Editing Lynn Conway

{{Short description|American computer scientist and electrical engineer (1938–2024)}}
{{Use American English|date=August 2024}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2024}}
<!-- Per WP:MOS, use she/her to refer to Lynn Conway throughout her life.-->
{{Infobox scientist
| name              = Lynn Conway
| image             = Lynn Conway July 2006.jpg
| image_size        = 
| alt               = Lynn Conway in front of a white background. She is a middle-aged white woman with reddish blonde hair, wearing a colorful .
| caption           = Conway in 2006
| birth_date        = {{birth date|1938|1|2}}
| birth_place       = [[Mount Vernon, New York]], U.S.
| death_date        = {{death date and age|2024|6|9|1938|1|2}}
| death_place       = [[Jackson, Michigan]], U.S.
| residence         = 
| nationality       = 
| field             = {{ubl
  | [[Computer science]]
  | [[Electrical engineering]]
  }}
| work_institution  = {{ubl
  | [[IBM]] Advanced Computing Systems (1964–68)
  | [[Memorex]]
  | [[Xerox PARC]] (1973–1983)
  | [[DARPA]] (1983–1985)
  | [[University of Michigan]]
  }}
| alma_mater        = [[Columbia University]]
| spouse            = {{Unbulleted list|{{marriage|"Sue" (pseudonym)|1963|1968|end=divorced}}|{{marriage|Charles Rogers|2002}}}}
| doctoral_advisor  = 
| doctoral_students = 
| known_for         = {{ubl
  |[[Mead–Conway VLSI chip design revolution]]
  |[[transgender activism]]
  }}
| prizes            = 
| religion          = 
| footnotes         = 
| awards            = {{ubl|
  | [[Harold Pender Award]] (1984)
  | [[John Price Wetherill Medal]] (1985)
  | [[Secretary of Defense Meritorious Civilian Service Award]] (1985)
  | [[National Academy of Engineering]] (1989)
  | [[Computer Pioneer Award]] (2009)
  | [[Computer History Museum]] Fellow (2014)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://computerhistory.org/profile/lynn-conway/ |title=CHM 2014 Fellow "For her work in developing and disseminating new methods of integrated circuit design" |website=Computer History Museum |access-date=April 10, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160703014527/http://www.computerhistory.org/fellowawards/hall/bios/Lynn,Conway/ |archive-date=July 3, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
  | [[IEEE/RSE James Clerk Maxwell Medal]] (2015)
  | [[National Inventors Hall of Fame]] (2023)
  }}
}}

'''Lynn Ann Conway''' (January 2, 1938 – June 9, 2024) was an American [[computer scientist]], [[electrical engineer]], and [[transgender activist]].

In the 1960s, while working at [[IBM]], Conway invented generalized dynamic instruction handling, a key advancement used in [[out-of-order execution]], used by most modern computer processors to improve performance. IBM fired Conway in 1968 after she revealed her intention to undergo a [[gender transition]], which the company apologized for in 2020.

Following her transition, Conway adopted a new name and identity and restarted her career. She worked at [[Xerox PARC]] from 1973 to 1983, where she led the "LSI Systems" group. She initiated the [[Mead–Conway VLSI chip design revolution]] in very large-scale integrated ([[VLSI]]) microchip design, which reshaped the field of microchip design during the 1980s.

Conway joined the [[University of Michigan]] as a professor of [[electrical engineering]] and [[computer science]] in 1985. She retired from active teaching and research in 1998 as [[Professor emeritus#Other designations|professor emerita]]. Conway began publicly discussing her gender transition in 1999 and was a [[transgender activism|transgender activist]] until her death in 2024.

==Early life and education==
Conway was born in [[Mount Vernon, New York]], on January 2, 1938 to Christine Alice (née Burney) Savage (1904–1977) and Rufus Savage (1904–1966).<ref>{{Cite news |title=Lynn Conway, Computing Pioneer and Transgender Advocate, Dies at 86 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/15/technology/lynn-conway-dead.html |work=The New York Times |author=Trip Gabriel |date=June 15, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Saari |first1=Peggy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8VVvtWrIxtAC |title=Scientists: A-F |last2=Allison |first2=Stephen |last3=Ellavich |first3=Marie C. |date=1996 |publisher=U-X-L |isbn=978-0-7876-0960-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Lee1995">{{cite book |last1=Lee |first1=John A. N. |title=International Biographical Dictionary of Computer Pioneers |year=1995 |publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn |isbn=1-884964-47-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/internationalbio00john}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://computer.org/computer-pioneers/conway.html |title=Computer Pioneers - Lynn Conway |website=IEEE Computer Society |publisher=IEEE |access-date=November 10, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110182854/http://computer.org/computer-pioneers/conway.html |archive-date=November 10, 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Raised as a boy, Conway was brought up in [[Hartsdale, New York|Hartsdale]] and [[White Plains, New York]], as a shy child who experienced [[gender dysphoria]]. After her parents divorced in 1945, Conway and her younger brother, Blair Savage (1941–2022), were raised by their mother. Conway became fascinated by [[astronomy]] (building a {{convert|6|in|mm|adj=on}} [[Reflecting telescope|reflector telescope]] one summer) and did well in math and science in school.<ref name="conI"/>

After graduating from [[White Plains High School]] in 1955, Conway entered the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] and began an attempted [[gender transition]] in 1957. Facing a lack of social and medical support, she withdrew from MIT in 1959 and eventually [[detransition]]ed.<ref name="conI"/>

After working as an electronics technician for several years, Conway resumed education at [[Columbia University]]'s [[Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science|School of Engineering and Applied Science]], earning B.S. and M.S.E.E. degrees in 1962 and 1963.<ref name=conI>{{cite web |last1=Conway |first1=Lynn |url=https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Retrospective1.html |title=Lynn Conway's Retrospective PART I: CHILDHOOD AND EDUCATION |website=lynnconway.com |access-date=July 9, 2008 |date=March 15, 2004 |archive-date=February 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217150938/https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Retrospective1.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=kilbane/>

==Early research at IBM==
Conway was recruited by [[IBM]] Research in [[Yorktown Heights, New York]], in 1964, and was soon selected to join the [[computer architecture|architecture]] team designing an advanced [[supercomputer]], working alongside [[John Cocke (computer scientist)|John Cocke]], [[Brian Randell]], Herbert Schorr, [[Ed Sussenguth]], [[Fran Allen]] and other IBM researchers on the [[ACS-1|Advanced Computing Systems]] (ACS) project, inventing multiple-issue out-of-order dynamic instruction scheduling while working there.<ref name=smoth01>{{cite web |title=IBM Advanced Computing Systems (ACS) – 1961–1969 |first=Mark |last=Smotherman |url=http://www.cs.clemson.edu/~mark/acs.html |access-date=July 8, 2008 |archive-date=October 11, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011051841/http://www.cs.clemson.edu/~mark/acs.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=comsocpioneeraward/><ref name=comsocpioneersawardvideo/><ref name=sciam00>{{cite web |last1=Wallich |first1=Paul |title=Profile: Lynn Conway—Completing the Circuit |url=http://www.sciamdigital.com/index.cfm?fa=Products.ViewIssuePreview&ARTICLEID_CHAR=D1E5F66F-2A45-4BF9-BE9E-001B49F7F67 |website=[[Scientific American]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004233454/http://www.sciamdigital.com/index.cfm?fa=Products.ViewIssuePreview&ARTICLEID_CHAR=D1E5F66F-2A45-4BF9-BE9E-001B49F7F67 |archive-date=4 October 2013 |date=December 2000 |url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref name=ABCnews01>Dianne Lynch, "[https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Media/ABC%20NEWS/ABCNEWS_com%20%20Wired%20Women%20Engineer%20Lynn%20Conway%27s%20Secret.htm The Secret Behind 'Project Y': One Woman's Success Story — 'What Works, Works'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217150925/https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Media/ABC%20NEWS/ABCNEWS_com%20%20Wired%20Women%20Engineer%20Lynn%20Conway%27s%20Secret.htm |date=February 17, 2023 }}", ABCNews.com, November 29, 2001.</ref> The Computer History Museum has stated that "The ACS architecture&nbsp;... appears to have been the first '[[superscalar]]' design".<ref name=superproj60b/>

==Gender transition==
After learning about [[Harry Benjamin]]'s pioneering research in healthcare for [[transsexual women]], which included the feasibility of [[sex reassignment surgery]], Conway sought his assistance. Struggling with severe [[clinical depression]] due to gender dysphoria, she contacted Benjamin, who agreed to provide counseling and prescribed [[Hormone replacement therapy (male-to-female)|hormone replacement therapy]], which Conway resumed in 1967.<ref name=hiltzik>Hiltzik, Michael A. (November 19, 2000.) [https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/64332921.html?dids=64332921:64332921&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Nov+19%2C+2000&author=MICHAEL+A.+HILTZIK&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&edition=&startpage=1&desc=COVER+STORY%3B+Through+the+Gender+Labyrinth%3B+How+a+bright+boy+with+a+penchant+for+tinkering+grew+up+to+be+one+of+the+top+women+in+her+high-+tech+field "Through the Gender Labyrinth."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015144026/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/64332921.html?dids=64332921:64332921&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Nov+19,+2000&author=MICHAEL+A.+HILTZIK&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&edition=&startpage=1&desc=COVER+STORY%3B+Through+the+Gender+Labyrinth%3B+How+a+bright+boy+with+a+penchant+for+tinkering+grew+up+to+be+one+of+the+top+women+in+her+high-+tech+field |date=October 15, 2012 }}. ''Los Angeles Times'', Los Angeles Times Magazine, page 1. ([https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Media/Through%20the%20Gender%20Labyrinth.pdf Free reprint] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109104049/http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Media/Through%20the%20Gender%20Labyrinth.pdf |date=January 9, 2023 }}. Retrieved on September 19, 2007.)</ref>

While struggling with life in a male role, Conway had married a woman in 1963 and had two children. Under the legal constraints then in place, she was denied access to their children after transitioning.<ref name=hiltzik/>

Although she had hoped to be allowed to transition on the job, IBM fired Conway in 1968 after she revealed her intention to transition.<ref name="Conway2012">{{cite journal |last=Conway |first=Lynn |year=2012 |title=Reminiscences of the VLSI revolution: How a series of failures triggered a paradigm shift in digital design |journal=IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine |publisher=IEEE |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=8–31 |issn=1943-0582 |doi=10.1109/MSSC.2012.2215752 |s2cid=9286356 |url=https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Memoirs/VLSI/Lynn_Conway_VLSI_Reminiscences.pdf |access-date=February 17, 2023 |archive-date=January 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118184820/http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Memoirs/VLSI/Lynn_Conway_VLSI_Reminiscences.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2020, IBM publicly apologized to Conway for firing her at a public event with Diane Gherson, then IBM's senior vice president of human relations. At the event, Conway was awarded the IBM Lifetime Achievement Award for her work at IBM and later work.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |last1=Alicandri |first1=Jeremy |title=IBM Apologizes For Firing Computer Pioneer For Being Transgender...52 Years Later |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeremyalicandri/2020/11/18/ibm-apologizes-for-firing-computer-pioneer/?sh=25cf659667d5 |access-date=November 21, 2020 |agency=Forbes |date=November 18, 2020 |archive-date=April 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413101530/https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeremyalicandri/2020/11/18/ibm-apologizes-for-firing-computer-pioneer/?sh=25cf659667d5 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeremyalicandri/2020/11/18/ibm-apologizes-for-firing-computer-pioneer/ |title=IBM Apologizes For Firing Computer Pioneer For Being Transgender...52 Years Later |first=Jeremy |last=Alicandri |website=Forbes |access-date=November 21, 2020 |archive-date=November 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121030013/https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeremyalicandri/2020/11/18/ibm-apologizes-for-firing-computer-pioneer/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Post-transition career==
{{External image|title=|image1=[https://images.theconversation.com/files/601339/original/file-20240617-19-5llojz.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=768&fit=crop&dpr=2 Lynn Conway in her office at Xerox PARC in 1983] (Margaret Moulton). [[Xerox Alto]] is visible behind.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hicks |first=Mar |date=2024-06-19 |title=Lynn Conway was a trans woman in tech − and underappreciated for decades after she helped launch the computing revolution |url=https://theconversation.com/lynn-conway-was-a-trans-woman-in-tech-and-underappreciated-for-decades-after-she-helped-launch-the-computing-revolution-232464 |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=The Conversation |language=en-US}}</ref>|float=right}}
Upon completing her [[gender transition]] in 1968, Conway took a new name and identity and restarted her career in [[Passing (gender)#Stealth|stealth-mode]] as a contract programmer at [[Computer Applications, Inc.]] She then worked as a digital system designer and computer architect at [[Memorex]] from 1969 to 1972.<ref name=hiltzik/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Retrospective3.html |title=Lynn Conway's Retrospective PART III: Starting Over |publisher=Ai.eecs.umich.edu |date=May 12, 1960 |access-date=December 5, 2013 |archive-date=November 26, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141126093647/http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Retrospective3.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Conway joined [[Xerox PARC]] in 1973, where she led the "[[Large Scale Integration|LSI]] Systems" group under [[Bert Sutherland]].<ref>{{cite journal |first=Adele J. |last=Goldberg |date=September 1980 |title=About This Issue... |url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=off&q=conway+lsi-systems-group&btnG=Search |journal=[[ACM Computing Surveys]] |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=257–258 |doi=10.1145/356819.356820 |s2cid=27661653 |issn=0360-0300 |doi-access=free |access-date=May 8, 2016 |archive-date=January 8, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108004413/http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=off&q=conway+lsi-systems-group&btnG=Search |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first1=Rob |last1=Walker |first2=Nancy |last2=Tersini |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XA9Zx1bMH-oC&q=lynn-conway+parc+sutherland&pg=PT206 |title=Silicon Destiny: The Story of Application Specific Integrated Circuits and LSI Logic Corporation |publisher=Walker Research Associates |year=1992 |isbn=0-9632654-0-7}}</ref> When in PARC, Conway founded the [[Multi-project wafer service|multiproject wafers]] (MPW) technology.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aaas.org/sense-wonder-motivates-vlsi-chip-revolutionary-lynn-conway |title=Sense of Wonder Motivates VLSI Chip Revolutionary, Lynn Conway |website=American Association for the Advancement of Science |language=en |access-date=March 20, 2020 |archive-date=March 20, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320054236/https://www.aaas.org/sense-wonder-motivates-vlsi-chip-revolutionary-lynn-conway |url-status=live }}</ref> Collaborating with [[Ivan Sutherland]] and [[Carver Mead]] on [[very-large-scale integration]] (VLSI) design methodology, she co-authored ''Introduction to VLSI Systems'', a groundbreaking work that would soon become a standard textbook in chip design, used in nearly 120 universities by 1983.<ref>{{cite web |last=Conway |first=Lynn |date=December 31, 2012 |title=The 'Sutherland Letter' of 1976 |url=https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/VLSI/BackgroundContext/Sutherland_Letter.html |access-date=August 26, 2020 |archive-date=July 13, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713193817/http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/VLSI/BackgroundContext/Sutherland_Letter.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web |url=https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Impact/Impact.html |title=Impact of the Mead-Conway VLSI Design Methodology and of the MOSIS Service |website=ai.eecs.umich.edu |access-date=March 13, 2020 |archive-date=February 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218162433/http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Impact/Impact.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="sciam002">{{cite web |url=http://www.sciamdigital.com/index.cfm?fa=Products.ViewIssuePreview&ARTICLEID_CHAR=D1E5F66F-2A45-4BF9-BE9E-001B49F7F67 |title=Profile: Lynn Conway—Completing the Circuit |last=Wallich |first=Paul |website=Scientific American |date=December 2000 |access-date=April 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061028031127/http://www.sciamdigital.com/index.cfm?fa=Products.ViewIssuePreview&ARTICLEID_CHAR=D1E5F66F-2A45-4BF9-BE9E-001B49F7F67 |archive-date=October 28, 2006}}</ref><ref name="compworld002">{{cite web |url=http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9046420 |title=Unsung innovators: Lynn Conway and Carver Mead: They literally wrote the book on chip design |last=Smith |first=Gina |date=December 3, 2007 |website=Computerworld |access-date=April 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081226130335/http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9046420 |archive-date=December 26, 2008}}</ref> With over 70,000 copies sold, and the new integration of her MPC79/[[MOSIS]] innovations, the Mead and Conway revolution became part of VLSI design.<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Miller |first=Chris |title=Chip War: The Fight for the World's Most Critical Technology |publisher=Scribner |year=2022 |pages=136–137, 140, 166, 378}}</ref>

In 1978, Conway served as a visiting associate professor of electrical engineering and computer science at [[MIT]], teaching a now-famous VLSI design course based on a Mead–Conway text draft.<ref name=hiltzik/> The course validated the new design methods and textbook and established the syllabus and instructor's guidebook used in later courses worldwide.<ref>[https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/VLSI/InstGuide/InstGuide.pdf ''The MIT'78 VLSI System Design Course: A Guidebook for the Instructor of VLSI System Design''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205052621/https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/VLSI/InstGuide/InstGuide.pdf |date=December 5, 2022 }}, Lynn Conway, Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, August 12, 1979.</ref><ref name=penfield>Paul Penfield [http://issuu.com/miteecs/docs/connector2014_acc15802878d20 "The VLSI Revolution at MIT" by Paul Penfield] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809200331/http://issuu.com/miteecs/docs/connector2014_acc15802878d20 |date=August 9, 2014 }} ''2014 MIT EECS Connector'', Spring 2014, pp. 11–13.</ref>

Among Conway's contributions was the invention of dimensionless, scalable [[Design rule checking|design rules]] that greatly simplified chip design and design tools,<ref name=comsocpioneeraward/><ref name=kilbane/><ref>{{cite book |title=Design Rules: The Power of Modularity |author=Carliss Y. Baldwin and Kim B. Clark |year=2000 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=0-262-02466-7}}</ref> and invention of a new form of internet-based infrastructure for [[rapid prototyping]] and short-run fabrication of large numbers of chip designs.<ref name=comsocpioneeraward/><ref name=NRC1999>National Research Council (1999), ''Funding a Revolution: Government Support for Computing Research'', National Academy Press ([https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Impact/FundingaRevolution.html#anchor200964 excerpt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217150928/https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Impact/FundingaRevolution.html#anchor200964 |date=February 17, 2023 }})</ref> They aimed to address the escalating complexity of chip design, as traditional methods struggled to keep pace with [[Moore's law]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Lynn Conway |url=https://interfaces.che.wisc.edu/lynn-conway/ |website=Gebbie Lab |access-date=April 24, 2024 |date=January 29, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240425001048/https://interfaces.che.wisc.edu/lynn-conway/ |archive-date=April 25, 2024}}</ref> The new infrastructure was institutionalized as the Metal Oxide Semiconductor Implementation Service ([[MOSIS]]) system in 1981. Mead and Conway received ''[[Electronics (magazine)|Electronics]]'' magazine's annual award of achievement in 1981.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Impact/Impact.html |title=Impact of the Mead-Conway VLSI Design Methodology and of the MOSIS Service |website=ai.eecs.umich.edu |access-date=March 22, 2020 |archive-date=February 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218162433/http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Impact/Impact.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>"The MOSIS Service – More than 50,000 designs in 25 years of operation", http://www.mosis.com/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080822001846/http://www.mosis.com/ |date=August 22, 2008 }}, 2008</ref> VLSI researcher Charles Seitz commented that "MOSIS represented the first period since the pioneering work of Eckert and Mauchley on the [[ENIAC]] in the late 1940s that universities and small companies had access to state-of-the-art digital technology."<ref name=NRC1999/>

The impact and research methods underlying the development of the Mead–Conway VLSI design methodology and the MOSIS prototype are detailed in a 1981 Xerox report,<ref>[https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/VLSI/MPCAdv/MPCAdv.pdf ''THE MPC Adventures: Experiences with the Generation of VLSI Design and Implementation Methodologies''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109104047/http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/VLSI/MPCAdv/MPCAdv.pdf |date=January 9, 2023 }}, Lynn Conway, Xerox PARC Technical Report VLSI-81-2, January 19, 1981.</ref> the Euromicro Journal,<ref name=MPCAdv>[https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/VLSI/MPCAdv/MPCAdv-MM-TEJ.pdf ''THE MPC Adventures: Experiences with the Generation of VLSI Design and Implementation Methodologies''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506160639/http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/VLSI/MPCAdv/MPCAdv-MM-TEJ.pdf |date=May 6, 2023 }}, by Lynn Conway, Microprocessing and Microprogramming – The Euromicro Journal, Vol. 10, No. 4, November 1982, pp 209–228.</ref> and several historical overviews of computing.<ref name=NRC1999/><ref name=sandtfedfund>[http://books.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=5040 ''Allocating Federal Funds for Science and Technology''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017172701/http://books.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=5040 |date=October 17, 2012 }}, by Committee on Criteria for Federal Support of Research and Development, National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, Institute of Medicine, National Research Council, National Academy Press, Washington DC, 1995, page 75.</ref><ref name=sandtfedfundfigureII13>{{cite web |url=https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Impact/Impact.html#Figure.II.13 |title=''Figure II.13: Technological Developments in Computing", in Allocating Federal Funds for Science and Technology, National Academy Press, Washington, DC 1995, page 75.'' |publisher=Ai.eecs.umich.edu |date=May 7, 1999 |access-date=December 5, 2013 |archive-date=February 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218162433/http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Impact/Impact.html#Figure.II.13 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=evolvinghpc>[http://www.nap.edu/catalog/4948.html ''Evolving the High Performance Computing and Communications Initiative to Support the Nation's Information Infrastructure''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080821180908/http://www.nap.edu/catalog/4948.html |date=August 21, 2008 }}, by Committee to Study High Performance Computing and Communications: Status of a Major Initiative, National Research Council, National Academy Press, Washington DC, 1995, page 20.</ref><ref name=evolvinghpcfig1point2>{{cite web |url=https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Impact/Impact.html#Figure.1.2 |title=''Figure 1.2: Government-sponsored computing research and development stimulates creation of innovative ideas and industries", in Evolving the High Performance Computing and Communications Initiative to Support the Nation's Information Infrastructure, National Academy Press, 1995, page 20.'' |publisher=Ai.eecs.umich.edu |date=May 7, 1999 |access-date=December 5, 2013 |archive-date=February 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218162433/http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Impact/Impact.html#Figure.1.2 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Feinstein |first=Jonathan S. |title=Creativity in Large-Scale Contexts |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=2023 |pages=196–199, 266–270, 299–304}}</ref><ref name="VLSIArchive">''[https://web.archive.org/web/20120509201451/http://www.edn.com/blog/EDA_Graffiti/35566-Guest_blog_Lynn_Conway.php The VLSI Archive]'' {{webarchive |url=https://archive.today/20130208045553/http://www.edn.com/blog/920000692/post/760045076.html |date=February 8, 2013}}, by Lynn Conway, Electronic Design News, June 3, 2009.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=VLSI Archive: An online archive of documents and artifacts from the Mead-Conway VLSI design revolution |url=https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/VLSI/VLSIarchive.html |url-status=live |access-date=December 5, 2013 |publisher=Ai.eecs.umich.edu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071208161339/http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/VLSI/VLSIarchive.html |archive-date=December 8, 2007}}</ref> Mead-Conway's methods also came under ethnographic study in 1980 by PARC anthropologist [[Lucy Suchman]], who published her interviews with Conway in 2021.<ref>{{cite web |last=Suchman |first=Lucy |date=March 1, 2021 |title=A Sociotechnical Exchange, Redux |url=https://www.4sonline.org/a-sociotechnical-exchange-redux/ |url-status=live |website=Backchannels {{!}} Reflections |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304182920/https://www.4sonline.org/a-sociotechnical-exchange-redux/ |archive-date=March 4, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Conway |first1=Lynn |last2=Suchman |first2=Lucy |date=February 28, 2021 |title=Conway-Suchman conversation |url=https://conwaysuchman-conv.pubpub.org/pub/93808pq4/release/4 |journal=Conway Suchman Conversation |access-date=April 25, 2021 |archive-date=April 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425144931/https://conwaysuchman-conv.pubpub.org/pub/93808pq4/release/4 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1983, Conway left Xerox to join [[DARPA]], where she was a key architect of the [[United States Department of Defense]]'s [[Strategic Computing Initiative]].<ref name=kilbane>{{cite magazine |last=Kilbane |first=Doris |date=October 20, 2003  |title=Lynn Conway: A Trailblazer On Professional, Personal Levels |department=Products > News |magazine=[[Electronic Design (magazine)|Electronic Design]] |url=https://www.electronicdesign.com/news/products/article/21795291/lynn-conway-a-trailblazer-on-professional-personal-levels |access-date=February 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080608190427/http://electronicdesign.com/Articles/Index.cfm?AD=1&ArticleID=5833 |archive-date=June 8, 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=davis>Dwight B. Davis [https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/CSE/SCI/HighTechnology4-85.pdf "Assessing the Stragetic Computing Initiative," by Dwight B. Davis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127172215/http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/CSE/SCI/HighTechnology4-85.pdf |date=January 27, 2023 }} ''High Technology'', Vol. 5, No. 4, April 1985.</ref> In a contemporary ''[[USA Today]]'' article about Conway's joining DARPA, Mark Stefik, a Xerox scientist who worked with her, said "Lynn would like to live five lives in the course of one life".<ref name=Osborn>{{cite web |url=https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Memoirs/DARPA/USA_Today_6-07-83.pdf |title=Hi-tech researcher chips in to develop smart computer |first=Michelle |last=Osborn |publisher=USA Today |date=June 7, 1983 |access-date=April 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420032946/https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Memoirs/DARPA/USA_Today_6-07-83.pdf |archive-date=April 20, 2014}}</ref> Douglas Fairbairn, a former Xerox associate, said "She figures out a way so that everybody wins."<ref name=Osborn/> In ''The Net Effect'', sociologist Thomas Streeter wrote that Conway’s decision to join DARPA reflected her rejection of [[Anti-war movement|antiwar]] [[Liberalism in the United States|liberalism]].<ref name="Streeter2013">[http://www.uvm.edu/~tstreete/Net_Effect/ "The Net Effect, Romanticism, Capitalism, and the Internet"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150314044821/http://www.uvm.edu/~tstreete/Net_Effect/|date=March 14, 2015}}, Thomas Steeter, New York University Press, 2011, p, 101.</ref>

Conway joined the [[University of Michigan]] in 1985 as professor of [[electrical engineering]] and [[computer science]] and associate dean of engineering. There, she specialized in [[visual communication]]s and designing [[control system]]s for hybrid [[internet]] and [[Cable Internet access|broadband-cable]] [[user interface]]s.<ref name="kilbane" /> She retired from active teaching and research in 1998 as [[Professor emeritus#Other designations|professor emerita]] at Michigan.<ref name="emerita">{{cite web |url=https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Awards/Emerita.html |title=Lynn Conway awarded Emerita status at the University of Michigan |date=December 31, 1998 |publisher=University of Michigan |access-date=April 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031205144225/https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Awards/Emerita.html |archive-date=December 5, 2003}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Moore |first=Nicole Casal |date=June 11, 2024 |title=The legacy of Lynn Conway, chip design pioneer and transgender-rights advocate |url=https://news.engin.umich.edu/2024/06/the-legacy-of-lynn-conway-chip-design-pioneer-and-transgender-rights-advocate/ |access-date=June 12, 2024 |website=Michigan Engineering News |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Computer science legacy==
The [[Mead–Conway VLSI chip design revolution]] quickly spread through [[research universities]] and the computing industry during the 1980s. It fostered the growth of the [[electronic design automation]] industry, established the [[foundry model]] for chip design and manufacturing, and spurred a wave of influential technology startups throughout the 1980s and 1990s.<ref name=smoth01/><ref name=comsocpioneeraward>{{cite web |title=Lynn Conway: 2009 Computer Pioneer Award Recipient |url=http://www.computer.org/portal/web/awards/conway |website=IEEE Computer Society |access-date=January 20, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103172210/http://www.computer.org/portal/web/awards/conway |archive-date=January 3, 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=comsocpioneersawardvideo>{{Cite AV media |title=Lynn Conway receives 2009 IEEE Computer Society Computer Pioneer Award |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i4Txvjia3p0 |date=July 30, 2010 |publisher=IEEE Computer Society |via=YouTube |access-date=June 8, 2024 |archive-date=May 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508110318/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i4Txvjia3p0 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=superproj60b>{{cite web |title=CHM Events: IBM ACS System: A Pioneering Supercomputer Project of the 1960's |url=https://computerhistory.org/events/ibm-acs-system-pioneering-supercomputer/ |website=Computer History Museum |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100420225250/http://www.computerhistory.org/events/index.php?id=1264112339 |date=February 18, 2010 |archive-date=April 20, 2010 |language=en |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=IBMsmotherman>{{cite journal |last1=Smotherman |first1=Mark |last2=Spicer |first2=Dag |title=IBM's single-processor supercomputer efforts |journal=[[Communications of the ACM]] |date=December 2010 |volume=53 |issue=12 |pages=28–30 |doi=10.1145/1859204.1859216 |url=https://cacm.acm.org/opinion/ibms-single-processor-supercomputer-efforts/ |access-date=June 7, 2024 |archive-date=June 7, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240607190134/https://cacm.acm.org/opinion/ibms-single-processor-supercomputer-efforts/ |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

In the fall of 2012, the [[IEEE]] published a special issue of the ''[[IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine]]'' devoted to Conway's career,<ref name="Lanzerotti2012">{{cite journal |editor-last=Lanzerotti |editor-first=Mary |year=2012 |title=Editor's Note |journal=IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine |publisher=IEEE |volume=4 |pages=1 |doi=10.1109/MSSC.2012.2214274 |url=http://www.eecs.umich.edu/eecs/about/articles/2013/VLSI_Reminiscences.pdf |access-date=June 22, 2013 |archive-date=November 29, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151129211529/http://www.eecs.umich.edu/eecs/about/articles/2013/VLSI_Reminiscences.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="eecsnews2013">[http://www.eecs.umich.edu/eecs/about/articles/2013/Conway_VLSI_memoir.html "Solid-State Circuits Publishes Special Issue with Lynn Conway's Memoir of the VLSI Revolution"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502000158/http://www.eecs.umich.edu/eecs/about/articles/2013/Conway_VLSI_memoir.html |date=May 2, 2014 }}, Michigan EECS News, January 31, 2013.</ref> including a career memoir by Conway<ref name=Conway2012/> and peer commentaries by Chuck House,<ref name="House2012">{{cite journal |last=House |first=Chuck |year=2012 |title=A Paradigm Shift Was Happening All Around Us |journal=IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine |publisher=IEEE |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=32–35 |issn=1943-0582 |doi=10.1109/MSSC.2012.2215759 |s2cid=8738682 |url=https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Memoirs/VLSI/Commentaries/A_Paradigm_Shift_Was_Happening_by_Chuck_House.pdf |access-date=February 17, 2023 |archive-date=May 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508141729/http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Memoirs/VLSI/Commentaries/A_Paradigm_Shift_Was_Happening_by_Chuck_House.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> former Director of Engineering at HP, [[Séquin|Carlo Séquin]],<ref name="Sequin2012">{{cite journal |last=Sequin |first=Carlo |year=2012 |title=Witnessing the Birth of VLSI Design |journal=IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine |publisher=IEEE |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=36–39 |issn=1943-0582 |doi=10.1109/MSSC.2012.2215758 |s2cid=20280958 |url=http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~sequin/PAPERS/2012_SSCM_VLSI.pdf |access-date=June 24, 2013 |archive-date=November 5, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105061230/http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~sequin/PAPERS/2012_SSCM_VLSI.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Kenneth L Shepard]].<ref name="Shepard2012">{{cite journal |last=Shepard |first=Ken |year=2012 |title="Covering": How We Missed the Inside-Story of the VLSI Revolution |journal=IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine |publisher=IEEE |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=40–42 |issn=1943-0582 |doi=10.1109/MSSC.2012.2215757 |s2cid=25240158 |url=https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Memoirs/VLSI/Commentaries/Covering_by_Ken_Shepard.pdf |access-date=February 17, 2023 |archive-date=March 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325220825/http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Memoirs/VLSI/Commentaries/Covering_by_Ken_Shepard.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="House2012" /> [[James F. Gibbons]] stated in his tribute that Conway, from his perspective, "was the singular force behind the entire '[[Foundry model|foundry]]' development that emerged."<ref name="House2012" /><ref name="Shepard2012" /><ref>{{cite web |last=ACM News |date=October 12, 2018 |title=Lynn Conway and the VLSI Revolution in Microchip Design |url=https://cacm.acm.org/news/231829-lynn-conway-and-the-vlsi-revolution-in-microchip-design/fulltext |website=Communications of the ACM |access-date=August 8, 2020 |archive-date=April 18, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418014046/https://cacm.acm.org/news/231829-lynn-conway-and-the-vlsi-revolution-in-microchip-design/fulltext |url-status=live }}</ref> Subsequently the scope of Conway's contributions gained wider retrospective attention. "Since I didn't [[I Look Like an Engineer|#LookLikeanEngineer]], few people caught on to what I was really doing back in the 70s and 80s," Conway later said.<ref name=":1" />

In 2020, [[National Academy of Engineering]] President [[John L. Anderson]] stated that "Lynn Conway is not only a revolutionary pioneer in the design of VLSI systems ... But just as important, Lynn has been very brave in telling her own story, and her perseverance has been a reminder to society that it should not be blind to the innovations of women, people of color, or others who don't fit long outdated – but unfortunately, persistent – perceptions of what an engineer looks like."<ref name=":1" />

Conway named the phenomenon of women and people of color being overlooked in historical accounts of innovations "the Conway Effect."<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=CSDL {{!}} IEEE Computer Society |url=https://www.computer.org/csdl/magazine/co/2018/10/mco2018100066/17D45WXIkDI |access-date=June 12, 2024 |website=www.computer.org |archive-date=December 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208031250/https://www.computer.org/csdl/magazine/co/2018/10/mco2018100066/17D45WXIkDI |url-status=live }}</ref> She described it in the [[IEEE Computer Society]]'s ''Computer'' magazine: "This is seldom deliberate—rather, it's a result of the accumulation of advantage by those who are expected to innovate."<ref name=":2" />

In 2023, Lynn Conway collaborated with Jim Boulton to create ''Lines in the Sand'',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Boulton |first=Jim |title=Lines in the Sand, The Lynn Conway Story (Unsung Heroes of the Information Age) |publisher=Unsung Heroes |year=2024 |publication-date=February 21, 2024 |asin=B0CW1LNGFD}}</ref> a short comic book that tells the story of the invention VLSI. The launch event<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mw2jAZmnIqU |title=Lynn Conway – If you want to change the future, start living as if you're already there |date=April 26, 2024 |last=The Centre for Computing History |access-date=June 6, 2024 |via=YouTube |archive-date=June 6, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240606130617/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mw2jAZmnIqU |url-status=live }}</ref> took place at the [[Centre for Computing History]] on November 23, 2023.

==Transgender activism==
When nearing retirement, Conway learned that the story of her early work at [[IBM]] might soon be revealed through the investigations of Mark Smotherman that were being prepared for a 2001 publication.<ref name=smoth01/> She began [[coming out]] in 1999 to friends and colleagues about her gender transition,<ref name=BD06LC>[http://www.logoonline.com/shows/dyn/beautiful_daughters/personality.jhtml?personalityId=6829 "Beautiful Daughters Cast: Lynn Conway"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081003024813/http://www.logoonline.com/shows/dyn/beautiful_daughters/personality.jhtml?personalityId=6829 |date=October 3, 2008 }}, LOGO Channel, 2006</ref><ref name=ED03a>[http://electronicdesign.com/Articles/Index.cfm?ArticleID=5836&pg=3 "Class Notes: 2002 Inductees: Here's how many of our 2002 Hall Of Famers enjoy their leisure time and how they still give back to society"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081003000938/http://electronicdesign.com/Articles/Index.cfm?ArticleID=5836&pg=3 |date=October 3, 2008}}, Doris Kilbane, Electronic Design, October 20, 2003.</ref><ref name=ASEEPrismOct2011>[http://www.prism-magazine.org/oct11/feature_03.cfm "Secrets Are Out: Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender engineers are no longer willing to hide their true selves"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111112205657/http://www.prism-magazine.org/oct11/feature_03.cfm |date=November 12, 2011 }} Jaimie Schock, Prism Magazine, American Society of Engineering Education, October 2011, pp. 44–47.</ref> using her website to tell her story.<ref name=conI/> Her life story was then more widely reported in 2000 in profiles in ''[[Scientific American]]''<ref name=sciam00/> and the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]''.<ref name=hiltzik/> In a later ''[[Forbes]]'' interview, Conway commented "From the 1970s to 1999 I was recognized as breaking the gender barrier in the computer science field as a woman, but in 2000 it became the transgender barrier I was breaking."<ref name=":1" />

After sharing her story publicly, Conway began working in [[Transgender rights movement|transgender activism]] to raise awareness, protect and expand [[Legal status of transgender people|trans rights]], and promote understanding of gender identity and the process of gender transition.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/conway.html |title=Lynn Conway's homepage |website=Ai.eecs.umich.edu |access-date=February 17, 2023 |archive-date=February 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213120909/http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/conway.html |url-status=live }}</ref> She provided assistance to numerous other transgender women and maintained a website providing medical resources and emotional advice.<ref name="translation">{{cite web |url=https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/conway-Translation%20status.htm |title=Status of translations of Lynn's webpages, 12-10-13 |date=December 10, 2013 |access-date=December 23, 2013 |archive-date=December 6, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206065239/http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/conway-Translation%20status.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> She maintained a website titled "Transsexual Women's Successes" to, in her words, "provide role models for individuals who are facing gender transition."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/TSsuccesses/TSsuccesses.html |title=Transsexual Women's Successes |website=Ai.eecs.umich.edu |access-date=February 17, 2023 |archive-date=February 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213102417/http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/TSsuccesses/TSsuccesses.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Her website also provided news related to transgender issues and information on [[gender-affirming surgery]] and academic inquiries into the prevalence of [[transsexualism]]<ref name="prevalence">Olyslager F, Conway L (2008). [https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/TS/Prevalence/TvG_Paper/Transsexualism_is_more_common_than_you_think.pdf Transseksualiteit komt vaker voor dan u denkt <nowiki>[Transsexualism is more common than you think].</nowiki>] ''Tijdschrift voor Genderstudies'', Vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 39–51, 2008. ([https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/TS/Prevalence/TvG_Paper/Summaries-English.pdf abstract in English] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307110129/https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/TS/Prevalence/TvG_Paper/Transsexualism_is_more_common_than_you_think.pdf |date=March 7, 2023 }})</ref> and transgender and transsexual issues in general.<ref name="HRCProfile">{{cite web |url=http://www.hrc.org/issues/3469.htm |title="Profile: Lynn Conway," Human Rights Campaign (HRC) website |publisher=HRC |access-date=December 5, 2013 |archive-date=November 3, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103234020/http://www.hrc.org/issues/3469.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="LGBTHistoryMonthProfile">{{cite web |url=http://www.lgbthistorymonth.org.uk/history/lynnconway.htm |title=Biographies of famous LGBT people: Science: Professor Lynn Conway, Lesbian Gay Bisexual Trans History Month website |publisher=Lgbthistorymonth.org.uk |access-date=December 5, 2013 |archive-date=April 6, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406095129/http://www.lgbthistorymonth.org.uk/history/lynnconway.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref>

She also advocated for [[equal opportunity|equal opportunities]] and [[employment protection legislation|employment protections]] for [[transgender people]] in high-technology industry,<ref name="HP01">[https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Media/HP/HP.html "Embracing Diversity – HP employees in Fort Collins, Colorado, welcome Dr. Lynn Conway"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031215759/http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Media/HP/HP.html |date=October 31, 2022 }}, hpNOW, February 8, 2001.</ref><ref name="FCC01">[https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Media/ColoradoanArticle/HP-CSU-lynncon.html "Computer pioneer speaks from the heart about diversity: Transsexual talks at HP, CSU"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217150950/https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Media/ColoradoanArticle/HP-CSU-lynncon.html |date=February 17, 2023 }}, by Kate Forgach, Fort Collins Coloradoan, January 26, 2001.</ref><ref name="Adv01">[https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Media/Advocate/Advocate.html "Chipping Away at Prejudice"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217150942/https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Media/Advocate/Advocate.html |date=February 17, 2023 }}, by Sarah Wildman, The Advocate, March 13, 2001.</ref><ref name="Intel03">[https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Media/Intel/iglobe.htm "What's pride got to do with it?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205034136/http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Media/Intel/iglobe.htm |date=December 5, 2022 }}, by Teri Warner, Employee Communications, Circuit for Employees@Intel, July 1, 2003.</ref><ref name="PT03">[https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Media/PersonnelToday/PersonnelToday_com%20-%20Why%20HR%20should%20wake%20up%20to%20the%20needs%20of%20transsexual%20employees.htm "Why HR should wake up to the needs of transsexual employees"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406203357/https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Media/PersonnelToday/PersonnelToday_com%20-%20Why%20HR%20should%20wake%20up%20to%20the%20needs%20of%20transsexual%20employees.htm |date=April 6, 2023 }}, by Christine Burns, Personnel Today, November 18, 2003.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/TS/O%26E/Raytheon/Raytheon%20Adds%20GI%26E.html |title=Professor Lynn Conway, Guest at Out & Equal |access-date=April 10, 2018 |website=Ai.eecs.umich.edu |archive-date=October 9, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009193229/http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/TS/O%26E/Raytheon/Raytheon%20Adds%20GI%26E.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and for elimination of the [[gender identity disorder|pathologization of transgender people]] by the psychiatric community.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.queerty.com/dr-kenneth-zuckers-war-on-transgenders-20090206/ |title=Dr. Kenneth Zucker's War on Transgenders |publisher=Queerty |date=February 6, 2009 |access-date=May 17, 2009 |archive-date=April 9, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090409152513/http://www.queerty.com/dr-kenneth-zuckers-war-on-transgenders-20090206/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Chagmion |last=Antoine |author-link=Chagmion Antoine |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JBRCo1KDX_o |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/JBRCo1KDX_o |archive-date=December 21, 2021 |url-status=live |title=Transgender Crusader – A professor at the University of Michigan is taking on the psychiatric community's ideas about transgendered people and mental illness |publisher=CBS News / YouTube |date=March 6, 2009}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

Conway was a critic of [[Blanchard's transsexualism typology]].<ref name=carey>{{cite news|title=Criticism of a Gender Theory, and a Scientist Under Siege|first=Benedict |last=Carey |newspaper=New York Times |date=August 21, 2007|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/21/health/psychology/21gender.html?ei=5124&en=0c11623b4c191f82&ex=1345348800&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink&pagewanted=all |access-date=February 22, 2017|archive-date=April 2, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402121732/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/21/health/psychology/21gender.html?ei=5124&en=0c11623b4c191f82&ex=1345348800&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink&pagewanted=all |url-status=live }}</ref> Along with [[Andrea James]] and [[Deirdre McCloskey]], she was a key person in the campaign against [[J. Michael Bailey]]'s book about the theory, ''[[The Man Who Would Be Queen]].''<ref name="dreger2008">{{cite journal |last1=Dreger |first1=A. D. |year=2008 |title=The controversy surrounding ''The man who would be queen:'' A case history of the politics of science, identity, and sex in the Internet age |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=366–421 |pmc=3170124 |pmid=18431641 |doi=10.1007/s10508-007-9301-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Conway |first=Lynn |date=July 16, 2003 |title=Shockingly defamatory official publicity by the US National Academies for Bailey's book |url=https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/TS/ShockingPublicity.html |website=lynnconway.com |access-date=December 4, 2020 |archive-date=December 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208044610/http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/TS/ShockingPublicity.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Conway and McCloskey accused Bailey of conducting research on human subjects without their knowledge, sending letters to [[Northwestern University]] about this alleged misconduct.<ref name=carey/>

[[Alice Dreger]], in her book ''Galileo's Middle Finger'', criticized Conway for filing a lawsuit against Bailey. Conway alleged Bailey lacked a clinical psychologist license when he wrote letters in support of a young trans woman seeking to transition. Dreger countered that Bailey did not need a license as he provided his services without compensation. Dreger noted that Bailey was transparent in his letters, detailing his brief interactions with the women and his qualifications, which likely explained why [[Illinois]] authorities did not act on the complaint.<ref>{{cite web |last=Dreger |first=Alice |date=March 10, 2015 |title=Galileo's Middle Finger: Heretics, Activists, and One Scholar's Search for Justice |url=https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/316214/galileos-middle-finger-by-alice-dreger/ |access-date=December 31, 2020 |archive-date=January 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127015827/https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/316214/galileos-middle-finger-by-alice-dreger/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Conway responded, accusing Dreger of misrepresenting the controversy by portraying it as a personal attack on Bailey rather than addressing the broader protest from the trans community.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/TS/Dreger/ASB%20paper/PeerCommentaries/Peer_Papers_Critical_of_Dreger.html |title=Dreger's Defense of J. Michael Bailey: The Peer Commentary Papers Tear It Apart |date=June 18, 2008 |last=Conway |first=Lynn |access-date=February 17, 2023 |archive-date=February 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217151003/https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/TS/Dreger/ASB%20paper/PeerCommentaries/Peer_Papers_Critical_of_Dreger.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Conway was a cast member in the first all-transgender performance of ''[[The Vagina Monologues]]'' in [[Los Angeles]] in 2004,<ref name="VD04">[http://www.deepstealth.com/vday/ VDay LA 2004 Commemorative Page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080829234149/http://www.deepstealth.com/vday |date=August 29, 2008 }}, DeepStealth Productions, Los Angeles California, 2004.</ref> and appeared in a [[Logo TV|Logo]] documentary film about that event entitled ''Beautiful Daughters.''<ref name="BD06LC" /><ref name="BD06">[http://www.logoonline.com/shows/dyn/beautiful_daughters/series.jhtml "Beautiful Daughters"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100219114228/http://www.logoonline.com/shows/dyn/beautiful_daughters/series.jhtml |date=February 19, 2010 }}, a documentary by Josh Aronson and Ariel Orr Jordan, LOGO Channel, 2006.</ref>

In 2009, Conway was named one of the "Stonewall 40 trans heroes" on the 40th anniversary of the [[Stonewall riots]] by the [[International Court System]] and the [[National Gay and Lesbian Task Force]].<ref name="trans40">{{cite web |url=http://www.impcourt.org/Trans40/LynnConway.htm |title=Trans Hero: Lynn Conway |work=Stonewall 40: Trans Heroes |publisher=International Court System |year=2009 |access-date=June 14, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090615170758/http://www.impcourt.org/Trans40/LynnConway.htm |archive-date=June 15, 2009 |url-status=usurped }}</ref><ref name="ngltf">{{cite web |date=June 10, 2009 |publisher=National Gay and Lesbian Task Force |title=Recognizing Outstanding Transgender and Gender-Nonconforming Individuals in the Struggle for LGBT Equality |url=http://www.commondreams.org/newswire/2009/06/10-17 |access-date=June 14, 2009 |archive-date=September 30, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930181348/http://www.commondreams.org/newswire/2009/06/10-17 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2013, with support from many tech industry leaders, Conway and Leandra Vicci of the [[University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill]] lobbied the directors of the [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] for transgender inclusion in their code of ethics.<ref name="Beyer2014">{{cite web |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/dana-beyer/leadership-and-the-value-of-exceptional-allies_b_4543460.html |title=Leadership and the Value of Exceptional Allies |first=Dana |last=Beyer |work=Huffington Post |date=January 8, 2014 |access-date=January 17, 2014 |archive-date=March 31, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331063049/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/dana-beyer/leadership-and-the-value-of-exceptional-allies_b_4543460.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The code became fully [[LGBT]] inclusive in January 2014.<ref name="ieeeglance">{{cite web |url=https://www.ieee.org/about/at-a-glance.html |title=IEEE at a Glace |publisher=IEEE |access-date=January 17, 2014 |archive-date=January 22, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122054024/http://www.ieee.org/about/today/at_a_glance.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ieeeethics">{{cite web |url=https://www.ieee.org/about/corporate/governance/p7-8.html |title=IEEE Code of Ethics |publisher=IEEE |access-date=January 17, 2014 |archive-date=July 23, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170723171026/http://www.ieee.org/about/corporate/governance/p7-8.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="McCarty2014">{{cite web |url=http://www.hrc.org/blog/entry/the-institute-of-electrical-and-electronic-engineers-adopts-lgbt-inclusive |title=The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers Adopts LGBT-Inclusive Code of Ethics |first=Maureen |last=McCarty |date=January 13, 2014 |publisher=HRC |access-date=January 17, 2014 |archive-date=February 1, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201162715/http://www.hrc.org/blog/entry/the-institute-of-electrical-and-electronic-engineers-adopts-lgbt-inclusive |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2014, ''[[Time Magazine]]'' named Conway as one of "21 Transgender People Who Influenced American Culture".<ref name=Time21Culture>{{cite magazine |title=21 Transgender People Who Influenced American Culture |url=https://time.com/130734/transgender-celebrities-actors-athletes-in-america/ |magazine=Time |date=May 29, 2014 |access-date=June 4, 2014 |archive-date=August 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160805093258/http://time.com/130734/transgender-celebrities-actors-athletes-in-america/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2015, she was selected for inclusion in "The Trans100"<ref name="2015trans100">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thetrans100.com/|title=The Trans 100|website=The Trans 100|access-date=June 11, 2024|archive-date=June 6, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240606202439/https://www.thetrans100.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> and was interviewed in 2020 for inclusion in the Trans Activism Oral History Project.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Taylor |first=Evan |date=February 4, 2020 |title=Trans Activism Oral History Project – Lynn Conway Full Interview |url=https://vimeo.com/501793564 |website=The ArQuives |access-date=June 13, 2023 |archive-date=June 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613180020/https://vimeo.com/501793564 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Personal life and death==
Conway married a woman in 1963, and they had two daughters together. Following their divorce in 1968, Conway was denied access to their children.<ref name=hiltzik/>

In 1987, Conway met her husband Charles "Charlie" Rogers, a professional engineer who shared her interest in the outdoors, including [[whitewater canoeing]] and [[motocross racing]].<ref name=hiltzik/><ref name=Forman2013>Forman, Ross (September 18, 2013) [http://www.windycitymediagroup.com/ARTICLE.php?AID=44404 "Transgender pioneer reflects on sports past"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106121646/http://www.windycitymediagroup.com/ARTICLE.php?AID=44404 |date=November 6, 2014 }}. Windy City Times.</ref> They soon started living together and bought a house with {{convert|24|acre|ha}} of meadow, marsh, and woodland in rural [[Jackson, Michigan]] in 1994.<ref name=hiltzik/> They were married on August 13, 2002.<ref name=ABCnews01/><ref name=BD06LC/><ref>{{cite web |date=2002 |title=A Wedding Trip to Mackinac Island |url=https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/MackinacIsland/MackinacIsland.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020928000028/http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/MackinacIsland/MackinacIsland.html |archive-date=September 28, 2002}}</ref> In 2014, the University of Michigan's ''The Michigan Engineer'' alumni magazine documented the connections between Conway's engineering explorations and her personal life.<ref name="moore2014">Nicole Casal Moore,"[https://news.engin.umich.edu/2014/10/life-engineered/ Life, Engineered: How Lynn Conway reinvented her world and ours] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240511004729/https://news.engin.umich.edu/2014/10/life-engineered/ |date=May 11, 2024 }} ''The Michigan Engineer'', College of Engineering, University of Michigan, Fall 2014, pp. 42–49.</ref><ref name=Szczepanski2014>Marcin Szczepanski and Evan Dougherty,"[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7kJ-N54cQu4 A Place to Be Wild] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819031155/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7kJ-N54cQu4 |date=August 19, 2016 }}," ''Michigan Engineering'', October 8, 2014.</ref>

Conway died from a heart condition at her home on June 9, 2024, at the age of 86.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hiltzik |first1=Michael |date=June 11, 2024 |title=Lynn Conway, leading computer scientist and transgender pioneer, dies at 85 |url=https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2024-06-11/lynn-conway-leading-computer-scientist-and-transgender-pioneer-dies-at-85 |access-date=June 12, 2024 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |archive-date=June 12, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612020450/https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2024-06-11/lynn-conway-leading-computer-scientist-and-transgender-pioneer-dies-at-85 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Moore |first=Nicole Casal |date=June 11, 2024 |title=The legacy of Lynn Conway, chip design pioneer and transgender-rights advocate |url=https://news.engin.umich.edu/2024/06/the-legacy-of-lynn-conway-chip-design-pioneer-and-transgender-rights-advocate/ |access-date=June 11, 2024 |website=Michigan Engineering}}</ref>

==Awards and honors==
Conway received a number of awards and distinctions:
* ''[[Electronics (magazine)|Electronics]]'' 1981 Award for Achievement, with [[Carver Mead]]<ref>[https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Awards/Electronics/ElectAchiev.html "The 1981 Achievement Award – Lynn Conway, Carver Mead"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217150949/https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Awards/Electronics/ElectAchiev.html |date=February 17, 2023 }} by Martin Marshall, Larry Waller, and Howard Wolff, ''Electronics'', October 20, 1981</ref>
* [[Harold Pender Award]] of the [[Moore School]], [[University of Pennsylvania]], with [[Carver Mead]], 1984<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.seas.upenn.edu/pubs/pender-award.html |title=Penn Engineering: The Harold Pender Award |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705051810/http://www.seas.upenn.edu/pubs/pender-award.html |archive-date=July 5, 2008}}</ref>
* IEEE EAB Major Educational Innovation Award, 1984<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ieee.org/web/education/awards/past_recipients.html |title=IEEE EAB Major Educational Innovation Award, 1984 |publisher=Ieee.org |access-date=December 5, 2013 |archive-date=February 12, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212071402/http://www.ieee.org/web/education/awards/past_recipients.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Fellow of the [[IEEE]], 1985, "for contributions to VLSI technology"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ieee.org/web/membership/fellows/Alphabetical/cfellows.html |title=Services Update |website=Ieee.org |access-date=April 10, 2018 |archive-date=July 6, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080706034937/http://www.ieee.org/web/membership/fellows/Alphabetical/cfellows.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[John Price Wetherill Medal]] of the [[Franklin Institute]], with [[Carver Mead]], 1985<ref>[https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Awards/FranklinInstitute/PhysToday/PhysToday7-85.pdf "Franklin Institute honors eight physicists"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217150946/https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Awards/FranklinInstitute/PhysToday/PhysToday7-85.pdf |date=February 17, 2023 }}, ''Physics Today'', July 1985.</ref>
* [[Secretary of Defense Meritorious Civilian Service Award]], May 1985<ref name=emerita/><ref name=SecMAA>[https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Awards/Mementos_of_Lynn's_awards.html#SecDef "Secretary of Defense Meritorious Achievement Award, May 1985"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221030193908/http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Awards/Mementos_of_Lynn%27s_awards.html#SecDef |date=October 30, 2022 }}, ''Meritorious Service Award'', May 1985.</ref>
* Member of the [[National Academy of Engineering]], 1989<ref>[http://www.nae.edu/nae/naepub.nsf/MembersSec?OpenForm&05,M,1 NAE Member Directory, Section 05.] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081004111411/http://www.nae.edu/nae/naepub.nsf/MembersSec?OpenForm&05,M,1 |date=October 4, 2008}} (year from [http://clinton6.nara.gov/1996/01/1996-01-31-conway-named-to-usaf-academy-board-of-visitors.html The White House Office of the Press Secretary] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081003143127/http://clinton6.nara.gov/1996/01/1996-01-31-conway-named-to-usaf-academy-board-of-visitors.html |date=October 3, 2008}})</ref>
* National Achievement Award, [[Society of Women Engineers]], 1990<ref>{{cite web |url=http://societyofwomenengineers.swe.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=657&Itemid=42 |title=Society of Women Engineers: Achievement Award Winners. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216084307/http://societyofwomenengineers.swe.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=657&Itemid=42 |archive-date=February 16, 2012}}</ref>
* Presidential Appointment to the [[United States Air Force Academy#Board of Visitors|United States Air Force Academy Board of Visitors]], 1996<ref>[http://clinton6.nara.gov/1996/01/1996-01-31-conway-named-to-usaf-academy-board-of-visitors.html President Clinton Names Lynn Conway to the Air Force Academy Board of Visitors"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081003143127/http://clinton6.nara.gov/1996/01/1996-01-31-conway-named-to-usaf-academy-board-of-visitors.html |date=October 3, 2008}}, The White House Office of the Press Secretary, January 31, 1996.</ref>
* Honorary Doctorate, [[Trinity College (Connecticut)|Trinity College]], 1998<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lor.trincoll.edu/info/pub_college/reporter/winter98/engineer.htm |title=100 years of engineering excellence |access-date=August 17, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020615003757/http://lor.trincoll.edu/info/pub_college/reporter/winter98/engineer.htm |archive-date=June 15, 2002}}, Trinity Reporter, Trinity College, Hartford, CN, Winter 98.</ref>
* ''[[Electronic Design (magazine)|Electronic Design]]'' Hall of Fame, 2002<ref>[https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Awards/ElectronicDesign/ED%20Hall%20of%20Fame%202002.pdf "Electronic Design Hall of Fame – 2002 Inductees"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217150948/https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Awards/ElectronicDesign/ED%20Hall%20of%20Fame%202002.pdf |date=February 17, 2023 }}, ''Electronic Design'', October 21, 2002.</ref>
* Engineer of the Year, [[National Organization of Gay and Lesbian Scientists and Technical Professionals]], 2005<ref>[http://www.noglstp.org/2005awards.html "NOGLSTP to Honor Aberson, Conway, and Raytheon at Awards Ceremony in February"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081002215806/http://www.noglstp.org/2005awards.html |date=October 2, 2008}}, Press Release, National Organization of Gay and Lesbian Scientists and Technical Professionals, January 25, 2005.</ref>
* Named one of the "Stonewall 40 trans heroes" by the [[Imperial Court System]] and the [[National LGBTQ Task Force]], 2009.<ref name=trans40/><ref name=ngltf/>
* [[Computer Pioneer Award]], [[IEEE Computer Society]], 2009<ref name=comsocpioneeraward/>
* Member of the Corporation, Emerita, The Charles Stark [[Draper Laboratory]], 1993–2010<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.draper.com/members.html |title=The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Members of the Corporation |publisher=Draper.com |access-date=December 5, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210085427/http://www.draper.com/members.html |archive-date=December 10, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Fellow Award, [[Computer History Museum]], 2014, "For her work in developing and disseminating new methods of integrated circuit design."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.computerhistory.org/fellowawards/hall/bios/Lynn,Conway/ |title="Lynn Conway: 2014 Fellow", Computer History Museum, 2014 Fellow Awards |website=Computerhistory.org |access-date=April 10, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160703014527/http://www.computerhistory.org/fellowawards/hall/bios/Lynn,Conway/ |archive-date=July 3, 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Honorary Doctorate, [[Illinois Institute of Technology]], 2014<ref>[http://www.iit.edu/news/iittoday/?p=31501 "Illinois Institute of Technology, ITT Commencement"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812143959/http://www.iit.edu/news/iittoday/?p=31501 |date=August 12, 2014 }}, May 17, 2014.</ref>
* [[Steinmetz Memorial Lecture]], (Invitational), IEEE/[[Union College]], 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.union.edu/news/stories/2015/04/prominent-woman-engineer-to-headline-steinmetz-memorial-lecture.php |title=Technology innovator to headline Steinmetz Memorial Lecture |website=Union.edu |access-date=April 10, 2018 |archive-date=April 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412000947/https://www.union.edu/news/stories/2015/04/prominent-woman-engineer-to-headline-steinmetz-memorial-lecture.php |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[IEEE Maxwell Award|IEEE/RSE James Clerk Maxwell Medal]], 2015<ref>{{cite web|title=Lynn Conway Receives 2015 IEEE/RSE James Clerk Maxwell Medal|url=https://ece.engin.umich.edu/stories/lynn-conway-receives-2015-ieee-rse-james-clerk-maxwell-medal|date=December 5, 2014}}</ref>
* Magill Lecture in Science, Technology and the Arts (Invited), Columbia University, 2016<ref>{{citation |contribution=Our Travels Through Techno-Social Space-Time: Envisioning Incoming Waves of Technological Innovation |title=2016 Magill Lecture in Science, Technology and the Arts |last=Conway |first=Lynn |url=https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Memoirs/Talks/Columbia/2016_Magill_Lecture.pptx |publisher=Columbia University |date=March 23, 2016 |access-date=February 17, 2023 |archive-date=October 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221029134910/http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Memoirs/Talks/Columbia/2016_Magill_Lecture.pptx |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Magill Lecture: Visionary Engineer Lynn Conway BS'62, MS'63 Heralds Dawn of the Techno-Social Age |last=Adams |first=Jesse |url=http://engineering.columbia.edu/visionary-engineer-lynn-conway-bs%E2%80%9962-ms%E2%80%9963-heralds-dawn-techno-social-age |publisher=Columbia University |date=April 7, 2016 |access-date=July 10, 2016 |archive-date=December 31, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231104428/http://engineering.columbia.edu/visionary-engineer-lynn-conway-bs%E2%80%9962-ms%E2%80%9963-heralds-dawn-techno-social-age |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Honorary Doctorate, [[University of Victoria]], 2016<ref>[https://www.uvic.ca/home/about/campus-news/2016+nov-2016-honorary-degree-recipients+media-release?ticket=ST-1137198-ZQ5Ilc0GxZeV7Eye9oPi-jvm1"University of Victoria News, Leaders in computing, athletics, telecommunications and public service receive honorary degrees"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813011129/http://www.uvic.ca/home/about/campus-news/2016+nov-2016-honorary-degree-recipients+media-release?ticket=ST-1137198-ZQ5Ilc0GxZeV7Eye9oPi-jvm1 |date=August 13, 2017 }}, September 14, 2016.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Lynn Conway: Honorary Doctor of Engineering |url=https://www.uvic.ca/research/transchair/assets/images/misc/conway_event_poster.jpg |website=University of Victoria |date=November 9, 2016 |access-date=March 8, 2018 |archive-date=November 20, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120093638/http://www.uvic.ca/research/transchair/assets/images/misc/conway_event_poster.jpg |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Fellow Award, [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]] (AAAS), 2016<ref>{{cite web |title=Lynn Conway. AAAS |url=https://www.aaas.org/fellow/conway-lynn |website=Aaas.org |access-date=April 10, 2018 |archive-date=March 7, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307214436/https://www.aaas.org/fellow/conway-lynn |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=2016 Fellow". AAAS |url=https://www.aaas.org/2016-fellows |website=Aaas.org |access-date=April 10, 2018 |archive-date=July 20, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720052131/https://www.aaas.org/2016-fellows |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=O'Hara, Delia (28 August 2017). "Sense of Wonder Motivates VLSI Chip Revolutionary, Lynn Conway". AAAS |url=https://www.aaas.org/blog/member-spotlight/sense-wonder-motivates-vlsi-chip-revolutionary-lynn-conway |website=Aaas.org |access-date=April 10, 2018 |archive-date=March 7, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307214856/https://www.aaas.org/blog/member-spotlight/sense-wonder-motivates-vlsi-chip-revolutionary-lynn-conway |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Member Spotlight. "Lynn Conway". AAAS |url=https://www.aaas.org/taxonomy/term/3979/all/feed?page=3&AMCV_242B6472541199F70A4C98A6%2540AdobeOrg_=793872103%257CMCIDTS%257C16834%257CMCMID%257C14052391524514714681898153359099533420%257CMCAID%257CNONE |website=Aaas.org |access-date=April 10, 2018 |archive-date=March 7, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307214804/https://www.aaas.org/taxonomy/term/3979/all/feed?page=3&AMCV_242B6472541199F70A4C98A6%2540AdobeOrg_=793872103%257CMCIDTS%257C16834%257CMCMID%257C14052391524514714681898153359099533420%257CMCAID%257CNONE |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Honorary Doctorate and Commencement Address, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 2018<ref>{{cite web |first1=Zach |last1=Robertson |date=October 18, 2018 |title=Computing pioneer to receive honorary U-M doctorate |url=https://news.engin.umich.edu/2018/10/computing-pioneer-to-receive-honorary-um-doctor-of-science-degree/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190615181704/https://news.engin.umich.edu/2018/10/computing-pioneer-to-receive-honorary-um-doctor-of-science-degree/ |archive-date=June 15, 2019 |access-date= |website= |publisher=Michigan Engineering News}}</ref>
*Pioneer in Tech Award, National Center for Women in Technology (NCWIT), 2019<ref>{{cite web |date=May 16, 2019 |title=2019 NCWIT Summit: Lynn Conway – Pioneer Award Ceremony |url=https://www.ncwit.org/video/2019-ncwit-summit-lynn-conway-pioneer-award-ceremony |publication-place=Nashville, TN |access-date=December 31, 2020 |archive-date=January 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126021733/https://www.ncwit.org/video/2019-ncwit-summit-lynn-conway-pioneer-award-ceremony |url-status=live }}</ref>
*Lifetime Achievement Award, IBM Corporation, 2020<ref name=":0" />
*Induction into the [[National Inventors Hall of Fame|National Inventors Hall of Fame (NIHF)]], 2023<ref>{{cite web |date=January 6, 2023 |orig-date= |title=Lynn Conway, Very Large-Scale Integration (VLSI) |url=https://www.invent.org/inductees/lynn-conway |access-date= |website=[[National Inventors Hall of Fame]] |archive-date=January 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121190231/https://www.invent.org/inductees/lynn-conway |url-status=live }}</ref>
*Honorary Doctorate, [[Princeton University]], 2023.<ref>Princeton awards five honorary degrees. (May 30, 2023). Princeton University. https://www.princeton.edu/news/2023/05/30/princeton-awards-five-honorary-degrees {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603215526/https://www.princeton.edu/news/2023/05/30/princeton-awards-five-honorary-degrees |date=June 3, 2023 }}</ref>
*Honorary Doctor of Science, [[Syracuse University]], 2024<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 19, 2024 |title=5 Honorary Degrees to Be Presented at 2024 Commencement |url=https://news.syr.edu/blog/2024/04/19/5-honorary-degrees-to-be-presented-at-2024-commencement/ |access-date=May 26, 2024 |archive-date=May 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528224858/https://news.syr.edu/blog/2024/04/19/5-honorary-degrees-to-be-presented-at-2024-commencement |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Selected works==
* {{cite book |title=Introduction to VLSI Systems |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontovl00mead |url-access=registration |last1=Mead |first1=Carver |last2=Conway |first2=Lynn |date=1980 |publisher=Addison-Wesley |isbn=0201043580}}
* {{cite news |title=THE MPC ADVENTURES: Experiences with the Generation of VLSI Design and Implementation Methodologies |last=Conway |first=L. |url=https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/VLSI/MPCAdv/MPCAdv.pdf |date=February 1981 |magazine=Xerox PARC Technical Report VLSI-81-2}}
* {{cite journal |title=The Design of VLSI Design Methods |last=Conway |first=L. |url=https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/VLSI/ESSCIRC82/The%20Design%20of%20VLSI%20Design%20Methods.pdf |date=September 23, 1982 |journal=Proc. VUB European Solid-State Circuits Conference (Invited Lecture) |location=Vrije Universiteit Brüssel, Brussels, Belgium |pages=106–117}}
* {{cite news |date=2012 |title=Reminiscences of the VLSI Revolution: How a Series of Failures Triggered a Paradigm Shift in Digital Design |last=Conway |first=Lynn |url=https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Memoirs/VLSI/Lynn_Conway_VLSI_Reminiscences.pdf |access-date=|magazine=Solid-State Circuits Magazine |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=8–31 |publisher=IEEE |doi=10.1109/MSSC.2012.2215752}}
* {{cite news |title=The Disappeared: Beyond Winning and Losing |last=Conway |first=L. |url=https://www.computer.org/csdl/magazine/co/2018/10/mco2018100066/17D45WXIkDI |date=October 2018 |magazine=Computer |publisher=IEEE Computer Society |pages=66–73 |volume=51}}
* {{cite book |last=Conway |first=Lynn |chapter=IBM-ACS: Reminiscences and Lessons Learned from a 1960's Supercomputer Project |chapter-url=https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Memoirs/ACS/Lynn_Conway_ACS_Reminiscences.pdf |editor-last=Jones |editor-first=C. B. |editor2-last=Lloyd |editor2-first=J. L. |title=Dependable and Historic Computing: Essays Dedicated to Brian Randell on the Occasion of his 75th Birthday |date=2011 |publisher=Springer-Verlag |pages=185–224 |isbn=978-3-642-24541-1}}
* {{cite web |title=Lynn Conway's IBM-ACS Archive |last=Conway |first=Lynn |publisher=University of Michigan |url=https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/ACS/Archive/ACSarchive.html |access-date=June 4, 2016}}
* {{cite news |title=Dynamic Instruction Scheduling |last1=Conway |first1=L. |last2=Randell |first2=Brian |author-link2=Brian Randell |last3=Senzig |first3=D. |publisher=IBM-ACS |date=February 23, 1966 |url=https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/ACS/DIS/DIS.pdf}}
* {{cite news |title=ACS Simulation Technique |last1=Rozenberg |first1=D. |last2=Conway |first2=L. |first3=R. |last3=Riekert |publisher=IBM-ACS |date=March 15, 1966 |url=https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/ACS/SimTech/SimTech.pdf}}
* {{cite news |title=MPM Timing Simulation |first=L. |last=Conway |publisher=IBM-ACS |date=August 25, 1967 |url=https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/ACS/MPMSim/MPMSim.pdf}}
* {{cite news |title=ACS Logic Design Conventions: A Guide for the Novice |first=L. |last=Conway |publisher=IBM-ACS |date=November 29, 1967 |url=https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/ACS/LogDes/LogDes.pdf}}
* {{cite news |title=A Proposed ACS Logic Simulation System |first=L |last=Conway |publisher=IBM-ACS |date=October 31, 1967 |url=https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/ACS/LSS/LSS.pdf}}
* {{cite news |title=The Computer Design Process: A Proposed Plan for ACS |first=L. |last=Conway |publisher=IBM-ACS |date=August 6, 1968 |url=https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/ACS/DesProc/DesignProcess.pdf}}

==Patents==
* {{cite patent |country-code=US |patent-number=5046022 |inventor1-first=Lynn |inventor1-last=Conway |inventor2-first=Richard |inventor2-last=Volz |inventor3-first=Michael |inventor3-last=Walker |title=Teleautonomous System and Method Employing Time/Position Synchrony/Desynchrony |issue-date=September 3, 1991.}}
* {{cite patent |country-code=US |patent-number=5444476 |inventor1-first=Lynn |inventor1-last=Conway |title=System and Method for Teleinteraction |issue-date=August 22, 1995}}
* {{cite patent |country-code=US |patent-number=5652849 |inventor1-first=Lynn |inventor1-last=Conway |inventor2-first=Charles |inventor2-last=Cohen |title=Apparatus and Method for Remote Control Using a Visual Information Stream |issue-date=July 20, 1997}}
* {{cite patent |country-code=US |patent-number=5719622 |inventor1-first=Lynn |inventor1-last=Conway |title=Visual Control Selection of Remote Mechanisms |issue-date=February 17, 1998}}
* {{cite patent |country-code=US |patent-number=5745782 |inventor1-first=Lynn |inventor1-last=Conway |title=Method and System for Organizing and Presenting Audio/Visual Information |issue-date=April 28, 1998}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |last1=Saari |first1=Peggy |last2=Allison |first2=Stephen |title=Scientists: The Lives and Works of 150 Scientists |date=1996 |publisher=UXL |location=New York [u.a.] |isbn=9780787609603 |url=https://archive.org/details/scientistslives000saar}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website}}
* [https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/RetrospectiveT.html Lynn Conway's Retrospective]
* {{IMDb name|2326434}}

{{Authority control}}

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