Editing M3 Stuart

{{short description|WW2 American light tank}}
{{for|the medium tank|M3 Lee}}
{{Use American English|date=October 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{stack|

{{Infobox weapon
|name= Light tank, M3 and M5
|image= Stuart tankfest 2023.JPG
|image_size = 300
|caption= M3A1 Stuart (T37765) at Tankfest 2023
|origin= United States
|type= [[Light tank]]
|is_vehicle= yes
|designer= U.S. Army Ordnance Department
|design_date=
|manufacturer= {{plainlist|
*[[American Car and Foundry Company]]
*[[Cadillac]] division of [[General Motors]]
*General Motors
*[[Massey Ferguson#Massey-Harris Limited|Massey-Harris]]}}
|unit_cost=$32,915 (M3A1), $27,057 (M5)<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-O3DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA39 |first=Steve |last=Zaloga |title=Armored Champion |date=15 May 2015 |page=39|publisher=Stackpole Books |isbn=9780811761338 }}</ref>
|production_date= {{start date|1941}}{{ndash}}{{end date|1944}}
|number= 22,744 M3 and M5
|variants= See [[M3 Stuart#Variants|Variants]]
|spec_label= M5A1, late production <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://afvdb.50megs.com/usa/m5stuart.html#M5A1|title=Light Tank M5 Stuart|website=afvdb.50megs.com}}</ref>
<!-- Service history -->
|service={{start date|1941}}{{ndash}}present
|wars= {{ubl|[[World War II]]|[[Hukbalahap Rebellion]]|[[Indonesian National Revolution]]|[[Darul Islam rebellion]]|[[First Indochina War]]|[[Chinese Civil War]]|[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948]]|[[Invasion of Ambon|South Maluku rebellion]]|[[Korean War]]|[[Portuguese Colonial War]]|[[Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia|PRRI rebellion]]|[[Permesta|Permesta rebellion]]|[[1959 Cuban Revolution]]|[[Nicaraguan Revolution]]|[[30 September Movement]]|[[Football War]]|[[Salvadoran Civil War]]}}
|length= {{cvt|15|ft|10.5|in|2}} with sand shields and rear stowage box
|width= {{cvt|7|ft|6|in|2}} with sand shields
|height= {{cvt|8|ft|5|in|2}} over anti-aircraft machine gun
|weight= {{convert|33,500|lb|MT|2|abbr=in}}
|speed= {{cvt|36|mph|km/h}} on road
|primary_armament=[[37 mm Gun M3#Variants|37 mm Gun M6]] in Mount M44<br />147 rounds
|secondary_armament= 3 × [[.30-06 Springfield|.30 caliber]] (7.62 mm) [[M1919 Browning machine gun|Browning M1919A4 machine guns]]<br />6,750 rounds
|armour= {{cvt|0.375|to|2.0|in|mm}}
|engine= Twin Cadillac Series 42
|engine_power= {{cvt|220|hp|kW}} at 3,400 rpm
|suspension= [[Vertical volute spring suspension]] (VVSS)
|crew= 4 (commander, gunner, driver, assistant driver{{sfn|TM-9-732-M5-Manual|page=§ 6}})
|transmission= [[Hydramatic]]<br />4 speeds forward, 1 reverse
|pw_ratio= {{convert|14.48|hp/t|hp/ST|disp=flip}}
|fuel_capacity= {{convert|89|USgal|abbr=off|sp=us}}
|vehicle_range= {{cvt|100|mi|km}}
}}
{{US tanks}}
}}

The '''M3 Stuart'''/'''light tank M3,''' was a [[US]] [[light tank]] of [[World War II]], first entered service in the British Army in early 1941 and saw action in the North African campaign in July 1941.<ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=M3A1 Stuart |url=https://tankmuseum.org/tank-nuts/tank-collection/m3a1-stuart|website=The Tank Museum |location= |publisher= |access-date=17 January 2025}}</ref> Later an improved version of the tank entered service as the M5 in 1942 to be supplied to British and other allied [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] forces under [[lend-lease]] prior to the entry of the United States into the war.

The British service name "Stuart" came from the [[U.S. Civil War]] [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] general [[J. E. B. Stuart]] and was used for both the M3 and the derivative M5 light tank. Unofficially, they were also often called "Honeys" by the British, because of their smooth ride.<ref>{{cite web|title=Light Tank M3 Stuart|url=https://tanks-encyclopedia.com/ww2/us/m3_stuart.php|date=28 November 2014|access-date=5 May 2021}}</ref> In U.S. use, the tanks were officially known as "light tank M3" and "light tank M5".

Stuarts were first used in combat in the [[North African campaign]]; about 170 were used by the British forces in [[Operation Crusader]] (18 November – 30 December 1941). Stuarts were the first American-crewed tanks in World War II to engage the enemy in tank versus tank combat when used in the [[Philippines campaign (1941–1942)|Philippines]] in December 1941 against the Japanese.<ref>Hunnicutt (Stuart) p. 395</ref><ref>Zaloga (Armored Thunderbolt) p. 301</ref> Outside of the Pacific War, in later years of WWII the M3 was used for reconnaissance and screening.

==Development==
[[File:M3A1 Light Tank.jpg|alt=An M3 going through water obstacle, Ft. Knox, Ky.|thumb|left|An M3 going through water obstacle, Ft. Knox, Ky.]]
Observing events in Europe and Asia during [[World War II]], American tank designers realized that the [[M2 light tank|light tank M2]] was becoming obsolete and set about improving it. The upgraded design, with thicker [[vehicle armour|armor]], modified suspension and new gun [[recoil]] system was called "light tank M3". Production of the vehicle started in March 1941 and continued until October 1943.

By the standards of the era for light tanks, the Stuart was fairly heavily armored. It had 38&nbsp;mm of armor on the upper front hull, 44&nbsp;mm on the lower front hull, 51&nbsp;mm on the gun mantlet, 38&nbsp;mm on the turret sides, 25&nbsp;mm on the hull sides, and 25&nbsp;mm on the hull rear.<ref name="Zaloga 1999, p. 31">Zaloga 1999, p. 31</ref> Like its direct predecessor, the M2A4, the M3 was initially armed with a [[37 mm Gun M3|37 mm M5 gun]] and five [[.30-06 Springfield|.30-06]] [[M1919 Browning machine gun|Browning M1919A4]] machine guns: one coaxial with the main gun, one on top of the [[gun turret|turret]] in an M20 anti-aircraft mount, another in a ball mount in right bow, and two more in the right and left hull [[sponson]]s. Later, the main gun was replaced with the slightly longer M6, and the sponson machine guns were removed.

The '''M3''' and '''M3A1''' variants were powered by an [[Air-cooled engine|air-cooled]] [[radial engine]], either a [[Petrol engine|gasoline-fueled]] 7-[[Cylinder (engine)|cylinder]] [[Continental R-670|Continental W-670]] (8,936 built) or a 9-cylinder [[Guiberson A-1020|Guiberson T-1020]] [[Diesel engine|diesel]] (1,496 built).<ref>Hunnicutt (Stuart) p. 127 and p. 153</ref> Both of these powerplants were originally developed as [[aircraft engine]]s. Internally, the radial engine was at the rear and the [[Transmission (mechanics)|transmission]] at the front of the tank's hull. The driveshaft connecting the engine and transmission ran through the middle of the fighting compartment. The radial engine's crankshaft was positioned high off the hull bottom and contributed to the tank's relatively tall profile.<ref>{{Book-Fletcher-Great Tank Scandal|page= }}</ref> When a revolving turret floor was introduced in the M3 hybrid and M3A1, the crew had less room. A further 3,427 M3A3 variants were built with modified hull (similar to the M5), new turret and the Continental W-670 gasoline engine.<ref>Hunnicutt (Stuart) p. 164</ref> In contrast to the M2A4, all M3/M5 series tanks had a trailing rear idler wheel for increased ground contact, whereas on the M2 the idler wheel was off the ground and did not aid in suspension.

===M5 Stuart===
[[File:Coburg1945.jpg|thumb|M5A1 Crews from Company D, [[761st Tank Battalion (United States)|761st Tank Battalion]], stand by awaiting call to clean out scattered German machine gun nests in [[Coburg]], Germany]]
To relieve wartime demand for the radial aero-engines used in the M3, a new version was developed using twin [[Cadillac V8 engine#Monobloc|Cadillac V8]] automobile engines and twin [[Hydramatic|Hydra-Matic]] transmissions operating through a [[transfer case]]. This version of the tank was quieter, cooler and roomier; the [[automatic transmission]] also simplified crew training. The new model (initially called M4 but redesignated M5 to avoid confusion with the [[M4 Sherman]]<ref>Zaloga (M3/M5 Stuart) p. 17</ref>) featured a redesigned hull with a raised rear deck over the engine compartment, sloped [[glacis]] plate and driver's hatches moved to the top. Although the main criticism from units using the Stuarts was that it lacked firepower, the improved M5 series kept the same 37&nbsp;mm gun. The M5 gradually replaced the M3 in production from 1942 and, after the [[Medium Tank M7|M7 project]] proved unsatisfactory, was succeeded by the [[M24 Chaffee|light tank M24]] in 1944. Total M5 and M5A1 tank production was 8,884; an additional 1,778 [[Howitzer motor carriage M8|M8 75 mm howitzer motor carriages]] based on the M5 chassis with an open-top turret were produced.

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:right; width=270px;"
|+ class="nowrap" | Production of M3 and M5<ref>{{cite book|date=1947|title=Official Munitions Production of the United States by Months, July 1, 1940-August 31, 1945|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=United States Civilian Production Administration|page=226}}</ref>
|-
! Month !! M3 series !! M5 series
|-
| March 1941 || 1 || 
|-
| April 1941 || 127 ||
|-
| May 1941 || 211 ||
|-
| June 1941 || 221 ||
|-
| July 1941 || 253 ||
|-
| August 1941 || 281 ||
|-
| September 1941 || 309 ||
|-
| October 1941 || 400 ||
|-
| November 1941 || 338 ||
|-
| December 1941 || 410 ||
|-
| January 1942 || 378 ||
|-
| February 1942 || 363 ||
|-
| March 1942 || 418 ||
|-
| April 1942 || 544 || 3
|-
| May 1942 || 619 || 16
|-
| June 1942 || 711 || 60
|-
| July 1942 || 762 || 127
|-
| August 1942 || 694 || 268
|-
| September 1942 || 620 || 449
|-
| October 1942 || 944 || 593
|-
| November 1942 || 199 || 605
|-
| December 1942 || 1,587 || 737
|-
| January 1943 || 104 || 401
|-
| February 1943 || 443 || 400
|-
| March 1943 || 475 || 402
|-
| April 1943 || 475 || 293
|-
| May 1943 || 475 || 260
|-
| June 1943 || 475 || 283
|-
| July 1943 || 475 || 351
|-
| August 1943 || 500 || 403
|-
| September 1943 || 47 || 198
|-
| October 1943 || || 251
|-
| November 1943 || || 348
|-
| December 1943 || || 473
|-
| January 1944 || || 490
|-
| February 1944 || || 458
|-
| March 1944 || || 513
|-
| April 1944 || || 344
|-
| May 1944 || || 134
|-
| June 1944 || || 24
|-
! Total 
| '''13,859'''
| '''8,884'''
|}

==Light-tank doctrine==

Light tanks were issued to tank battalions (one of the four companies was a light tank company), light tank battalions and cavalry reconnaissance squadrons. The original role of the light tank in these formations was similar to medium tanks and they were expected to engage enemy armor with AP rounds and enemy positions with HE rounds. As a result, tank gunnery training for light and medium tankers was common.<ref>[https://ia800303.us.archive.org/25/items/Fm17-12/Fm17-12.pdf Armored Force Field Manual FM 17-12], Tank Gunnery, 22 April 1943 p. 18-19</ref>

US Army Field Manuals written before 1944 clearly show that light tanks were to be part of an armored assault on enemy positions, and examples of fire on enemy armor were in these manuals.<ref>[https://archive.org/download/FM17-301942/FM17-301942.pdf Armored Force Field Manual FM 17-30], Tank Platoon, 22 October 1942, p 44</ref> When pursuing an enemy, light tank battalions were expected to move parallel with enemy columns and, together with accompanying infantry and engineer units, seize "critical terrain that will block hostile retreat".<ref>[https://archive.org/download/Fm17-33/Fm17-33.pdf Armored Force Field Manual FM 17-33] The Armored Battalion – Light and Medium, 18 September 1942, p 112</ref> Despite the fact that light tank platoons were not expected to function as a reconnaissance unit, they could be used for reconnaissance purposes.<ref>Armored Force Field Manual FM 17-30 Tank Platoon, 22 October 1942, p 55-56</ref> In this role, they were expected to remain behind the main reconnaissance force as the support element and augment the firepower whenever enemy contact was made.<ref>[https://archive.org/download/Fm2-301944/Fm2-301944.pdf Cavalry Field Manual FM 2-30], Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron, Mechanized,  28 August 1944, p. 2</ref>

==Combat history==
{{quote|quote= [It] is apparent that a Light Tank Battalion, armed with only 37mm guns, unless very skillfully employed with Infantry, will suffer severe casualties in men and material. The Light Tank still has to depend on speed, maneuver, and selection of suitable targets if it is to be of very much use. In spite of the fact that the training of this Battalion was not pointed toward reconnaissance lines, we have been able to accomplish our missions with a Cavalry Reconnaissance Group with a much greater degree of success than in any other assignment to date.|source= Major Loyal Fairall in After action report, 759th Light Tank Battalion, July 44 thru March 45<ref>{{cite report |title=After action report, 759th Light Tank Battalion, July 44 through March 45. |page=9 |url=https://cgsc.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p4013coll8/id/3930/ |via=Ike Skelton Combined Arms Research Library}}</ref>}}
[[File:Coutances.jpg|thumb|An M5A1 passing through the wrecked streets of [[Coutances]], [[Normandy]]]] <!--- date / month ? --->
[[File:M3-Stuart-Buna-1.jpg|thumb|right|An Australian Stuart I during the final [[Battle of Buna-Gona|assault on Buna]]]]
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-783-0107-14A, Nordafrika, amerikanischer Panzer M3 "Stuart".jpg|thumb|A British M3 (Stuart I) knocked out during fighting in North Africa]]

===War in North Africa and Europe===
British and other Commonwealth armies were the first to use the light tank M3, as the "Stuart", in combat.<ref>Hunnicutt (1992) p. 391</ref> From mid-November 1941 to the end of the year, about 170 Stuarts (in a total force of over 700 tanks) took part in [[Operation Crusader]] during the [[North Africa Campaign]], with poor results. This is despite the fact that the M3 was superior or comparable in most regards to most of the tanks used by the Axis forces. The most numerous German tank, the [[Panzer III]] Ausf G, had nearly identical armor and speed to the M3,{{efn|The M3 actually had thicker front and turret armor, while the Panzer III had slightly thicker side armor.}} and both tanks' guns could penetrate the other tank's front armor from beyond {{convert |1,000 |m|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Zaloga| 1999|p=10}} The most numerous Italian tank (and second most numerous Axis tank overall), the [[Fiat M13/40]], was much slower than the Stuart, had slightly weaker armor all around, and could not penetrate the Stuart's front hull or turret armor at 1,000 meters, whereas the Stuart's gun could penetrate any spot on the M13/40. Although the high losses suffered by Stuart-equipped units during the operation had more to do with the better tactics and training of the ''[[Afrika Korps]]'' than the apparent superiority of [[German combat vehicles of World War II|German armored fighting vehicles]] used in the North African campaign,{{sfn|Zaloga| 1999|p=10}} the operation revealed that the M3 had several technical faults. Mentioned in the British complaints were the 37&nbsp;mm M5 gun and poor internal layout. The two-man turret crew was a significant weakness, and some British units tried to fight with three-man turret crews. The Stuart also had a limited range, which was a severe problem in the highly mobile [[desert warfare]] as units often outpaced their supplies and were stranded when they ran out of fuel.
On the positive side, crews liked its relatively high speed and mechanical reliability, especially compared to the [[Crusader tank]],<ref>Zaloga (M3/M5 Stuart) p. 9-12</ref><ref>Hunnicutt (Stuart) p. 391–394</ref> which comprised a large portion of the British tank force in Africa up until 1942. The Crusader had similar armament and armor to the Stuart while being slower, less reliable, and several tons heavier. The Stuart also had the advantage of a gun that could deliver high-explosive shells; HE shells were not available for the 40&nbsp;mm [[Ordnance QF 2-pounder|QF 2-pdr gun]] mounted by most Crusaders, severely limiting their use against emplaced anti-tank guns or infantry.<ref name="Ian Hogg page 138-139">Ian Hogg (1996), ''Tank Killing'', page 138-139, Sidgwick & Jackson {{ISBN|1-885119-40-2}}</ref>{{efn|However, by late 1942, the Crusader received the 57 mm [[Ordnance QF 6-pounder|QF 6-pdr gun]], significantly improving its anti-tank characteristics and giving it HE capability{{citation needed|date=September 2021}} }} The main drawback of the Stuart was its low fuel capacity and range; its operational range was only {{convert|75| mile|abbr=on}} cross country,{{sfn|Zaloga| 1999|p=31}} roughly half that of the Crusader.

In the summer of 1942, the British usually kept Stuarts out of tank-to-tank combat, using them primarily for reconnaissance. The turret was removed from some examples to save weight and improve speed and range. These became known as "Stuart Recce". Some others were converted to [[armored personnel carrier]]s known as the "Stuart [[Kangaroo (armoured personnel carrier)|Kangaroo]]", and some were converted into command vehicles and known as "Stuart Command". M3s, M3A3s, and M5s continued in British service until the end of the war, but British units had a smaller proportion of these light tanks than U.S. units.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}

====Eastern Front====
The other major [[Lend-Lease]] recipient of the M3, the [[Soviet Union]], was less happy with the tank, considering it under-gunned, under-armored, likely to catch fire, and too sensitive to fuel quality. The M3's radial aircraft engine required high-octane fuel, which complicated Soviet logistics as most of their tanks used [[Diesel fuel|diesel]] or low-octane fuel. High fuel consumption led to a poor range characteristic, especially sensitive for use as a reconnaissance vehicle. In the letter sent to Franklin Roosevelt (18 July 1942), Stalin wrote: ''"I consider it my duty to warn you that, according to our experts at the front, U.S. tanks catch fire very easily when hit from behind or from the side by anti-tank rifle bullets. The reason is that the high-grade gasoline used forms inside the tank a thick layer of highly inflammable fumes.''"<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/correspondence/02/42.htm | title=Correspondence between the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the Presidents of the USA and the Prime Ministers of Great Britain during the Great Patriotic War of 1941 - 1945 }}</ref>
{{check quotation}}
Also, compared to Soviet tanks, the M3's narrower tracks resulted in a higher ground pressure, getting them more easily stuck in the ''[[Rasputitsa]]'' muddy conditions of spring and autumn and [[Russian Winter|winter snow]] conditions on the Eastern Front. In 1943, the [[Red Army]] tried out the M5 and decided that the upgraded design was not much better than the M3. Being less desperate than in 1941, the Soviets turned down an American offer to supply the M5. M3s continued in Red Army service at least until 1944.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}

====Italy====
One of the more successful uses of the M5 in combat came during the [[Battle of Anzio]] when breaking through German forces surrounding the beachhead. The tactics called for an initial breakthrough by a medium tank company to destroy the heavier defenses, followed by an infantry battalion who would attack the German troops who were being left behind the medium tanks. Since many hidden fortifications and positions would have survived the initial medium tank assault, the infantry would then be confronted by any remaining fortified German troops. Behind the infantry came the M5s of a light tank company, who would attack these positions when directed to by the Infantry, usually by the use of green [[smoke grenades]].<ref>[http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cdm/singleitem/collection/p4013coll8/id/4676/rec/50 Training memorandum number 2: lessons from the Italian Campaign] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127213401/http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cdm/singleitem/collection/p4013coll8/id/4676/rec/50 |date=27 January 2020 }}, page 47 of 162, March 1945</ref>

In the 1944 Liri Valley campaign, the official history of the [[18th Battalion (New Zealand)]] notes that in the campaign (a war of movement) the regiment discovered that the Stuart recce tanks were an enormous advance on scout cars, and could go where not even jeeps could go. They carried commanders and engineers, and medical orderlies, and they could explore flanks while the Shermans forged ahead. They carried mobile wireless links and transported supplies up hilltops; they had a dozen different uses.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-WH2-18Ba-c33.html |title= Beyond the Liri (page 491) |publisher=  NZETC |date= 2023}}</ref>

===Pacific and Asia===
[[File:Chinese troops on Stuart tanks Ledo road.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Republic of China]] army operating the M3A3 Stuart on [[Ledo Road]]]]

The [[United States Army|U.S. Army]] initially deployed 108 Stuart light tanks to the Philippines in September 1941, equipping the U.S. Army's [[149th Armor Regiment#194th Tank Battalion|194th]] and [[192nd Tank Battalion]]s. The first U.S. tank versus tank combat to occur in World War II happened on 22 December 1941  during the [[Philippines campaign (1941–1942)]] when a platoon of five M3s led by Lieutenant Ben R. Morin engaged the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) 4th Tank Regiment's [[Type 95 Ha-Go]] light tanks north of Damortis. Morin, with his 37mm cannon locked in recoil maneuvered his M3 off the road, but took a direct hit while doing so, and his tank began to burn. The other four M3s were also hit, but managed to leave the field under their own power. Lt. Morin was wounded, and he and his crew were captured by the enemy.<ref>Hunnicutt (Stuart) p. 395 & 396</ref> M3s of the 194th and 192nd Tank Battalions continued to [[skirmish]] with the 4th Tank Regiment's tanks as they continued their retreat down the [[Battle of Bataan|Bataan]] Peninsula, with the last tank versus tank combat occurring on 7 April 1942.<ref>Zaloga, (M3/M5 Stuart) p. 13, 14</ref><ref>Zaloga (Armored Thunderbolt) p. 301 & 302</ref>

As the Japanese 15th Army was threatening southern Burma toward the end of February 1942, [[7th Armoured Brigade (United Kingdom)|7th Armoured Brigade]] of the British Army landed at Rangoon with 114 M3 Stuarts bearing the green rodent of the "Desert Rats". They supported 17th Indian Division and 1st Burma Division on the retreat until they managed to escape to India in April.<ref>Daniel Ford, ''Flying Tigers: Claire Chennault and His American Volunteers, 1941-1942'' (Warbird Books, 2016), p. 192</ref>

[[File:Australian assault on pillbox, January 1943, Papua, Giropa Point.jpg|thumb|Australian assault on pillbox, January 1943, Papua, Giropa Point]]
Due to the naval nature of the Pacific campaign, steel for warship production took precedence over tanks for the IJA,<ref>Zaloga (Japanese Tanks) p. 15</ref> creating by default an IJA light tank that performed admirably in the jungle terrain of the South Pacific. By the same measure, although the US was not hampered by industrial restrictions, the M3 proved to be an effective armored vehicle for fighting in jungle environments.<ref>Zaloga (M3/M5 Stuart) p. 33</ref> At least one was captured in the Philippines.<ref name="Captured Stuart">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ww2incolor.com/d/575273-2/philippinescapturedstuazq1|title=Captured Stuart|access-date=12 June 2011|archive-date=28 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728141503/http://www.ww2incolor.com/d/575273-2/philippinescapturedstuazq1|url-status=dead}}</ref>

With the IJA's drive toward India within the [[South-East Asian theatre of World War II]], the United Kingdom hastily withdrew their [[2nd Royal Tank Regiment]] and [[7th Queen's Own Hussars|7th Hussars]] Stuart tank units (which also contained some [[M2 light tank|M2A4 light tanks]]<ref>Hunnicutt (Stuart) p.396</ref>) from North Africa, and deployed them against the Japanese 14th Tank Regiment. By the time the Japanese had been stopped at [[Imphal]], only one British Stuart remained operational.<ref>Zaloga {{page needed|date=June 2014}}</ref> When the U.S. entered the war in 1941, it began to supply China with AFVs, including M3 Stuarts, and later M4 Sherman [[medium tank]]s and [[M18 Hellcat]] [[tank destroyer]]s, which trickled in through Burma.

Although the M3/M5 had proven effective in jungle warfare, by late 1943, U.S. Marine Corps tank battalions were transitioning from their M3/M5 light tanks to M4 medium tanks, mostly for the much greater high-explosive blast effect of the M4's 75mm gun, which fired a much larger shell with a heavier explosive payload.<ref>Zaloga (M3/M5 Stuart) p. 34</ref>

===Obsolescence and replacement===
When the U.S. Army joined the North African Campaign in late 1942, Stuart units still formed a large part of its armor strength. After the disastrous [[Battle of Kasserine Pass]], the U.S. quickly followed the British in disbanding most of their light tank [[battalion]]s and reorganizing medium tank battalions to include one company of light tanks, where the Stuarts mostly performed the traditional cavalry missions of scouting and screening; for the rest of the war, most U.S. tank battalions had three [[company (military unit)|companies]] of M4 Shermans and one company of M3s or M5/M5A1s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.militaryresearch.org/17-25%2018Nov44.pdf|title=T/O&E 17–25 Tank Battalion (18 November 1944)|access-date=18 June 2016 |work=militaryresearch.org}}</ref>
[[File:MundaTankMine.jpg|thumb|A Marine Captain inspects an un-exploded [[Type 99 mine]] attached to his M3A1 Stuart during the [[Battle of Munda Point]] in August 1943]]

In Europe, Allied light tanks were given cavalry and infantry fire support roles since their light main armament was not competitive against heavier enemy armored fighting vehicles. However, the Stuart was still effective in combat in the [[Pacific Theatre of World War II|Pacific Theater]], as [[List of Japanese tanks and armoured vehicles of the WWII period|Japanese tanks]] were both relatively rare and were lighter in armor than even Allied light tanks.<ref>Hunnicutt (Stuart) p. 475 M2A4 had 1" thick armor/p. 478 M3 had 1{{fraction|1|4}}" thick armor</ref><ref>Zaloga (Japanese Tanks) p. 29 plate D, "Type 95 had 12&nbsp;mm thick armor"</ref> [[Imperial Japanese Army#The Second World War|Japanese infantrymen]] were not well equipped with [[anti-tank]] weapons, and as such had to use close assault tactics. In this environment, the Stuart was only moderately more vulnerable than medium tanks.{{citation needed|date=September 2021}}
{{check quotation}}
Though the Stuart was to be completely replaced by the newer M24 Chaffee, the number of M3s/M5s produced was so great (over 25,000 including the 75mm HMC M8) that the tank remained in service until the end of the war, and well after. In addition to the U.S, UK and Soviet Union, who were the primary users, it was also used by France (M3A3 and M5A1), [[Republic of China (1912–49)|China]] (M3A3s and, immediately post-war, M5A1s) and [[Josip Broz Tito]]'s [[Yugoslav Partisans|Partisans in Yugoslavia]] (M3A3s and few M3A1).

With the limitations of both the main gun (see below) and armor, the Stuart's intended combat role in Western Europe was changed significantly. Light tank companies were often paired with cavalry reconnaissance units, or else used for guarding or screening, and even used in supply or messenger roles for medium tank units.{{efn|"At approximately 1720 hours on June 1st (the light tank) company... was called upon to move to the vicinity of 032465 (Velletri) to form an armored guard for the 85th Division C.P.. Three other light tanks of the company were used as liaison between the medium tanks companies of the regimental command post. This use of light tanks proved to be the most effective way of maintaining communication between the tanks and infantry regimental headquarters."<ref>{{citation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107021540/http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cdm/singleitem/collection/p4013coll8/id/3422/rec/17 |archive-date=7 November 2019 |url= http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cdm/singleitem/collection/p4013coll8/id/3422/rec/17 |author=Headquarters 760th Tank Battalion |title=Operations in Italy 1944 |page=108 |work=Ike Skelton Combined Arms Research Library Digital Library}}</ref> }}

==== Limitations of the 37mm gun ====
On 9 December 1944, the [[759th Tank Battalion (United States)|759th Tank Battalion]] advanced on a hill near [[Kreuzau|Bogheim]] but was subjected to a counter-attack by German forces, including a heavy self-propelled [[assault gun]], which took "over 100 direct hits" at ranges as low as {{convert|75|yd|m|abbr=on}} with "no appreciable damage".<ref>{{cite report |archive-date=17 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917135704/http://cgsc.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p4013coll8/id/3930 |url=http://cgsc.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p4013coll8/id/3930 |title=After action report, 759th Light Tank Battalion, July 44 through March 45 |date=4 May 1945 |page=27 |access-date=19 June 2017 |via=Ike Skelton Combined Arms Research Library}}</ref>

In January 1945, a report to General Eisenhower concluded that the Stuart was "obsolete in every respect as a fighting tank" and that it would not "turn the German fire [n]or [would] the 37mm gun damage the German tanks or SP guns".<ref>{{cite book|last=Zaloga |first=Steven J.|title=US Armored Divisions – The European Theater of Operations, 1944–45|series=Battle Orders 3|year=2004|publisher=Osprey |isbn=978-1-84176-564-8|page=34}}</ref>

===Post World War II use===
[[File:M3A3 1949.JPG|thumb|left|An M3A3 during the Chinese Civil War, 1949]]
[[File:Colonne eskadron Vechtwagens KNIL, Bestanddeelnr 84-5-1.jpg|thumb|left|Dutch M3A3 and M3A1s column at [[Kemayoran|Kemajoran]], [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]] in November 1946.]]

After the war, some countries chose to equip their armies with cheap and reliable [[war surplus]] Stuarts. The Chinese Nationalist Army having suffered great attrition as a result of the ensuing civil war, rebuilt their armored forces by acquiring surplus vehicles left behind in the Philippines by the U.S. forces, including 21 M5A1s to equip two tank companies.

The M5 [[First Kashmir War#On the use of armour|played a significant role in the First Kashmir War]] (1947) between India and Pakistan, including the battle of [[Operation Bison (Jammu & Kashmir 1948)|Zoji-la pass]] fought at an elevation of nearly {{cvt|12,000|ft|m}}.

M3A1 and M3A3s were used by British forces in Indonesia during the [[Indonesian National Revolution]], where they suffered heavy losses due to the Stuart's thin armor plating.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Padi|first1=Mata|title=M3A3 Stuart: Light Tank Legendaris Yang Masih Punya "Gigi"|url=https://www.facebook.com/notes/mata-padi/kavaleri-indonesia-dari-warisan-belanda-menuju-kemandirian/10150478683275553/|website=Facebook |language=id |publisher=Facebook.com|access-date=7 January 2016}}</ref> They were used until 1946, when the British left. The M3A1 and M3A3s were then passed on to the [[Royal Netherlands East Indies Army]], which used them until the end of the fighting before passing on the tanks to the [[Indonesian Army]]. The tank saw action during the [[Darul Islam rebellion|Darul Islam rebellions]] in Aceh and Java, [[Invasion of Ambon|Republic of South Maluku rebellions]] in South Maluku, [[Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia|PRRI rebellions]] in Sumatra, [[Permesta|Permesta rebellions]] in Northern Sulawesi and the fighting against the [[30 September Movement]].<ref>{{cite web|title=M3A3 Stuart: Light Tank Legendaris Yang Masih Punya "Gigi"|url=http://www.indomiliter.com/m3a3-stuart-light-tank-legendaris-yang-masih-punya-gigi/|website=Indomiliter/|date=4 June 2015|publisher=Indomiliter.com|access-date=7 January 2016}}</ref>

During the 1960s and 1970s, the [[Portuguese Army]] also used a small number of M5A1 light tanks, out of a total of 90 received as military aid from Canada in 1956, in the [[Portuguese Colonial War|war in Angola]], where its all-terrain capability (compared to wheeled vehicles) was greatly appreciated. In 1967, the Portuguese Army deployed three M5A1 light tanks – nicknamed "Milocas", "Licas", and "Gina" by their crews – to northern [[Angola]], which served with the 1927th Cavalry Battalion commanded by Cavalry Major João Mendes Paulo, stationed at [[Nambuangongo]]. The vehicles were mostly employed for convoy escort and recovery duties and limited [[counterinsurgency]] operations against [[National Liberation Front of Angola]] (FNLA) guerrillas, who dubbed them "Elefante Dundum". "Milocas" was destroyed by an accidental fire in 1969, while "Gina" and "Licas" were withdrawn from active service in 1972, the former being sent to [[Luanda]] and the latter ended up in 1973 as an airfield security pillbox in the [[Portuguese Air Force]]'s [[Zala, Angola|Zala]] airfield.<ref>Alexandre Gonçalves, ''Odissea em África – Os M5A1 em Angola'', in ''Cadernos Militares do Lanceiro'' n.º3, Lisbon 2010, pp. 83–91</ref> Period photographs show some modifications to the basic design, namely the omission of the bow machine gun, re-installed on a pintle mount in the roof of the turret, and a small searchlight fitted in front of the commander's cupola.<ref>Manuel A. Ribeiro Rodrigues, ''The Overseas Campaigns 1961–1974 – Guinea-Angola-Mozambique – Army (I)'', Edições Destarte Lda., Lisbon 2000 (Bi-lingual edition) {{ISBN|972-8496-14-1}}, pp. 53–55.</ref>

During the four-day long [[Football War]] of 1969, El Salvador invaded Honduras in an all-out-war strike using the M3 Stuart as the main battle tank. El Salvador captured eight major cities before the [[Organization of American States]] arranged a ceasefire.

The [[South African Armoured Corps]] continued to use M3A1s in a reserve role until 1955. Some were refurbished locally in 1962 and remained in service as late as 1964. The fleet was withdrawn in 1968, owing to parts shortage.<ref name=lesakeng>{{cite web|url=http://www.saarmourmuseum.co.za/lesakeng.html |title=Lesakeng |publisher=South African Armour Museum |date=6 December 2012 |access-date=18 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703141331/http://www.saarmourmuseum.co.za/lesakeng.html |archive-date=3 July 2013 }}</ref>

The M3 Stuart is still on the active list in the Armed Forces of [[Paraguay]], with ten of the tanks being overhauled in 2014 to provide a training capability.<ref>{{cite news|last1=de Cherisey |first1=Erwan |title=Paraguay keeping M3 Stuart, M4 Sherman tanks in service |url=http://www.janes.com/article/56911/paraguay-keeping-m3-stuart-m4-sherman-tanks-in-service |access-date=2 January 2016 |work=IHS Jane's Defence Weekly |date=29 December 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102202011/http://www.janes.com/article/56911/paraguay-keeping-m3-stuart-m4-sherman-tanks-in-service |archive-date=2 January 2016 }}</ref><ref name=ARGEcuador /> [[Ecuador]] also still has a number in service.<ref name=ARGEcuador>{{cite news |date=8 November 2023 |title=Paraguay’s army still uses World War 2 US M3 Stuart and M4 Sherman tanks for training.  |url=https://armyrecognition.com/news/army-news/2023/paraguay-s-army-still-uses-world-war-2-us-m3-stuart-and-m4-sherman-tanks-for-training |work=Army Recognition Group|publisher=Army Recognition Group |access-date=15 February 2025 }}</ref>

==Variants==

===US variants===
[[File:M3-Stuart-Fort-Knox-1.jpg|thumb|Light tank M3 in [[Fort Knox]], 1942]]
[[File:M3A1-Stuart-latrun-1.jpg|thumb|Light tank M3A1 in Yad la-Shiryon Museum, Israel]]
[[File:M3A3 Stuart 001.jpg|thumb|Light tank M3A3 at the [[Military Museum (Belgrade)|Belgrade Military Museum]], [[Serbia]]]]
[[File:Stuart m5a1 cfb borden 1.JPG|thumb|Early production light tank M5A1 at Worthington Tank Museum]]
[[File:M8GMC-Saumur.0004z89h67.jpg|thumb|[[Howitzer motor carriage M8|75 mm howitzer motor carriage M8]] on display at the [[Musée des Blindés]]]]
[[File:M3A1 Stuart Tank.jpg|thumb|A M3A1 Stuart tank at Aberdeen Proving Ground]]
[[File:Flame Throwing Tank, Saipan, circa June 1944 (7160583407).jpg|thumb|M3A1 Stuart with Canadian Ronson flamethrower on Saipan]]

*'''M3''' (British designation "'''Stuart I'''")
:5,811 vehicles were produced.
:1,285 M3s had [[Guiberson A-1020|Guiberson]] [[Diesel engine|diesel]] installed and were called "'''Stuart II'''" by British.
:Late production M3s were fitted with turret developed for M3A1, though without turret basket. These tanks were dubbed "'''Stuart Hybrid'''".
*'''M3A1 (Stuart III)'''
:4,621 were produced from May 1942 to February 1943.
:New turret with turret basket and no cupola. Gun vertical stabilizer installed. Sponson machine guns were removed.
:211 M3A1s with Guiberson diesel were called "'''Stuart IV'''" by British.
*'''M3A3 (Stuart V)'''
:3,427 produced.
:Put into production to integrate hull improvements brought by the M5 into the M3 series. Turret with rear overhang to house [[SCR-508]] radio. Welded hull with sloped armor, 20° in from the vertical, on front and sides.
*'''M5 (no British designation)'''
:2,074 produced.
:Twin Cadillac engines. Redesigned hull similar to M3A3, but with vertical sides and raised engine deck. Turret as for M3A1.
*'''M5A1 (Stuart VI)'''
:6,810 produced.
:M5 with the turret of the M3A3; this was the major variant in US units by 1943.
*[[Howitzer motor carriage M8|'''75mm howitzer motor carriage M8''']]
:1,778 units produced between September 1942 and January 1944.
:Based on M5 chassis. The gun was replaced with the [[M116 howitzer|75 mm M2/M3 howitzer]] in open turret and a trailer hook was fitted so an ammunition trailer could be towed. Provided fire support to cavalry reconnaissance squadrons.
*'''T6 armored recovery vehicle'''
:[[Armoured recovery vehicle]] based on the chassis of an M5A1. Project was discontinued in 1943 in favor of the [[M24 Chaffee]]-based T6E1.<ref name=HUNNICUTT-STUART-368>Hunnicutt, p 368.</ref>
*'''T16 4.5-inch gun motor carriage'''
:Self-propelled 4.5-inch gun based on the chassis of an M5. Project was discontinued in 1943.<ref name=HUNNICUTT-STUART-337-338>Hunnicutt, p 337-338.</ref>
*'''[[T18 howitzer motor carriage]]'''
:[[Self-propelled gun]] based on M3 chassis. [[M116 howitzer|75 mm M1A1 pack howitzer]] was mounted in a boxy superstructure. The project started in September 1941 and was abandoned in April 1942. Only two were produced, ''75&nbsp;mm howitzer motor carriage M8'' was chosen to be produced instead.
*'''T27 / T27E1 mortar motor carriage'''
:M5A1 with turret replaced by superstructure in which an 81&nbsp;mm mortar was installed. Also carried [[.50 BMG|.50 (12.7 mm) cal]] [[M2 Browning machine gun|Browning M2HB machine gun]]. The project was abandoned in April 1944 because of inadequate crew and storage space.
*'''T29 mortar motor carriage'''
:Design similar to T27, with 4.2 inch (107&nbsp;mm) mortar. Was abandoned for the same reason.
*'''T56 gun motor carriage'''
:Self-propelled gun based on M3A3 chassis. The engine was moved to the middle of the hull and a [[3-inch M1918 gun|3-inch (76 mm) gun]] was mounted in a superstructure in the rear. The project started in September 1942 and was abandoned in February 1943.
*'''T57 gun motor carriage'''
:Variant of T56 with Continental engine of the [[M3 Lee|Medium Tank M3]]. Also dropped in February 1943.
*'''T81 chemical mortar motor carriage'''
:M5A1-based [[M2 4.2 inch mortar#History|4.2 inch (107&nbsp;mm) chemical mortar]] carrier.
*'''T82 howitzer motor carriage'''
:Self-propelled [[M3 howitzer|105 mm howitzer]] based on M5A1 chassis. Development began in 1943. Two prototypes built and tested in August 1944 at Aberdeen Proving Grounds. Project was discontinued on 21 June 1945.
*'''M3 with Maxson turret'''
:Anti-aircraft variant developed in 1942. Was armed with four .50 (12.7 mm) cal. machine guns in a turret developed by Maxson Corp. The project was rejected because of the availability of the [[M3 Halftrack#Anti-aircraft variants|M16 MGMC]].
*'''155 mm howitzer motor carriage T64'''
:Self-propelled howitzer based on lengthened M5 with [[155 mm howitzer M1]]. One built, but replaced by the [[M41 howitzer motor carriage]] based on the light tank M24 chassis.<ref name=HUNNICUTT-STUART-337>Hunnicutt, p 337–339, 502.</ref>
*'''40 mm gun motor carriage T65'''
:Anti-aircraft vehicle based on lengthened M5A1 with [[Bofors 40 mm Automatic Gun L/60|Bofors 40 mm gun]]. Not proceeded with but ideas used in developing [[M19 multiple gun motor carriage]] using the [[M24 Chaffee|light tank M24]] chassis.
*'''20 mm multiple gun motor carriage T85'''
:Anti-aircraft vehicle based on same chassis as T65 (M5A1). Armed with quad [[Oerlikon 20 mm cannon]]s.
*'''M3/M5 command tank'''
:M3/M5 with turret replaced by small superstructure with a .50 (12.7 mm) cal. machine gun.
*'''T8 reconnaissance vehicle'''
:M5 with turret removed and mounting for .50 (12.7 mm) cal machine gun.
*'''M3 with T2 light mine exploder'''
:Developed in 1942, was rejected.
*'''M3/M3A1 with [[Ronson flamethrower]]''' replacing the main gun. 24 tanks were converted by [[Chemical Warfare Service: Flame Tank Group Seabees|Seabees]] for the [[US Marine Corps]] in 1943.
*'''M5A1 with E5R1-M3 flame gun'''
:Flame thrower installed instead of the hull machine gun.
*'''M3A1 with E5R2-M3 flame gun'''
:Flame thrower installed in place of hull machine gun.
*'''M5 dozer'''
:M5 with dozer blade. Turret was usually removed.
*'''M5 with T39 rocket launcher'''
:T39 launcher with 20 {{convert|7.2|in|cm|adj=on}} rockets mounted on the top of the turret. Never reached production.
*'''M5A1 with E7-7 flame gun'''
:Flame thrower installed instead of the main gun.
*'''M5A1 with E9-9 flame-throwing equipment'''
:Prototype only.
*'''M5A1 with E8 flame gun'''
:Turret replaced by boxy superstructure with flame thrower in a smaller turret. Prototype only.

===Other US developments===
The amphibious [[Landing Vehicle Tracked#LVT(A)-1|Landing Vehicle Tracked LVT(A)-1]] had a turret that was nearly identical to that of the M3 Stuart.<ref name="ReferenceA">ONI 226 "Statistical Table – Vehicles"</ref>

===UK variants===
[[File:Een Recce M3 Stuart tank (waarvan het machinegeweer is verwijderd) passeert het, Bestanddeelnr 264.jpg|thumb|Dutch turretless M3A3 Recce version, in Indonesia]]
*'''Stuart Recce'''
:Reconnaissance vehicle based on turretless Stuart.
*'''Stuart Command'''
:Stuart [[Kangaroo (armoured personnel carrier)|Kangaroo]] with extra radios.
*'''Stuart artillery tractor'''
:Another turretless variant similar in appearance to the Recce and Kangaroo. Used to tow the [[Ordnance QF 17 pounder]].<ref>Zaloga, Steven J.,''M3 & M5 Stuart Light Tank, 1940–1945''. Osprey Publishing. p.43</ref> Not to be confused with the US [[M5 tractor]].

===Brazilian variants===
[[File:Br rj m m conde de linhares07.JPG|thumb|X1A at Conde de Linhares Military Museum, Rio de Janeiro]]
In the 1970s, the Brazilian company [[Bernardini (company)|Bernardini]] developed a series of radical Stuart upgrades for the [[Brazilian Army]].
*'''X1A'''
:Based on M3A1, this design had new engine ({{convert|280|hp|kW|abbr=on}} [[Saab Group|Saab-Scania]] [[diesel engine|diesel]]), improved suspension, new upper hull armor, fire controls and DEFA 90&nbsp;mm gun in a new turret. 80 vehicles were produced.
*'''X1A1'''
:An X1A with improved suspension with three bogies (instead of two) each side and raised idler.
*'''X1A2'''
:Based on the X1A1, this version retained almost nothing of the original Stuart as even its hull was redesigned. The vehicle weighed {{convert|19|ST|t|lk=on|abbr=on}}, had crew of 3, was armed with 90&nbsp;mm gun and powered by Saab-Scania {{convert|300|hp|kW|abbr=on}} diesel. 30 vehicles were produced in 1979–1983.

=== Yugoslav partisans variants ===
[[Yugoslav partisans]] received Stuarts from the British Army. In 1945, obsolete as tanks, many were modified to carry specialized armament:
* M3A1 with [[81 mm mortar]]: 2 built<ref name="B&B53"/>
* M3A1 and M3A3 with [[7.5 cm Pak 40]]<ref name="B&B53"/> designated SO-75 
* M3A3 with four guns [[Flakvierling 38]]: 1 built<ref name="B&B53"/>
* M3A3 with [[7.5 cm Pak 50]]: 5 built<ref name="B&B53">{{cite magazine|language=fr|title=Le Blindorama: La Yougoslavie, 1930 – 1945|magazine=Batailles & Blindés|issue=53|date=February 2013|publisher=Caraktère|issn=1765-0828|first=Alexandre|last=Thers|pages=4–7}}</ref>
* M3A3 with [[15 cm sIG 33]]: 1 built<ref name="B&B53"/> designated SO-150

==Operators==
[[File:Operators of M3-M5 Stuart Light tanks.jpg|thumb|Current and former operators of M3 Stuart light tank Family]]
[[File:15mayo2001.jpg|thumb|3 M3 Stuart tanks at the Independence Day military parade in Asunción (Paraguay) in 2001]]
[[File:Captured M3 Stuart light tanks of the IJA.jpg|thumb|upright|A row of captured M3 Stuart tanks of the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA). Most of the IJA's M3 Stuarts were captured either in the US-controlled Philippines or in British Burma in WWII.]] [[File:Bear of Kinmen at Guningtou Battle Museum 20140121.jpg|thumb|An M5A1 Stuart used by the [[Republic of China Armed Forces]] is referred to locally as "The Bear of Kinmen" ({{zh|金門之熊}}) because of its outstanding performance against the Chinese [[People's Liberation Army]] (PLA) during the [[Battle of Guningtou]] following the [[Chinese Civil War]] and the exit of the Nationalist forces to Taiwan.]]
[[File:Stuart M3 Mk I tank (9685394611).jpg|thumb|A former [[Rhodesian Army]] Stuart tank on display at the Zimbabwe Military Museum in the city of [[Gweru]].]]
'''Current operators'''

*{{flag|Paraguay}} — 10 in service (5 M3 and 5 M3A1) and 4 in storage in 2014.<ref name="Paraguay keeping M3 Stuart">{{cite news|last1=IHS Jane's|title=Paraguay keeping M3 Stuart, M4 Sherman tanks in service|url=http://tankandafvnews.com/2016/01/01/paraguay-keeping-m3-stuart-and-m4-sherman-tanks-in-service/|access-date=28 October 2019|work=Tank and AFV News|date=1 January 2016}}</ref>

'''Former operators'''
*{{flag|Australia}} — Around 370.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://anzacsteel.hobbyvista.com/Armoured%20Vehicles/m3inactionph_1.htm |title=M3 Stuart Light Tanks In Action In New Guinea |last=Handel |first=Paul |access-date=5 July 2018 }}</ref>
*{{flag|Belgium}}
*{{flag|Bolivia}} — 18 M3A1, last 4 donated by Venezuela for training.
*{{flag|Brazil}} — 350 M3A2, M3A3/A5.
*{{flag|Canada|1921}} — Stuart V (M3A3) tanks were widely used in the reconnaissance troop of armoured regiments. In the [[2nd Canadian Armoured Brigade]] after the Normandy landings, the establishment for each regiment was 49 Sherman tanks, both 75&nbsp;mm and 17-pounder, and up to 9 Stuart tanks.
*{{flag|Chile}}
*{{flag|People's Republic of China}} — Some captured from the Nationalist Chinese Army during the Chinese Civil War, but primary received from the Soviet Union.
*{{flagcountry|Republic of China}}
*{{flag|Colombia}}
*{{flag|Cuba}}
*{{flag|Czechoslovakia}}
*{{flag|Dominican Republic}}
*{{flag|Ecuador}}
*{{flag|El Salvador}}
*{{flag|France}}
*{{flag|Guatemala}} — imported from the United States; put into operation around the year 1945.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Chamberlain |first1=Peter |title=Tanks of the World: 1915–1945 |last2=Ellis |first2=Chris |publisher=Cassell & Co |year=2002 |isbn=0304361410 |location=London |pages=239 |language=en |orig-date=1972}}</ref>
*{{flag|Haiti}} — eight M3A1 and five M5A1.
*{{Flag|Kingdom of Hungary (1920–46)|name=Kingdom of Hungary}} — captured at least three from the Soviets.
*{{flag|India}}
*{{flag|Indonesia}} — M3A1 and M3A3 from the Netherlands.
*{{flag|Italy}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://freeforumzone.leonardo.it/discussione.aspx?idd=9642819 |title=M-3 Stuart Italiano Cobelligerante - Zimmerit Forum |access-date=25 January 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055545/http://freeforumzone.leonardo.it/discussione.aspx?idd=9642819 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*{{flag|Japan}} — Operated captured vehicles, for example in the Philippines<ref name="Captured Stuart"/> and at the [[Battle of Imphal]].
*{{flag|Mexico}} – Delivered 25 units (M3A1) in 1942, served in the [[Mexican Army]] until 1980. 
*{{flag|Netherlands}}
*{{flag|New Zealand}} — The M3A1 was supplied in 1941–42 (89) and some were used in the Pacific. They were withdrawn in 1953–55.<ref>{{cite book |last= Plowman |first= Jeffrey |title= Armoured Fighting Vehicles of New Zealand 1939–59 |year= 1985 |publisher= JEP Publications |location= Christchurch |page= 132 }}</ref>
*{{flag|Nicaragua}} — four M3A1 were used by the [[National Guard (Nicaragua)|National Guard]] from the mid-1940s to 1979.
*{{flag|Pakistan}}
*{{flag|Philippines|1936}} — [[Philippine Army]] 10 M5 Stuart light tanks left behind by American troops from World War II.<ref>{{cite web |last=Condeno |first=Mark R. |date= |title=Filipino Armored Force in the Korean War (1950-1953) |url=https://www.moore.army.mil/Armor/eARMOR/content/issues/2021/Fall/4Condeno21.pdf |website=www.moore.army.mil |location= |publisher= |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021154555/https://www.moore.army.mil/Armor/eARMOR/content/issues/2021/Fall/4Condeno21.pdf |archive-date=21 October 2023|access-date=17 January 2025}}</ref>
*{{flag|Poland}} <ref>{{cite book | last =Magnuski | first =Janusz | author-link =Janusz Magnuski| title =Wozy bojowe PSZ 1940–1946 | edition =I | publisher = Wydawnictwo Lampart | location =Warszawa | year =1996 | pages =44–49 | isbn =83-86776-39-0 | language =pl}}</ref>
*{{flag|Portugal}} — 70 vehicles in service with the [[Portuguese Army]] and other 20 with the [[Portuguese National Republican Guard|Republican National Guard]] from 1956 to 1972.
*{{flag|Romania}} — 21 lend-lease tanks captured from the Soviets in February 1943, others were captured in December 1943. Briefly used by the Romanian Cavalry Corps before being withdrawn due to lack of spare parts. At least five Stuarts were sent to Romania for anti-tank testing in March 1944.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sturmvogel.tripod.com/romafv.html|title=Romanian Armour in World War Two|author1=Greg Kelley|author2=Jason Long|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030926050702/https://sturmvogel.tripod.com/romafv.html#Heading28|archive-date=26 September 2003}}</ref><ref>Mark Axworthy, Cornel I. Scafeș, Cristian Crăciunoiu, ''Third Axis, Fourth Ally: Romanian Armed Forces in the European War, 1941–1945'', p. 221.</ref> 
*{{flag|South Africa|1928}}
*{{flag|Southern Rhodesia}}
*{{flag|Turkey}} — 210 British M3s received from 1942 to 1944.<ref name="B&B41">{{cite magazine|language=fr|title=Le Blindorama : La Turquie, 1935 – 1945|magazine=Batailles & Blindés|issue=41|date=February 2011|publisher=Caraktère|issn=1765-0828|first=Yann|last=Mahé|pages=4–7}}</ref>
*{{flag|United Kingdom}}
*{{flag|Uruguay}} 44 tanks were received in 1944 through the EDA (Excess Defense Article) program from 1942 – 1945, were in use for training until 1999.
*{{flag|United States|1912}}
*{{flagcountry|USSR}} — 1,676 M3 series tanks received as part of Lend-Lease, and 5 M5 series tanks.<ref>{{citation |author=Finance Office, War Department |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/ref/LL-Ship/LL-Ship-3A.html |date=1946 |work= Quantities of Lend-Lease Shipments |title= Section III-A Ordnance-General Supplies |via=Hyperwar Foundation |pages=ix, x}}</ref>
*{{flag|Venezuela}}
*{{flag|Yugoslavia}} — M3A1 and M3A3, used during and after the war.<ref>{{cite magazine|first1=Iztok |last1=Kočevar|title=Micmac à tire-larigot chez Tito: L'arme blindée yougoslave durant la Guerre froide|trans-title=The Yugoslav armored arm during the Cold War|magazine=Batailles et Blindés|language=fr|date=August 2014|publisher=Caraktère|issn=1765-0828|issue=62|pages=66–79}}</ref>

==Surviving examples==
{{more references|section|date=March 2023}}
; Belgium
: 75mm Howitzer motor carriage M8 on display at the [[Musée des Blindés]]
; Brazil
: X1A at Conde de Linhares Military Museum, Rio de Janeiro
; Canada
: The [[Ontario Regiment Museum]] has an operational M3 Stuart.
: Early production light tank M5A1 at [[Worthington Tank Museum]]
; France
: M3A3 at the Musée du Mur de l'Atlantique, Ouistreham
; Indonesia
: [[Indonesian Army]] retains one M3A1 Stuart in operational condition used for historical theater show.<ref name="gaek">{{Cite web|url=https://historia.id/sains/articles/tank-gaek-bertahan-hidup-vXjBr|title=Tank Gaek Bertahan Hidup|website=Historia – Majalah Sejarah Populer Pertama di Indonesia|date=17 December 2018|language=en|access-date=19 December 2019}}</ref>
; Israel
: Light tank M3A1 in [[Yad La-Shiryon]] Museum, Israel
; Libya
: Light tank M3A1 near the Hauwari battle monument, [[Kufra]] Oasis<ref>{{cite web | url=https://fjexpeditions.com/expeditions/past/nov10/nov10.htm | title=Fliegel Jezerniczky Expeditions }}</ref>
; Philippines
: M3 of the [[Philippine Army]]  in outdoor Static Display at the Philippine-Korea Friendship Center.Bayani Road, Taguig City. <ref>{{cite web | url=https://pvao.gov.ph/military-shrines/philippine-korea-friendship-center/ | title=Philippine-Korea Friendship Center &#124; PVAO }}</ref>
; Russia
: MOSCOW, RUSSIA - 9 May 2022: American light tank M3 Stuart 1 at the exhibition of military equipment in the Gorky Central Park of Culture and Recreation of Moscow<ref>{{Cite web |title=Moscow Russia May 9 2022 American Stock Photo 2284691937 |url=https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/moscow-russia-may-9-2022-american-2284691937 |access-date=29 November 2024 |website=Shutterstock |language=en}}</ref>
: American light tank of the world war II period M3 Stuart in the Central Museum of armored weapons and equipment in Kubinka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=March 23 2019 Moscow Region Russia Stock Photo 1736629535 |url=https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/march-23-2019-moscow-region-russia-1736629535 |access-date=29 November 2024 |website=Shutterstock |language=en}}</ref>
: KRASNOGORSK, RUSSIA-23 February 2016: Light tank M3 STUART the entrance to the Museum of technology Zadorozhnogo. Krasnogorsk, Moscow region.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Light Tank M3 STUART the Entrance To the Museum of Technology Zadorozhnogo. Editorial Photo - Image of stuart, green: 92294631 |url=https://www.dreamstime.com/editorial-photo-light-tank-m-stuart-entrance-to-museum-technology-za-krasnogorsk-russia-february-zadorozhnogo-krasnogorsk-moscow-region-image92294631 |access-date=30 November 2024 |website=Dreamstime |language=en}}</ref>
: Verkhnyaya Pyshma, Russia - 1 May 2018: American light tank M3 Stuart in the museum of military equipment, front view.<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=[[Alamy Limited]] |title=Verkhnyaya Pyshma, Russia - May 01, 2018: American light tank M3 Stuart in the museum of military equipment, front view Stock Photo - Alamy |url=https://www.alamy.com/verkhnyaya-pyshma-russia-may-01-2018-american-light-tank-m3-stuart-in-the-museum-of-military-equipment-front-view-image184314211.html?imageid=4EFD9684-0778-4A4B-9AA3-6AF732FE21D3&p=532964&pn=1&searchId=460edcd8babd04e585501b92a36bebb2&searchtype=0 |access-date=30 November 2024 |website=www.alamy.com |language=en}}</ref>
; Serbia
: Light tank M3A3 at the [[Belgrade Military Museum]], Serbia
; South Africa
: Stuart M3A1 ‘HONEY’ at SA Armour Museum<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stuart M3A1 'Honey' |url=https://www.saarmourmuseum.com/stuart-m3a1-honey |access-date=29 November 2024 |website=sa-armour-museum |language=en}}</ref>
: Dickie Fritz MOTH hall in Edenvale<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dickie Fritz |url=https://moth.org.za/shellholes/dickie-fritz/ |access-date=29 November 2024 |website=M.O.T.H |language=en-ZA}}</ref>
: Allan Wilson MOTH Hall near Pietermaritzburg.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pietermaritzburg Area |url=https://kznpr.co.za/pietermaritzburg/nggallery/album/pmb-allan-wilson-moth-hall/page/2 |access-date=29 November 2024 |website=KZN: A Photographic Historical Record |language=en-US}}</ref>
: SMC Witbank MOTH Hall<ref>{{Cite web |title=SMC Witbank |url=https://moth.org.za/cottages/smc-witbank/ |access-date=29 November 2024 |website=M.O.T.H |language=en-ZA}}</ref>
: Vryheid MOTH Hall<ref>{{Cite journal |title=De vryheid {{!}}der drukpers, onafscheidelyk verknogt aan de vryheid der Republiek |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2214-8264_dutchpamphlets-kb2-kb23876 |access-date=29 November 2024 |website=Dutch Pamphlets Online|doi=10.1163/2214-8264_dutchpamphlets-kb2-kb23876 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>
: MOTH Hall in Rustenberg. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rusty |url=https://moth.org.za/shellholes/rusty/ |access-date=30 November 2024 |website=M.O.T.H |language=en-ZA}}</ref>
: Open Air Display Jan Smuts House Museum.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Open Air Display Jan Smuts House Museum - Centurion - TracesOfWar.com |url=https://www.tracesofwar.com/sights/95775/Open-Air-Display-Jan-Smuts-House-Museum.htm |access-date=30 November 2024 |website=www.tracesofwar.com |language=en}}</ref>
: Ditsong National Museum of Military History, Saxonwold, Johannesburg. <ref>{{Cite web |title=History of the Ditsong National Museum of Military History {{!}} The Heritage Portal |url=https://www.theheritageportal.co.za/article/history-ditsong-national-museum-military-history |access-date=30 November 2024 |website=www.theheritageportal.co.za}}</ref>
: Wondermil Military Museum near Wallmansthal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Facebook |url=https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=917251133785530&set=pb.100065019550249.-2207520000&type=3 |access-date=30 November 2024 |website=www.facebook.com}}</ref>
: [[Queen's Fort Military Museum]]
: Marshal Smuts MOTH hall, Somerset West. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Marshal Smuts |url=https://moth.org.za/shellholes/marshal-smuts/ |access-date=30 November 2024 |website=M.O.T.H |language=en-ZA}}</ref>
: [[Queen Nandi Mounted Rifles]] (used to be Natal Mounted Rifles).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Durban - Natal Mounted Rifles |url=https://kznpr.co.za/durban-natal-mounted-rifles/nggallery/page/2 |access-date=30 November 2024 |website=KZN: A Photographic Historical Record |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Google Maps |url=https://www.google.com/maps/@-29.8284788,31.0338132,3a,35.7y,275.97h,82.63t/data=!3m7!1e1!3m5!1sm72ydclrdNKu-iagoXqsdQ!2e0!6shttps://streetviewpixels-pa.googleapis.com/v1/thumbnail?cb_client=maps_sv.tactile&w=900&h=600&pitch=7.366510657710435&panoid=m72ydclrdNKu-iagoXqsdQ&yaw=275.9746351801983!7i16384!8i8192?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI0MTEyNC4xIKXMDSoASAFQAw== |access-date=30 November 2024 |website=Google Maps |language=en}}</ref>
: Training Branch, Army Battle School, [[Lohatla]]
: The Clyde N. Terry Hall of Militaria in [[Kimberley, Northern Cape|Kimberly]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gallery |url=https://clydenterryhallofmilitaria.weebly.com/gallery.html |access-date=30 November 2024 |website=clyde n terry hall of militaria}}</ref>
: Legogotu MOTH Hall, Mbombela.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Legogotu Shellhole Moth Hall |url=https://www.google.com/maps/uv?pb=!1s0x1ee84a1bd4d38b85:0xc03264e7a1e7f864!3m1!7e115!4s/maps/place/Legogotu+Shellhole/@-25.4746487,30.9784917,3a,75y,274.84h,90t/data=*213m4*211e1*213m2*211sIUKO6GBeC0q8k4ldDBwPkw*212e0*214m2*213m1*211s0x1ee84a1bd4d38b85:0xc03264e7a1e7f864?sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiU9envn4WKAxWdVEEAHTz2ARgQpx96BAgyEAA!5sLegogotu%20Shellhole%20-%20Google%20Search!15sCgIgAQ&imagekey=!1e2!2sIUKO6GBeC0q8k4ldDBwPkw&cr=le_a7&hl=en&ved=1t:206134&ictx=111 |access-date=30 November 2024 |website=www.google.com}}</ref>
: [[Rheinmetall Denel Munition]], Potchefstroom (Boskop).  It is a gate guard just inside the security area.

; Taiwan
: An M5A1 Stuart used by the Republic of China Armed Forces is referred to locally as "The Bear of Kinmen" (Chinese: 金門之熊) because of its outstanding performance against the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) during the Battle of Guningtou following the Chinese Civil War and the exit of the Nationalist forces to Taiwan.
; United Kingdom
: M3 Stuart Diesel at [[Bovington Tank Museum]]
; United States of America
: M3A1 Stuart tank at [[Aberdeen Proving Ground]]
: M3A1 Stuart tank (Lady Lois) at Stuart Tank Memorial Association, Berwick, Pennsylvania
: M3A1 Stuart tank on the town green of [[New Milford, Connecticut]]
: M3A1 Stuart tank on display at the [[Texas Military Forces Museum]] in [[Austin, Texas]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 March 2014 |title=Great Hall |website=[[Texas Military Forces Museum|The Texas Military Forces Museum]] |url=https://texasmilitaryforcesmuseum.org/?p=484 |access-date=31 March 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref>
: M3A1 Stuart tank at [[Minnesota Military & Veterans Museum]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Brown |first1=Curt |title=A Stuart's Story |url=https://www.mnvetmuseum.org/allies/z4fvnyveedmphf36qwg9737iqko27j-cf5xy |website=Minnesota Military & Veterans Museum |access-date=22 May 2025 |ref=March 2025}}</ref>
: M5 Stuart tank at 5020 W. 95th street in [[Oak Lawn, Illinois]] 
: M5 Stuart tank on East A Street in [[Brunswick, Maryland]] 
:Multiple M5 Stuart tanks in Harmony Church, Fort Moore, Georgia
; Zimbabawe
: A former Rhodesian Army Stuart tank on display at the Zimbabwe Military Museum in the city of Gweru.

==In the media==
[[File:Stuart Tank historical marker.jpg|right|thumb|Marker in [[Berwick, Pennsylvania]], where more than 15,000 Stuart tanks were manufactured]]
*The 1941 US military propaganda short film ''[[The Tanks Are Coming (1941 film)|The Tanks Are Coming]]'' features the M3 and its manufacturing process.
*The 1945 Mexican film comedy "Un día con el diablo" (A Day with the devil) uses several Mexican Army M3s.
*Modified Stuarts were used in the movie ''[[Attack (1956 film)|Attack!]]'' as German tanks.
*An M3 was the center piece of ''[[The Green Hornet (TV Series)|The Green Hornet]]'' episode "Seek, Stalk, & Destroy".
*A "24k gold" M3 was created from gold bullion in the ''[[Batman (TV Series)|Batman]]'' episode "Penguin's Disastrous End". It was stopped with the "Batzooka".
*Season 5 of the TV series ''[[The Twilight Zone (1959 TV series)|The Twilight Zone]]'' had an episode "[[The 7th Is Made Up of Phantoms]]" featuring an M3 Stuart and its crew going back in time to the [[Battle of Little Big Horn]].
*"[[Haunted Tank]]" was a [[DC Comics]] feature that appeared in ''[[G.I. Combat]]'' starring an M3 Stuart. It ran from 1961 to 1987. The tank was "haunted" by the ghost of J.E.B Stuart, who gave cryptic warnings to the crew.
*An M3 was featured in the movie ''[[Under Fire (1983 film)|Under Fire]]'' as a [[National Guard (Nicaragua)|Nicaraguan National Guard]] tank.
*The M3 was added to the 2006 strategy game, [[Company of Heroes]], by the [[Company of Heroes: Opposing Fronts|Opposing Fronts]] expansion as a buildable unit for the British.
*A heavily modified M5A1 Stuart was featured in the movie ''[[Tank Girl (film)|Tank Girl]]'' as the eponymous heroine's tank.{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}}
*A M5A1 Stuart tank was featured in the James Bond movie ''[[Licence to Kill]]''. The tank opens fire on the Chinese hideout in the fictional country Isthmus, and saves Bond.
*The sole operational M3A1 Stuart of the Indonesian Army were featured in the movies {{ill|Darah Garuda|id}} (''Blood of Eagles'') and ''[[Hearts of Freedom|Hati Merdeka]]'' (Hearts of Freedom), part of the ''[[Merah Putih (film)|Merah Putih]]'' (Red and White) trilogy, as Dutch tank.<ref name="gaek"/><ref>{{cite web|url= https://celebrity.okezone.com/read/2010/09/22/206/374662/hati-merdeka-banyak-adegan-perang-di-laut|title= 'Hati Merdeka' Banyak Adegan Perang di Laut|website= okezone.com|date= 22 September 2010|access-date= 28 March 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170504093905/https://celebrity.okezone.com/read/2010/09/22/206/374662/hati-merdeka-banyak-adegan-perang-di-laut|archive-date= 4 May 2017|url-status= live|language= ID}}</ref>
*An M3 or M5 was used as a prop German tank in the propaganda film that Steve Rogers was in part way into ''[[Captain America: The First Avenger]]''.<ref name="Disney Guy">{{cite web|url=https://www.disneyguy.org/blogs/post/1021374691007878962 |title=The Tank in Captain America |last1=Shaffer |first1=Joshua |date=31 December 2022 |work=Discovering The Magic Kingdom |access-date=31 December 2022}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Rhino tank]]
* [[SCR-245]]
* [[List of U.S. military vehicles by model number]]
* [[G-numbers]]

==Notes==
Notes
{{reflist|group=note}}
{{notelist}}

;Citations
{{reflist}}

==References==
* David François, ''El Salvador – Volume 1: Crisis, Coup and Uprising 1970-1983'', Latin America@War Volume 32, Helion & Company Limited, Warwick UK 2023. {{ISBN|978-1-804514-02-3}}
* David François, ''El Salvador – Volume 2: Conflagration 1984-1992'', Latin America@War Volume 34, Helion & Company Limited, Warwick UK 2023. {{ISBN|978-1-804512-18-0}}
*{{cite book | last = Hunnicutt | first = R. P. | author-link = R. P. Hunnicutt | title = Stuart, A History of the American Light Tank, Volume 1| year = 1992 | publisher = Presidio Press. | isbn = 0-89141-462-2 |url= https://archive.org/details/historyofamerica0000hunn}}
*{{cite book | last = Zaloga | first = Steven | author-link = Steven Zaloga | title = M3 & M5 Stuart Light Tank | year = 1999 | publisher = Osprey Publishing | series = New Vanguard 33 | isbn = 978-1-85532-911-9}}
*{{cite book | last = Zaloga | first = Steven | title = Japanese Tanks 1939–45 | year = 2007 | publisher = Osprey Publishing | series = New Vanguard 137 | isbn = 978-1-84603-091-8}}
*{{cite book | last = Zaloga | first = Steven | title = Armored Thunderbolt, The US Army Sherman in World War II | year = 2008 | publisher = Stackpole Books | isbn = 978-0-8117-0424-3}}
*{{cite magazine| last = Hembree | first = Mark | title = History You Can Model | magazine = FineScale Modeler | date = February 2011 | pages = 74 | issn = 0277-979X }}
* Navy Department. ONI-226 ''Allied Landing Craft'' 1943
*{{Cite web
  |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/29487894/TM-9-732-M5-Manual
  |title=TM 9-732 M5 Stuart Light Tank Operating Manual
  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102202136/http://www.scribd.com/doc/29487894/TM-9-732-M5-Light-Tank-Manual
  |archive-date=2 November 2012 |url-access = subscription
  |ref={{harvid|TM-9-732-M5-Manual}}
}}

==External links==
{{commons|Stuart tank}}
*[http://afvdb.50megs.com/usa/m3stuart.html AFV Database]([http://afvdb.50megs.com/usa/pics/m3stuart.html Pictures] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707065049/http://afvdb.50megs.com/usa/pics/m3stuart.html |date=7 July 2011 }})
*OnWar: [http://www.onwar.com/weapons/afv/data/ltm3.htm M3 Stuart] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207123023/https://www.onwar.com/weapons/afv/data/ltm3.htm |date=7 February 2018 }}[http://www.onwar.com/weapons/afv/data/fltm3a3.htm M3A1 Stuart] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207123006/https://www.onwar.com/weapons/afv/data/fltm3a3.htm |date=7 February 2018 }}[https://web.archive.org/web/20051122055251/http://www.onwar.com/tanks/usa/fltm3a3.htm M3A3 Stuart][https://web.archive.org/web/20070927220233/http://www.onwar.com/tanks/usa/fltm5a1.htm M5A1 Stuart]
*[http://www.primeportal.net/tanks/m5a1_stuart.htm M5A1 Stuart Light Tank Photos and Walk Arounds on Prime Portal]
*[http://www.berwickrailfan.webs.com/brwkrfberwickacf.htm Berwick RAILFAN – Excursions To Our Past – Berwick American Car & Foundry, Berwick Forge & Fabricating, Berwick Freight Car Co.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161129204643/http://berwickrailfan.webs.com/brwkrfberwickacf.htm |date=29 November 2016 }}
*[http://www.memorialmuseum.org/displays/tanks/item/m3-stuart M3 Stuart tank] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151110002231/http://www.memorialmuseum.org/displays/tanks/item/m3-stuart |date=10 November 2015 }} & [http://www.memorialmuseum.org/displays/tanks/item/1943-m5a1-stuart-tank-2 M5A1 Stuart tank] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200309053617/https://www.memorialmuseum.org/displays/tanks/item/1943-m5a1-stuart-tank-2 |date=9 March 2020 }} at U.S. Veterans Memorial Museum
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qZYxtkWP35k Description of Stuart tank, with video of surviving tanks rolling]
*[https://olpl.pastperfectonline.com/photo/C5990E36-83BA-4ABC-B1BC-247272360517 M5 Stuart Tank in Oak Lawn, Illinois]
{{WWIIAmericanAFVs}}
{{WWIIBritishAFVs}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Light tanks of the United States]]
[[Category:World War II tanks of the United States]]
[[Category:World War II light tanks]]
[[Category:Military vehicles introduced from 1940 to 1944]]
[[Category:J. E. B. Stuart]]
[[Category:Tanks introduced in 1941]]