Editing Lupinus

{{Short description|Genus of leguminous plants}}
{{Redirect|Lupin|the bean|Lupin bean|Maurice Leblanc’s gentleman-burglar|Arsène Lupin|other uses}}
{{Distinguish|text=the similar looking fodder crop [[Alfalfa|lucerne]]}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Lupinus field, St. John's, Newfoundland.jpg
| image_caption = [[Lupinus polyphyllus|Large-leaved lupine]] (''Lupinus polyphyllus'')
| taxon = Lupinus
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
| type_species = ''[[Lupinus albus]]''
| type_species_authority = L.
| subdivision_ranks = Subgenera
| subdivision = * ''Lupinus''
* ''Platycarpos'' (S.Wats) [[Boguslav S. Kurlovich|Kurl.]]
}}

'''''Lupinus''''', commonly known as '''lupin''', '''lupine''',{{Notetag|group=Efn|Both pronounced {{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|uː|p|ᵻ|n}}; the latter spelling is prevalent in North America.}} or regionally '''bluebonnet''', is a [[genus]] of plants in the legume family [[Fabaceae]]. The genus includes over 199 [[species]], with [[centre of diversity|centres of diversity]] in [[North America|North]] and [[South America]].<ref name=drum>{{cite journal |last1= Drummond |first1= C. S. |display-authors= et al. |date=2012 |title= Multiple continental radiations and correlates of diversification in ''Lupinus'' (Leguminosae): Testing for key innovation with incomplete taxon sampling. |url= http://sysbio.oxfordjournals.org/content/61/3/443.full |journal= Systematic Biology |volume= 61 |issue= 3 |pages= 443–60 |doi= 10.1093/sysbio/syr126|pmid= 22228799 |pmc= 3329764 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160714175306/http://sysbio.oxfordjournals.org/content/61/3/443.full |archive-date= 14 July 2016}}</ref> Smaller centres occur in [[North Africa]] and the [[Mediterranean Basin|Mediterranean]].<ref name=drum/><ref name=ainouche>{{cite journal |last1= Aïnouche |first1= A. K. |last2= Bayer |first2= R. J. |date= 1999 |title= Phylogenetic relationships in ''Lupinus'' (Fabaceae: Papilionoideae) based on internal transcribed spacer sequences (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA. |journal= American Journal of Botany |volume=  86 |issue= 4|pages= 590–607 |doi= 10.2307/2656820|jstor= 2656820 |pmid= 10205079 }}</ref> They are widely cultivated, both as a food source and as ornamental plants, but are invasive to some areas.

== Description ==
The species are mostly [[herbaceous]] [[perennial plant]]s {{convert|0.3|-|1.5|m|ft|0|abbr=off}} tall, but some are [[annual plant]]s and a few are [[bush lupin|shrubs]] up to {{convert|3|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} tall. An exception is the ''chamis de monte'' (''[[Lupinus jaimehintonianus]]'') of [[Oaxaca]] in [[Mexico]], which is a [[tree]] up to {{convert|8|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} tall.<ref name=villa>{{cite journal |last1= Villa-Ruano |first1= N. |display-authors= et al. |year= 2012 |title= Alkaloid profile, antibacterial and allelopathic activities of ''Lupinus jaimehintoniana'' BL Turner (Fabaceae). |url= http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/(A(-wsTwqzGzgEkAAAAMDM3NmY1ODMtNDRkMS00YTNmLWExZTgtOGMwZDk0MjJlNWQ5qQymZSev6uZabo19x2jsEpadeOw1))/img/doi/0354-4664/2012/0354-46641203065V.pdf |journal= Archives of Biological Sciences |volume= 64 |issue= 3|pages= 1065–71 |doi= 10.2298/ABS1203065R|access-date=}}</ref>

Lupins have soft green to grey-green leaves which may be coated in silvery hairs, often densely so. The leaf blades are usually [[palmate]]ly divided into five to 28 leaflets, or reduced to a single leaflet in a few species of the [[southeastern United States]] and eastern [[South America]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Planchuelo |first1= Ana Maria |last2= Dunn |first2= David B. |year= 1984 |title= The Simple Leaved Lupines and Their Relatives in Argentina |url= https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16166394 |journal= Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden |volume= 71 |issue= 1 |pages= 92–103 |doi= 10.2307/2399057|jstor= 2399057 |bibcode= 1984AnMBG..71...92P |access-date=}}</ref>

The flowers are produced in dense or open whorls on an erect spike, each flower {{Convert|1–2|cm|abbr=off|frac=8}} long. The pea-like flowers have an upper standard, or banner, two lateral wings, and two lower [[petal]]s fused into a keel. The flower shape has inspired common names such as [[bluebonnet (plant)|bluebonnets]] and [[Lupinus perennis|quaker bonnets]].

The fruit is a [[legume|pod]] containing several seeds. The seeds contain [[alkaloid]]s which lend them a bitter taste.

[[Extrafloral nectaries]] have been found on a species in Arizona.<ref>{{cite journal |date=2012-10-18 |first1=Marjorie G. |last1=Weber |first2=Kathleen H. |last2=Keeler |title=The phylogenetic distribution of extrafloral nectaries in plants |pages=1251–1261 |doi=10.1093/aob/mcs225 |journal=Annals of Botany |eissn=1095-8290 |volume=111 |issue=6|pmid=23087129 |pmc=3662505 }}</ref>

== Taxonomy ==
{{main|List of Lupinus species|l1=List of Lupinus species}}
The genus ''Lupinus'' L. and, in particular, its North American species were divided by [[Sereno Watson]] (1873) into three sections: ''Lupinus'', ''Platycarpos'', and ''Lupinnelus''. Differences in habitat and in the number of [[ovule]]s were the basis for this classification. A majority of the perennial and annual species from the American continent described by Watson were referred to ''Lupinus''. Some annual species with two ovules in the ovary and two seeds in the pod (''L.&nbsp;densiflorus'', ''L.&nbsp;microcarpus'', etc.) were attributed to the ''Platycarpos'' section. Section ''Lupinnelus'' consisted of one species (''L.&nbsp;uncialis''), with axillary and solitary flowers, scarcely reflexed banner, and also with two ovules in the ovary. <!-- Presently, the existence of such species seems doubtful.{{vague|date=April 2014}} -->

While Watson's work was predominantly based on study of North American species, the later research of Ascherson and Graebner (1907) extended his principle of classification to cover all lupins from the Eastern and Western Hemispheres, also using number of ovules (seedbuds) in the ovary (and thus of seeds in the pod) as the criterion for this division. They described two subgenera, ''Eulupinus'' and ''Platycarpos''. Most of the described species were referred to subgen. A. ''Eulupinus''.  Subgen. B. ''Platycarpos'' included several annual species from the Eastern Hemisphere with two seedbuds and seeds in the bean (the same species, as the one specified by S. Watson).

A current schema retains this distinction, but uses the nomenclature for the subgenera of ''Platycarpos'' and ''Lupinus''. In this schema, subgenus [[Platycarpos]] (S.Wats.) [[Boguslav S. Kurlovich|Kurl.]] contains perennial and annual species from the Western Hemisphere, with a minimum two or more ovules or seedbuds. Subgenus ''Lupinus'' consists of 12 species from Africa and the Mediterranean, with a minimum of four ovules or seedbuds.<ref name="kurl">Kurlovich, B. S. and A. K. Stankevich. (eds.) [http://personal.inet.fi/tiede/lupin/Classific.htm Classification of Lupins.] In: ''Lupins: Geography, Classification, Genetic Resources and Breeding''. St. Petersburg: Intan. 2002. pp. 42–43. Accessed 2 August 2013.</ref>

The taxonomy of ''Lupinus'' has always been confusing. How many distinct species exist or how they might be organized within the genus is not clear. The plants are variable and the taxa are not always distinct from one another. Some American taxa have been described as [[species complex|complexes]] rather than separate species.<ref name=naga>Naganowska, B., et al. (2005). [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00606-005-0364-y#page-1 2C DNA variation and relationships among New World species of the genus ''Lupinus'' (Fabaceae).] ''Plant Systematics and Evolution'' 256(1-4), 147-57.</ref> Estimates of the number of lupine species generally fall between 200 and 500.<ref name=ainouche/> One authority places the estimate at approximately 267 species worldwide.<ref name=drum/> Currently, two [[Subgenus|subgenera]] are recognized.

===Subgenus ''Platycarpos''===
{{Main|Lupinus subg. Platycarpos}}
The ovary contains two and more ovules or seedbuds. The seed are predominantly small-sized, with an underdeveloped embryo and small amount of endosperm. Cotyledons are small-sized, with long caulicles. The first pair of true leaves is alternate. The stem is predominantly naked with [[Plant cuticle|waxen coating]]. Dominating is the monopodial type of branching. Leaflets are smooth, with waxen coating or slight [[pubescence (botany)|pubescence]], predominantly narrow. Pods are flat or orbicular, with two or more seeds. Represented by frutcuilose, fruticose and herbaceous perennial forms, or less often annual ones. Plants are cross-pollinated. [[Ploidy|Chromosome number]] 2''n'' is either 36, 48, or 96.<ref name="Kurd" /> This subgenus is distributed throughout North, Central and South America, predominantly in the mining systems of the Andes and Cordillera. Some species are cultivated (''L.&nbsp;mutabilis'', ''L.&nbsp;polyphyllus''). This subgenus includes several hundred species, requiring further analysis of their authenticity.

It comprises the following species:<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb?version~10.01&genus~Lupinus&species~ | title = ILDIS LegumeWeb entry for ''Lupinus'' | author = <!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> | website = International Legume Database & Information Service | publisher = Cardiff School of Computer Science & Informatics | access-date = 11 April 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?7036 | title = GRIN species records of ''Lupinus'' | author = [[USDA]], [[Agricultural Research Service|ARS]], National Genetic Resources Program | website = [[Germplasm Resources Information Network]]—(GRIN) [Online Database] | publisher = [[Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center|National Germplasm Resources Laboratory]], Beltsville, Maryland | access-date = 11 April 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150924122153/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?7036 | archive-date = 24 September 2015 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name="PlantList">{{cite web | url = http://www.theplantlist.org/1.1/browse/A/Leguminosae/Lupinus/ | title = The Plant List entry for ''Lupinus'' | year = 2013 | website = [[The Plant List]] | publisher = [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] and the [[Missouri Botanical Garden]] | access-date = 11 April 2014 }}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=300px}}
* ''[[Lupinus aberrans]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
<!-- Lupinus abortivus was reclassified as Lupinus cusickii. -->
* ''[[Lupinus abramsii]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small> – Abrams' lupine
* ''[[Lupinus acopalcus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus adinoanthus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
<!-- Lupinus adscendens was reclassified as Lupinus alpestris. -->
* ''[[Lupinus adsurgens]]'' <small>Drew</small> – Drew's silky lupine
<!-- Lupinus aduncus was reclassified as Lupinus argenteus. -->
* ''[[Lupinus affinis]]'' <small>J. Agardh</small> – fleshy lupine
* ''[[Lupinus agardhianus]]'' <small>A. Heller</small>
* ''[[Lupinus alaristatus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus albert-smithianus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
<!-- Lupinus albertensis was reclassified as Lupinus nootkatensis. -->
* ''[[Lupinus albescens]]'' <small>Hook. & Arn.</small> – hoary lupine
* ''[[Lupinus albicaulis]]'' <small>Douglas</small> – sickle-keel lupine
* ''[[Lupinus albifrons]]'' <small>Benth.</small> – silver bush lupine
** var. ''albifrons'' <small>Benth.</small>
** var. ''douglasii'' <small>(J. Agardh) C. P. Sm.</small>
** var. ''hallii'' <small>(Abrams) Isely</small>
* ''[[Lupinus albopilosus]]'' <small>A. Heller</small>
* ''[[Lupinus albosericeus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus alcis-montis]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
<!-- Lupinus alcis-temporis was reclassified as Lupinus lyallii. -->
* ''[[Lupinus aliamandus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus aliattenuatus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus alibicolor]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus aliceae]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus alilatissimus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
<!-- Lupinus alimanens was reclassified as Lupinus condensiflorus. -->
* ''[[Lupinus alinanus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus alipatulus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus alirevolutus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus alivillosus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus allargyreius]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
<!-- Lupinus allimicranthus was reclassified as Lupinus parviflorus. -->
* ''[[Lupinus alopecuroides]]'' <small>Desr.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus alpestris]]'' <small>A. Nelson</small><ref>Some sources treat ''Lupinus alpestris'' as a synonym of ''Lupinus argenteus''.</ref>
<!-- Lupinus alpicola was reclassified as Lupinus sericeus. -->
<!-- Lupinus alpinus was reclassified as Lupinus lyallii. -->
* ''[[Lupinus altimontanus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus altiplani]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus amabayensis]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus amandus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
<!-- Lupinus ambaticus was reclassified as Lupinus ramosissimus. -->
* ''[[Lupinus amboensis]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus ammophilus]]'' <small>Greene</small>
** var. ''ammophilus'' <small>Greene</small>
** var. ''crassus'' <small>(Payson) Isely</small>
<!-- Lupinus amniculi-putorii was reclassified as Lupinus arbustus. -->
* ''[[Lupinus amnis-otuni]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus ampaiensis]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
<!-- Lupinus amphibium is a misspelling of Lupinus amphibius. -->
* ''[[Lupinus amphibius]]'' <small>Suksd.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus ananeanus]]'' <small>Ulbr.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus anatolicus]]'' <small>W. Święcicki & W. K. Święcicki</small>
* ''[[Lupinus andersonii]]'' <small>S. Watson</small> – Anderson's lupine
* ''[[Lupinus andicola]]'' <small>Gillies</small>
* ''[[Lupinus andinus]]'' <small>Rose ex J. F. Macbr.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus angustiflorus]]'' <small>Eastw.</small> – narrowflower lupine
* ''[[Lupinus antensis]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus antiplani]]'' <small>C. P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus antoninus]]'' <small>Eastw.</small> – Anthony Peak lupine
* ''[[Lupinus apertus]]'' <small>A. Heller</small>
* ''[[Lupinus appositus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
<!-- Lupinus apricus was reclassified as Lupinus vallicola. -->
<!-- Lupinus aquilinus was reclassified as Lupinus sierrae-blancae. -->
* ''[[Lupinus arboreus]]'' <small>Sims</small> – yellow bush lupin, tree lupine
* ''[[Lupinus arbustus]]'' <small>Lindl.</small> – longspur lupine
** subsp. ''arbustus'' <small>Lindl.</small>
** subsp. ''neolaxiflorus'' <small>D.B.Dunn</small>
** subsp. ''pseudoparviflorus'' <small>(Rydb.) D.B.Dunn</small>
* ''[[Lupinus arbutosocius]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus archeranus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus arcticus]]'' <small>S. Watson</small> – Arctic lupine
** subsp. ''arcticus'' <small>S. Watson</small>
** subsp. ''subalpinus'' <small>(Piper & Robinson)D.B.Dunn</small>
* ''[[Lupinus arenarius]]'' <small>Gardner</small>
<!-- Lupinus arenicola was reclassified as Lupinus densiflorus. -->
* ''[[Lupinus arequipensis]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus argenteus]]'' <small>Pursh</small> – silvery lupine
** var. ''argentatus'' <small>(Rydb.) Barneby</small>
** var. ''argenteus'' <small>Pursh</small>
** var. ''argophyllus'' <small>(A. Gray) S. Watson</small>
** var. ''depressus'' <small>(Rydb.) C. L. Hitchc.</small>
** var. ''fulvomaculatus'' <small>(Payson) Barneby</small>
** var. ''heteranthus'' <small>(S. Watson) Barneby</small> – Kellogg's spurred lupine
** var. ''hillii'' <small>(Greene) Barneby</small>
** var. ''holosericeus'' <small>(Torr. & A.Gray) Barneby</small>
** var. ''montigenus'' <small>(A. Heller) Barneby</small>
** var. ''palmeri'' <small>(S.Watson) Barneby</small>
** var. ''rubricaulis'' <small>(Greene) S. L. Welsh</small>
** var. ''utahensis'' <small>(S.Watson) Barneby</small>
<!-- Lupinus argentinus was reclassified as Lupinus argenteus. -->
* ''[[Lupinus argurocalyx]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus aridorum]]'' <small>McFarlin ex Beckner</small> – scrub lupine<ref>Some sources treat ''Lupinus aridorum'' as a synonym of ''Lupinus westianus''.</ref>
* ''[[Lupinus aridulus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus aridus]]'' <small>Lindl.</small><ref>Some sources treat ''Lupinus aridus'' as a synonym of ''[[Lupinus lepidus]]''.</ref>
* ''[[Lupinus ariste-josephii]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus arizelus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus arizonicus]]'' <small>(S. Watson) S. Watson</small>
** subsp. ''arizonicus'' <small>(S. Watson) S. Watson</small> – Arizona lupine
** subsp. ''sonorensis'' <small>Christian & D. Dunn</small> – Sonora lupine
* ''[[Lupinus arvensi-plasketti]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus arvensis]]'' <small>Benth.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus asa-grayanus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus aschenbornii]]'' <small>S. Schauer</small>
* ''[[Lupinus asplundianus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus asymbepus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus atropurpureus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus attenuatus]]'' <small>Gardner</small><ref>Some sources treat ''Lupinus attenuatus'' as a synonym of ''Lupinus coriaceus''.</ref>
<!-- Lupinus augusti was reclassified as Lupinus arbustus. -->
* ''[[Lupinus aureonitens]]'' <small>Hook. & Arn.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus austrobicolor]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus austrohumifusus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
<!-- Lupinus austromontanus was reclassified as Lupinus excubitus. -->
* ''[[Lupinus austrorientalis]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus austrosericeus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
<!-- Lupinus bakeri was reclassified as Lupinus sericeus. -->
* ''[[Lupinus ballianus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus bandelierae]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus bangii]]'' <small>Rusby</small>
* ''[[Lupinus barbatilabius]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
<!-- Lupinus barbiger was reclassified as Lupinus sericeus. -->
* ''[[Lupinus barkeri]]'' <small>Lindl.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus bartlettianus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus benthamii]]'' <small>A. Heller</small>
* ''[[Lupinus bi-inclinatus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus bicolor]]'' <small>Lindl.</small> – miniature lupine, bicolor lupine, Lindley's annual lupine
** subsp. ''bicolor'' <small>Lindl.</small>
** subsp. ''microphyllus'' <small>(S. Watson) D. B. Dunn</small>
** subsp. ''pipersmithii'' <small>(A. Heller) D. B. Dunn</small>
** subsp. ''umbellatus'' <small>(Greene) D. B. Dunn</small>
<!-- Lupinus biddlei was reclassified as Lupinus prunophilus. -->
<!-- Lupinus bilineatus was reclassified as Lupinus mexicanus. -->
* ''[[Lupinus bingenensis]]'' <small>Suksd.</small> – Bingen lupine
* ''[[Lupinus blaisdellii]]'' <small>Eastw.</small>
<!-- Lupinus blumeri was reclassified as Lupinus neomexicanus. -->
* ''[[Lupinus bogotensis]]'' <small>Benth.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus bolivianus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus bombycinocarpus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus bonplandius]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
<!-- Lupinus borealis was reclassified as Lupinus arcticus. -->
* ''[[Lupinus boyacensis]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
<!-- Lupinus brachypodus was reclassified as Lupinus cusickii. -->
* ''[[Lupinus brachypremnon]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus bracteolaris]]'' <small>Desr.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus brandegeei]]'' <small>Eastw.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus brevecuneus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus brevicaulis]]'' <small>S. Watson</small> – shortstem lupine<ref>Some sources treat ''Lupinus brevicaulis'' as a synonym of ''Lupinus grisebachianus''.</ref>
* ''[[Lupinus brevior]]'' <small>(Jeps.) Christian & D.B. Dunn</small>
* ''[[Lupinus breviscapus]]'' <small>Ulbr.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus breweri]]'' <small>A. Gray</small> – Brewer's lupine
<!-- Lupinus bridgesii was reclassified as Lupinus formosus. -->
<!-- Lupinus brunneo-maculatus was reclassified as Lupinus culbertsonii. -->
* ''[[Lupinus bryoides]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus buchtienii]]'' <small>Rusby</small>
* ''[[Lupinus burkartianus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus burkei]]'' <small>S. Watson</small> – Burke's lupine<ref>Some sources treat ''Lupinus burkei'' as a synonym of ''Lupinus polyphyllus''.</ref>
* ''[[Lupinus burkeri]]'' <small>Lindl.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus caballoanus]]'' <small>B.L. Turner</small>
* ''[[Lupinus cachupatensis]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus cacuminis]]'' <small>Standl.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus caeruleus]]'' <small>A. Heller</small>
* ''[[Lupinus caesius]]'' <small>Eastw.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus caespitosus]]'' <small>Torr. & A. Gray</small> – stemless dwarf lupine<ref>Some sources treat ''Lupinus caespitosus'' as a synonym of ''Lupinus lepidus''.</ref>
* ''[[Lupinus calcensis]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus caldasensis]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
<!-- Lupinus californicus was reclassified as Lupinus elegans. --> 
* ''[[Lupinus camiloanus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus campestris]]'' <small>Schltdl. & Cham.</small>
<!-- Lupinus candidissimus was reclassified as Lupinus argenteus. -->
<!-- Lupinus canescens was reclassified as Lupinus leucophyllus. --> 
* ''[[Lupinus carazensis]]'' <small>Ulbr.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus carchiensis]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus cardenasianus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus carhuamayus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus carlos-ochoae]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus carpapaticus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus carrikeri]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus caucensis]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
<!-- Lupinus caudatus was reclassified as Lupinus argenteus. -->
<!-- Lupinus caudiciferus was reclassified as Lupinus latifolius. -->
* ''[[Lupinus cavicaulis]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus ccorilazensis]]'' <small>Vargas ex C. P. Smith</small>
* ''[[Lupinus celsimontanus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus cervinus]]'' <small>Kellogg</small> – Santa Lucia lupine
* ''[[Lupinus cesar-vargasii]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus cesaranus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus chachas]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus chamissonis]]'' <small>Eschsch.</small> – Chamisso bush lupine
* ''[[Lupinus chavanillensis]]'' <small>(J.F. Macbr.) C.P. Sm.</small>
<!-- Lupinus chilensis was reclassified as Lupinus subacaulis. -->
<!-- Lupinus chionophilus was reclassified as Lupinus sellulus. -->
* ''[[Lupinus chipaquensis]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus chlorolepis]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus chocontensis]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus chongos-bajous]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus christinae]]'' <small>A. Heller</small>
* ''[[Lupinus chrysanthus]]'' <small>Ulbr.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus chrysocalyx]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus chumbivilcensis]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus citrinus]]'' <small>Kellogg</small> – orange lupine
* ''[[Lupinus clarkei]]'' <small>Oerst.</small>
<!-- Lupinus clarkii is a misspelling of Lupinus clarkei. -->
<!-- Lupinus clokeyanus was reclassified as Lupinus argenteus. -->
* ''[[Lupinus cochapatensis]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
<!-- Lupinus cochinchinensis was reclassified as Crotalaria retusa. -->
* ''[[Lupinus colcabambensis]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus collinus]]'' <small>(Greene) A. Heller</small>
* ''[[Lupinus colombiensis]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
<!-- Lupinus columbianus was reclassified as Lupinus latifolius. -->
* ''[[Lupinus compactiflorus]]'' <small>Rose</small>
* ''[[Lupinus comptus]]'' <small>Benth.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus concinnus]]'' <small>J. Agardh</small>
** subsp. ''concinnus'' <small>J. Agardh</small>
** subsp. ''orcuttii'' <small>(S.Watson) D.B.Dunn</small>
* ''[[Lupinus condensiflorus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus confertus]]'' <small>Kellogg</small><ref>Some sources treat ''Lupinus confertus'' as a synonym of ''Lupinus lepidus''.</ref>
<!-- Lupinus confusus was reclassified as Lupinus latifolius. -->
* ''[[Lupinus congdonii]]'' <small>(C.P. Sm.) D.B. Dunn</small>
* ''[[Lupinus conicus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus constancei]]'' <small>T.W. Nelson & J.P. Nelson</small> – Lassics lupine
* ''[[Lupinus convencionensis]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus cookianus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus coriaceus]]'' <small>Benth.</small>
<!-- Lupinus corymbosus was reclassified as Lupinus argenteus. -->
* ''[[Lupinus costaricensis]]'' <small>D.B. Dunn</small>
* ''[[Lupinus cotopaxiensis]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus couthouyanus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus covillei]]'' <small>Greene</small> – shaggy lupine
* ''[[Lupinus crassulus]]'' <small>Greene</small>
* ''[[Lupinus crassus]]'' <small>Payson</small><ref>Some sources treat ''Lupinus crassus'' as a synonym of ''Lupinus ammophilus''.</ref>
* ''[[Lupinus croceus]]'' <small>Eastw.</small> – saffron-flowered lupine
* ''[[Lupinus crotalarioides]]'' <small>Benth.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus crucis-viridis]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
<!-- Lupinus cruckshanksii was reclassified as Lupinus mutabilis. -->
<!-- Lupinus cruckshanksii was reclassified as Lupinus ananeanus. -->
* ''[[Lupinus cuatrecasasii]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus culbertsonii]]'' <small>Greene</small>
** subsp. ''culbertsonii'' <small>Greene</small>
** subsp. ''hypolasius'' <small>(Greene) B.J.Cox</small>
<!-- Lupinus culteri was reclassified as Lupinus argenteus. -->
* ''[[Lupinus cumulicola]]'' <small>Small</small><ref>Some sources treat ''Lupinus cumulicola'' as a synonym of ''Lupinus diffusus''.</ref>
* ''[[Lupinus cusickii]]'' <small>S. Watson</small>
** subsp. ''abortivus'' <small>(Greene) B.J.Cox</small>
** subsp. ''brachypodus'' <small>(Piper) B.J.Cox</small>
** subsp. ''cusickii'' <small>S. Watson</small>
* ''[[Lupinus cuspidatus]]'' <small>Rusby</small>
<!-- Lupinus cutleri was reclassified as Lupinus argenteus. -->
* ''[[Lupinus cuzcensis]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
<!-- Lupinus cyaneus was reclassified as Lupinus leucophyllus. -->
* ''[[Lupinus cymboides]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
<!-- Lupinus cytisoides was reclassified as Lupinus latifolius. -->
* ''[[Lupinus czermakii]]'' <small>Briq. & Hochr.</small>
<!-- Lupinus dalesae is a misspelling of Lupinus dalesiae. -->
* ''[[Lupinus dalesiae]]'' <small>Eastw.</small> – Quincy lupine
* ''[[Lupinus decemplex]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus decurrens]]'' <small>Gardner</small>
<!-- Lupinus dedeckerae was reclassified as Lupinus padre-crowleyi. -->
* ''[[Lupinus deflexus]]'' <small>Congdon</small>
* ''[[Lupinus delicatulus]]'' <small>Sprague & Riley</small>
* ''[[Lupinus densiflorus]]'' <small>Benth.</small> – dense-flowered lupin<ref>Some sources treat ''Lupinus densiflorus'' as a synonym of ''Lupinus microcarpus''.</ref>
** subsp. ''densiflorus'' <small>Benth.</small>
** subsp. ''lacteus'' <small>(Kellogg) R.M.Beauch.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus depressus]]'' <small>Rydb.</small><ref>Some sources treat ''Lupinus depressus'' as a synonym of ''Lupinus argenteus''.</ref>
* ''[[Lupinus diasemus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus diehlii]]'' <small>M.E. Jones</small>
* ''[[Lupinus diffusus]]'' <small>Nutt.</small> – spreading lupine, Oak Ridge lupine, sky-blue lupine
* ''[[Lupinus disjunctus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
<!-- Lupinus dispar was reclassified as Lupinus exaltatus. -->
* ''[[Lupinus diversalpicola]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
<!-- Lupinus donnellyensis was reclassified as Lupinus arcticus. -->
* ''[[Lupinus dorae]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus dotatus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
<!-- Lupinus douglasii was reclassified as Lupinus albifrons. -->
<!-- Lupinus dudleyi was reclassified as Lupinus latifolius. -->
* ''[[Lupinus duranii]]'' <small>Eastw.</small> – Mono Lake lupine
* ''[[Lupinus dusenianus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus eanophyllus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
<!-- Lupinus edwin-livingstoni was reclassified as Lupinus latifolius. -->
* ''[[Lupinus edysomatus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus egens]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
<!-- Lupinus egglestonianus was reclassified as Lupinus sericeus. -->
<!-- Lupinus ehrenbergii was reclassified as Lupinus mexicanus. -->
* ''[[Lupinus elaphoglossum]]'' <small>Barneby</small>
* ''[[Lupinus elatus]]'' <small>I.M. Johnst.</small> – tall silky lupine
* ''[[Lupinus elegans]]'' <small>Kunth</small> – elegant lupine
* ''[[Lupinus elegantulus]]'' <small>Eastw.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus ellsworthianus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus elmeri]]'' <small>Greene</small> – Elmer's lupine
<!-- Lupinus eminens was reclassified as Lupinus albifrons. --> 
<!-- Lupinus enodatus was reclassified as Lupinus leucophyllus. -->
* ''[[Lupinus eramosus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus erectifolius]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
<!-- Lupinus erectus was reclassified as Lupinus leucophyllus. -->
* ''[[Lupinus eremonomus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus eriocalyx]]'' <small>(C.P. Sm.) C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus eriocladus]]'' <small>Ulbr.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus evermannii]]'' <small>Rydb.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus espinarensis]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus exaltatus]]'' <small>Zucc.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus excubitus]]'' <small>M.E. Jones</small> – grape soda lupine
** subsp. ''austromontanus'' <small>(A.Heller) R.M.Beauch.</small>
** subsp. ''excubitus'' <small>M.E. Jones</small>
* ''[[Lupinus exochus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus expetendus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus extrarius]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus falsomutabilis]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus falsoprostratus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus falsorevolutus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus famelicus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
<!-- Lupinus ferax was reclassified as Lupinus exaltatus. -->
<!-- Lupinus festucasocius was reclassified as Lupinus arbustus. -->
<!-- Lupinus fictomagnus was reclassified as Lupinus exaltatus. -->
* ''[[Lupinus fiebrigianus]]'' <small>Ulbr.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus fieldii]]'' <small>J.F. Macbr.</small>
<!-- Lupinus fieldsianus was reclassified as Lupinus arbustus. -->
<!-- Lupinus fikeranus was reclassified as Lupinus sericeus. -->
* ''[[Lupinus fissicalyx]]'' <small>A. Heller</small>
<!-- Lupinus flabellaris was reclassified as Lupinus montanus. -->
* ''[[Lupinus flavoculatus]]'' <small>A. Heller</small>
<!-- Lupinus flexuosus was reclassified as Lupinus sericeus. -->
* ''[[Lupinus foliolosus]]'' <small>Benth.</small>
<!-- Lupinus fontis-batchelderi was reclassified as Lupinus argenteus. -->
* ''[[Lupinus formosus]]'' <small>Greene</small> – summer lupine
** var. ''bridgesii'' <small>(S.Watson) Greene</small>
** var. ''formosus'' <small>Greene</small>
<!-- Lupinus forslingi was reclassified as Lupinus leucophyllus. -->
* ''[[Lupinus fragrans]]'' <small>A. Heller</small>
* ''[[Lupinus francis-whittieri]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus fratrum]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus fulcratus]]'' <small>Greene</small>
<!-- Lupinus fulvomaculatus was reclassified as Lupinus argenteus. -->
* ''[[Lupinus gachetensis]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
<!-- Lupinus gakonensis was reclassified as Lupinus arcticus. -->
* ''[[Lupinus garfieldensis]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus gaudichaudianus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus gayanus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
<!-- Lupinus gayophytophilus was reclassified as Lupinus argenteus. -->
* ''[[Lupinus gentryanus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus geophilus]]'' <small>Rose</small>
* ''[[Lupinus gibertianus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus giganteus]]'' <small>Rose</small>
* ''[[Lupinus glabratus]]'' <small>J. Agardh</small>
<!-- Lupinus glabrior was reclassified as Lupinus montanus. -->
<!-- Lupinus glacialis was reclassified as Lupinus arcticus. -->
<!-- Lupinus glaziouanus was reclassified as Lupinus velutinus. -->
* ''[[Lupinus goodspeedii]]'' <small>J.F. Macbr.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus gormanii]]'' <small>Piper</small>
* ''[[Lupinus gracilentus]]'' <small>Greene</small>
<!-- Lupinus gracilis was reclassified as Lupinus perennis. -->
<!-- Lupinus grandis was reclassified as Lupinus exaltatus. -->
* ''[[Lupinus grayi]]'' <small>S. Watson</small> – Sierra lupine
* ''[[Lupinus grauensis]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
<!-- Lupinus greenei was reclassified as Lupinus argenteus and Lupinus formosus. -->
* ''[[Lupinus grisebachianus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus guadalupensis]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small> – Guadalupe Island lupine
* ''[[Lupinus guaraniticus]]'' <small>(Hassl.) C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus guascensis]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus guggenheimianus]]'' <small>Rusby</small>
<!-- Lupinus hallii was reclassified as Lupinus albifrons. -->
* ''[[Lupinus hamaticalyx]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus hartmannii]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus hartwegii]]'' <small>Lindl.</small><ref>Some sources treat ''Lupinus hartwegii'' as a synonym of ''Lupinus mexicanus''.</ref>
* ''[[Lupinus haughtianus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus hautcarazensis]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus havardii]]'' <small>S. Watson</small>
* ''[[Lupinus hazenanus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus hendersonii]]'' <small>Eastw.</small>
<!-- Lupinus henry-smithii was reclassified as Lupinus arbustus. -->
* ''[[Lupinus heptaphyllus]]'' <small>(Vell.) Hassl.</small><ref>Some sources treat ''Lupinus heptaphyllus'' as a synonym of ''Lupinus gibertianus''.</ref>
* ''[[Lupinus herreranus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus herzogii]]'' <small>Ulbr.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus hieronymii]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus hilarianus]]'' <small>Benth.</small><ref>Some sources treat ''Lupinus hilarianus'' as a synonym of ''Lupinus gibertianus''.</ref>
* ''[[Lupinus hillii]]'' <small>Greene</small><ref>Some sources treat ''Lupinus hillii'' as a synonym of ''Lupinus argenteus''.</ref>
* ''[[Lupinus hinkleyorum]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus hintoniorum]]'' <small>B.L. Turner</small>
* ''[[Lupinus hirsutissimus]]'' <small>Benth.</small> – stinging lupine
<!-- Lupinus hirsutulus was reclassified as Lupinus bicolor. -->
<!-- Lupinus holmgrenanus was reclassified as Lupinus polyphyllus. -->
* ''[[Lupinus holmgrenianus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small> – Holmgren's lupine
<!-- Lupinus holosericeus was reclassified as Lupinus argenteus. -->
<!-- Lupinus holwayorum was reclassified as Lupinus condensiflorus. -->
* ''[[Lupinus honoratus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus horizontalis]]'' <small>A. Heller</small>
* ''[[Lupinus hornemanni]]'' <small>J. Agardh</small>
* ''[[Lupinus hortonianus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus hortorum]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus howard-scottii]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus howardii]]'' <small>M.E. Jones</small>
* ''[[Lupinus huachucanus]]'' <small>M.E. Jones</small>
* ''[[Lupinus huancayoensis]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus huariacus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus huaronensis]]'' <small>J.F. Macbr.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus huigrensis]]'' <small>Rose ex C. P. Sm.</small>
<!-- Lupinus humicola was reclassified as Lupinus polyphyllus. -->
* ''[[Lupinus humifusus]]'' <small>Sessé & Moc. ex G. Don</small>
* ''[[Lupinus hyacinthinus]]'' <small>C.F. Baker</small> – San Jacinto lupine
* ''[[Lupinus hybridus]]'' <small>Lem.</small>
<!-- Lupinus hypolasius was reclassified as Lupinus culbertsonii. -->
* ''[[Lupinus ignobilis]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus imminutus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
<!-- Lupinus incanus was reclassified as Lupinus albescens. -->
* ''[[Lupinus indigoticus]]'' <small>Eastw.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus inflatus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
<!-- Lupinus ingratus was reclassified as Lupinus argenteus. -->
* ''[[Lupinus insignis]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus insulae]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
<!-- Lupinus intermontanus was reclassified as Lupinus pusillus. -->
* ''[[Lupinus interruptus]]'' <small>Benth.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus intortus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus inusitatus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus involutus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus inyoensis]]'' <small>A. Heller</small>
* ''[[Lupinus isabelianus]]'' <small>Eastw.</small>
<!-- Lupinus jacob-andersoni was reclassified as Lupinus kuschei. -->
<!-- Lupinus jaegeranus was reclassified as Lupinus argenteus. -->
* ''[[Lupinus jahnii]]'' <small>Rose ex Pittier</small>
* ''[[Lupinus jaimehintoniana]]'' <small>B.L. Turner</small>
* ''[[Lupinus james-westii]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus jean-julesii]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus jelskianus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus johannis-howellii]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus jonesii]]'' <small>Rydb.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus jujuyensis]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus juninensis]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
<!-- Lupinus junipericola was reclassified as Lupinus argenteus. -->
* ''[[Lupinus kalenbornorum]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
<!-- Lupinus keckianus was reclassified as Lupinus argenteus. -->
* ''[[Lupinus kellermanianus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus kerrii]]'' <small>Eastw.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus killipianus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus kingii]]'' <small>S. Watson</small>
<!-- Lupinus kiskensis was reclassified as Lupinus nootkatensis. -->
* ''[[Lupinus klamathensis]]'' <small>Eastw.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus kunthii]]'' <small>J. Agardh</small>
<!-- Lupinus kuntii is a misspelling of Lupinus kunthii. -->
* ''[[Lupinus kuschei]]'' <small>Eastw.</small> – Yukon lupine
<!-- Lupinus lacteus was reclassified as Lupinus densiflorus. -->
* ''[[Lupinus lacus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
<!-- Lupinus lacus-payetti was reclassified as Lupinus arbustus. -->
* ''[[Lupinus laetus]]'' <small>Wooton & Standl.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus laevigatus]]'' <small>Benth.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus lagunae-negrae]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus lanatocarpus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus lanatus]]'' <small>Benth.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus lapidicola]]'' <small>A. Heller</small> – Mt. Eddy lupine
<!-- Lupinus lasiotropis was reclassified as Lupinus arbustus. -->
* ''[[Lupinus latifolius]]'' <small>J. Agardh</small>
** subsp. ''dudleyi'' <small>(C.P.Sm.) P.Kenney & D.B.Dunn</small>
** subsp. ''latifolius'' <small>J. Agardh</small>
*** var. ''latifolius'' <small>J. Agardh</small> – broadleaf lupine
*** var. ''[[Lupinus latifolius var. barbatus|barbatus]]'' – Klamath lupine, bearded lupine
** subsp. ''leucanthus'' <small>(Rydb.)P.Kenney & D.B.Dunn</small>
** subsp. ''longipes'' <small>(Greene) P.Kenney & D.B.Dunn</small>
** subsp. ''parishii'' <small>(C.P.Sm.) P.Kenney & D.B.Dunn</small>
** subsp. ''viridifolius'' <small>(A.Heller) P.Kenney & D.B.Dunn</small>
<!-- Lupinus latissimus was reclassified as Lupinus cervinus. -->
* ''[[Lupinus laudandrus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
<!-- Lupinus laxiflorus was reclassified as Lupinus argenteus. -->
<!-- Lupinus laxispicatus was reclassified as Lupinus arbustus. -->
<!-- Lupinus laxus was reclassified as Lupinus alpestris. -->
<!-- Lupinus layneae was reclassified as Lupinus tidestromii. -->
* ''[[Lupinus lechlerianus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus ledigianus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus lelandsmithii]]'' <small>Eastw.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus lemmonii]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
<!-- Lupinus lenorensis was reclassified as Lupinus aridus. -->
* ''[[Lupinus lepidus]]'' <small>Lindl.</small> – prairie lupine
** var. ''aridus'' <small>(Douglas) Jeps.</small>
** var. ''confertus'' <small>(Kellogg) C. P. Sm.</small>
** var. ''lepidus'' <small>Lindl.</small>
** var. ''lobbii'' <small>(A. Gray ex S. Watson) C. L. Hitchc.</small>
** var. ''sellulus'' <small>(Kellogg) Barneby</small>
** var. ''utahensis'' <small>(S. Watson) C. L. Hitchc.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus leptocarpus]]'' <small>Benth.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus leptophyllus]]'' <small>Cham. & Schltdl.</small>
<!-- Lupinus leptophyllus was reclassified as Lupinus benthamii. -->
* ''[[Lupinus lespedezoides]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
<!-- Lupinus leucanthus was reclassified as Lupinus latifolius. -->
* ''[[Lupinus leucophyllus]]'' <small>Lindl.</small> – woolly-leaf lupine
<!-- Lupinus leucopsis was reclassified as Lupinus sericeus. -->
<!-- Lupinus lignipes was reclassified as Lupinus rivularis. -->
* ''[[Lupinus lilacinus]]'' <small>A. Heller</small>
* ''[[Lupinus lindenianus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus lindleyanus]]'' <small>J. Agardh</small>
* ''[[Lupinus linearis]]'' <small>Desr.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus littoralis]]'' <small>Lindl.</small> – seashore lupine
* ''[[Lupinus lobbianus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
<!-- Lupinus lobbii was reclassified as Lupinus sellulus. -->
* ''[[Lupinus longifolius]]'' <small>(S. Watson) Abrams</small> – longleaf bush lupine
<!-- Lupinus longipes was reclassified as Lupinus latifolius. -->
<!-- Lupinus longivallis was reclassified as Lupinus cusickii. -->
* ''[[Lupinus lorenzensis]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus ludovicianus]]'' <small>Greene</small> – San Luis Obispo County Lupine
* ''[[Lupinus luetzelburgianus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
<!-- Lupinus lupinus was reclassified as Lupinus argenteus. -->
* ''[[Lupinus luteolus]]'' <small>Kellogg</small> – butter lupine, pale yellow lupine<ref>Some sources treat ''Lupinus luteolus'' as a synonym of ''Lupinus luteus''.</ref>
* ''[[Lupinus lutescens]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus lutosus]]'' <small>A. Heller</small>
* ''[[Lupinus lyallii]]'' <small>A. Gray</small><ref>Some sources treat ''Lupinus lyallii'' as a synonym of ''Lupinus lepidus''.</ref>
** subsp. ''alcis-temporis'' <small>(C.P. Sm.) B.J.Cox</small>
** subsp. ''lyallii'' <small>A. Gray</small> – Lyall's lupine
** subsp. ''minutifolius'' <small>(Eastw.) B.J.Cox</small>
** subsp. ''washoensis'' <small>(A.Heller) B.J.Cox</small>
<!-- Lupinus lyleianus was reclassified as Lupinus arbustus. -->
<!-- Lupinus macbrideianus is a misspelling of Lupinus macbrideanus. -->
* ''[[Lupinus macbrideanus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
<!-- Lupinus mackeyi was reclassified as Lupinus arbustus. -->
<!-- Lupinus macounii was reclassified as Lupinus alpestris. -->
* ''[[Lupinus macranthus]]'' <small>Rose</small>
<!-- Lupinus macrostachys was reclassified as Lupinus bolivianus and Lupinus leucophyllus. -->
* ''[[Lupinus maculatus]]'' <small>Rydb.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus madrensis]]'' <small>Seem.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus magdalenensis]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus magnificus]]'' <small>M.E. Jones</small>
* ''[[Lupinus magniflorus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus magnistipulatus]]'' <small>Planchuelo & D.B. Dunn</small>
* ''[[Lupinus malacophyllus]]'' <small>Greene</small>
* ''[[Lupinus malacotrichus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus maleopinatus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus mandonanus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus mantaroensis]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
<!-- Lupinus marianus was reclassified as Lupinus sericeus. -->
* ''[[Lupinus marinensis]]'' <small>Eastw.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus mariposanus]]'' <small>Eastw.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus martensis]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus martinetianus]]'' <small>(C.P. Sm.) C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus mathewsianus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus matucanicus]]'' <small>Ulbr.</small><ref>Some sources treat ''Lupinus matucanicus'' as a synonym of ''Lupinus lindleyanus''.</ref>
* ''[[Lupinus meionanthus]]'' <small>A. Gray</small>
* ''[[Lupinus melaphyllus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus menziesii]]'' <small>J. Agardh</small>
* ''[[Lupinus meridanus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
<!-- Lupinus metallactus was reclassified as Lupinus elegans. -->
* ''[[Lupinus metensis]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus mexicanus]]'' <small>Lag.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus michelianus]]'' <small>C. P. Sm.</small>
<!-- Lupinus michoacanus was reclassified as Lupinus reflexus. -->
* ''[[Lupinus microcarpus]]'' <small>Sims</small>
** var. ''densiflorus''
** var. ''microcarpus'' – wide-bannered lupin, chick lupin
* ''[[Lupinus microphyllus]]'' <small>Desr.</small>
<!-- Lupinus milo-bakeri was reclassified as Lupinus luteolus. -->
* ''[[Lupinus minimus]]'' <small>Hook.</small><ref>Some sources treat ''Lupinus minimus'' as a synonym of ''Lupinus lepidus''.</ref>
<!-- Lupinus minutifolius was reclassified as Lupinus lyallii. -->
* ''[[Lupinus mirabilis]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
<!-- Lupinus missionum was reclassified as Lupinus paraguariensis. -->
* ''[[Lupinus misticola]]'' <small>Ulbr.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus mollendoensis]]'' <small>Ulbr.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus mollis]]'' <small>A. Heller</small>
* ''[[Lupinus monensis]]'' <small>Eastw.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus monserratensis]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus montanus]]'' <small>Kunth</small>
** subsp. ''glabrior'' <small>(S.Watson) D.B.Dunn & Harmon</small>
** subsp. ''montanus'' <small>Kunth</small>
** subsp. ''montesii'' <small>(C.P.Sm.) D.B.Dunn & Harmon</small>
<!-- Lupinus monteportae was reclassified as Lupinus exaltatus. -->
<!-- Lupinus montesii was reclassified as Lupinus montanus. -->
* ''[[Lupinus monticola]]'' <small>Rydb.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus montigenus]]'' <small>A. Heller</small><ref>Some sources treat ''Lupinus montigenus'' as a synonym of ''Lupinus argenteus''.</ref>
<!-- Lupinus montis-libertatis was reclassified as Lupinus argenteus. -->
<!-- Lupinus moranii was reclassified as Lupinus guadalupensis. -->
* ''[[Lupinus moritzianus]]'' <small>Kunth</small>
* ''[[Lupinus mucronulatus]]'' <small>Howell</small>
* ''[[Lupinus muelleri]]'' <small>Standl.</small>
<!-- Lupinus multicaulis was reclassified as Lupinus arcticus. -->
* ''[[Lupinus multiflorus]]'' <small>Desr.</small>
<!-- Lupinus multifolius was reclassified as Lupinus arcticus. -->
* ''[[Lupinus munzianus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus munzii]]'' <small>Eastw.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus mutabilis]]'' <small>Sweet</small> – Andean lupin, pearl lupin, South American lupin, ''tarwi'', ''tarhui'', ''chocho''
<!-- Lupinus myrianthus was reclassified as Lupinus parviflorus. -->
* ''[[Lupinus nanus]]'' <small>Benth.</small> – dwarf lupin, field lupin, sky lupin, Douglas' annual lupin
* ''[[Lupinus navicularius]]'' <small>A. Heller</small>
* ''[[Lupinus nehmadae]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
<!-- Lupinus nelsonii was reclassified as Lupinus montanus. -->
* ''[[Lupinus neocotus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus neomexicanus]]'' <small>Greene</small>
* ''[[Lupinus nepubescens]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus nevadensis]]'' <small>A. Heller</small> – Nevada lupine
* ''[[Lupinus niederleinianus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus nipomensis]]'' <small>Eastw.</small> – Nipomo Mesa lupine
<!-- Lupinus nitidissimus was reclassified as Lupinus velutinus. -->
* ''[[Lupinus niveus]]'' <small>S. Watson</small>
* ''[[Lupinus nonoensis]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus nootkatensis]]'' <small>Sims</small> – Nootka lupin
* ''[[Lupinus notabilis]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus nubigenus]]'' <small>Kunth</small>
* ''[[Lupinus nubilorum]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
<!-- Lupinus nuttallii was reclassified as Lupinus perennis. -->
* ''[[Lupinus obscurus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus obtusilobus]]'' <small>A. Heller</small> – bluntlobe lupine
* ''[[Lupinus ochoanus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus ochroleucus]]'' <small>Eastw.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus odoratus]]'' <small>A. Heller</small> – royal Mojave lupin
* ''[[Lupinus onustus]]'' <small>S. Watson</small> – Plumas lupine
* ''[[Lupinus opertospicus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus oquendoanus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
<!-- Lupinus orcuttii was reclassified as Lupinus concinnus. -->
* ''[[Lupinus oreganus]]'' <small>A. Heller</small> – Oregon lupin<ref>Some sources treat ''Lupinus oreganus'' as a synonym of ''Lupinus sulphureus''.</ref>
* ''[[Lupinus oreophilus]]'' <small>Phil.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus ornatus]]'' <small>Lindl.</small><ref>Some sources treat ''Lupinus ornatus'' as a synonym of ''Lupinus sericeus''.</ref>
* ''[[Lupinus oscar-haughtii]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus ostiofluminis]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
<!-- Lupinus osterhoutianus was reclassified as Lupinus hillii. -->
* ''[[Lupinus otto-buchtienii]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus otto-kuntzeanus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus otuzcoensis]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus ovalifolius]]'' <small>Benth.</small>
<!-- Lupinus ovinus was reclassified as Lupinus minimus. -->
* ''[[Lupinus pachanoanus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus pachitensis]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus pachylobus]]'' <small>Greene</small>
* ''[[Lupinus padre-crowleyi]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small> – DeDecker's lupine, Father Crowley's lupine
* ''[[Lupinus pallidus]]'' <small>Brandegee</small>
<!-- Lupinus palmeri was reclassified as Lupinus argenteus. -->
* ''[[Lupinus paniculatus]]'' <small>Desr.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus paraguariensis]]'' <small>Chodat & Hassl.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus paranensis]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
<!-- Lupinus paraplesius was reclassified as Lupinus exaltatus. -->
<!-- Lupinus parishii was reclassified as Lupinus latifolius. -->
<!-- Lupinus parodianus was reclassified as Lupinus albescens. -->
* ''[[Lupinus paruroensis]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus parviflorus]]'' <small>Hook. & Arn.</small> – lodgepole lupin
** subsp. ''myrianthus'' <small>(Greene) Harmon</small>
** subsp. ''parviflorus'' <small>Hook. & Arn.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus parvifolius]]'' <small>Gardner</small>
* ''[[Lupinus pasachoensis]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus pasadenensis]]'' <small>Eastw.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus patulus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus paucartambensis]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus paucovillosus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
<!-- Lupinus paulinus was reclassified as Lupinus lyallii. -->
* ''[[Lupinus paynei]]'' <small>Davidson</small>
* ''[[Lupinus pearceanus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus pendentiflorus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus peirsonii]]'' <small>H. Mason</small> – Peirson's lupine, long lupine
* ''[[Lupinus penlandianus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
<!-- Lupinus pennellianus was reclassified as Lupinus latifolius. -->
* ''[[Lupinus perblandus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus perbonus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus perennis]]'' <small>L.</small> – wild perennial lupine, sundial lupine, Indian beet, old maid's bonnets
** subsp. ''gracilis'' <small>(Nutt.) D.B.Dunn</small>
** subsp. ''occidentalis'' <small>S. Watson</small>
** subsp. ''perennis'' <small>L.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus perglaber]]'' <small>Eastw.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus perissophytus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus persistens]]'' <small>Rose</small>
* ''[[Lupinus peruvianus]]'' <small>Ulbr.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus philippianus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus physodes]]'' <small>Douglas</small>
* ''[[Lupinus pickeringii]]'' <small>A. Gray</small>
<!-- Lupinus pinetorum was reclassified as Lupinus lyallii. -->
* ''[[Lupinus pilosellus]]'' <small>Eastw.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus pilosissimus]]'' <small>M. Martens & Galeotti</small>
* ''[[Lupinus pinguis]]'' <small>Ulbr.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus pipersmithianus]]'' <small>J.F. Macbr.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus pisacensis]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus piurensis]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus platamodes]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus plattensis]]'' <small>S. Watson</small>
* ''[[Lupinus platyptenus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
<!-- Lupinus plumosus was reclassified as Lupinus leucophyllus. -->
* ''[[Lupinus polycarpus]]'' <small>Greene</small><ref>Some sources treat ''Lupinus polycarpus'' as a synonym of ''Lupinus bicolor''.</ref> – smallflower lupin
* ''[[Lupinus polyphyllus]]'' <small>Lindl.</small> – largeleaf lupine, bigleaf lupine, garden lupin, many-leaved lupine
** var. ''burkei'' <small>(S. Watson) C. L. Hitchc.</small>
** var. ''humicola'' <small>(A.Nelson) Barneby</small>
** var. ''pallidipes'' <small>(A. Heller) C. P. Sm.</small>
** var. ''polyphyllus'' <small>Lindl.</small>
** var. ''prunophilus'' <small>(M. E. Jones) L. Ll. Phillips</small>
* ''[[Lupinus poopoensis]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus popayanensis]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
<!-- Lupinus porsildianus was reclassified as Lupinus kuschei. -->
<!-- Lupinus portae-westgardiae was reclassified as Lupinus argenteus. -->
* ''[[Lupinus potosinus]]'' <small>Rose</small>
* ''[[Lupinus praealtus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus praestabilis]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus praetermissus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus pratensis]]'' <small>A.Heller</small><ref>Some sources treat ''Lupinus pratensis'' as a synonym of ''Lupinus confertus''.</ref> – Inyo Meadow lupine
* ''[[Lupinus pringlei]]'' <small>Rose</small>
* ''[[Lupinus proculaustrinus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus prostratus]]'' <small>J. Agardh</small>
* ''[[Lupinus protrusus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus prouvensalanus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus prunophilus]]'' <small>M.E. Jones</small><ref>Some sources treat ''Lupinus prunophilus'' as a synonym of ''Lupinus polyphyllus''.</ref> – hairy bigleaf lupin
<!-- Lupinus pseudoparviflorus was reclassified as Lupinus arbustus. -->
* ''[[Lupinus pseudopolyphyllus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus pseudotsugoides]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus pubescens]]'' <small>Benth.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus pucapucensis]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
<!-- Lupinus pulcherrimus was reclassified as Lupinus alpestris. -->
* ''[[Lupinus pulloviridus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus pulvinaris]]'' <small>Ulbr.</small>
<!-- Lupinus pumicola was reclassified as Lupinus andersonii. -->
* ''[[Lupinus punto-reyesensis]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus puracensis]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus purdieanus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus pureriae]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
<!-- Lupinus purolanatus was reclassified as Lupinus aureonitens. -->
* ''[[Lupinus purosericeus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus pusillus]]'' <small>Pursh</small> – rusty lupine or dwarf lupine
** subsp. ''intermontanus'' <small>(A.Heller) D.B.Dunn</small>
** subsp. ''pusillus'' <small>Pursh</small>
* ''[[Lupinus puyupatensis]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus pycnostachys]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus quellomayus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus quitensis]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus radiatus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus ramosissimus]]'' <small>Benth.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus reflexus]]'' <small>Rose</small>
* ''[[Lupinus regalis]]'' <small>Bergmans</small>
* ''[[Lupinus regnellianus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus reineckianus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus reitzii]]'' <small>Burkart ex M. Pinheiro & Miotto</small>
<!-- Lupinus relictus was reclassified as Lupinus arcticus. -->
* ''[[Lupinus retrorsus]]'' <small>L.F. Hend.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus revolutus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus richardianus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus rimae]]'' <small>Eastw.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus rivularis]]'' <small>Lindl.</small> – riverbank lupin
* ''[[Lupinus romasanus]]'' <small>Ulbr.</small>
<!-- Lupinus rosei was reclassified as Lupinus argenteus. -->
* ''[[Lupinus roseolus]]'' <small>Rydb.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus roseorum]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus rotundiflorus]]'' <small>M.E. Jones</small>
<!-- Lupinus rotundifolius was reclassified as Crotalaria incana. -->
* ''[[Lupinus rowleeanus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
<!-- Lupinus rubens was reclassified as Lupinus pusillus. -->
* ''[[Lupinus ruber]]'' <small>A. Heller</small><ref>Some sources treat ''Lupinus ruber'' as a synonym of ''Lupinus microcarpus''.</ref>
<!-- Lupinus rubricaulis was reclassified as Lupinus argenteus. -->
* ''[[Lupinus rubriflorus]]'' <small>Planchuelo</small>
<!-- Lupinus rubro-soli was reclassified as Lupinus lyallii. -->
* ''[[Lupinus ruizensis]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus rupestris]]'' <small>Kunth</small>
* ''[[Lupinus rusbyanus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus russellianus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus sabinianus]]'' <small>Lindl.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus sabinii]]'' <small>Hook.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus sabulosus]]'' <small>A. Heller</small>
* ''[[Lupinus salticola]]'' <small>Eastw.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus sandiensis]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus santanderensis]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus sarmentosus]]'' <small>Desr.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus saxatilis]]'' <small>Ulbr.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus saxosus]]'' <small>Howell</small> – rock lupine
* ''[[Lupinus schwackeanus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus seifrizianus]]'' <small>(C.P. Sm.) C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus sellowianus]]'' <small>Harms</small>
* ''[[Lupinus sellulus]]'' <small>Kellogg</small><ref>Some sources treat ''Lupinus sellulus'' as a synonym of ''Lupinus lepidus''.</ref>
** var. ''lobbii'' <small>(S.Watson) B.J.Cox</small>
** var. ''sellulus'' <small>Kellogg</small>
** var. ''ursinus'' <small>(Eastw.) B.J.Cox</small>
* ''[[Lupinus semiprostratus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus semperflorens]]'' <small>Benth.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus sericatus]]'' <small>Kellogg</small> – Cobb Mountain lupine
<!-- Lupinus sericeolodix was reclassified as Lupinus cymboides. -->
* ''[[Lupinus sericeus]]'' <small>Pursh</small> – Pursh's silky lupin
** var. ''barbiger'' <small>(S.Watson) S.L.Welsh</small>
** var. ''sericeus'' <small>Pursh</small>
* ''[[Lupinus setifolius]]'' <small>Planchuelo & D.B. Dunn</small>
* ''[[Lupinus shastensis]]'' <small>Lupinus albicaulis</small>
* ''[[Lupinus shockleyi]]'' <small>S. Watson</small> – purple desert lupine
* ''[[Lupinus sierrae-blancae]]'' <small>Wooton & Standl.</small>
** subsp. ''aquilinus'' <small>(Wooton & Standl.) L.S.Fleak & D.B.Dunn</small>
** subsp. ''sierrae-blancae'' <small>Wooton & Standl.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus simonsianus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus simulans]]'' <small>Rose</small>
* ''[[Lupinus sinaloensis]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus sitgreavesii]]'' <small>S. Watson</small>
<!-- Lupinus sitgreavii is a misspelling of Lupinus sitgreavesii. -->
<!-- Lupinus skutchianus was reclassified as Lupinus elegans. -->
* ''[[Lupinus smithianus]]'' <small>Kunth</small>
* ''[[Lupinus solanagrorum]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus sonomensis]]'' <small>A. Heller</small>
* ''[[Lupinus soratensis]]'' <small>Rusby</small>
* ''[[Lupinus soukupianus]]'' <small>C. P. Smith ex J. F. Macbr.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus sparsiflorus]]'' <small>Benth.</small> – desert lupin, Coulter's lupin, Mojave lupin
<!-- Lupinus spathulatus was reclassified as Lupinus argenteus. -->
* ''[[Lupinus spectabilis]]'' <small>Hoover</small> – shaggyhair lupine
* ''[[Lupinus splendens]]'' <small>Rose</small>
* ''[[Lupinus spragueanus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
<!-- Lupinus squamecaulis was reclassified as Lupinus madrensis. -->
* ''[[Lupinus staffordiae]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
<!-- Lupinus stinchfieldiae was reclassified as Lupinus argenteus. -->
<!-- Lupinus stipaphilus was reclassified as Lupinus arbustus. -->
* ''[[Lupinus stipulatus]]'' <small>J. Agardh</small>
* ''[[Lupinus stiversii]]'' <small>Kellogg</small> – harlequin annual lupine
<!-- Lupinus stockii was reclassified as Lupinus arbustus. -->
* ''[[Lupinus storkianus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus subacaulis]]'' <small>Griseb.</small>
<!-- Lupinus subalpinus was reclassified as Lupinus arcticus. -->
* ''[[Lupinus subcarnosus]]'' <small>Hook.</small> – buffalo clover
* ''[[Lupinus subcuneatus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus subhamatus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus subinflatus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus sublanatus]]'' <small>Eastw.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus submontanus]]'' <small>Rose</small>
* ''[[Lupinus subsessilis]]'' <small>Benth.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus subtomentosus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
<!-- Lupinus subumbellatus was reclassified as Lupinus gibertianus. -->
* ''[[Lupinus subvexus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small><ref>Some sources treat ''Lupinus subvexus'' as a synonym of ''Lupinus microcarpus''.</ref>
* ''[[Lupinus succulentus]]'' <small>K. Koch</small> – succulent lupin, arroyo lupin, hollowleaf annual lupin
* ''[[Lupinus sufferrugineus]]'' <small>Rusby</small>
* ''[[Lupinus suksdorfii]]'' <small>Robinson</small>
* ''[[Lupinus sulphureus]]'' <small>Douglas</small><!-- Sometimes misattributed to Hooker. -->
** subsp. ''kincaidii'' <small>(Suksd.) L. Ll. Phillips</small> – Kincaid's lupin
** subsp. ''subsaccatus'' <small>(Suksd.) L. Ll. Phillips</small>
** subsp. ''sulphureus'' <small>Douglas</small> – sulphur lupin, sulphur-flowered lupin
* ''[[Lupinus surcoensis]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
<!-- Lupinus sylvestris was reclassified as Lupinus elmeri. -->
* ''[[Lupinus syriggedes]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus tacitus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus tafiensis]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus talahuensis]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus tamayoanus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
<!-- Lupinus tancitaricus was reclassified as Lupinus exaltatus. -->
* ''[[Lupinus tarapacensis]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus tarijensis]]'' <small>Ulbr.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus tarmaensis]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus tatei]]'' <small>Rusby</small>
* ''[[Lupinus taurimortuus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus tauris]]'' <small>Benth.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus tayacajensis]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus tegeticulatus]]'' <small>Eastw.</small>
<!-- Lupinus tenellus was reclassified as Lupinus argenteus. -->
* ''[[Lupinus tetracercophorus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus texanus]]'' <small>Hook.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus texensis]]'' <small>Hook.</small> – Texas bluebonnet
* ''[[Lupinus thompsonianus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus tidestromii]]'' <small>Greene</small> – Tidestrøm's lupin
** var. ''layneae'' <small>(Eastw.) Munz</small>
** var. ''tidestromii'' <small>Greene</small>
<!-- Lupinus toklatensis was reclassified as Lupinus arcticus. -->
* ''[[Lupinus tolimensis]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus tomentosus]]'' <small>DC.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus tominensis]]'' <small>Wedd.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus toratensis]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small> – ''warwanzo'', ''lito''<!-- Endemic to south Andes of Peru -->
* ''[[Lupinus tracyi]]'' <small>Eastw.</small> – Tracy's lupine
* ''[[Lupinus triananus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
<!-- Lupinus tricolor was reclassified as Lupinus albifrons. -->
<!-- Lupinus trifoliatus was reclassified as Cyamopsis tetragonoloba and Crotalaria trifoliastrum. -->
<!-- Lupinus trifurcatus was reclassified as Lupinus nootkatensis. -->
* ''[[Lupinus truncatus]]'' <small>Hook. & Arn.</small> – collared annual lupine
* ''[[Lupinus tucumanensis]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus ulbrichianus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus uleanus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus ultramontanus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus umidicola]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus uncialis]]'' <small>S. Watson</small>
* ''[[Lupinus uncinatus]]'' <small>Schltdl.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus urcoensis]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
<!-- Lupinus ursinus was reclassified as Lupinus sellulus. -->
* ''[[Lupinus urubambensis]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
<!-- Lupinus utahensis was reclassified as Lupinus argenteus. -->
<!-- Lupinus vaginatus was reclassified as Lupinus montanus. -->
* ''[[Lupinus valerioi]]'' <small>Standl.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus vallicola]]'' <small>A. Heller</small> – open lupin
** subsp. ''apricus'' <small>(Greene) D.B.Dunn</small>
** subsp. ''vallicola'' <small>A. Heller</small>
* ''[[Lupinus vargasianus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus varicaulis]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
<!-- Lupinus varicolor is a misspelling of Lupinus variicolor. -->
* ''[[Lupinus variicolor]]'' <small>Steud.</small> – varied lupin
* ''[[Lupinus velillensis]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus velutinus]]'' <small>Benth.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus venezuelensis]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus ventosus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus verbasciformis]]'' <small>Sandwith</small>
* ''[[Lupinus verjonensis]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus vernicius]]'' <small>Rose</small>
<!-- Lupinus versicolor was reclassified as Lupinus variicolor. -->
* ''[[Lupinus viduus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus vilcabambensis]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus villosus]]'' <small>Willd.</small>
<!-- Lupinus viridifolius was reclassified as Lupinus latifolius. -->
* ''[[Lupinus visoensis]]'' <small>J.F. Macbr.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus volubilis]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
<!-- Lupinus volutans was reclassified as Lupinus aridus. -->
<!-- Lupinus washoensis was reclassified as Lupinus lyallii. -->
* ''[[Lupinus weberbaueri]]'' <small>Ulbr.</small>
<!-- Lupinus wenatchensis was reclassified as Lupinus arbustus. -->
* ''[[Lupinus werdermannianus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus westianus]]'' <small>Small</small>
** var. ''aridorum'' <small>(McFarlin ex Beckner) Isely</small>
** var. ''westianus'' <small>Small</small>
* ''[[Lupinus whiltoniae]]'' <small>Eastw.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus wilkesianus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus williamlobbii]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus williamsianus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
<!-- Lupinus wyethii was reclassified as Lupinus polyphyllus. -->
* ''[[Lupinus xanthophyllus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus xenophytus]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
<!-- Lupinus yakimensis was reclassified as Lupinus arbustus. -->
* ''[[Lupinus yanahuancensis]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus yarushensis]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
<!-- Lupinus yaulyensis was reclassified as Lupinus fieldii. -->
* ''[[Lupinus ynesiae]]'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
<!-- Lupinus yukonensis was reclassified as Lupinus arcticus. -->
{{div col end}}

=== Subgenus ''Lupinus'' ===

In its current [[Circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscription]],<ref name="Kurd">{{Cite web | url=http://biodiversity.ucoz.ru/p0006.htm | title=Subgen. PLATYCARPOS and Subgen. LUPINUS}}</ref> subgenus ''Lupinus'' includes 12 species from the Mediterranean region and Africa with at least four ovules or seedbuds in the ovary:

{{div col|colwidth=300px}}
* ''[[Lupinus albus]]'' <small>L. 1753</small> – white lupine
** subsp. ''albus'' <small>L.</small>
** subsp. ''graecus'' <small>(Boiss. & Spruner) Franco & P.Silva</small>
** subsp. ''termis'' <small>(Forsk.) Ponert.</small>
* ''[[Lupinus angustifolius]]'' <small>L. 1753</small> – blue lupin, narrow-leafed lupin
** var. ''angustifolius'' <small>L.</small>
** var. ''albopunctatus'' [[Boguslav S. Kurlovich|Kurl.]] et Stankev.
** var. ''griseomaculatus'' [[Boguslav S. Kurlovich|Kurl.]] et Stankev.
** var. ''chalybens'' [[Boguslav S. Kurlovich|Kurl.]] et Stankev.
** var. ''corylinus'' [[Boguslav S. Kurlovich|Kurl.]] et Stankev.
** var. ''purpureus'' [[Boguslav S. Kurlovich|Kurl.]] et Stankev.
** var. ''rubidus'' [[Boguslav S. Kurlovich|Kurl.]] et Stankev.
** var. ''atabekovae'' [[Boguslav S. Kurlovich|Kurl.]] et Stankev.
** var. ''sparsiusculus'' [[Boguslav S. Kurlovich|Kurl.]] et Stankev.
** var. ''brunneus '' [[Boguslav S. Kurlovich|Kurl.]] et Stankev.
** var. ''albosyringeus'' <small>Taran.</small>
** var. ''albidus'' [[Boguslav S. Kurlovich|Kurl.]] et Stankev.
** var. ''candidus'' <small>Kuptzov. et [[Boguslav S. Kurlovich|Kurl.]]</small>
* ''[[Lupinus atlanticus]]'' <small>Gladstones 1974</small>
* ''[[Lupinus cosentinii]]'' <small>Guss. 1828 </small> – sandplain lupin
<!-- Lupinus criticus was reclassified as Lupinus digitatus. -->
<!-- Lupinus cryptanthus was reclassified as Lupinus angustifolius. -->
* ''[[Lupinus digitatus]]'' <small>Forsk. 1775</small><ref>Some sources treat ''Lupinus digitatus'' as a synonym of ''Lupinus cosentinii''.</ref>
<!-- Lupinus graecus was reclassified as Lupinus albus. -->
<!-- Lupinus hirsutus was reclassified as Lupinus micranthus and Lupinus pilosus. -->
* ''[[Lupinus hispanicus]]'' <small>Boiss. & Reut. 1842</small>
** subsp. ''bicolor'' <small>(Merino) Gladst.</small>
** subsp. ''hispanicus'' <small>Boiss. & Reut.</small>
<!-- Lupinus jugoslavicus was reclassified as Lupinus angustifolius. -->
<!-- Lupinus leucospermus was reclassified as Lupinus angustifolius. -->
<!-- Lupinus linifolius was reclassified as Lupinus angustifolius. -->
<!-- Lupinus luthereaui was reclassified as Lupinus digitatus. -->
* ''[[Lupinus luteus]]'' <small>L. 1753</small> – yellow lupin
** var. ''luteus'' <small>L.</small>
** var. ''maculosus'' [[Boguslav S. Kurlovich|Kurl.]] et Stankev.
** var. ''kazimierskii'' [[Boguslav S. Kurlovich|Kurl.]] et Stankev.
** var. ''arcellus'' [[Boguslav S. Kurlovich|Kurl.]] et Stankev.
** var. ''sempolovskii'' <small>(Atab) [[Boguslav S. Kurlovich|Kurl.]] et Stankev.</small>
** var. ''melanospermus'' <small>Kurl. et Stankev.</small>
** var. ''niger'' <small>Kurl. et Stankev.</small>
** var. ''cremeus'' <small>Kurl. et Stankev.</small>
** var. ''leucospermus'' <small>Kurl. et Stankev.</small>
** var. ''sulphureus'' <small>(Atab.) Kurl. et Stankev.</small>
** var. ''stepanovae'' <small>Kurl. et Stankev.</small>
** var. ''ochroleucus'' <small>Kurl. et Stankev.</small>
** var. ''aurantiacus'' <small>Kurl. et Stankev.</small>
** var. ''croceus'' <small>Kurl. et Stankev.</small>
** var. ''aureus'' <small>Kurl. et Stankev.</small>
** var. ''albicans'' <small>[[Boguslav S. Kurlovich|Kurl.]] et Stankev.</small>
** var. '' sinskayae'' [[Boguslav S. Kurlovich|Kurl.]] et Stankev.
* ''[[Lupinus micranthus]]'' <small>Guss. 1828</small>
* ''[[Lupinus palaestinus]]'' <small>Boiss. 1849</small> – white-grey lupine
* ''[[Lupinus pilosus]]'' <small>Murr. 1774</small> – blue lupine
* ''[[Lupinus princei]]'' <small>Harms 1901</small>
<!-- Lupinus reticulatus was reclassified as Lupinus angustifolius. -->
<!-- Lupinus rothmaleri was reclassified as Lupinus hispanicus. -->
<!-- Lupinus somalensis is a misspelling of Lupinus somaliensis. -->
* ''[[Lupinus somaliensis]]'' <small>Baker f. 1895</small>
<!-- Lupinus tassilicus was reclassified as Lupinus digitatus. -->
<!-- Lupinus termis was reclassified as Lupinus albus. -->
<!-- Lupinus varius was reclassified as Lupinus angustifolius. -->
{{div col end}}

===Species names with uncertain taxonomic status===
The status of the following binomials is unresolved:<ref name="PlantList" />
{{div col|colwidth=300px}}
* ''Lupinus acaulis'' <small>[[Dámaso Antonio Larrañaga|Larrañaga]]</small>
* ''Lupinus achilleaphilus'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus acutilobus'' <small>A.Heller</small>
* ''Lupinus aegr-Aovium'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus africanus'' <small>Lour.</small>
* ''Lupinus agninus'' <small>Gand.</small>
* ''Lupinus agropyrophilus'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus alaimandus'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus albicaulis'' <small>Douglas ex Hook.</small>
* ''Lupinus alicanescens'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus aliclementinus'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus aliumbellatus'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus altissimus'' <small>Sessé & Moc.</small>
* ''Lupinus alturasensis'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus alveorum'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus amabilis'' <small>A.Heller</small>
* ''Lupinus amniculi-cervi'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus amniculi-salicis'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus amniculi-vulpum'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus andersonianus'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus anemophilus'' <small>Greene</small>
* ''Lupinus angustifolius'' <small>Blanco</small>
* ''Lupinus aphronorus'' <small>Blank.</small>
* ''Lupinus apodotropis'' <small>A.Heller</small>
* ''Lupinus aralloius'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus arborescens'' <small>Amabekova & Maisuran</small>
* ''Lupinus arceuthinus'' <small>Greene</small>
* ''Lupinus argyraeus'' <small>DC.</small>
* ''Lupinus atacamicus'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus aureus'' <small>J.Agardh</small>
* ''Lupinus axillaris'' <small>Blank.</small>
* ''Lupinus barkeriae'' <small>Knowles & Westc.</small>
* ''Lupinus bartolomei'' <small>M.E.Jones</small>
* ''Lupinus bassett-maguirei'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus beaneanus'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus biddleii'' <small>L.F.Hend.</small>
* ''Lupinus bimaculatus'' <small>Hook. ex D.Don</small>
* ''Lupinus bimaculatus'' <small>Desr.</small>
* ''Lupinus bivonii'' <small>C.Presl</small>
* ''Lupinus blankinshipii'' <small>A.Heller</small>
* ''Lupinus blaschkeanus'' <small>Fisch. & C.A.Mey.</small>
* ''Lupinus brevior'' <small>(Jeps.) J.A. Christian & D.B. Dunn</small>
* ''Lupinus brittonii'' <small>Abrams</small>
* ''Lupinus caespitosus'' <small>Nutt.</small>
* ''Lupinus californicus'' <small>K.Koch</small>
* ''Lupinus campbelliae'' <small>Eastw.</small>
* ''Lupinus campestris'' <small>Cham. & Schltdl.</small>
* ''Lupinus campestris-florum'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus candicans'' <small>Rydb.</small>
* ''Lupinus canus'' <small>Hemsl.</small>
* ''Lupinus capitatus'' <small>Greene</small>
* ''Lupinus capitis-amniculi'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus carolus-bucarii'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus chachas'' <small>Ochoa ex C. P. Smith</small>
* ''Lupinus chamissonis'' <small>Eschscholtz</small>
* ''Lupinus chiapensis'' <small>Rose</small>
* ''Lupinus chihuahuensis'' <small>S.Watson</small>
* ''Lupinus christianus'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus chrysomelas'' <small>Casar.</small>
* ''Lupinus clementinus'' <small>Greene</small>
* ''Lupinus comatus'' <small>Rydb.</small>
* ''Lupinus consentinii'' <small>Walp.</small>
* ''Lupinus cymb-Aegressus'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus dasyphyllus'' <small>Greene</small>
* ''Lupinus davisianus'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus debilis'' <small>Eastw.</small>
* ''Lupinus decaschistus'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus diaboli-septem'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus dichrous'' <small>Greene</small>
* ''Lupinus dispersus'' <small>A.Heller</small>
* ''Lupinus dissimulans'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus durangensis'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus eatonanus'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus equi-coeli'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus equi-collis'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus erectus'' <small>L.F.Hend.</small>
* ''Lupinus erminens'' <small>S.Watson</small>
* ''Lupinus ermineus'' <small>S.Watson</small>
* ''Lupinus falcifer'' <small>Nutt.</small>
* ''Lupinus falsoerectus'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus falsoformosus'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus falsograyi'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus fieldii'' <small>Rose ex J. F. Macbr.</small>
* ''Lupinus filicaulis'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus finitus'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus flavescens'' <small>Rydb.</small>
* ''Lupinus foliosus'' <small>Hook.</small>
* ''Lupinus foliosus'' <small>Nutt.</small>
* ''Lupinus forskahlei'' <small>Boiss.</small>
* ''Lupinus franciscanus'' <small>Greene</small>
* ''Lupinus fraxinetorum'' <small>Greene</small>
* ''Lupinus fruticosus'' <small>Steud.</small>
* ''Lupinus fruticosus'' <small>Dum.Cours.</small>
* ''Lupinus garcianus'' <small>Bennett & Dunn</small>
* ''Lupinus geophilus'' <small>Rose</small>
* ''Lupinus geraniophilus'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus glabellus'' <small>M.Martens & Galeotti</small>
* ''Lupinus graciliflorus'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus gratus'' <small>Greene</small>
* ''Lupinus gredensis'' <small>Gand.</small>
* ''Lupinus guadalupensis'' <small>Greene</small>
* ''Lupinus guadiloupensis'' <small>Steud.</small>
* ''Lupinus guatimalensis'' <small>auct.</small>
* ''Lupinus gussoneanus'' <small>J.Agardh</small>
* ''Lupinus habrocomus'' <small>Greene</small>
* ''Lupinus haudcytisoides'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus helleri'' <small>Greene</small>
* ''Lupinus hexaedrus'' <small>E. Fourn.</small>
* ''Lupinus hintonii'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus huigrensis'' <small>Rose ex C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus humicolus'' <small>A.Nelson</small>
* ''Lupinus humifusus'' <small>Benth.</small>
* ''Lupinus humilis'' <small>Rose ex Pittier</small>
* ''Lupinus hyacinthinus'' <small>Greene</small>
* ''Lupinus idoneus'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus inamoenus'' <small>Greene ex C.F.Baker</small>
* ''Lupinus indutus'' <small>Greene ex C.F.Baker</small>
* ''Lupinus insignis'' <small>Glaz. ex C. P. Smith</small>
* ''Lupinus integrifolius'' <small>L.</small>
* ''Lupinus intergrifolius'' <small>Desr.</small>
* ''Lupinus ione-grisetae'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus ione-walkerae'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus jamesonianus'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus javanicus'' <small>Burm.f.</small>
* ''Lupinus jorgensenanus'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus jucundus'' <small>Greene</small>
* ''Lupinus kellerrnanianus'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus kyleanus'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus labiatus'' <small>Nutt.</small>
* ''Lupinus lacticolor'' <small>Tamayo</small>
* ''Lupinus lacus-huntingtonii'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus lacuum-trinitatum'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus larsonanus'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus lassenensis'' <small>Eastw.</small>
* ''Lupinus latissimus'' <small>Greene</small>
* ''Lupinus laxifolius'' <small>A.Gray</small>
* ''Lupinus leptostachyus'' <small>Greene</small>
* ''Lupinus lesueurii'' <small>Standl.</small>
* ''Lupinus linearifolius'' <small>[[Dámaso Antonio Larrañaga|Larrañaga]]</small>
* ''Lupinus lingulae'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus longilabrum'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus lorentzianus'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus louise-bucariae'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus louise-grisetae'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus lucidus'' <small>Benth. ex Loudon</small>
* ''Lupinus lyman-bensonii'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus lysichitophilus'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus macrocarpus'' <small>Hook. & Arn.</small>
* ''Lupinus macrocarpus'' <small>Torr.</small>
* ''Lupinus macrophyllus'' <small>Benth.</small>
* ''Lupinus macrorhizos'' <small>Georgi</small>
* ''Lupinus magnistipulatus'' <small>Planchuelo & Dunn</small>
* ''Lupinus maissurianii'' <small>Atabek. & Polukhina</small>
* ''Lupinus marcusianus'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus mariae-josephae'' <small>H.Pascual</small>
* ''Lupinus markleanus'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus marschallianus'' <small>Sweet</small>
* ''Lupinus mearnsii'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus meli-campestris'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus meridanus'' <small>Moritz ex C. P. Smith</small>
* ''Lupinus mexiae'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus micensis'' <small>M.E.Jones</small>
* ''Lupinus micheneri'' <small>Greene</small>
* ''Lupinus milleri'' <small>J.Agardh</small>
* ''Lupinus minearanus'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus minutissimus'' <small>Tamayo</small>
* ''Lupinus molle'' <small>A.Heller</small>
* ''Lupinus mollissifolius'' <small>Davidson</small>
* ''Lupinus monettianus'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus muellerianus'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus multicincinnis'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus neglectus'' <small>Rose</small>
* ''Lupinus nemoralis'' <small>Greene</small>
* ''Lupinus niger'' <small>Wehmer</small>
* ''Lupinus noldekae'' <small>Eastw.</small>
* ''Lupinus nutcanus'' <small>Spreng.</small>
* ''Lupinus nutkatensis'' <small>J.G.Cooper</small>
* ''Lupinus obtunsus'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus octablomus'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus opsianthus'' <small>Amabekova & Maisuran</small>
* ''Lupinus pavonum'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus pendeltonii'' <small>A.Heller</small>
* ''Lupinus pendletonii'' <small>A.Heller</small>
* ''Lupinus perconfertus'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus perplexus'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus philistaeus'' <small>Boiss.</small>
* ''Lupinus pinus-contortae'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus piperi'' <small>B.L.Rob. ex Piper</small>
* ''Lupinus piperitus'' <small>Davidson</small>
* ''Lupinus platanophilus'' <small>M.E.Jones</small>
* ''Lupinus plebeius'' <small>Greene ex C.F.Baker</small>
* ''Lupinus prato-lacuum'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus prolifer'' <small>Desr.</small>
* ''Lupinus propinquus'' <small>Greene</small>
* ''Lupinus proteanus'' <small>Eastw.</small>
* ''Lupinus psoraleoides'' <small>Pollard</small>
* ''Lupinus pumviridis'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus puroviridis'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus purpurascens'' <small>A.Heller</small>
* ''Lupinus pygmaeus'' <small>Tamayo</small>
* ''Lupinus quercus-jugi'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus quercuum'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus rainierensis'' <small>Eastw.</small>
* ''Lupinus regius'' <small>Rudolph ex Torr. & A.Gray</small>
* ''Lupinus rhodanthus'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus rickeri'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus rivetianus'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus rydbergii'' <small>Blank.</small>
* ''Lupinus sabuli'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus salicisocius'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus salinensis'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus sativus'' <small>Gaterau</small>
* ''Lupinus scaposus'' <small>Rydb.</small>
* ''Lupinus scheuberae'' <small>Rydb.</small>
* ''Lupinus schickendantzii'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus schiedeanus'' <small>Steud.</small>
* ''Lupinus schumannii'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus seclusus'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus semiaequus'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus semiverticillatus'' <small>Desr.</small>
* ''Lupinus sergenti'' <small>Tamayo ex Pittier</small>
* ''Lupinus sergentii'' <small>Tamayo</small>
* ''Lupinus serradentum'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus shrevei'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus sierrae-zentae'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus sileri'' <small>S.Watson</small>
* ''Lupinus sinus-meyersii'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus sparhawkianus'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus spatulata'' <small>[[Dámaso Antonio Larrañaga|Larrañaga]]</small>
* ''Lupinus speciosus'' <small>Voss</small>
* ''Lupinus spruceanus'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus standleyensis'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus stationis'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus stiveri'' <small>Kellogg</small>
* ''Lupinus stoloniferus'' <small>L.</small>
* ''Lupinus strigulosus'' <small>Gand.</small>
* ''Lupinus subhirsutus'' <small>Davidson</small>
* ''Lupinus subvolutus'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus suksdorfii'' <small>B.L. Rob. ex Piper</small>
* ''Lupinus summersianus'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus sylvaticus'' <small>Hemsl.</small>
* ''Lupinus thermis'' <small>Gasp.</small>
* ''Lupinus thermus'' <small>St.-Lag.</small>
* ''Lupinus tilcaricus'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus timotensis'' <small>Tamayo</small>
* ''Lupinus tricolor'' <small>Greene</small>
* ''Lupinus tricolor'' <small>G.Nicholson</small>
* ''Lupinus trifidus'' <small>Torr. ex S.Watson</small>
* ''Lupinus tristis'' <small>Sweet</small>
* ''Lupinus trochophyllus'' <small>Hoffmanns.</small>
* ''Lupinus tuckeranus'' <small>C.P. Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus vaginans'' <small>Benth.</small>
* ''Lupinus valdepallidus'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus vandykeae'' <small>Eastw.</small>
* ''Lupinus variegatus'' <small>A.Heller</small>
* ''Lupinus variegatus'' <small>Poir.</small>
* ''Lupinus varneranus'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus vavilovii'' <small>Atabekova & Maissurjan</small>
* ''Lupinus venustus'' <small>Bailly</small>
* ''Lupinus violaceus'' <small>A.Heller</small>
* ''Lupinus viridicalyx'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus volcanicus'' <small>Greene</small>
* ''Lupinus watsonii'' <small>A.Heller</small>
* ''Lupinus westiana'' <small>Small</small>
* ''Lupinus wolfianus'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus yanlyensis'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
* ''Lupinus yaruahensis'' <small>C.P.Sm.</small>
{{div col end}}

===Hybrids===
The following hybrids have been described:<ref name="PlantList" />
* ''Lupinus'' ×''alpestris'' <small>(A. Nelson) D.B. Dunn & J.M. Gillett</small>
* ''Lupinus'' ×''hispanicoluteus'' <small>W.Święcicki & W.K.Święcicki</small>
* ''Lupinus'' ×''hybridus'' <small>Lem.</small>
* ''Lupinus'' ×''insignis'' <small>Lem.</small>
* ''Lupinus'' ×''regalis'' <small>(auct.) Bergmans</small>—rainbow lupin (''Lupinus arboreus'' × ''Lupinus polyphyllus'')
* ''Lupinus'' ×''versicolor'' <small>Caball.</small>

=== Etymology ===
While some sources believe the origin of the name to be in doubt{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}, the Collins Dictionary definition asserts that the word is 14th century in origin, from the Latin ''lupīnus'' "wolfish" from ''lupus'' "wolf"<ref>{{cite dictionary |url= https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0060%3Aentry%3Dlupinus |title= lupīnus |last1= Lewis |first1= Charlton T. |last2= Short |first2= Charles |dictionary= A Latin Dictionary |edition= |publisher= Perseus Digital Library |date = 1879 }}</ref> as it was believed that the plant ravenously exhausted the soil.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lupin definition and meaning &#124; Collins English Dictionary |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/lupin}}</ref>
But a more likely explanation is that ''lupinus'' meant that the plants were as dangerous to livestock as wolves, because the alkaloid poisons of lupines can sicken or kill grazing animals, especially sheep. Farmers have known since ancient Rome<ref>Tietz, W., & von Minckwitz, M.-C. (2023). Plant Nutrition in the Roman empire. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 186, 479–486. https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.202300152</ref> that lupines improve soil by adding nitrogen and loosening compacted earth with their strong root systems, so the Collins explanation is improbable.

== Ecology ==
[[File:Canadian Tiger Swallowtail on Wild Lupine.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Papilio canadensis|Canadian tiger swallowtail]] on [[Lupinus perennis|wild perennial lupine]], [[Gatineau]], [[Quebec]]]]
Certain species, such as the [[yellow bush lupin]] (''L. arboreus''), are considered [[invasive species|invasive]] [[weed]]s when they appear outside their native ranges. In [[New Zealand]], lupines are viewed as invasive and a severe threat in some cases.<ref>{{cite web |last=White |first=Mike |date=3 March 2017 |title=Lupins: A love-hate story - North & South |url=https://www.noted.co.nz/planet/lupins-a-love-hate-story/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200421010043/https://www.noted.co.nz/planet/planet-planet/lupins-a-love-hate-story |archive-date=21 April 2020 |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=Noted }}</ref> ''[[Lupinus polyphyllus|L.&nbsp;polyphyllus]]'' has escaped into the wild and grows in large numbers along main roads and streams on the [[South Island]]. A similar spread of the species has occurred in [[Sweden]], [[Finland]] and [[Norway]] after the non-native species was first deliberately planted in the [[landscaping]] along the main roads.{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}} Lupins have been planted in some parts of Australia with a considerably cooler climate, particularly in rural [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] and [[New South Wales]].

Lupins are important [[larva]]l food plants for many [[lepidoptera]]ns (butterflies and moths). These include:
* ''[[Mission blue butterfly|Iraricia icarioides missionensis]]'' (Mission blue butterfly), larvae limited to ''Lupinus''<ref>[http://www.parksconservancy.org/conservation/plants-animals/endangered-species/mission-blue-butterfly.html Mission Blue Butterfly.] Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy.</ref>
* ''[[Callophrys irus]]'' (frosted elfin), recorded on ''L. perennis''<ref>[http://www.cbif.gc.ca/spp_pages/butterflies/species/FrostedElfin_e.php ''Callophrys irus''.] Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility.</ref>
* ''[[Erynnis persius]]'' (Persius duskywing)<ref>[http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/insects/bflynd/nd/7.htm ''Erynnis persius''.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130802182250/http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/insects/bflynd/nd/7.htm|date=2 August 2013}} Atlas of North Dakota Butterflies. USGS.</ref>
* [[extinction|†]]''[[Xerces Blue|Glaucopsyche xerces]]'' (Xerces blue)
* ''[[Glaucopsyche lygdamus]]'' (silvery blue)<ref>[http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/insects/bflynd/nd/85.htm ''Glaucopsyche lygdamus''.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130802183450/http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/insects/bflynd/nd/85.htm|date=2 August 2013}} Atlas of North Dakota Butterflies. USGS.</ref>
* ''[[Karner Blue|Plebejus melissa samuelis]]'' (Karner blue)<ref>[http://www.butterfliesandmoths.org/species/Plebejus-melissa ''Plebejus melissa''.] Butterflies and Moths of North America.</ref>
* ''[[Erynnis persius persius]]'' (eastern Persius duskywing)<ref>[https://www.ontario.ca/page/eastern-persius-duskywing Eastern persius duskywing], Ontario Species at Risk</ref>
* ''[[Schinia sueta]]'', larvae limited to ''Lupinus''<ref>{{cite web |author1=Anweiler, G. G. |date=2007 |title=Species Details ''Schinia suetus'' |url=https://search.museums.ualberta.ca/g/2-6199 |access-date=8 November 2020 |website=University of Alberta Museums |publisher=E.H. Strickland Entomological Museum}}</ref>

== Cultivation ==
''[[Lupinus polyphyllus]]'', the garden lupin, and ''[[Lupinus arboreus]]'', the tree lupin, are popular [[ornamental plant]]s in gardens, and are the source of numerous [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrids]] and [[cultivar]]s in a wide range of colours, including bicolors. As [[legume]]s, lupins are good [[companion plant]]s in gardens, increasing the soil nitrogen for vegetables and other plants. As well as growing in the ground, lupins can do well in pots on balconies or patios.<ref name="How To Grow Lupins In Pots - The Ultimate Guide">{{cite web|url=https://www.plant-garden-secrets.com/blog/how-to-grow-lupins-in-pots |title=How To Grow Lupins In Pots - The Ultimate Guide |date=4 October 2022 | publisher=plant-garden-secrets.com}}</ref>

<gallery>
File:Lupinus Polyphyllus Hybrid 4.png|Russell hybrid lupin ''[[Lupinus polyphyllus]]'', UK
File:Mountaintop Lupin overlooking Raspberry Strait, Alaska 2009 114.jpg|''Lupinus'' sp., [[Raspberry Island (Alaska)|Raspberry Island, Alaska]], [[United States]]
File:Lupinus in Hokkaido 20080630.jpg|Lupins in [[Hokkaido]], [[Japan]]
File:Lupin Leaf.jpg|Lupin cultivar "My Castle"
File:Flores de lupino (Ushuaia).jpg|Ornamental lupins, [[Ushuaia]], [[Argentina]]
File:Lupins at lake tekapo.jpg|Lupins at [[Lake Tekapo]], [[New Zealand]]
File:Lupins, Lake Tekapo, NZ.jpg|Lupins at Lake Tekapo, New Zealand
File:Bluebonnet-8100.jpg|[[Texas Bluebonnet]], [[Texas]], United States
File:Lupins in Pacific Northwest Washington.png|alt=Lupins_PacificNorthwest_Washington_USA|Lupins in [[Pacific Northwest]] [[Washington (state)|Washington]], United States
</gallery>

=== Agriculture ===
Like other legumes, lupines can [[Nitrogen fixation|fix nitrogen]] from the atmosphere<ref name=":0">{{cite book |last=Taylor |first=Ronald J. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/25708726 |title=Sagebrush Country: A Wildflower Sanctuary |publisher=Mountain Press Pub. Co |year=1994 |isbn=0-87842-280-3 |edition=rev. |location=Missoula, MT |pages=104 |oclc=25708726 |orig-year=1992}}</ref> into [[ammonia]] via a [[rhizobia|rhizobium]]–[[root nodule]] [[symbiosis]], fertilizing the soil for other plants. This adaptation allows lupins to be tolerant of infertile soils and capable of pioneering change in barren and poor-quality soils. The genus ''Lupinus'' is [[nodulate]]d by ''[[Bradyrhizobium]]'' soil bacteria.<ref name="kurl" />

In the early 20th century, German scientists attempted to cultivate a sweet variety of lupin lacking the bitter taste, making it more suitable for both human and animal consumption.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Lupins: Geography, Classification, Genetic Resources and Breeding |publisher=Bogouslav Kourlovitch |year=2002 |isbn=586741034X |pages=148}}</ref>

Many annual species of lupins are used in agriculture and most of them have Mediterranean origin.<ref>[[Reinhart Langer|Langer, R.H.M.]] & [[George Hill (agronomist)|Hill, G.D.]] 1991. Agricultural Plants, second edition. p 261. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. {{ISBN|0-521-40545-9}}</ref>
While originally cultivated as a [[green manure]] or [[forage]], lupins are increasingly grown for their seeds, which can be used as an alternative to [[soybean]]s. Sweet (low [[alkaloid]]) lupins are highly regarded as a [[stock feed]], particularly for [[ruminant]]s, but also for pigs and poultry and more recently as an ingredient in aqua-feeds. Three Mediterranean species of lupin, [[Narrowleaf lupine|blue (narrow-leafed) lupin]], [[White Lupin|white lupin]], and [[Lupinus luteus|yellow lupin]], are widely cultivated for livestock and poultry feed.

The market for lupin seeds for human food is currently small, but researchers believe it has great potential. Lupin seeds are considered "superior" to soybeans in certain applications and evidence is increasing for their potential health benefits. They contain similar [[Protein (nutrient)|protein]] to soybean, but less fat. As a food source, they are [[Gluten-free diet|gluten-free]] and high in [[dietary fibre]], [[amino acid]]s, and [[List of antioxidants in food|antioxidants]], and they are considered to be [[Prebiotic (nutrition)|prebiotic]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}

About 85% of the world's lupin seeds are grown in [[Western Australia]].<ref name="ross">Ross, K. [https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/17/business/energy-environment/soy-substitute-edges-its-way-into-european-meals.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 Soy substitute edges its way into European meals.] ''[[New York Times]]'' 16 November 2011.</ref>

== Toxicity ==
{{Main|Lupin poisoning}}

Some lupins contain certain [[secondary metabolism|secondary compounds]], including [[isoflavone]]s and toxic alkaloids,<ref name=":0" /> such as [[lupinine]], [[anagyrine]] and [[sparteine]]. With early detection, these can be removed through processing, although lupins containing these elements are not usually selected for food-grade products.

A risk of lupin allergy exists in patients allergic to [[peanut]]s.<ref>''The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology'' 104(4 Pt. 1), 883-88.</ref> Most lupin reactions reported have been in people with [[peanut allergy]].<ref>[https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.2903/j.efsa.2006.302 Opinion of the scientific panel on dietetic products, nutrition and allergies on a request from the Commission related to the evaluation of lupin for labelling purposes.] ''The [[European Food Safety Authority]] Journal'' 302 1-11. 2005.</ref> Because of the cross-allergenicity of peanut and lupin, the [[European Commission]], as of 2006, has required that food labels indicate the presence of "lupin and products thereof" in food.<ref>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1536439272158&uri=CELEX:32006L0142 Commission Directive 2006/142/EC of 22 December 2006 amending Annex IIIa of Directive 2000/13/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council listing the ingredients which must under all circumstances appear on the labeling of foodstuffs.]</ref>

Lupin plants can be colonized by the fungus ''[[Diaporthe toxica]]''<ref>Williamson et al. (1994) ''[[Diaporthe toxica]]'' sp. nov., The cause of lupinosis in sheep. Mycological Research, 98 (12): 1367</ref> which can cause a mycotoxicosis known as [[lupinosis]] when ingested by grazing animals.

== Uses ==
{{Main|Lupin bean}}

The [[legume]] seeds of lupins, commonly called lupin beans, were popular with the Romans, who cultivated the plants throughout the [[Roman Empire]] where the lupin is still known in extant [[Romance languages]] by names such as {{lang|roa|lupini}}.

Seeds of various species of lupins have been used as a food for over 3,000 years around the Mediterranean<ref name="glad">{{cite book |editor-last1= Gladstone |editor-first1= J. S. |editor-last2= Atkins |editor-first2= C. A. |editor-last3= Hamblin |editor-first3= J.|date= 1998 |title= Lupins as Crop Plants: Biology, Production and Utilization |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=RCUhAQAAMAAJ |publisher= CAB International |isbn= 9780851992242 }}</ref> and for as long as 6,000 years in the [[Andes]].<ref name="Uauy">{{cite journal |last1=Uauy |first1=Ricardo |last2=Gattas |first2=Vivien |last3=Yañez |first3=Enrique |title=Sweet Lupins in Human Nutrition |journal=Plants in Human Nutrition |series=World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics |date=1995 |volume=77 |pages=75–88 |doi=10.1159/000424466 |pmid=7732701 |isbn=978-3-8055-6101-3 |url=https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/424466 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Lupins were also used by many [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]] peoples  of North America such as the [[Yavapai people|Yavapai]]. The [[Lupinus mutabilis|Andean lupin]] or {{lang|qu|tarwi}} (''[[Lupinus mutabilis]]'') was a widespread food in the [[Incan Empire]]; but they have never been accorded the same status as soybeans, dry peas and other pulse crops. The pearl lupin of the Andean highlands of South America, ''L.&nbsp;mutabilis'', known locally as {{lang|qu|tarwi}} or {{lang|es|chocho}}, was extensively cultivated, but no conscious genetic improvement other than to select for larger and water-permeable seeds seems to have been made. Users soaked the seed in running water to remove most of the bitter alkaloids and then cooked or toasted the seeds to make them edible,<ref>(Hill, 1977; Aguilera and Truer, 1978)</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=September 2022}} or else boiled and dried them to make {{lang|qu|kirku}},<ref name="Uauy"/> reported as a pre-Columbian practice in {{lang|es|[[Relaciones geográficas|Las Relaciones geográficas de Indias]]}}.<!--sic: "de Indias", not "de las Indias", see [[es:Relaciones geográficas de Indias]]--><ref>{{cite book |last1=López-Bellido |first1=Luis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HVGOVkGDouUC&q=kirku&pg=PA241 |title=Lupin crop as an alternative source of protein |last2=Fuentes |first2=M |date=1986 |journal=Advances in Agronomy |isbn=9780080563534 |volume=40 |pages=239–295 (at page 241) |doi=10.1016/S0065-2113(08)60284-9}}</ref> Spanish domination led to a change in the eating habits of the indigenous peoples, and only recently<ref name="reflections-future-possibilities">{{cite journal |last1=Sweetingham |first1=Mark |last2=Kingwell |first2=Ross |date=2008 |title=LUPINS – REFLECTIONS AND FUTURE POSSIBILITIES |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268376093 |journal=12th International Lupin Conference; Fremantle, Western Australia. |ref=SweetinghamAndKingwell2008}}</ref> (late 20th century onward) has interest in using lupins as a food been renewed.<ref>(Hill, 1977).</ref><ref name="glad"/>{{rp|353}}
[[File:Lupinus angustifolius (1).jpg|thumb|right|''[[Lupinus angustifolius]]'']]

Lupins can be used to make a variety of foods both sweet and savoury, including everyday meals, traditional fermented foods, baked foods, and sauces. The European white lupin (''[[Lupinus albus|L.&nbsp;albus]]'') beans are commonly sold in a salty solution in jars (like [[olive]]s and [[pickled cucumber|pickle]]s) and can be eaten with or without the skin. ''Lupini'' dishes are most commonly found in Europe, especially in [[Portugal]], [[Spain]], [[Greece]], and [[Italy]]. They are also common in [[Brazil]] and [[Egypt]]. In Egypt, the lupin is known in Arabic as {{lang|ar|ترمس}} {{lang|ar-Latn|termes}}, and is a popular street snack after being treated with several soakings of water, and then brined. In Portugal, Spain, and the [[Spanish Harlem]] district of [[New York City|New York]], they are consumed with [[beer]] and wine. In [[Lebanon]], [[Palestine]], [[Israel]], [[Jordan]], and [[Syria]] the salty and chilled lupini beans are called ''turmus'' (in {{langx|ar|تُرمُس}}, {{langx|he|תורמוס}}) and are served as part of an [[apéritif and digestif|apéritif]] or a snack. Other species, such as ''L.&nbsp;albus'' (white lupin), ''[[Lupinus angustifolius|L.&nbsp;angustifolius]]'' (narrow-leafed lupin),<ref>Murcia, J. and I. Hoyos. (1998). [http://www.zonaverde.net/lupinusangustifolius.htm 'Características y applicaciones de las plantas: Altramuz Azul (''Lupinus angustifolius'').] [in Spanish]. Accessed 3 August 2013.</ref> and ''[[Lupinus hirsutus|L.&nbsp;hirsutus]]'' (blue lupin)<ref>Hedrick, U. P. (ed.) ''[http://www.swsbm.com/Ephemera/Sturtevants_Edible_Plants.pdf Sturtevant's Edible Plants of the World]''.<!-- [http://www.famousamericans.net/edwardlewissturtevant|Edward Lewis Sturtevant]  --> 1919. 387-88.</ref> also have edible seeds.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Fionnuala Fallon |date=5 January 2019 |title=Pink dandelions, cucamelons, edible lupins: seeds to plant now for a delicious summer |newspaper=The Irish Times |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/homes-and-property/gardens/pink-dandelions-cucamelons-edible-lupins-seeds-to-plant-now-for-a-delicious-summer-1.3745964 |access-date=22 April 2019}}</ref>

== Culture ==
[[File:Lupinus-pilosus-2015-Zachi-Evenor-cropped01.jpg|thumb|''[[Lupinus pilosus]]'' in [[Tel Aviv University]], [[Israel]]]]
Consumed throughout the Mediterranean region and the [[Andes|Andean mountains]], lupins were eaten by the early Egyptian and pre-Incan people and were known to Roman agriculturalists for their ability to improve the [[Soil fertility|fertility]] of soils.<ref>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Lupine|volume=17|page=127}}</ref>

In the late 18th century, lupins were introduced into northern Europe as a means of improving [[soil quality]], and by the 1860s, the garden yellow lupin was seen across the sandy soils of the Baltic coastal plain.

The successful development of lupin varieties with the necessary "sweet gene" paved the way for the greater adoption of lupins across Europe and later Australia.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}

Further work carried out by the Western Australian Department of Agriculture and Food during the 1950s and '60s has led to more sweet lupin crops being produced in Western Australia now than anywhere else in the world.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}

[[Bluebonnet (plant)|Bluebonnets]], including the [[lupinus texensis|Texas bluebonnet]] (''L. texensis''), are the [[list of U.S. state flowers|state flowers]] of [[Texas]].

==See also==
* [[Alice Eastwood]]

==Notes==
{{Notefoot|group=Efn}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Eastwood, R. J., et al. 2008. Diversity and evolutionary history of lupins—insights from new phylogenies. pp.&nbsp;346–54, In: Palta, J. A. and J. B. Burger. (Eds.) Lupins for Health & Wealth. Proceedings 12th International Lupin Conference, Fremantle, Australia; International Lupin Association, Canterbury, New Zealand.
* Putnam, D. H., et al. [http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/afcm/lupine.html Lupine.] Alternative Field Crops Manual. University of Minnesota, University of Wisconsin Extension. 1997.
* Zhukovsky, P.M. 1929. A contribution to the knowledge of genus ''Lupinus'' Tourn. Bull. Apll. Bot. Gen. Pl.-Breed., Leningrad-Moscow, XXI, I:16-294.
* Kurlovich, B.S. 1989. On the centers of species formation of the genus ''Lupinus'' <small>L.</small> (in Russian). Bull.N.I. Vavilov Inst. of plant Industry. Leningrad, 193:20-24. 
* Kurlovich, B.S., Rep’ev, S.I., Shchelko, L.G., Budanova, V.I., Petrova, M.V., Buravtseva, T.V., Stankevich, A.K., Kartuzova, L.T., Alexandrova, T.G., Teplyakova and T.E., Malysh, L.K. 1995. Theoretical basis of plant breeding. Vol.111. The gene bank and breeding of grain legumes (lupine, vetch, soya, and bean), St.Petersburg, VIR, 438p.
* Kurlovich, B.S.(Ed.). 2002. [http://lupins-bk.blogspot.com/ Lupins]. Geography, Classification, Genetic Resources and Breeding. "Intan", 468p.

==External links==
{{Wiktionary|lupin}}

* {{Commons category-inline|Lupinus}}
* {{Wikispecies-inline}}
* [http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Lupinus.html Sorting ''Lupinus'' Names] Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database. University of Melbourne.
* [http://biodiversity.ucoz.ru/index.htm Biodiversity of LUPINS]
* Hughes, C. [http://www.systbot.uzh.ch/static/personen/colin_hughes_assets/Lupinus.pdf ''Lupinus''.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110401153822/http://www.systbot.uzh.ch/static/personen/colin_hughes_assets/Lupinus.pdf |date=1 April 2011 }}
* [http://www.lupins.org Lupins.org]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_A0bl0JpDD4 Superhydrophobicity in Lupins - video and commentary.]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q156811}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Lupinus| ]]
[[Category:Fabaceae genera]]
[[Category:Garden plants]]
[[Category:Forages]]
[[Category:Nitrogen-fixing crops]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Sereno Watson]]