w Lubinie.jpg|[[Jan Wyżykowski]] Monument
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|auto=y}}
*[https://www.lubin.pl/ Official Lubin website]
*[http://www.lubin82.pl/index_eng.html Lubin Iniquity 1982]
*[https://www.zaglebie.com/ Zaglebie Lubin football club]
{{Commons category|Lubin}}

{{Cities of Poland}}
{{Lubin County}}
{{Gmina Lubin}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Lubin| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Lower Silesian Voivodeship]]
[[Category:Lubin County]]
[[Category:Cities in Silesia]]
[[Category:12th-century establishments in Poland]]
[[Category:Populated places established in the 12th century]]
[[Category:Populated riverside places in Poland]]