Editing Lynn Margulis

{{Short description|American evolutionary biologist (1938–2011)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name              = Lynn Margulis
| image             = Lynn_Margulis.jpg
| image_size        =
| caption           = Margulis in 2005
| birth_name        = Lynn Petra Alexander
| birth_date        = {{Birth date|1938|3|5}}
| birth_place       = [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]], U.S.
| death_date        = {{Death date and age|2011|11|22|1938|3|5}}
| death_place       = [[Amherst, Massachusetts]], U.S.
| field             = [[Biology]]
| work_institutions = {{ubl|[[Brandeis University]]|[[Boston University]]|[[University of Massachusetts Amherst]]}}
| alma_mater        = {{ubl|[[University of Chicago]]|[[University of Wisconsin–Madison]]|[[University of California, Berkeley]]}}
| thesis_title      = An Unusual Pattern of Thymidine Incorporation in Euglena
| thesis_year       = 1965
| doctoral_advisor  = Max Alfert
| known_for         = {{ubl|[[Symbiogenesis]]|[[Gaia hypothesis]]}}
| spouse            = {{ubl|{{marriage|[[Carl Sagan]]|1957|1965|end=div}}|{{marriage|Thomas Margulis|1967|1980|end=div}}}}
| children          = 4
| prizes            = {{ubl|[[National Medal of Science]] (1999)|[[William Procter Prize for Scientific Achievement]] (1999)|[[Darwin-Wallace Medal]] (2008)}}
}}

'''Lynn Margulis''' (born '''Lynn Petra Alexander'''; March 5, 1938 – November 22, 2011) was an American [[evolution]]ary biologist, and was the primary modern proponent for the significance of [[symbiogenesis|symbiosis in evolution]]. In particular, Margulis transformed and fundamentally framed current understanding of the [[evolution]] of [[Eukaryote|cells with nuclei]] by proposing it to have been the result of symbiotic mergers of bacteria. Margulis was also the co-developer of the [[Gaia hypothesis]] with the British chemist [[James Lovelock]], proposing that the Earth functions as a single self-regulating system, and was the principal defender and promulgator of the [[Five kingdoms|five kingdom classification]] of [[Robert Whittaker (ecologist)|Robert Whittaker]].

Throughout her career, Margulis' work could arouse intense objections,<ref name="Chelsea Green">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=31nEAgAAQBAJ |title=Lynn Margulis: The Life and Legacy of a Scientific Rebel |publisher=Chelsea Green |year=2012 |isbn=978-1603584470 |editor-last=Sagan |editor-first=Dorion |location=White River Junction}}</ref>{{rp|pages=|157}}<ref>{{Cite web|date=13 December 2011|title=Lynn Margulis|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/science-obituaries/8954456/Lynn-Margulis.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/science-obituaries/8954456/Lynn-Margulis.html |archive-date=2022-01-12 |url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=2021-03-09|website=The Telegraph|language=en-GB}}{{cbignore}}</ref> and her formative paper, "On the Origin of Mitosing Cells", appeared in 1967 after being rejected by about fifteen journals.<ref name="BrockmanInterview"/> Still a junior faculty member at Boston University at the time, her theory that [[cell organelles]] such as [[mitochondria]] and [[chloroplast]]s were once independent [[bacteria]] was largely ignored for another decade, becoming widely accepted only after it was powerfully substantiated through genetic evidence. Margulis was elected a member of the US [[National Academy of Sciences]] in 1983. President [[Bill Clinton]] presented her the [[National Medal of Science]] in 1999. The [[Linnean Society of London]] awarded her the [[Darwin-Wallace Medal]] in 2008.

Margulis was a strong critic of [[neo-Darwinism]].<ref name="Teresi-2011">{{cite magazine |last1=Teresi |first1=Dick |author1-link=Dick Teresi |series=Discover Interview |date=17 June 2011 |title=Lynn Margulis says she's not controversial, she's right |url=https://www.discovermagazine.com/the-sciences/discover-interview-lynn-margulis-says-shes-not-controversial-shes-right |magazine=[[Discover Magazine]] |issue=April 2011 |access-date=22 June 2023}}
 [Broken link]</ref> Her position sparked lifelong debate with leading neo-Darwinian biologists, including [[Richard Dawkins]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gilbert |first1=Scott F. |author1-link=Scott F. Gilbert |last2=Sapp |first2=Jan |author2-link=Jan Sapp |last3=Tauber |first3=Alfred I. |author3-link=Alfred I. Tauber |title=A Symbiotic View of Life: We have never been individuals |journal=[[The Quarterly Review of Biology]] |year=2012 |volume=87 |issue=4 |pages=325–341 |doi=10.1086/668166 |pmid=23397797 |s2cid=14279096 |url=https://works.swarthmore.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1164&context=fac-biology|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[George C. Williams (biologist)|George C. Williams]], and [[John Maynard Smith]].<ref name="Chelsea Green"/>{{rp|30, 67, 74–78, 88–92}} Margulis' work on symbiosis and her [[Endosymbiosis|endosymbiotic]] theory had important predecessors, going back to the mid-19th century – notably [[Andreas Franz Wilhelm Schimper]], [[Konstantin Mereschkowski]], [[Boris Kozo-Polyansky]], and [[Ivan Wallin]] – and Margulis not only promoted greater recognition for their contributions, but personally oversaw the first English translation of Kozo-Polyansky's ''Symbiogenesis: A New Principle of Evolution'', which appeared the year before her death. Many of her major works, particularly those intended for a general readership, were collaboratively written with her son [[Dorion Sagan]].

In 2002, ''[[Discover (magazine)|Discover]]'' magazine recognized Margulis as one of the 50 most important women in science.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Svitil|first1=Kathy|title=The 50 Most Important Women in Science |url=https://www.discovermagazine.com/the-sciences/the-50-most-important-women-in-science|access-date=1 May 2019 |magazine=[[Discover (magazine)|Discover Magazine]] |date=13 November 2002}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Lynn Petra Alexander<ref name="Weber-2011">{{cite news |last1=Weber |first1=Bruce |title=Lynn Margulis, evolution theorist, dies at 73 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/25/science/lynn-margulis-trailblazing-theorist-on-evolution-dies-at-73.html?_r=0 |access-date=25 July 2014 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=24 November 2011}}</ref><ref name="Lake-2011">{{cite journal |last1=Lake |first1=James A. |author-link=James A. Lake |title=Lynn Margulis (1938–2011) |journal=Nature |year=2011 |volume=480 |issue=7378 |pages=458 |doi=10.1038/480458a |pmid=22193092 |bibcode=2011Natur.480..458L|s2cid=205069081 |doi-access=free }}</ref> was born on March 5, 1938<ref name =obit>{{cite journal |last1=Schaechter |first1=M |title=Lynn Margulis (1938–2011) |journal=Science |year=2012 |volume=335 |issue=6066 |pages=302 |doi=10.1126/science.1218027 |pmid=22267805 |bibcode=2012Sci...335..302S|s2cid=36800637 }}</ref> in [[Chicago]], to a [[Jews|Jewish]] family.<ref>{{cite web |last=Goldman |first=Jason |title=Ad Memoriam: Lynn Margulis (5.03.1938 - 22.11.2011) |url=http://www.jasonggoldman.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/Goldman-Lynn-Margulis.pdf |website=Jason G. Goldman |access-date=September 14, 2015}}</ref> Her parents were Morris Alexander and Leona Wise Alexander. She was the eldest of four daughters. Her father was an attorney who also ran a company that made road paints. Her mother operated a travel agency.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Oakes |first1=Elizabeth H. |title=Encyclopedia of World Scientists |year=2007 |publisher=Facts on File |location=New York |isbn=978-1-4381-1882-6 |page=484 |edition=Revised |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uPRB-OED1bcC}}</ref> She entered the [[Hyde Park Academy High School]] in 1952,<ref name="NNDB">{{cite web |title=Lynn Margulis |url=http://www.nndb.com/people/228/000268421/ |website=NNDB |publisher=Soylent Communications |access-date=December 18, 2014}}</ref> describing herself as a bad student who frequently had to stand in the corner.<ref name="Lake-2011"/>

A precocious child, she was accepted at the [[University of Chicago Laboratory Schools]]<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=di Properzio |first1=James |title=Lynn Margulis: Full speed ahead |url=http://www.mindfully.org/Heritage/2004/Lynn-Margulis-Gaia1feb04.htm |magazine=University of Chicago Magazine |date=February 1, 2004 |access-date=July 25, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140723105346/http://www.mindfully.org/Heritage/2004/Lynn-Margulis-Gaia1feb04.htm |archive-date=July 23, 2014}}</ref> at the age of fifteen.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Scoville |first1=Heather |title=Lynn Margulis |url=http://evolution.about.com/od/scientists/p/Lynn-Margulis.htm |website=About.com |access-date=December 18, 2014 |archive-date=December 18, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218165240/http://evolution.about.com/od/scientists/p/Lynn-Margulis.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Lynn Margulis |url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Lynn_Margulis.aspx |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of World Biography |access-date=December 18, 2014 |year=2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media |publisher=BBC Radio 4 |title=A Life With ... |series=Series 5 |type=interview |number=A life with Microbes |date=July 16, 2009}}</ref> In 1957, at age 19, she earned a BA from the University of Chicago in [[Liberal arts education|Liberal Arts]]. She joined the [[University of Wisconsin–Madison|University of Wisconsin]] to study biology under [[Hans Ris]] and Walter Plaut, her supervisor, and graduated in 1960 with an [[Master of Science|MS]] in genetics and zoology. (Her first publication, published with Plaut in 1958 in the ''Journal of Protozoology'', was on the genetics of ''[[Euglena]]'', [[flagellate]]s which have features of both animals and plants.)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Archibald |first1=John |title=One Plus One Equals One: Symbiosis and the evolution of complex life |year=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-966059-9 |page=50 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xI9tAwAAQBAJ}}</ref> She then pursued research at the [[University of California, Berkeley]], under the zoologist Max Alfert. Before she could complete her dissertation, she was offered research associateship and then lectureship at [[Brandeis University]] in Massachusetts in 1964. It was while working there that she obtained her PhD from the University of California, Berkeley in 1965. Her thesis was ''An Unusual Pattern of Thymidine Incorporation in ''Euglena''.''<ref name="Margulis-2002">{{cite book |title=Una revolución en la evolución: Escritos seleccionados|publisher=Universitat de Valencia |year=2002 |isbn=978-8-437-05494-0 |location=Valencia |pages=45–48 |language=es |last1=Margulis |first1=Lynn}}</ref>

==Career==
In 1966 she moved to [[Boston University]], where she taught biology for twenty-two years. She was initially an Adjunct Assistant Professor, then was appointed to Assistant Professor in 1967. She was promoted to Associate Professor in 1971, to full Professor in 1977, and to University Professor in 1986. In 1988 she was appointed Distinguished Professor of Botany at the [[University of Massachusetts Amherst|University of Massachusetts at Amherst]]. She was Distinguished Professor of Biology in 1993. In 1997 she transferred to the Department of Geosciences at UMass Amherst to become Distinguished Professor of Geosciences "with great delight",<ref name="Yount-2003">{{cite book |last1=Yount |first1=Lisa |title=A to Z of biologists |year=2003 |publisher=Facts on File |location=New York, NY |isbn=978-1-4381-0917-6 |page=198 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pOdHrsTZ-RYC}}</ref> the post which she held until her death.<ref name=haskett>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Haskett |first1=Dorothy Regan |title=Lynn Petra Alexander Sagan Margulis (1938–2011) |url=http://embryo.asu.edu/pages/lynn-petra-alexander-sagan-margulis-1938-2011 |encyclopedia=The Embryo Project Encyclopedia |publisher=Arizona Board of Regents, Arizona State University |access-date=December 18, 2014}}</ref>

===Endosymbiosis theory===
{{Main|Symbiogenesis}}
[[File:Glaucocystis sp.jpg|thumb|The [[chloroplast]]s of [[glaucophyte]]s like this ''[[Glaucocystis]]'' have a [[peptidoglycan]] layer, evidence of their [[endosymbiotic theory|endosymbiotic]] origin from [[cyanobacteria]].<ref>{{cite journal |journal=[[American Journal of Botany]] |year=2004 |volume=91 |issue=10 |pages=1481–1493 |title=Diversity and evolutionary history of plastids and their hosts |first=Patrick J. |last=Keeling |doi=10.3732/ajb.91.10.1481 |pmid=21652304|doi-access=free }}</ref>]]

In 1966, as a young faculty member at [[Boston University]], Margulis wrote a theoretical paper titled "On the Origin of Mitosing Cells".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sagan |first1=Lynn |title=On the origin of mitosing cells |journal=Journal of Theoretical Biology |year=1967 |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=225–274 |doi=10.1016/0022-5193(67)90079-3 |pmid=11541392|bibcode=1967JThBi..14..225S }}</ref> The paper, however, was "rejected by about fifteen scientific journals," she recalled.<ref name=BrockmanInterview>Margulis, Lynn, [http://www.edge.org/documents/ThirdCulture/n-Ch.7.html Gaia Is a Tough Bitch] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122013320/https://www.edge.org/documents/ThirdCulture/n-Ch.7.html |date=November 22, 2017 }}. Chapter&nbsp;7 in The Third Culture: Beyond the Scientific Revolution by John Brockman (Simon & Schuster, 1995)</ref> It was finally accepted by ''[[Journal of Theoretical Biology]]'' and is considered today a landmark in modern [[endosymbiotic theory]]. Weathering constant criticism of her ideas for decades, Margulis was famous for her tenacity in pushing her theory forward, despite the opposition she faced at the time.<ref name="Lake-2011"/> The descent of mitochondria from bacteria and of chloroplasts from cyanobacteria was experimentally demonstrated in 1978 by [[Murder of Robert Schwartz#Background|Robert Schwartz]] and [[Margaret Dayhoff]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schwartz |first1=R. |last2=Dayhoff |first2=M. |title=Origins of prokaryotes, eukaryotes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts |journal=Science |year=1978 |volume=199 |issue=4327 |pages=395–403 |doi=10.1126/science.202030 |pmid=202030 |bibcode=1978Sci...199..395S}}</ref> This formed the first experimental evidence for the symbiogenesis theory.<ref name="Lake-2011"/> The endosymbiosis theory of organogenesis became widely accepted in the early 1980s, after the genetic material of [[mitochondria]] and [[chloroplast]]s had been found to be significantly different from that of the symbiont's [[nuclear DNA]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |first=Nicholas W. |last=Gillham |title=Chloroplasts and Mitochondria |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Genetics |editor-first=Eric C.R. |editor-last=Reeve |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PuCYAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA721 |date=January 14, 2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-26350-9 |pages=721–735}}</ref>

In 1995, English evolutionary biologist [[Richard Dawkins]] had this to say about Lynn Margulis and her work:
<blockquote>I greatly admire Lynn Margulis's sheer courage and stamina in sticking by the endosymbiosis theory, and carrying it through from being an unorthodoxy to an orthodoxy. I'm referring to the theory that the eukaryotic cell is a symbiotic union of primitive prokaryotic cells. This is one of the great achievements of twentieth-century evolutionary biology, and I greatly admire her for it.<ref name=BrockmanInterview/></blockquote>

===Symbiosis as evolutionary force===
{{main|Symbiosis}}
{{See also|Horizontal gene transfer}}

Margulis opposed competition-oriented views of evolution, stressing the importance of symbiotic or cooperative relationships between species.<ref name="Mann-1991">{{cite journal |last1=Mann |first1=C |title=Lynn Margulis: Science's unruly Earth mother |journal=Science |year=1991 |volume=252 |issue=5004 |pages=378–381 |doi=10.1126/science.252.5004.378 |bibcode=1991Sci...252..378M |pmid=17740930}}</ref>

She later formulated a theory that proposed symbiotic relationships between organisms of different phyla, or kingdoms, as the driving force of [[evolution]], and explained [[genetic variation]] as occurring mainly through transfer of nuclear information between [[bacteria|bacterial cells]] or [[virus]]es and [[eukaryotic cell]]s.<ref name="Mann-1991"/> Her organelle genesis ideas are now widely accepted, but the proposal that symbiotic relationships explain most genetic variation is still something of a fringe idea.<ref name="Mann-1991"/>

Margulis also held a negative view of certain interpretations of [[Neo-Darwinism]] that she felt were excessively focused on competition between organisms, as she believed that history will ultimately judge them as comprising "a minor twentieth-century religious sect within the sprawling religious persuasion of Anglo-Saxon Biology."<ref name="Mann-1991"/>
She wrote that proponents of the standard theory "wallow in their zoological, capitalistic, competitive, cost-benefit interpretation of Darwin – having mistaken him ... Neo-Darwinism, which insists on [the slow accrual of mutations by gene-level natural selection], is in a complete funk."<ref name="Mann-1991"/>

===Gaia hypothesis===
{{Further|Gaia hypothesis}}
Margulis initially sought out the advice of [[James Lovelock]] for her own research: she explained that, "In the early seventies, I was trying to align bacteria by their metabolic pathways. I noticed that all kinds of bacteria produced gases. Oxygen, hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, ammonia—more than thirty different gases are given off by the bacteria whose evolutionary history I was keen to reconstruct. Why did every scientist I asked believe that atmospheric oxygen was a biological product but the other atmospheric gases—nitrogen, methane, sulfur, and so on—were not? 'Go talk to Lovelock,' at least four different scientists suggested. Lovelock believed that the gases in the atmosphere were biological."<ref name=BrockmanInterview/>

Margulis met with Lovelock, who explained his Gaia hypothesis to her, and very soon they began an intense collaborative effort on the concept.<ref name=BrockmanInterview/> One of the earliest significant publications on Gaia was a 1974 paper co-authored by Lovelock and Margulis, which succinctly defined the hypothesis as follows: "The notion of the biosphere as an active adaptive control system able to maintain the Earth in homeostasis we are calling the 'Gaia hypothesis.'"<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lovelock |first1=J.E. |last2=Margulis |first2=L. |date=1974 |title=Atmospheric homeostasis by and for the biosphere: the gaia hypothesis |journal=Tellus A |volume=26 |issue=1–2 |pages=2–10 |doi=10.3402/tellusa.v26i1-2.9731 |doi-access=free |s2cid=129803613 |language=en |bibcode=1974Tell...26....2L }}</ref>

Like other early presentations of Lovelock's idea, the Lovelock-Margulis 1974 paper seemed to give living organisms complete agency in creating planetary self-regulation, whereas later, as the idea matured, this planetary-scale self-regulation was recognized as an [[Emergence|emergent]] property of the [[Earth system science|Earth system]], life and its physical environment taken together.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lovelock|first1=James|title=The Ages of Gaia: A Biography of Our Living Earth|date=1988|publisher=W.W.Norton & Co|location=New York}}</ref> When climatologist Stephen Schneider convened the 1989 American Geophysical Union Chapman Conference around the issue of Gaia, the idea of "strong Gaia" and "weak Gaia" was introduced by James Kirchner, after which Margulis was sometimes associated with the idea of "weak Gaia", incorrectly (her essay "''Gaia is a Tough Bitch''" dates from 1995 – and it stated her own distinction from Lovelock as she saw it, which was primarily that she did not like the metaphor of Earth as a single organism, because, she said, "No organism eats its own waste").<ref name=BrockmanInterview/> In her 1998 book ''Symbiotic Planet'', Margulis explored the relationship between Gaia and her work on symbiosis.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Margulis |first1=Lynn |title=Symbiotic Planet |date=1998 |publisher=Basic Books |location=New York, NY}}</ref>

===Five kingdoms of life===
In 1969, life on earth was classified into [[five kingdoms]], as introduced by [[Robert Whittaker (ecologist)|Robert Whittaker]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Whittaker |first=R.H. |date=January 1969 |title=New concepts of kingdoms or organisms. Evolutionary relations are better represented by new classifications than by the traditional two kingdoms|journal=Science|volume=163 |issue=3863|pages=150–60 |pmid=5762760 |doi=10.1126/science.163.3863.150|bibcode = 1969Sci...163..150W |citeseerx=10.1.1.403.5430 }}</ref> Margulis became the most important supporter, as well as critic<ref>{{cite book|last1=Margulis|first1=Lynn |chapter=Five-Kingdom Classification and the Origin and Evolution of Cells |title=Evolutionary Biology |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |year=1974|volume=7|pages=45–78|doi=10.1007/978-1-4615-6944-2_2|pmid=17376230|pmc=1847511|isbn=978-1-4615-6946-6}}</ref> – while supporting parts, she was the first to recognize the limitations of Whittaker's classification of microbes.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Margulis|first1=Lynn|title=Whittaker's Five Kingdoms of Organisms: Minor Revisions Suggested by Considerations of the Origin of Mitosis|journal=Evolution|year=1971|volume=25|issue=1|pages=242–245|jstor=2406516|doi=10.2307/2406516|pmid=28562945}}</ref> But later discoveries of new organisms, such as [[archaea]], and emergence of molecular taxonomy challenged the concept.<ref name="Hagen-2012">{{cite journal|last1=Hagen|first1=Joel B.|title=Five Kingdoms, More or Less: Robert Whittaker and the Broad Classification of Organisms|journal=BioScience|year=2012|volume=62|issue=1|pages=67–74|doi=10.1525/bio.2012.62.1.11|s2cid=86253586|doi-access=free}}</ref> By the mid-2000s, most scientists began to agree that there are more than five kingdoms.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Simpson|first1=Alastair G.B.|last2=Roger |first2=Andrew J.|year=2004 |title=The real 'kingdoms' of eukaryotes |journal=Current Biology |volume=14 |issue=17|pages=R693–6|name-list-style=amp |pmid=15341755 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2004.08.038|s2cid=207051421|doi-access=free|bibcode=2004CBio...14.R693S }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Adl|first1=SM|last2=Simpson|first2=AG|last3=Farmer|first3=MA|last4=Andersen|first4=RA|last5=Anderson|first5=OR|last6=Barta|first6=JR|last7=Bowser|first7=SS|last8=Brugerolle|first8=G|title=The new higher level classification of eukaryotes with emphasis on the taxonomy of protists.|journal=The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology|year=2005|volume=52|issue=5|pages=399–451|doi=10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.00053.x|pmid=16248873|s2cid=8060916|display-authors=etal|doi-access=free|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/14409/files/PAL_E1847.pdf}}</ref> Margulis became the most important defender of the five kingdom classification. She rejected the [[three-domain system]] introduced by [[Carl Woese]] in 1990, which gained wide acceptance. She introduced a modified classification by which all life forms, including the newly discovered, could be integrated into the classical five kingdoms. According to Margulis, the main problem, archaea, falls under the kingdom Prokaryotae alongside bacteria (in contrast to the three-domain system, which treats archaea as a higher taxon than kingdom, or the six-kingdom system, which holds that it is a separate kingdom).<ref name="Hagen-2012"/> Margulis' concept is given in detail in her book ''Five Kingdoms'', written with Karlene V. Schwartz.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Tao|first1=Amy|title=Lynn Margulis|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/364780/Lynn-Margulis|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=December 18, 2014|date=October 22, 2013}}</ref> It has been suggested that it is mainly because of Margulis that the five-kingdom system survives.<ref name="Yount-2003"/>

=== Metamorphosis theory ===
In 2009, via a then-standard publication-process known as "communicated submission" (which bypassed traditional [[peer review]]), she was instrumental in getting the ''[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]]'' (''PNAS'') to publish a paper by [[Donald I. Williamson]] rejecting "the Darwinian assumption that larvae and their adults evolved from a single common ancestor."<ref name="Williamson-2009">{{cite journal|last1=Williamson|first1=D. I.|title=Caterpillars evolved from onychophorans by hybridogenesis|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|year=2009|volume=106|issue=47|pages=19901–19905|doi=10.1073/pnas.0908357106|pmid=19717430|pmc=2785264|bibcode=2009PNAS..10619901W|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="SciAm">[http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/2009/10/29/controversial-caterpillar-evolution-study-formally-rebutted/ Controversial caterpillar-evolution study formally rebutted], ''[[Scientific American]] Online''</ref> Williamson's paper provoked immediate response from the [[scientific community]], including a countering paper in ''PNAS''.<ref name="Williamson-2009"/> Conrad Labandeira of the [[Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History]] said, "If I was reviewing [Williamson's paper] I would probably opt to reject it," he says, "but I'm not saying it's a bad thing that this is published. What it may do is broaden the discussion on how metamorphosis works and [...] [on] the origin of these very radical life cycles." But [[Duke University]] insect developmental biologist [[Fred Nijhout]] said that the paper was better suited for the "''National Enquirer'' than the National Academy."<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Borrell |first=Brendan |url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=national-academy-as-national-enquirer |title=National Academy as National Enquirer ? PNAS Publishes Theory That Caterpillars Originated from Interspecies Sex |magazine=Scientific American |access-date=November 23, 2011}}</ref> In September it was announced that ''PNAS'' would eliminate communicated submissions in July 2010. ''PNAS'' stated that the decision had nothing to do with the Williamson controversy.<ref name="SciAm" />

=== AIDS/HIV theory ===
In 2009 Margulis and seven others authored a position paper concerning research on the viability of round body forms of some spirochetes, "Syphilis, Lyme disease, & AIDS: Resurgence of 'the great imitator'?"<ref name="Margulis-2009">{{cite journal |url=http://www1.biogema.de/WEK/312-Margulis-final.pdf |title=Syphilis, Lyme disease & AIDS: Resurgence of "the great imitator"? |journal=Symbiosis |volume=47 |issue=1 |year=2009 |pages=51–58|doi=10.1007/BF03179970 |last1=Margulis |first1=Lynn |last2=Maniotis |first2=Andrew |last3=MacAllister |first3=James |last4=Scythes |first4=John |last5=Brorson |first5=Oystein |last6=Hall |first6=John |last7=Krumbein |first7=Wolfgang E. |last8=Chapman |first8=Michael J. |s2cid=25177964 }}</ref> which states that, "Detailed research that correlates life histories of symbiotic [[spirochete]]s to changes in the immune system of associated vertebrates is sorely needed", and urging the "reinvestigation of the natural history of mammalian, [[tick]]-borne, and venereal transmission of spirochetes in relation to impairment of the human immune system". The paper went on to suggest "that the possible direct causal involvement of spirochetes and their round bodies to symptoms of immune deficiency be carefully and vigorously investigated".<ref name="Margulis-2009"/>

In a ''[[Discover Magazine]]'' interview, Margulis explained her reason for interest in the topic of the 2009 "AIDS" paper: "I'm interested in spirochetes only because of our ancestry. I'm not interested in the diseases", and stated that she had called them "symbionts" because both the spirochete which causes syphilis (''[[Treponema]]'') and the spirochete which causes Lyme disease (''[[Borrelia]]'') only retain about 20% of the genes they would need to live freely, outside of their human hosts.<ref name="Teresi-2011"/>

However, in the ''Discover Magazine'' interview Margulis said that "the set of symptoms, or syndrome, presented by syphilitics overlaps completely with another syndrome: AIDS", and also noted that [[Kary Mullis]]{{efn|[[Kary Mullis]] won the 1993 [[Nobel Prize]] for the [[polymerase chain reaction]], and was known for his unconventional scientific views.}} said that "he went looking for a reference substantiating that HIV causes AIDS and discovered, 'There is no such document' ".<ref name="Teresi-2011"/>

This provoked a widespread supposition that Margulis had been an "[[AIDS denialist]]". Jerry Coyne reacted on his ''Why Evolution is True'' blog against his interpretation that Margulis believed "that AIDS is really syphilis, not viral in origin at all."<ref>{{cite web |author=Jerry Coyne |website=Why Evolution is True |url=https://whyevolutionistrue.wordpress.com/2011/04/12/lynn-margulis-disses-evolution-in-discover-magazine-embarrasses-both-herself-and-the-field/ |date=April 12, 2011 |title=Lynn Margulis disses evolution in Discover Magazine – Embarrasses both herself and the field}}</ref> [[Seth Kalichman]], a social psychologist who studies behavioral and social aspects of AIDS, cited her [Margulis] 2009 paper as an example of AIDS denialism "flourishing",<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kalichman |first1=S. C. |last2=Eaton |first2=L. |last3=Cherry |first3=C. |doi=10.1007/s10865-010-9275-7 |title="There is no Proof that HIV Causes AIDS": AIDS denialism beliefs among people living with HIV/AIDS |journal=Journal of Behavioral Medicine |volume=33 |issue=6 |pages=432–440 |year=2010 |pmid=20571892 |pmc=3015095}}</ref> and asserted that her [Margulis] "endorsement of HIV/AIDS denialism defies understanding".<ref>{{cite book |author=Seth C. Kalichman |title=Denying AIDS: Conspiracy Theories, Pseudoscience, and Human Tragedy |author-link=Seth Kalichman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_mtDBCDwxugC&pg=PA181 |date=January 16, 2009 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-0-387-79476-1 |pages=181–82}}</ref>

==Reception==
Historian [[Jan Sapp]] has said that "Lynn Margulis's name is as synonymous with symbiosis as [[Charles Darwin]]'s is with evolution."<ref name="Chelsea Green" /> She has been called "science's unruly earth mother",<ref name=mann>{{cite journal |last1=Mann |first1=C |title=Lynn Margulis: Science's unruly Earth mother |journal=Science |year=1991 |volume=252 |issue=5004 |pages=378–381 |doi=10.1126/science.252.5004.378 |bibcode=1991Sci...252..378M |pmid=17740930}}</ref> a "vindicated heretic",<ref>{{cite book |last1=Barlow |first1=Connie |title=From Gaia to Selfish Genes: Selected writings in the life sciences |year=1992 |publisher=MIT Press |location=Cambridge, MA |isbn=978-0-262-52178-9 |page=47 |edition=1st MIT Press paperback |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uQzPpx__0NYC}}</ref> or a scientific "rebel",<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fiveash |first1=Kelly |title='Rebel' biologist and neo-Darwinian skeptic Lynn Margulis dies |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/11/24/lynn_margulis_evolutionary_biologist_obit/ |access-date=19 December 2014 |newspaper=[[The Register]] |date=24 November 2011}}</ref> It has been suggested that initial rejection of Margulis' work on the endosymbiotic theory, and the controversial nature of it as well as Gaia theory, made her identify throughout her career with scientific mavericks, outsiders, and unaccepted theories generally.<ref name="Chelsea Green"/>

In the last decade of her life, while key components of her life's work began to be understood as fundamental to a modern scientific viewpoint – the widespread adoption of Earth System Science and the incorporation of key parts of endosymbiotic theory into biology curricula worldwide – Margulis if anything became more embroiled in controversy, not less. Journalist John Wilson explained this by saying that Lynn Margulis "defined herself by oppositional science,"<ref>{{cite episode|last1=Wilson|first1=John|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0184w5r|title=Christopher Hitchens, Lynn Margulis, George Whitman and Jerry Robinson|series=The Last Word with John Wilson|access-date=July 25, 2015|network=BBC Radio 4|date=December 16, 2011}}</ref> and in the commemorative collection of essays ''Lynn Margulis: The Life and Legacy of a Scientific Rebel'', commentators again and again depict her as a modern embodiment of the "scientific rebel",<ref name="Chelsea Green"/> akin to [[Freeman Dyson]]'s 1995 essay ''The Scientist as Rebel'', a tradition Dyson saw embodied in [[Benjamin Franklin]], and which Dyson believed to be essential to good science.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Dyson|first1=Freeman|title=The Scientist as Rebel|date=2006|publisher=New York Review of Books|location=New York|isbn=978-1-59017-216-2}}</ref>

==Awards and recognitions==
* 1975, Elected Fellow of the [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]].<ref name="Margulis-2002"/>
* 1978, [[Guggenheim Fellowship]].<ref name=haskett/>
* 1983, Elected to the [[List of members of the National Academy of Sciences (Evolutionary biology)|National Academy of Sciences]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lynn Margulis |url=https://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/deceased-members/52941.html |access-date=November 13, 2023 |website=www.nasonline.org}}</ref>
* 1985, Guest Hagey Lecturer, University of Waterloo.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fauw.uwaterloo.ca/Pages/Archives/PreviousHageyLectures.htm |title=Guest Lecturers |access-date=June 19, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007201542/http://www.fauw.uwaterloo.ca/Pages/Archives/PreviousHageyLectures.htm |archive-date=October 7, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* 1986, Miescher-Ishida Prize.<ref name=haskett/>
* 1989, conferred the Commandeur de l'Ordre des Palmes Académiques de France.<ref name="Margulis-2002"/>
* 1992, recipient of Chancellor's Medal for Distinguished Faculty of the University of Massachusetts at Amherst.<ref name="Yount-2003"/>
* 1995, elected Fellow of the [[World Academy of Art and Science]].<ref name=marguliscv>{{cite web|last1=Margulis|first1=Lynn|title=Curriculum Vitae|url=http://www.bib.ub.edu/fileadmin/bibs/biologia/Lynn_margulis/curriculum_margulis.pdf|access-date=December 19, 2014|archive-date=December 19, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219142701/http://www.bib.ub.edu/fileadmin/bibs/biologia/Lynn_margulis/curriculum_margulis.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldacademy.org/content/lynn-margulis |title=Lynn Margulis &#124; World Academy of Art & Science |publisher=Worldacademy.org |date=November 18, 2011 |access-date=November 23, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330012531/http://www.worldacademy.org/content/lynn-margulis |archive-date=March 30, 2012 }}</ref>
* 1997, elected to the [[Russian Academy of Natural Sciences]].<ref name="Lake-2011"/><ref name=marguliscv/>
* 1998, papers permanently archived in the [[Library of Congress]], [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lynn Margulis |url=https://www.geo.umass.edu/faculty/margulis/ |access-date=November 13, 2023 |website=www.geo.umass.edu}}</ref>
* 1998, recipient of the Distinguished Service Award of the [[American Institute of Biological Sciences]].<ref name="Yount-2003"/>
* 1998, elected Fellow of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]].<ref>{{cite press release|title=Biologist Lynn Margulis of UMass Amherst Elected Fellow of American Academy of Arts & Sciences|date=May 5, 1998|publisher=University of Massachusetts Amherst|location=Amherst, Massachusetts|url=https://www.umass.edu/newsoffice/article/biologist-lynn-margulis-umass-amherst-elected-fellow-american-academy-arts-sciences|access-date=January 29, 2016|archive-date=August 24, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160824113031/http://www.umass.edu/newsoffice/article/biologist-lynn-margulis-umass-amherst-elected-fellow-american-academy-arts-sciences|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* 1999, recipient of the [[William Procter Prize for Scientific Achievement]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lynn Margulis |url=https://www.sigmaxi.org/programs/prizes-awards/william-procter/award-winner/lynn-margulis |access-date=November 13, 2023 |website=www.sigmaxi.org}}</ref>
* 1999, recipient of the [[National Medal of Science]], awarded by [[bill Clinton|President William J. Clinton]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lynn Margulis |url=https://nationalmedals.org/laureate/lynn-margulis/ |access-date=November 13, 2023 |website=National Science and Technology Medals Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The President's National Medal of Science: Recipient Details {{!}} NSF - National Science Foundation |url=https://www.nsf.gov/od/nms/recip_details.jsp;jsessionid=9D2E7A96C4F4DE1B14DF3F59C65DB9CE?recip_id=228 |access-date=November 13, 2023 |website=www.nsf.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=President Clinton Announces 1999 National Medal of Science and National Medal of Technology Awardees |url=https://clintonwhitehouse4.archives.gov/WH/EOP/OSTP/html/0022_6.html |access-date=November 13, 2023 |website=clintonwhitehouse4.archives.gov}}</ref>
* 2001, Golden Plate Award of the [[Academy of Achievement|American Academy of Achievement]]<ref>{{cite web|title= Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement |website=www.achievement.org|publisher=[[American Academy of Achievement]]|url=https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#science-exploration}}</ref>
* 2002–05, Alexander von Humboldt Prize.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Barcelona |first=Universitat Autònoma de |title=Lynn Margulis, a microbiologist at the U.S. considered one of the leading figures in the evolution theory |url=http://www.uab.cat/web/news-detail/lynn-margulis-a-microbiologist-at-the-u-s-considered-one-of-the-leading-figures-in-the-evolution-theory-1345680342044.html?articleId=1096483417494 |access-date=November 13, 2023 |website=UABDivulga Barcelona Research & Innovation |language=en}}</ref>
* 2005, elected President of [[Sigma Xi]], The Scientific Research Society.<ref name=marguliscv/>
* 2006, Founded Sciencewriters Books with her son Dorion.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.chelseagreen.com/content/chelsea-green-launches-sciencewriters-imprint/ |title=Launches Sciencewriters Imprint |publisher=Chelsea Green |date=July 22, 2006 |access-date=November 23, 2011}}</ref>
* 2008, one of thirteen recipients in 2008 of the [[Darwin-Wallace Medal]], heretofore bestowed every 50 years, by the [[Linnean Society of London]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 28, 2016 |title=Lynn Margulis |url=https://montgomery.dartmouth.edu/lynn-margulis |access-date=November 13, 2023 |website=The Montgomery Fellows |language=en}}</ref>
* 2010, inductee into the Leonardo da Vinci Society of Thinking<ref>{{cite web|title=Lynn Margulis|url=http://www.davincithinking.org/margulis/|publisher=University of Advancing Technology|access-date=July 25, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728172240/http://www.davincithinking.org/margulis/|archive-date=July 28, 2014}}</ref> at the [[University of Advancing Technology]] in [[Tempe, Arizona]].
* 2010, NASA Public Service Award for Astrobiology.<ref name=haskett/>
* 2012, ''Lynn Margulis Symposium: Celebrating a Life in Science'', University of Massachusetts, Amherst, March 23–25, 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Memorials |url=http://www.geo.umass.edu/margulislab/Environmental_Evolution/Memorials.html |access-date=November 13, 2023 |website=www.geo.umass.edu}}</ref>
* 2017, the ''Journal of Theoretical Biology'' '''434''', 1–114 commemorated the 50th anniversary of "The origin of mitosing cells" with a special issue
* Honorary doctorate from 15 universities.<ref name=marguliscv/>

== Personal life ==
Margulis married astronomer [[Carl Sagan]] in 1957 soon after she got her bachelor's degree. Sagan was then a graduate student in physics at the University of Chicago. Their marriage ended in 1964, just before she completed her PhD. They had two sons, [[Dorion Sagan]], who later became a popular science writer and her collaborator, and Jeremy Sagan, software developer and founder of Sagan Technology.{{cn|date=August 2024}}

In 1967 she married Thomas N. Margulis, a [[crystallography|crystallographer]]. They had a son named Zachary Margulis-Ohnuma, a New York City criminal defense lawyer, and a daughter Jennifer Margulis, teacher and author.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lynn Margulis |url=http://www.nndb.com/people/228/000268421/ |website=[[NNDB.com]] |access-date=July 25, 2014}}</ref><ref name="Weil-2011">{{cite news |last1=Weil |first1=Martin |title=Lynn Margulis, leading evolutionary biologist, dies at 73 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/lynn-margulis-leading-evolutionary-biologist-dies-at-73/2011/11/26/gIQAQ5dezN_story.html |access-date=December 19, 2014 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=November 26, 2011}}</ref> They divorced in 1980.{{cn|date=August 2024}}

She commented, "I quit my job as a wife twice," and, "it's not humanly possible to be a good wife, a good mother, and a first-class scientist. No one can do it — something has to go."<ref name="Weil-2011"/>

In the 2000s she had a relationship with fellow biologist Ricardo Guerrero.<ref name="NNDB"/>

Margulis argued that the [[September 11 attacks]] were a "[[false-flag operation]], which has been used to justify the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq as well as unprecedented assaults on [...] civil liberties." She wrote that there was "overwhelming evidence that the three buildings [of the World Trade Center] collapsed by controlled demolition."<ref name="Chelsea Green"/>

She was a religious [[Agnosticism|agnostic]],<ref name="NNDB"/> and a staunch [[evolutionist]], but rejected the [[modern synthesis (20th century)|modern evolutionary synthesis]],<ref name="Teresi-2011"/> and said: "I remember waking up one day with an epiphanous revelation: I am not a neo-Darwinist! I recalled an earlier experience, when I realized that I wasn't a humanistic Jew. Although I greatly admire Darwin's contributions and agree with most of his theoretical analysis and I am a Darwinist, I am not a neo-Darwinist."<ref name=BrockmanInterview/> She argued that "Natural selection eliminates and maybe maintains, but it doesn't create", and maintained that symbiosis was the major driver of evolutionary change.<ref name="Teresi-2011"/>

Margulis died on November 22, 2011, at home in [[Amherst, Massachusetts|Amherst]], [[Massachusetts]], five days after suffering a [[hemorrhagic stroke]].<ref name =obit/><ref name="Weber-2011"/><ref name="Lake-2011"/><ref name="Weil-2011"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Rose |first1=Steven |title=Lynn Margulis obituary |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2011/dec/11/lynn-margulis-obtiuary |access-date=July 25, 2014 |newspaper=The Guardian |place=UK |date=December 11, 2011}}</ref> As her wish, she was cremated and her ashes were scattered in her favorite research areas, near her home.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Faulkner |first1=Sean |title=Condolences |url=http://www.geo.umass.edu/margulislab/Environmental_Evolution/Condolences.html |website=geo.umass.edu |access-date=December 20, 2014}}</ref>

==Works==

===Books===
* Margulis, Lynn (1970). ''Origin of Eukaryotic Cells'', Yale University Press, {{ISBN |0-300-01353-1}}
* Margulis, Lynn (1982). ''Early Life'', Science Books International, {{ISBN |0-86720-005-7}}
* Margulis, Lynn, and Dorion Sagan (1986). ''Origins of Sex: Three Billion Years of Genetic Recombination'', Yale University Press, {{ISBN |0-300-03340-0}}
* Margulis, Lynn, and Dorion Sagan (1987). ''Microcosmos: Four Billion Years of Evolution from Our Microbial Ancestors'', HarperCollins, {{ISBN |0-04-570015-X}}
* Margulis, Lynn, and Dorion Sagan (1991). ''Mystery Dance: On the Evolution of Human Sexuality'', Summit Books, {{ISBN |0-671-63341-4}}
* Margulis, Lynn, ed. (1991). ''Symbiosis as a Source of Evolutionary Innovation: Speciation and Morphogenesis'', The MIT Press, {{ISBN |0-262-13269-9}}
* {{cite book |last1=Margulis |first1=Lynn |title=Evolution of Life |editor1-last=Osawa |editor1-first=Syozo |editor2-last=Honzo |editor2-first=Tasuku |year=1991 |publisher=Springer |location=Japan |isbn=978-4-431-68304-9 |pages=305–324 |doi=10.1007/978-4-431-68302-5_19 |chapter=Symbiosis in Evolution: Origins of Cell Motility |ref=none}}
* Margulis, Lynn (1992). ''Symbiosis in Cell Evolution: Microbial Communities in the Archean and Proterozoic Eons'', W.H. Freeman, {{ISBN |0-7167-7028-8}}
* Sagan, Dorion, and Margulis, Lynn (1993). ''The Garden of Microbial Delights: A Practical Guide to the Subvisible World'', Kendall/Hunt, {{ISBN |0-8403-8529-3}}
* Margulis, Lynn, Dorion Sagan and [[Niles Eldredge]] (1995) [https://books.google.com/books?id=4IIpAQAAMAAJ&q=ISBN9780684810874 ''What Is Life?''], Simon and Schuster, {{ISBN |978-0684810874}}
* Margulis, Lynn, and Dorion Sagan (1997). ''Slanted Truths: Essays on Gaia, Symbiosis, and Evolution'', Copernicus Books, {{ISBN |0-387-94927-5}}
* Margulis, Lynn, and Dorion Sagan (1997). ''What Is Sex?'', Simon and Schuster, {{ISBN |0-684-82691-7}}
* Margulis, Lynn, and Karlene V. Schwartz (1997). ''Five Kingdoms: An Illustrated Guide to the Phyla of Life on Earth'', W.H. Freeman & Company, {{ISBN |0-613-92338-3}}
* Margulis, Lynn (1998). ''Symbiotic Planet: A New Look at Evolution'', Basic Books, {{ISBN |0-465-07271-2}}
* Margulis, Lynn, ''et al.'' (2002). ''The Ice Chronicles: The Quest to Understand Global Climate Change'', University of New Hampshire, {{ISBN |1-58465-062-1}}
* Margulis, Lynn, and Dorion Sagan (2002). ''Acquiring Genomes: A Theory of the Origins of Species'', Perseus Books Group, {{ISBN |0-465-04391-7}}
* Margulis, Lynn (2007). ''Luminous Fish: Tales of Science and Love'', Sciencewriters Books, {{ISBN |978-1-933392-33-2}}
* Margulis, Lynn, and [[Eduardo Punset]], eds. (2007). ''Mind, Life and Universe: Conversations with Great Scientists of Our Time'', Sciencewriters Books, {{ISBN |978-1-933392-61-5}}
* Margulis, Lynn, and Dorion Sagan (2007). ''Dazzle Gradually: Reflections on the Nature of Nature'', Sciencewriters Books, {{ISBN |978-1-933392-31-8}}
<!--
=== Chapters ===
* {{cite book |last1=Margulis |first1=Lynn |title=Horizontal Gene Transfer |chapter=Genome Acquisition in Horizontal Gene Transfer: Symbiogenesis and Macromolecular Sequence Analysis |year=2009 |volume=532 |pages=181–191 |doi=10.1007/978-1-60327-853-9_10 |pmid=19271185 |isbn=978-1-60327-852-2 |publisher=Humana Press |editor1=Gogarten, Maria Boekels |editor2=Gogarten, Johann Peter |editor2-link=Gogarten, Johann Peter |editor3=Olendzenski, Lorraine C. |series=Methods in Molecular Biology |ref=none}} --- this is just a chapter, not a book - what about all her other chapters?-->

===Journals===
* {{cite journal |last1=Margulis (Sagan) |first1=L |title=On the Origin of Mitosing Cells |journal=[[Journal of Theoretical Biology]] |year=1967 |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=225–274 |pmid=11541392  |doi=10.1016/0022-5193(67)90079-3|bibcode=1967JThBi..14..225S  |ref=none}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Margulis |first1=L |title=Genetic and evolutionary consequences of symbiosis |journal=[[Experimental Parasitology]] |year=1976 |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=277–349 |pmid=816668 |doi=10.1016/0014-4894(76)90127-2 |ref=none}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Margulis |first1=L |title=Undulipodia, flagella and cilia |journal=Biosystems |year=1980 |volume=12 |issue=1–2 |pages=105–108 |pmid=7378551 |doi=10.1016/0303-2647(80)90041-6|bibcode=1980BiSys..12..105M  |ref=none}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Margulis |first1=L |last2=Bermudes |first2=D |title=Symbiosis as a mechanism of evolution: status of cell symbiosis theory |journal=Symbiosis |year=1985 |volume=1 |pages=101–124 |pmid=11543608 |ref=none}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Sagan |first1=D |last2=Margulis |first2=L |title=Gaia and the evolution of machines. |journal=[[Whole Earth Review]] |year=1987 |volume=55 |pages=15–21 |pmid=11542102 |ref=none}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Bermudes |first1=D |last2=Margulis |first2=L |last3=Tzertzinis |first3=G |title=Prokaryotic origin of undulipodia. Application of the panda principle to the centriole enigma |journal=[[Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences]] |year=1987 |volume=503 |issue=1 |pages=187–197 |doi=10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb40608.x |pmid=3304075|bibcode=1987NYASA.503..187B |s2cid=39709909  |ref=none}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Lazcano |first1=A |last2=Guerrero |first2=R |last3=Margulis |first3=L |last4=Oró |first4=J |title=The evolutionary transition from RNA to DNA in early cells. |journal=[[Journal of Molecular Evolution]] |year=1988 |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=283–290 |pmid=2464698 |doi=10.1007/bf02101189|bibcode=1988JMolE..27..283L |s2cid=21008416  |ref=none}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Margulis |first1=L |title=Words as battle cries—symbiogenesis and the new field of endocytobiology |journal=[[BioScience]] |year=1990 |volume=40 |issue=9 |pages=673–677 |pmid=11541293 |doi=10.2307/1311435|jstor=1311435 |url=https://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1165&context=lynn_margulis  |ref=none}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Margulis |first1=L |title=Archaeal-eubacterial mergers in the origin of Eukarya: phylogenetic classification of life. |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |year=1996 |volume=93 |issue=3 |pages=1071–1076 |pmid=8577716 |pmc=40032 |doi=10.1073/pnas.93.3.1071|bibcode=1996PNAS...93.1071M |doi-access=free  |ref=none}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Chapman |first1=MJ |last2=Margulis |first2=L |title=Morphogenesis by symbiogenesis |journal=International Microbiology |year=1998 |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=319–26 |pmid=10943381 |ref=none}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Margulis |first1=L. |last2=Dolan |first2=M. F. |last3=Guerrero |first3=R. |title=The chimeric eukaryote: Origin of the nucleus from the karyomastigont in amitochondriate protists |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |year=2000 |volume=97 |issue=13 |pages=6954–6959 |doi=10.1073/pnas.97.13.6954 |pmid=10860956 |pmc=34369|bibcode=2000PNAS...97.6954M |doi-access=free  |ref=none}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Wier |first1=A. |last2=Dolan |first2=M. |last3=Grimaldi |first3=D. |last4=Guerrero |first4=R. |last5=Wagensberg |first5=J. |last6=Margulis |first6=L. |title=Spirochete and protist symbionts of a termite (Mastotermes electrodominicus) in Miocene amber |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |year=2002 |volume=99 |issue=3 |pages=1410–1413 |doi=10.1073/pnas.022643899 |pmid=11818534 |pmc=122204|bibcode=2002PNAS...99.1410W |doi-access=free  |ref=none}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Dolan |first1=Michael F. |last2=Melnitsky |first2=Hannah |last3=Margulis |first3=Lynn |last4=Kolnicki |first4=Robin |title=Motility proteins and the origin of the nucleus |journal=[[The Anatomical Record]] |year=2002 |volume=268 |issue=3 |pages=290–301 |doi=10.1002/ar.10161 |pmid=12382325|s2cid=7405778 |doi-access=free  |ref=none}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Margulis |first1=L |title=Hans Ris (1914–2004). Genophore, chromosomes and the bacterial origin of chloroplasts |journal=International Microbiology |year=2005 |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=145–8 |pmid=16052465 |ref=none}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Margulis |first1=L. |last2=Chapman |first2=M. |last3=Guerrero |first3=R. |last4=Hall |first4=J. |title=The last eukaryotic common ancestor (LECA): Acquisition of cytoskeletal motility from aerotolerant spirochetes in the Proterozoic Eon |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |year=2006 |volume=103 |issue=35 |pages=13080–13085 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0604985103 |pmid=16938841 |pmc=1559756|bibcode=2006PNAS..10313080M |doi-access=free  |ref=none}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Dolan |first1=MF |last2=Margulis |first2=L |title=Advances in biology reveal truth about prokaryotes |journal=Nature |year=2007 |volume=445 |issue=7123 |pages=21 |doi=10.1038/445021b |pmid=17203039|bibcode=2007Natur.445...21D |s2cid=4426413 |doi-access=free  |ref=none}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Margulis |first1=Lynn |last2=Chapman |first2=Michael |last3=Dolan |first3=Michael F. |title=Semes for analysis of evolution: de Duve's peroxisomes and Meyer's hydrogenases in the sulphurous Proterozoic eon |journal=[[Nature Reviews Genetics]] |year=2007 |volume=8 |issue=10 |page=1 |doi=10.1038/nrg2071-c1 |pmid=17923858|s2cid=33808568 |doi-access=free  |ref=none}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Brorson |first1=O. |last2=Brorson |first2=S.-H. |last3=Scythes |first3=J. |last4=MacAllister |first4=J. |last5=Wier |first5=A. |last6=Margulis |first6=L. |title=Destruction of spirochete ''Borrelia burgdorferi'' round-body propagules (RBs) by the antibiotic Tigecycline |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]] |year=2009 |volume=106 |issue=44 |pages=18656–18661 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0908236106 |pmid=19843691 |pmc=2774030|bibcode=2009PNAS..10618656B |doi-access=free  |ref=none}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Wier |first1=AM |last2=Sacchi |first2=L |last3=Dolan |first3=MF |last4=Bandi |first4=C |last5=Macallister |first5=J |last6=Margulis |first6=L |title=Spirochete attachment ultrastructure: Implications for the origin and evolution of cilia |journal=[[The Biological Bulletin]] |year=2010 |volume=218 |issue=1 |pages=25–35 |pmid=20203251|doi=10.1086/BBLv218n1p25 |s2cid=21634272  |ref=none}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Guerrero |first1=R |last2=Margulis |first2=L |last3=Berlanga |first3=M |last4=Bandi |first4=C |last5=Macallister |first5=J |last6=Margulis |first6=L |title=Symbiogenesis: the holobiont as a unit of evolution |journal=[[International Microbiology]] |year=2013 |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=133–143 |doi=10.2436/20.1501.01.188 | pmid=24568029 |ref=none}}

== Explanatory notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Lynn Margulis}}
{{wikiquote}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.geo.umass.edu/faculty/margulis/ |title=Lynn Margulis |publisher=UMass |department=Biology }}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.biology.iupui.edu/biocourses/N100/2k2endosymb.html |title=Endosymbiotic Theory |work=Worksheet |date=January 14, 2002 |series=N100 |publisher=[[Indiana University – Purdue University Indianapolis|IUPUI]] |access-date= March 12, 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070908232900/http://www.biology.iupui.edu/biocourses/N100/2k2endosymb.html |archive-date=September 8, 2007 |url-status=dead |ref=none}}
* {{cite AV media |title=Rutgers Interview |date=2004 |first=Jay |last=Tischfield |medium=video |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b8xqu_TlQPU |ref=none}}
** {{YouTube|b8xqu_TlQPU|Part 1 (2010) }}
** {{YouTube|KOjKZdW8HSY|Part 2 (2010) }}
** {{YouTube|VaAkrnoXA0M|Part 3 (2010) }}
* {{YouTube|O0fkDmi78Og|911: Explosive Evidence, Experts Speak Out (2011, excerpt) }}
* {{cite AV media |medium=documentary film |url=http://www.bullfrogfilms.com/catalog/sym.html |title=Symbiotic Earth: How Lynn Margulis rocked the boat and started a scientific revolution |department=A film by John Feldman; script, John Feldman; producer, Susan Davies; a Hummingbird Films production |place=Oley, PA |publisher=Bullfrog Films |year=2018 |oclc=1032829183}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.isepp.org/Pages/San%20Jose%2004-05/MargulisSaganSJ.html |title=Acquiring Genomes |author=Lynn Margulis |date=March 10, 2005 |series=San Jose Science, Technology and Society: 2005–2006 Linus Pauling Memorial Lectures |publisher=Institute for Science, Engineering, and Public Policy |access-date= March 12, 2005 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070928083546/http://www.isepp.org/Pages/San%20Jose%2004-05/MargulisSaganSJ.html |archive-date= September 28, 2007 |url-status= dead }}

{{Winners of the National Medal of Science|biological}}
{{Carl Sagan}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Margulis, Lynn}}
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:2011 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century American biologists]]
[[Category:20th-century American women scientists]]
[[Category:20th-century American zoologists]]
[[Category:21st-century American women scientists]]
[[Category:21st-century American zoologists]]
[[Category:21st-century American biologists]]
[[Category:American agnostics]]
[[Category:American Jews]]
[[Category:American conspiracy theorists]]
[[Category:Boston University faculty]]
[[Category:Carl Sagan]]
[[Category:American evolutionary biologists]]
[[Category:Jewish women scientists]]
[[Category:Lyme disease researchers]]
[[Category:HIV/AIDS denialists]]
[[Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:National Medal of Science laureates]]
[[Category:Sagan family]]
[[Category:Scientists from Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Symbiogenesis researchers]]
[[Category:Symbiosis]]
[[Category:American theoretical biologists]]
[[Category:University of California, Berkeley alumni]]
[[Category:University of Chicago Laboratory Schools alumni]]
[[Category:University of Massachusetts Amherst faculty]]
[[Category:University of Wisconsin–Madison College of Letters and Science alumni]]
[[Category:American women evolutionary biologists]]
[[Category:American women zoologists]]
[[Category:Jewish humanists]]
[[Category:Jewish agnostics]]