Editing Lygodium

{{Short description|Genus of ferns}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|Cretaceous|Recent}}
| image = Climbing_fern.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Lygodium japonicum]]''
| parent_authority = [[Karel Presl|C.Presl]]
| taxon = Lygodium
| authority = [[Olof Swartz|Sw.]]
| type_species = ''Lygodium scandens''
| type_species_authority = (L.) [[Olof Swartz|Sw.]]
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
| subdivision = [[#Phylogeny|See text]]
| synonyms = 
* ''Arthrolygodes'' <small>Presl 1845</small>
* ''Cteisium'' <small>Michaux 1803</small>
* ''Gisopteris'' <small>Bernh. 1800</small>
* ''Hugona'' <small>Cavanilles ex Roemer 1801</small>
* ''Hydroglossum'' <small>Willdenow 1802</small>
* ''Lygodictyon'' <small>Smith ex Hook. 1842</small>
* ''Odontopteris'' <small>Bernhardi 1800 non (Brongniart 1822) Sternberg 1825</small>
* ''Ramondia'' <small>de Mirbel 1801</small>
* ''Ugena'' <small>Cavanilles 1801</small>
* ''Vallifilix'' <small>Du Petit-Thouars 1806</small>
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=PPGI/>
}}

'''''Lygodium''''' ('''climbing fern''') is a genus of about 40 species of [[fern]]s, native to tropical regions across the world, with a few temperate species in eastern [[Asia]] and eastern [[North America]]. It is the sole genus in the family '''Lygodiaceae'''  in the [[Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group]] classification of 2016 (PPG I).<ref name=PPGI/> Alternatively, the genus may be placed as the only genus in the subfamily '''Lygodioideae''' of a more broadly defined family Schizaeaceae,<ref name=ChriChas14/> the family placement used in ''[[Plants of the World Online]]'' {{As of|2019|November|lc=yes}}.<ref name=POWO_331112-2/> Per recent molecular evidence, Lygodiaceae is thought to have diverged relatively early from the other members of the Schizaeales due to the relatively high level of synonymous sequence divergence between the families within the Schizaeales.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hasebe |first1=M |last2=Omori |first2=T |last3=Nakazawa |first3=M |last4=Sano |first4=T |last5=Kato |first5=M |last6=Iwatsuki |first6=K |date=1994-06-07 |title=rbcL gene sequences provide evidence for the evolutionary lineages of leptosporangiate ferns. |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=91 |issue=12 |pages=5730–5734 |doi=10.1073/pnas.91.12.5730 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=44070 |pmid=8202555 |bibcode=1994PNAS...91.5730H |doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Description==
''Lygodium'' are unusual in that the rachis, or midrib, of the [[frond]] is thin, flexible, and long, the frond [[vernation|unrolling]] with indeterminate growth and the rachis twining around supports, so that each frond forms a distinct [[vine]]. The fronds may be from {{convert|3-12|m|abbr=on}} long, depending on the species. They are also easily identifiable by their possession of apical buds that lay dormant until damage to the rachis occurs, allowing them a high degree of endurance.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Garrison Hanks |first=Judith |title=A monographic study of Lygodium Swartz (Pteridophyta: Lygodiaceae) |publisher=University of Michigan |year=1998}}</ref>

== Range ==
''Lygodium'' is a wide ranging genus with native populations existing in Asia, Australasia, Africa, and North and South America. The genus is largely pan-tropical, with the center of diversity being Pacific islands, such as Borneo, the Philippine islands, and New Guinea. <ref name=":0" />There do exist several species tolerant of temperate climates such as ''[[Lygodium palmatum]]'', which is endemic to the Appalachian region of eastern North America, and ''[[Lygodium japonicum]]'', which is native to Japan, but highly invasive in the Southeastern United States. For more on this, refer to the "As invasive species" section below. The lack of extant ''Lygodium'' species in Europe is commonly attributed to the [[Pleistocene glaciation]] wiping them out. Similar extirpations did not occur in other high middle and high latitude areas, such as the United States and Japan that do have ''Lygodium'' populations at present. This discrepancy is thought to be due to the East-West orientation of the [[Alps|European Alps]] preventing southward migration of ''Lygodium'' members, among other extirpated species, while the relatively North-South orientations of the [[Appalachian Mountains|Appalachian mountains]] and [[Japanese Alps]] allowed such southward migration.<ref name=":0" />

==Uses==
''Lygodium'' species, known as ''nito'', are used as a source of fibers in the [[Philippines]]. The fibers are used as material for weaving, most notably of traditional [[salakot]] headgear.<ref name="ichcap">{{cite book |title=Salakot and Other Headgear |publisher=ICHCAP, UNESCO |url=https://www.unesco-ichcap.org/eng/ek/sub3/pdf_file/domain5/095_Salakot_and_Other_Headgear.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=''Lygodium'' (PROSEA) |url=https://uses.plantnet-project.org/en/Lygodium_(PROSEA) |website=Pl@ntUse |access-date=3 March 2020}}</ref>

==As invasive species==
Some ''Lygodium'' species are now considered very problematic invasive weeds in the southeastern United States. Populations of ''Lygodium'' have increased more than 12-fold over the past decade, as noted by Florida's [[Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ag122 |title=SS-AGR-21/AG122: Natural Area Weeds: Old World Climbing Fern (''Lygodium microphyllum'') |publisher=Edis.ifas.ufl.edu |access-date=2014-07-15}}</ref>

Japanese climbing fern (''[[Lygodium japonicum]]'') was added to the Florida Noxious Weed List in 1999. It is also a major problem in pine plantations, causing contamination and harvesting problems for the pine straw industry. Old World climbing fern (''[[Lygodium microphyllum]]'') infests cypress swamps and other hydric sites, forming a monoculture. This massive infestation displaces all native flora and fauna, completely changing the ecosystem of the area.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/node/639 |title=Japanese climbing fern—Lygodium japonicum &#124; Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants |publisher=Plants.ifas.ufl.edu |access-date=2014-07-15}}</ref>

Plants in this genus have basal chromosome counts of ''n=28, 29, 30''.

==Phylogeny==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan=1 | Phylogeny of ''Lygodium''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nitta |first1=Joel H. |last2=Schuettpelz |first2=Eric |last3=Ramírez-Barahona |first3=Santiago |last4=Iwasaki |first4=Wataru |display-authors=et al. |year=2022 |title=An Open and Continuously Updated Fern Tree of Life |journal=Frontiers in Plant Science |volume=13 |issue= |page= 909768| doi=10.3389/fpls.2022.909768 |pmid= 36092417|pmc= 9449725|bibcode= |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1= |first1= |display-authors=et al. |year=2024 |title=Tree viewer: interactive visualization of FTOL |url=https://fernphy.github.io/viewer.html |version=FTOL v1.7.0 ([[GenBank]] release 261) |access-date=1 May 2025}}</ref>
! colspan=1 | Unassigned species:
|- 
| style="vertical-align:top|
{{Clade |style=font-size:90%;line-height:80%
|1={{Clade
  |1={{Clade
  |label1=section
  |sublabel1=''Volubilia''
  |1={{Clade
    |1=''[[Lygodium articulatum|L. articulatum]]'' <small>A.Rich.</small><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nzflora.info/factsheet/Taxon/Lygodium_articulatum.html |title=Flora of New Zealand &#124; General Profile &#124; Lygodium articulatum |publisher=Nzflora.info |access-date=2014-07-15}}</ref> (Mangemange; Bushman's mattress)
    |2={{Clade
      |1=''[[Lygodium reticulatum|L. reticulatum]]'' <small>Schkuhr</small>
      |2={{Clade
        |1=''[[Lygodium microphyllum|L. microphyllum]]'' <small>([[Cav.]]) [[R. Br.]]</small> (Old World climbing fern)
        |2=''[[Lygodium volubile|L. volubile]]'' <small>Sw.</small>
         }}
       }}
     }}
     }}
  |2={{Clade
    |label1=section
    |sublabel1=''Palmata''
    |1=''[[Lygodium palmatum|L. palmatum]]'' <small>([[Bernh.]]) [[Olof Swartz|Swartz]]</small> (American climbing fern)
    |label2=section
    |sublabel2=''Lygodium''
    |2={{Clade
      |1={{Clade
        |1=''[[Lygodium circinatum|L. circinatum]]'' <small>(Burm.fil.) Sw.</small>
        |2=''[[Lygodium radiatum|L. radiatum]]'' <small>Prantl</small>
         }}
      |2={{Clade
        |1={{Clade
          |1={{Clade
            |1=''[[Lygodium flexuosum|L. flexuosum]]'' <small>(L.) Sw.</small>
            |2=''[[Lygodium salicifolium|L. salicifolium]]'' <small>Presl</small>
             }}
          |2={{Clade
            |1=''[[Lygodium heterodoxum|L. heterodoxum]]'' <small>Kunze</small>
            |2=''[[Lygodium merrillii|L. merrillii]]'' <small>Copel.</small>
             }}
           }}
        |2={{Clade
          |1={{Clade
            |1=''[[Lygodium polystachyum|L. polystachyum]]'' <small>Wall. ex Moore</small>
            |2={{Clade
              |1=''[[Lygodium japonicum|L. japonicum]]'' <small>(Thunb.) Sw.</small> (Japanese climbing fern)
              |2=''[[Lygodium venustum|L. venustum]]'' <small>Sw.</small>
               }}
             }}
          |2={{Clade
            |1=''[[Lygodium lanceolatum|L. lanceolatum]]'' <small>Desv.</small>
            |2={{Clade
              |1=''[[Lygodium kerstenii|L. kerstenii]]'' <small>Kuhn</small>
              |2={{Clade
                |1=''[[Lygodium cubense|L. cubense]]'' <small>Kunth</small>
                |2={{Clade
                  |1=''[[Lygodium oligostachyum|L. oligostachyum]]'' <small>(Willd.) Desv.</small>
                  |2=''[[Lygodium smithianum|L. smithianum]]'' <small>Presl</small>
                   }}
                 }}
               }}
             }}
           }}
         }}
       }}
     }}
   }}
}}
|
{{div col|style=font-size:90%;width:300px}}
*''[[Lygodium altum]]'' <small>(Clarke) Alderw.</small>
*''[[Lygodium auriculatum]]'' <small>(Willd.) Alston</small>
*''[[Lygodium boivinii]]'' <small>Kuhn</small>
*''[[Lygodium borneense]]'' <small>Alderw.</small>
*?''[[Lygodium conforme]]'' – China.
*?''[[Lygodium digitatum]]'' – China.
*''[[Lygodium dimorphum]]'' <small>Copel.</small>
*''[[Lygodium hians]]'' <small>E.Fourn.</small>
*''[[Lygodium longifolium]]'' <small>(Willd.) Sw.</small>
*?''[[Lygodium microstachyum]]'' – China.
*?''[[Lygodium subareolatum]]'' – China.
*''[[Lygodium trifurcatum]]'' <small>Baker</small> – Tropical southeast Asia south to northern Australasia.
*''[[Lygodium versteeghii]]'' <small>Christ</small> – Tropical southeast Asia south to northern Australasia.
*''[[Lygodium yunnanense]]'' <small>Ching</small> – Southern China.
*''[[Lygodium fayae|L. ×fayae]]'' <small>Jermy & Walker</small>
*''[[Lygodium lancetillanum|L. ×lancetillanum]]'' <small>Gómez</small>
{{div col end}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=ChriChas14>{{Cite journal |last1=Christenhusz |first1=Maarten J.M. |last2=Chase |first2=Mark W. |date=2014 |title=Trends and concepts in fern classification |journal=Annals of Botany |volume=113 |issue=9 |pages=571–594 |doi=10.1093/aob/mct299 |pmid=24532607 |pmc=3936591 |name-list-style=amp }}</ref>

<ref name=POWO_331112-2>{{cite web |title=''Lygodium'' Sw. |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:331112-2 |access-date=2019-11-23 }}</ref>

<ref name=PPGI>{{cite journal |author=PPG I |year=2016 |title=A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns |journal=Journal of Systematics and Evolution |volume=54 |issue=6 |pages=563–603 |doi=10.1111/jse.12229|s2cid=39980610 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Lygodium}}
*[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=119176 Flora of North America: ''Lygodium'']
*{{APNI | name = Lygodium Sw. | id = 46269}}
*C.Michael Hogan. 2010. [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Fern?topic=49480 ''Fern''. Encyclopedia of Earth. eds. Saikat Basu and C.Cleveland. National Council for Science and the Environment]. Washington DC.
*[http://www.efloras.org/browse.aspx?flora_id=3&start_taxon_id=119176 Flora of China: ''Lygodium'' species list]

{{Plant classification}}
{{Fern classification}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q2491168}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Lygodium| ]]
[[Category:Fern genera]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Olof Swartz]]