Editing Lucet

{{Short description|Tool for making cords or braids}}
{{other uses}}
[[File:Lucet.JPG|thumb|Wooden, lyre-shaped lucet, with in-progress square cord]]
A '''lucet''' is a tool used in cordmaking or [[braiding]] which is believed to date back to the [[Viking]]<ref name="Pettersson">{{cite journal |last=Pettersson |first=Kerstin |title=En gotländsk kvinnas dräkt. Kring ett textilfynd från vikingatiden. |language=sv |location=Uppsala |publisher=Societas Archaelogica Upsaliensis |journal=TOR |issue=12 |date=1968 |pages=174–200}}</ref> and [[Medieval]]<ref name="MacGregor">{{cite book |last=MacGregor |first=Arthur |date=1985 |title=Bone, Antler, Ivory and Horn: The Technology of Skeletal Materials since the Roman Period. |location=London |publisher=Croom Helm}}</ref> periods, when it was used to create cords that were used on clothing,<ref name="Pettersson" /> or to hang items from the belt.<ref name="Groves">{{cite book |last=Groves |first=Sylvia |date=1966 |title=The History of Needlework Tools and Accessories |location=Middlesex |publisher=Hamlyn Publishing}}</ref> Lucet cord is square, strong, and slightly springy. It closely resembles [[knitting|knitted]] [[I-cord]] or the cord produced on a [[Spool knitting|knitting spool]]. Lucet may unravel if cut, but is easily fixed with a small knot. Unlike other braiding techniques such as {{Transliteration|ja|[[kumihimo]]}}, [[fingerloop braid|finger-loop braiding]] or [[braiding|plaiting]], where the threads are of a finite length, lucetted (or knitted){{efn|The term ''lucet'' is used as a verb to describe the process of creating lucet cord, as in "to lucet", "lucetted" and "lucetting", as well as being a noun used to describe the resulting cord itself, and a noun used to describe the tool used in the cords' creation.}} braids can be created without pre-measuring threads and so it is a technique suited for very long cords.

==Origins of the lucet==

The supposed Medieval lucets appear to be double-pronged hollow bones, left tubular, presumably so that the cord could be drawn through the centre hole.<ref name="MacGregor" /> In contrast, a modern lucet fork is lyre-shaped, normally made of wood, with two prongs at one end and (optionally) a handle on the other. It may also have a hole through which the cord can be pulled.

The exact origins of the lucet are controversial. While it was previously suggested that its use declined after the 12th century<ref name="MacGregor" />  and revived in the 17th century<ref>Oxford English Dictionary. See: ''Lucet obs.''</ref> Its use waned again in the early 19th century,<ref name="Groves" /> the historical identification of lucets in archaeological digs is tricky. The biggest challenge in identifying ancient lucets is that their design is simple, making it difficult to distinguish from other two-pronged tools. Many presumed lucets were made from bones, branches, or antlers, and are often misidentified by archaeologists.<ref name="RossiPhelps">{{cite journal |last1=Rossi |first1=Sara |last2=Phelps |first2=Daniel |title=The Lucet Compendium: A Historical Exploration and Practical Guide |journal=The Compleat Anachronist |issue=202 |date=2023 |publisher=Society for Creative Anachronism |location=Milpitas, CA}}</ref>

For example, a two-pronged 11th-century finding from Lund (Sweden)<ref name="Olesen">{{cite journal |last=Steenholt Olesen |first=Rikke |title=Et tinbl:Bein fra Middelalderens Lund: Et tekstilredskab – men hvilket? |journal=Danske Studier |date=September 2021 |pages=5–24 |doi=10.7146/danskestudier.vi.128793|doi-access=free }}</ref> has been associated with lucetting due to its design and runic inscription This artifact, despite having features that suggest its use in cordmaking, is debated among experts. In York, both bone and antler finds have been catalogued as lucets,<ref name="WaltonRogers">{{cite book |last=Walton Rogers |first=Penelope |title=Textile Production at 16–22 Coppergate |year=1997 |publisher=Council for British Archaeology |location=York |page=1790}}</ref> although some, particularly the antler finds, are considered too impractical for weaving due to their divergent prongs and wear marks consistent with pendants.
<ref name="Nutz2024">{{cite book |last=Nutz |first=Beatrix |title=UFOs stricken – das Phantom der spätantiken/mittelalterlichen "Strickgabeln" |year=2024 |editor-last=Rieser |editor-first=Anna |series=NEARCHOS |volume=25 |publisher=Verlag Marie Leidorf |location=Darmstadt |pages=245–262}}</ref>

The absence of a universally recognized shape for a lucet further complicates this identification. Findings range from hollow bones with two prongs, sometimes bearing a third larger prong, to small flat tools. Artifacts associated with medieval textile crafts, such as those found in Sigtuna (Sweden),<ref name="Haltiner1990">{{cite book |last=Haltiner |first=S. |title=Textilhantverk II – nålar och tinbl bein |year=1990 |editor-last=Tesch |editor-first=S. |volume=Makt och människor i kungens Sigtuna. Sigtunautgrävningen 1988-90 |location=Sigtuna |publisher=Sigtuna Museer}}</ref> Wandignies-Hamage (France),<ref name="Étienne2015">{{cite journal |last=Étienne |first=Louis |title=Les indices d'artisanat dans et autour du monastère de Hamage (Nord) |journal=Bulletin du centre d'études médiévales d'Auxerre |volume=Hors-série n° 8 |year=2015}}</ref> and other Northern European sites,<ref name="Nutz2022">{{cite book |last=Nutz |first=Beatrix |title=Cords, Braids and Bands in Archaeology – Finds from Tyrol |volume=Strands |year=2022 |pages=3–9}}</ref> have been re-examined through experimental archaeology, supporting their potential use as lucets, although doubts persist. Despite this, the term 'lucet' has been applied to similar objects, especially those found in textile-related contexts.

==Construction of lucet braid==
<gallery mode=packed heights=200>
File:Lucet from the Arkéos museum.JPG|10th-century lucet spool from northern France
Lucetting, 1 (cropped).png
Lucetting, 2 (cropped).png
</gallery>
A number of techniques exist for the creation of lucet cord, all of which produce slightly different cords; it is possible to produce a two-coloured cord by using two strands of differently-coloured yarn. The only materials necessary to lucet are [[yarn]] and a lucet fork, also known as a chain fork or a lucet. Skewer-like sticks or [[knitting needles]] can be used to pull the yarn over as an additional tool. Lucets can be bought in shops as kits designed for children.

To cast on, the yarn is put through the hole in the lucet from the front, and the yarn in front of the lucet is wound around the prongs twice, in a figure-of-eight motion. The two lower loops are then lifted over the two upper loops, using either the fingers or a stick, until they are lifted over the 'horns' of the lucet fork, after which the thread behind the lucet is pulled to tighten the knot. The process is then repeated, this time (and every time after) winding the yarn just once around the prongs, as there is already a figure-of-eight of yarn on the fork.

When the desired length of lucet cord is reached, the lucet can be cast off by carefully lifting the loops off the prongs, passing the remaining thread through them, and pulling the knot tight. Any loose thread can be cut off with scissors, or tied together to form a closed circle. The cord can be wrapped around the lucet handle as it grows.

Lucet cord can be used for decorative edging, draw-strings, [[textile closures|lacing]], and any other use where a strong [[rope|cord]] is needed.

<gallery mode=packed>
Lucet in the Norwegian museum Anno Musea i Nord-Østerdalen.jpg
Lucet Norsk Folkemuseum 01.jpg
Lucet Norsk Folkemuseum 02.jpg
Lucets in the Norwegian museum Anno Musea i Nord-Østerdalen.jpg
Slynggaffel.svg
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Spool knitting]], more general, with two or more horns.

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Decorative arts}}

[[Category:Braids]]
[[Category:Decorative ropework]]