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Ludic language
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{{Short description|Finnic language of southern Karelia, Russia}} {{Infobox language | name = Ludic | nativename = {{lang|lud|lyydin kiel', l'yyd'ikiel'}} | states = Russia ([[Republic of Karelia]]) | region = Near northwestern shore of [[Lake Onega]] | speakers = 300 | date = 2017 | ref = e18 | familycolor = Uralic | fam2 = [[Finnic languages|Finnic]] | fam3 = Northern Finnic | iso3 = lud | glotto = ludi1246 | glottorefname = Ludian | script = [[Latin script|Latin]] ([[Karelian alphabet]]) | nation = | map = 2.2a-Karelian-and-Ludic traditional.png | mapcaption = Distribution of Karelian and Ludic at the beginning of the 20th century<ref name=map1/><ref name=map2/> | map2 = Lang Status 40-SE.svg | mapcaption2 = {{imagefact|date=November 2022}}{{center|{{small|Lude is classified as Severely Endangered by the [[UNESCO]] ''[[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]'' (2010)}}}} | minority = [[Republic of Karelia]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://gov.karelia.ru/Legislation/lawbase.html?lid=1751 |title=Законодательные акты: О государственной поддержке карельского, вепсского и финского языков в Республике Карелия |access-date=2011-01-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011113305/http://gov.karelia.ru/Legislation/lawbase.html?lid=1751 |archive-date=2017-10-11 |url-status=dead }}</ref> }} [[File:2.2b-Karelian-and-Ludic current.png|thumb|300px|Current distribution of Karelian and Ludic<ref name=map1>{{Cite journal |last1=Rantanen |first1=Timo |last2=Tolvanen |first2=Harri |last3=Roose |first3=Meeli |last4=Ylikoski |first4=Jussi |last5=Vesakoski |first5=Outi |date=2022-06-08 |title=Best practices for spatial language data harmonization, sharing and map creation—A case study of Uralic |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=17 |issue=6 |pages=e0269648 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0269648|doi-access=free |pmid=35675367 |pmc=9176854 |bibcode=2022PLoSO..1769648R }}</ref><ref name=map2>Rantanen, Timo, Vesakoski, Outi, Ylikoski, Jussi, & Tolvanen, Harri. (2021). ''Geographical database of the Uralic languages'' (v1.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4784188</ref>]] '''Ludic''', '''Ludian''', or '''Ludic Karelian''' ({{lang|lud|Luudi, Lyydi}} or {{lang|lud|lüüdi}}), is a [[Finnic language]] in the [[Uralic language family]] or a [[Karelian language|Karelian dialect]]. It is transitional between the [[Olonets Karelian language]] and the [[Veps language]].<ref name=e18/> It is spoken by 300 [[Karelians]] in the [[Republic of Karelia]] in Russia, near the southwestern shore of [[Lake Onega]], including a few children.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.helsinki.fi/fi/uutiset/kieli-kulttuuri/uhanalainen-lyydi-on-oma-itamerensuomalainen-kielensa|title=Uhanalainen lyydi on oma itämerensuomalainen kielensä | Humanistinen tiedekunta | Helsingin yliopisto|date=8 February 2017 }}</ref> ==Classification== [[File:Ludic flag.svg|thumb|Flag of Ludic Karelian]] In the Finnish research tradition, Ludic has been considered a transitional dialect area between Karelian and Veps,<ref>{{cite journal|first=Terho|last=Itkonen|year=1971|title=Aunuksen äänneopin erikoisuudet ja aunukselaismurteiden synty|journal=Virittäjä|issue=75|page=182}}</ref> while in the Russian research tradition it is, on [[Ethnography|ethnographic]] grounds, normally considered a dialect of Karelian. A status as an independent language has been proposed in recent times.{{sfn|Pahomov|2011|p=10}} Ludic is characterised by a specific mixture of Karelian-like traits (such as the diphthongisation of the [[Proto-Finnic]] non-open long vowels: e.g. *pää > ''piä'' 'head', *soo > ''suo'' 'swamp', contrast Veps ''pä'', ''so''){{sfn|Pahomov|2011|p=29}} and Veps-like traits (such as an almost complete loss of [[consonant gradation]]).{{sfn|Pahomov|2011|p=32}} Like Veps, Ludic has also partially lost [[vowel harmony]]. ===Dialects=== Ludic comprises three main dialect groups:{{sfn|Pahomov|2011|p=10}} {{tree list}} * '''Ludic''' ** Northern (Lake) Ludic, at the northwestern shores of [[Lake Onega]] ** Central (River) Ludic, at settlements along river [[Shuya River (Karelia)|Shuya]] and near the city of [[Petrozavodsk]] ** Kuďäŕv (Forest) Ludic, in the [[Mikhaylovskoye, Republic of Karelia|Mikhaylovskoye]] rural locality {{tree list/end}} The strongest Karelian resemblance is found in Northern Ludic, while the Kuďäŕv dialect shares the most features with Veps. == Phonology == === Vowels === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! rowspan="2" | ! colspan="2" |[[Front vowel|Front]] ! colspan="2" |[[Back vowel|Back]] |- !<small>unrounded</small> !<small>rounded</small> !<small>unrounded</small> !<small>rounded</small> |- align="center" ![[Close vowel|Close]] |{{IPA link|i}} |{{IPA link|y}} | |{{IPA link|u}} |- ![[Mid vowel|Mid]] |{{IPA link|e}} |{{IPA link|ø}} | |{{IPA link|o}} |- align="center" ![[Open vowel|Open]] |{{IPA link|æ}} | |{{IPA link|ɑ}} | |} * Vowel length may also be distinctive. === Consonants === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | ! colspan="2" |[[Labial consonant|Labial]] ! colspan="2" |[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] ! rowspan="2" |[[Palatal consonant|Palatal]] ! rowspan="2" |[[Velar consonant|Velar]] ! rowspan="2" |[[Glottal consonant|Glottal]] |- !<small>plain</small> !<small>[[Palatalization (phonetics)|pal.]]</small> !<small>plain</small> !<small>[[Palatalization (phonetics)|pal.]]</small> |- ! rowspan="2" |[[Plosive]] !<small>voiceless</small> |{{IPA link|p}} |({{IPA link|pʲ}}) |{{IPA link|t}} |{{IPA link|tʲ}} | |{{IPA link|k}} | |- !<small>voiced</small> |{{IPA link|b}} |({{IPA link|bʲ}}) |{{IPA link|d}} |{{IPA link|dʲ}} | |{{IPA link|ɡ}} | |- ! rowspan="2" |[[Affricate]] !<small>voiceless</small> | | |{{IPA link|t͡s}} | |{{IPA link|t͡ʃ}} | | |- !<small>voiced</small> | | | | |{{IPA link|d͡ʒ}} | | |- ! rowspan="2" |[[Fricative]] !<small>voiceless</small> |({{IPA link|f}}) |({{IPA link|fʲ}}) |{{IPA link|s}} |{{IPA link|sʲ}} |{{IPA link|ʃ}} |({{IPA link|x}}) |{{IPA link|h}} |- !<small>voiced</small> |{{IPA link|v}} |({{IPA link|vʲ}}) |{{IPA link|z}} |{{IPA link|zʲ}} |{{IPA link|ʒ}} | | |- ! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]] |{{IPA link|m}} |({{IPA link|mʲ}}) |{{IPA link|n}} |{{IPA link|nʲ}} | | | |- ! colspan="2" |[[Approximant]] | | |{{IPA link|l}} |{{IPA link|lʲ}} |{{IPA link|j}} | | |- ! colspan="2" |[[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]] | | |{{IPA link|r}} |{{IPA link|rʲ}} | | | |} * Sounds {{IPA|/f, fʲ, bʲ, pʲ, vʲ, mʲ/}} only occur in recent borrowings. * {{IPA|/h/}} can also be heard as a velar {{IPA|[x]}}. * {{IPA|/n/}} is heard as velar {{IPA|[ŋ]}} when preceding velar consonants. * {{IPA|/ɡ/}} can be lenited as a fricative {{IPA|[ɣ]}} in intervocalic positions. == Writing system == Ludic is written using the unified [[Karelian alphabet]], but in some publications the letter Ü is used instead of Y, as in [[Veps language|Veps]]. {| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto" |- | style="background:#efefef; text-align:center;" colspan="29"| '''[[Capital letters|Majuscule Forms]]''' (also called '''uppercase''' or '''capital letters''') |- style="text-align:center;" | style="width:3%; "|[[A]]|| style="width:3%; text-align:center;"|[[B]]|| style="width:3%; text-align:center;"|[[C]]|| style="width:3%; text-align:center;"|[[Č]]|| style="width:3%; text-align:center;"|[[D]]|| style="width:3%; text-align:center;"|[[E]]|| style="width:3%; text-align:center;"|[[F]]|| style="width:3%; text-align:center;"|[[G]]|| style="width:3%; text-align:center;"|[[H]]|| style="width:3%; text-align:center;"|[[I]]|| style="width:3%; text-align:center;"|[[J]]|| style="width:3%; text-align:center;"|[[K]]|| style="width:3%; text-align:center;"|[[L]]|| style="width:3%; text-align:center;"|[[M]]|| style="width:3%; text-align:center;"|[[N]]|| style="width:3%; text-align:center;"|[[O]]|| style="width:3%; text-align:center;"|[[P]]|| style="width:3%; text-align:center;"|[[R]]|| style="width:3%; text-align:center;"|[[S]]|| style="width:3%; text-align:center;"|[[Š]]|| style="width:3%; text-align:center;"|[[Z]]|| style="width:3%; text-align:center;"|[[Ž]]|| style="width:3%; text-align:center;"|[[T]]|| style="width:3%; text-align:center;"|[[U]]|| style="width:3%; text-align:center;"|[[V]]|| style="width:3%; text-align:center;"|[[Y]] ([[Ü]])|| style="width:3%; text-align:center;"|[[Ä]]|| style="width:3%; text-align:center;"|[[Ö]]|| style="width:3%; text-align:center;"|[[ʼ]] |- | style="background:#efefef; text-align:center;" colspan="29"| '''[[Lower case|Minuscule Forms]]''' (also called '''lowercase''' or '''small letters''') |- style="text-align:center;" ||a|| style="text-align:center;"|b|| style="text-align:center;"|c|| style="text-align:center;"|č|| style="text-align:center;"|d|| style="text-align:center;"|e|| style="text-align:center;"|f|| style="text-align:center;"|g|| style="text-align:center;"|h|| style="text-align:center;"|i|| style="text-align:center;"|j|| style="text-align:center;"|k|| style="text-align:center;"|l|| style="text-align:center;"|m|| style="text-align:center;"|n|| style="text-align:center;"|o|| style="text-align:center;"|p|| style="text-align:center;"|r|| style="text-align:center;"|s|| style="text-align:center;"|š|| style="text-align:center;"|z|| style="text-align:center;"|ž|| style="text-align:center;"|t|| style="text-align:center;"|u|| style="text-align:center;"|v|| style="text-align:center;"|y (ü)|| style="text-align:center;"|ä|| style="text-align:center;"|ö|| style="text-align:center;"|ʼ |} == Phrases == * {{lang|lud|Ken sina oled?}} = Who are you? * {{lang|lud|Mi tämä on?}} = What is this? * {{lang|lud|Kudam teiš on Onni?}} = Which one of you is Onni? * {{lang|lud|Mikš sina nagrad?}} = Why are you laughing? * {{lang|lud|Kudam čuas on?}} = What time is it? * {{lang|lud|Konz hyö tuldah kodih?}} = When are they coming home? * {{lang|lud|Häin lähtöu huomei.}} = He/She leaves tomorrow.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pahomov|first=Miikul|title=Venä-lüüdin paginnik Русско-людиковский разговорник|publisher=Lüüdilaine Siebr|year=2019}}</ref> ==See also== *[[Karelian language]] ==Notes== {{Reflist}} ==Literature== * {{Citation |last=Barantsev |first=Aleksandr P. |title=Fonologicheskiye sredstva lyudikovskoy rechi (Deskriptivnoye opisaniye) |year=1975 |publisher=Leningrad; Nauka |language=Russian}} * {{citation|author-first=Miikul|author-last=Pahomov |title=Kuujärven lyydiläistekstejä|year=2011 |series=Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia|volume=263 |publisher=[[Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura]]|location=Helsinki|isbn=978-952-5667-32-5}} * {{citation|author-first=Muusa|author-last=Ojanen |title=Adjektiivikategoria venäläis-lyydiläisissä kontakteissa|year=1985 |series=Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia|volume=188 |publisher=[[Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura]] / [[University of Joensuu|Joensuun yliopisto]]|location=Helsinki / Joensuu|isbn=951-9019-89-8}} * {{citation|editor1-first=Heikki|editor1-last=Ojansuu|editor2-first=Juho|editor2-last=Kujola|editor3-first=Jalo|editor3-last=Kalima|editor4-first=Lauri|display-editors = 3 |editor4-last=Kettunen |title=Lyydiläisiä kielennäytteitä|year=1934|language=Finnish |series=Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia|volume=LXIX |publisher=[[Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura]]|location=Helsinki}} * {{citation|author-first=Aimo|author-last=Turunen |title=Lyydiläismurteiden äännehistoria. I. Konsonantit|year=1946|language=Finnish |series=Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia|volume=LXXXIX |publisher=[[Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura]]|location=Helsinki}} * {{citation|author-first=Aimo|author-last=Turunen |title=Lyydiläismurteiden äännehistoria. II. Vokaalit|year=1950|language=Finnish |series=Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia|volume=XCIX |publisher=[[Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura]]|location=Helsinki}} * {{citation|author-first=Pertti|author-last=Virtaranta |title=Lyydiläisiä tekstejä. I|year=1963|language=Finnish |series=Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia|volume=129 |publisher=[[Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura]]|location=Helsinki}} * {{citation|author-first=Pertti|author-last=Virtaranta |title=Lyydiläisiä tekstejä. II|year=1963|language=Finnish |series=Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia|volume=130 |publisher=[[Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura]]|location=Helsinki}} * {{citation|author-first=Pertti|author-last=Virtaranta |title=Lyydiläisiä tekstejä. III|year=1964|language=Finnish |series=Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia|volume=131 |publisher=[[Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura]]|location=Helsinki}} * {{citation|author-first=Pertti|author-last=Virtaranta |title=Lyydiläisiä tekstejä. IV|year=1976|language=Finnish |series=Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia|volume=132 |publisher=[[Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura]]|location=Helsinki}} * {{citation|author-first=Pertti|author-last=Virtaranta |title=Lyydiläisiä tekstejä. V|year=1984|language=Finnish |series=Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia|volume=165 |publisher=[[Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura]]|location=Helsinki|isbn=951-9019-81-2}} * {{citation|author-first=Pertti|author-last=Virtaranta |title=Haljärven lyydiläismurteen muoto-oppia|year=1986|language=Finnish |series=Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia|volume=190 |publisher=[[Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura]]|location=Helsinki|isbn=951-9019-96-0}} * {{citation|author-first=Pertti|author-last=Virtaranta |title=Lyydiläisiä tekstejä. VI. Anna Vasiljevna Tshesnakovan kerrontaa ja itkuvirsiä|year=1994|language=Finnish |series=Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia|volume=218 |publisher=[[Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura]]|location=Helsinki|isbn=951-9403-72-8}} ==External links== *[http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=lud ISO 639 code sets - SIL International] *[http://lyydi.net/ Lyydiläinen Seura (The Ludian Society)] {{Uralic languages}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ludic Language}} [[Category:Languages of Russia]] [[Category:Karelian language]] {{Uralic-lang-stub}} [[Category:Indigenous languages of European Russia]]
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