Editing Lythraceae

{{Short description|Family of flowering plants}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|Campanian|0|[[Campanian]] - recent|ref=<ref name=mobot>{{Cite web |title=Myrtales|url=https://mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/orders/myrtalesweb2.htm|access-date=2023-07-20 |website=www.mobot.org}}</ref>}}
| image = Purple loosestrife.jpg
| image_caption = ''Lythrum salicaria''
| taxon = Lythraceae
| authority = [[Jean Henri Jaume Saint-Hilaire|J.St.-Hil.]]<ref name=APGIII2009>{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x |doi-access=free |hdl=10654/18083 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision = 31 (27); see text.
}}

'''Lythraceae''' is a [[family (biology)|family]] of [[flowering plant]]s, including 32 [[genus|genera]], with about 620 [[species]] of [[Herbaceous plant|herbs]], [[shrub]]s, and [[tree]]s.<ref name="Stevens 2001">{{cite web |url=http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/ |title=Angiosperm Phylogeny Website |author=Stevens, P.F. |date=2001{{ndash}}2011 |access-date=15 February 2011}}</ref>  The larger genera include ''[[Cuphea]]'' (275 spp.), ''[[Lagerstroemia]]'' (56), ''[[Nesaea (plant)|Nesaea]]'' (50), ''[[Rotala (plant)|Rotala]]'' (45), and ''[[Lythrum]]'' (35).<ref name="Judd 2008">{{cite book |last=Judd |first=Walter S. |author2=Christopher S. Campbell |author3=Elizabeth A. Kellogg |
author3link=Elizabeth Anne Kellogg|author4=Peter F. Stevens|author4-link=Peter F. Stevens |author5=Michael J. Donoghue  |title=Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach |edition=3rd |year=2008 |publisher=Sinauer Associates |location=Sunderland, MA |isbn=978-0-87893-407-2 |pages=412–414 }}</ref> It also includes the members of the former families of the [[pomegranate]] (''[[Punica]] granatum'', formerly in [[Punicaceae]]) and of the [[water caltrop]] (''[[Trapa]] natans'', formerly in [[Trapaceae]]). Lythraceae has a worldwide distribution, with most species in the tropics, but ranging into temperate climate regions as well.

The family is named after the type genus, ''Lythrum'', the loosestrifes (e.g. ''Lythrum salicaria'' [[purple loosestrife]]) and also includes [[henna]] (''Lawsonia inermis''). It now includes the [[pomegranate]], formerly classed in a separate family [[Punicaceae]].  The family also includes the widely cultivated [[Lagerstroemia|crape myrtle]] trees. Botanically, the leaves are usually in pairs (opposite), and the flower petals emerge from the rim of the [[calyx tube]]. The petals often appear crumpled.

==Characteristics==
Lythraceae species are most often herbs, and less often shrubs or trees; the shrubs and trees often have flaky bark.<ref name="Mabberley 2008">{{cite book|author-link=David Mabberley |last=Mabberley |first=David J. |title=Mabberley's Plant Book: A portable dictionary of plants, their classification and uses |edition=3rd |year=2008 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-82071-4 |page=508 }}</ref> Traits shared by species within the Lythraceae that distinguish them from belonging to other plant families are the petals being crumpled in the bud and the many-layered outer integument of the seed.<ref name="Judd 2008" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mahmoodi |first1=Rana |last2=Faghir |first2=Marzieh Beygom |last3=Parsapanah |first3=Soheyla |date=2022-08-03 |title=Palynological study of the family J.St.-Hil. in Iran; with special emphasis on the genera <i>Ammannia</i>, <i>Lythrum</i>, and <i>Rotala</i> |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fedr.202100052 |journal=Feddes Repertorium |volume=133 |issue=4 |pages=289–304 |doi=10.1002/fedr.202100052 |issn=0014-8962|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=2022-01-07 |title=Lawsonia (Lythraceae) |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.47159598 |access-date=2024-06-29 |website=CABI Compendium|doi=10.1079/cabicompendium.47159598 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

===Leaves===
The leaves generally have an [[Leaf#Arrangement on the stem|opposite]] arrangement, but sometimes are [[Leaf#Arrangement on the stem|whorled]] or [[Leaf#Arrangement on the stem|alternate]]. They are [[Leaf#Divisions of the blade|simple]] with smooth margins and [[pinnate]] venation.<ref name="Judd 2008"/> Stipules are typically reduced, appearing as a row of minute hairs,<ref name="Judd 2008"/> or absent.<ref name="Mabberley 2008"/>

===Flowers===
The flowers are bisexual, [[Floral symmetry#Actinomorphic|radially]] or occasionally [[Floral symmetry#Zygomorphic|bilaterally]] symmetric, with a well-developed [[hypanthium]]. The flowers are most commonly [[merosity|quadimerous]] but can be heximerous, with four to eight sepals and petals. The sepals may be distinct, partially fused to form a tube, or touching without overlapping. The petals are crumpled in the bud and wrinkled at maturity, and are typically distinct and overlapping; they are occasionally absent.<ref name="Judd 2008"/> Usually, twice as many stamens as petals are seen, arranged in two whorls, and the stamens are often unequal in length. Occasionally, the stamens are reduced to one whorl, or are more numerous with multiple whorls.<ref name="Stevens 2001"/> The ovary is typically [[Ovary (plants)#Superior ovary|superior]], infrequently [[Ovary (plants)#Half-inferior ovary|semi-inferior]],<ref name="Graham and Cavalcanti">{{cite web |url=http://www.kew.org/science/tropamerica/neotropikey/families/Lythraceae.htm|title=Neotropical Lythraceae |last1=Graham |first1=Shirley |last2=Cavalcanti |first2=Taciana B. |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=28 March 2011}}</ref> or rarely [[Ovary (plants)#Inferior ovary|inferior]]. The two to many carpels can be fused together ([[Gynoecium#Types of gynoecia|syncarpous]]), with two to numerous ovules in each [[locule]], with axile placentation of the ovules.<ref name="Judd 2008" />

[[Heterostyly]] – the presence of two (distylous) or three (tristylous) distinct flower morphs within a species differing in the lengths of the pistil and stamens – is common within the Lythraceae.<ref name="Judd 2008" />

===Fruits and seeds===
The fruit is usually a dry, [[Dehiscence (botany)|dehiscent]] capsule, occasionally a [[berry]]. The seeds are usually flattened and/or winged, with a multilayered outer [[Integument#Botanical usage|integument]].<ref name="Judd 2008" /> [[Epidermis (botany)|Epidermal]] hairs that expand and become mucilaginous when wet are found in about half the genera.<ref name="Stevens 2001" />

==Distribution==
The Lythraceae are widely distributed, but with most species tropical and some temperate.<ref name="Stevens 2001" /><ref name="Judd 2008" /> They are absent from the [[Sahara]] and most arid regions of Australia.<ref name="Stevens 2001" /> Many species occur in aquatic or semi-aquatic habitats (''[[Decodon verticillatus|Decodon]]'', ''[[Didiplis]]'', ''[[Rotala (plant)|Rotala]]'', ''[[Sonneratia]]'', ''[[Trapa]]'').<ref name="Judd 2008" /><ref name="Mabberley 2008" /> The oldest fossils of the family are pollen from the Late Cretaceous ([[Campanian]]) of Wyoming in western North America, around 82 to 81''&nbsp;''million years old.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Graham |first=Shirley A. |date=March 2013 |title=Fossil Records in the Lythraceae |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12229-012-9116-1 |journal=The Botanical Review |language=en |volume=79 |issue=1 |pages=48–145 |doi=10.1007/s12229-012-9116-1 |bibcode=2013BotRv..79...48G |s2cid=17518452 |issn=0006-8101|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Economic importance==

Edible crops include the [[pomegranate]] (''Punica granatum'') and the [[water caltrop]] (''Trapa bicornis'' or ''T.&nbsp;natans''). The pomegranate is cultivated for the fleshy [[aril]]s surrounding the seeds, and the water caltrop for its seeds. [[Henna]] (''Lawsonia inermis'') is cultivated for the dye of the same name, derived from its leaves.

Ornamentals are grown from a number of genera, including ''[[Cuphea]]'', ''[[Lagerstroemia]]'' (crape myrtles), and ''[[Lythrum]]'' (loosestrifes).<ref name="Judd 2008" />

Purple loosestrife (''[[Lythrum salicaria]]'') is an invasive exotic weed of wetlands throughout Canada and the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=LYSA2 |title=Plants Profile for Lythrum salicaria (purple loosestrife) |website=PLANTS Database |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |access-date=June 6, 2016 }}</ref>

==Taxonomy==
Within the order [[Myrtales]], the family Lythraceae is most closely related to the [[Onagraceae]], with the [[Combretaceae]] sister to both families.<ref name="Judd 2008" /><ref name="Graham and Cavalcanti" /> Molecular phylogeny work has led to the inclusion of the formerly recognized families Duabangaceae, Punicaceae, Sonneratiaceae, and Trapaceae.<ref name="Graham and Cavalcanti" />

===Genera===
Lythraceae consists of five subfamilies:
====Lythroideae====
Authority: [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|de Jussieu]] ex [[George Arnott Walker-Arnott|Walker-Arnott]], 1832; previously 'Lythraceae ''[[sensu stricto]]'''<ref name="Christenhusz-Byng2016">{{cite journal |author1=Christenhusz, M. J. M. |author2=Byng, J. W. | year = 2016 | title = The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 261 | pages = 201–217 | url = http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 | issue = 3 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
#''[[Adenaria]]''
#''[[Ammannia]]'' {{Au|L.}} (synonym ''Hionanthera'')
#''[[Capuronia]]''
#''[[Crenea]]''
#''[[Cuphea]]''
#''[[Decodon (plant)|Decodon]]''
#''[[Didiplis]]''
#''[[Diplusodon]]''
#''[[Galpinia]]''
#''[[Ginoria]]''
#''[[Haitia]]''
#''[[Heimia]]''
#''[[Koehneria]]''
#''[[Lafoensia]]''
#''[[Lagerstroemia]]''
#''[[Lawsonia (plant)|Lawsonia]]''
#''[[Lourtella]]''
#''[[Lythrum]]''
#''[[Nesaea (plant)|Nesaea]]''
#''[[Pehria (plant)|Pehria]]''
#''[[Pemphis]]''
#''[[Physocalymma]]''
#''[[Pleurophora]]''
#''[[Rotala (plant)|Rotala]]''
#''[[Tetrataxis]]''
#''[[Woodfordia (plant)|Woodfordia]]''
{{div col end}}

*'''Subfamily''' [[Punicoideae]] <small>([[Horan.]] 1834) S. A. Graham, Thorne & Reveal 1998</small> = '[[Punicaceae]]',<ref name="Graham 1998">{{cite journal | author=Graham, S. A., R.F. Thorne, & J.L. Reveal | year=1998 | title=Validation of subfamily names in ''Lythraceae''. | journal=Taxon | volume=47 | issue=2 | pages=435–436 | jstor=1223775 | doi=10.2307/1223775}}</ref> 1 genus:
:*''[[Punica]]''

*'''Subfamily''' [[Sonneratioideae]] <small>([[Adolf Engler|Engl.]] & [[Ernest Friedrich Gilg|Gilg]] 1924) S. A. Graham, Thorne & Reveal 1998</small>,<ref name="Graham 1998"/> 1 genus:
:*''[[Sonneratia]]''

*'''Subfamily''' [[Duabangoideae]] <small>([[Takht.]] 1986) S. A. Graham, Thorne & Reveal 1998</small> = 'Duabangaceae',<ref name="Graham 1998"/> 1 genus:
:*''[[Duabanga]]''

*'''Subfamily''' [[Trapoideae]] <small>[[Joachim Otto Voigt|Voigt]] 1845</small> = '[[Trapaceae]]', 1 genus:
:*''[[Trapa]]''

*'''Subfamily''' ''[[Incertae sedis]]''
:*†''[[Shirleya]]'' <small>Pigg & DeVore</small> (Miocene, Washington state)<ref name="Pigg2005">{{cite journal |last1=Pigg |first1=K.B. |last2= DeVore |first2=M.L. |year=2005 |title= ''Shirleya grahamae'' gen. et sp. nov.(Lythraceae), ''Lagerstroemia''-like fruits from the middle Miocene Yakima Canyon flora, central Washington State, USA |journal= American Journal of Botany |volume=92 |issue=2 |pages= 242–251 |doi=10.3732/ajb.92.2.242|pmid=21652401 }}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed-hover" height="160" px="">
Image:Lagerstroemia indica 0002.jpg|[[Crepe myrtle]]
Image:Lagerstroemia_indica-petals.jpg|Crepe myrtle flowers - the petals emerge from the calyx tube.
Image:Blutweiderich 0506112.jpg|''[[Lythrum salicaria]]''
Image:Cuphea ignea1.jpg|''[[Cuphea ignea]]''
Image:Cuphea nudicostata 3.jpg|''[[Cuphea nudicostata]]''
Image:Pomegranate flower and fruit.jpg|[[Pomegranate]]
File:Unidentified Rotala species W IMG_3730.jpg|''[[Rotala (plant)|Rotala]]'' species 
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Further reading ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikispecies}}

* {{cite journal|author1=Little S. A. |author2=Stockey R. A. |author3=and Keating |author4=R. C. |year=2004|title=''Duabanga''-like leaves from the Middle Eocene Princeton chert and comparative leaf histology of Lythraceae sensu lato|journal=American Journal of Botany|volume=91|pages=1126–1139|doi= 10.3732/ajb.91.7.1126|pmid=21653468|issue=7|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/FACULTY/CARR/lythr.htm |title=''Lythraceae'' |last=Carr |first=Gerald |publisher=University of Hawaii |access-date=2008-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205132651/http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/lythr.htm |archive-date=2008-12-05 |url-status=dead }}

{{Angiosperm families}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q156022}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Lythraceae| ]]
[[Category:Myrtales families]]