Editing MOPITT

{{Short description|Canadian scientific instrument aboard NASA's Terra satellite}}
[[Image:Mopitt first year carbon monoxide.jpg|thumb|240px|MOPITT 2000 global carbon monoxide.]]

'''MOPITT''' ('''Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere''') is an ongoing astronomical instrument aboard [[NASA]]'s [[Terra (satellite)|Terra]] satellite that measures global [[Troposphere|tropospheric]] carbon monoxide levels. It is part of NASA's [[Earth Observing System]] (EOS), and combined with the other [[payload]] remote sensors on the Terra satellite, the spacecraft monitors the Earth's environment and climate changes. Following its construction in Canada, MOPITT was launched into Earth's orbit in 1999 and utilizes gas correlation [[spectroscopy]] to measure the presence of different gases in the troposphere. The fundamental operations occur in its optical system composed of two [[Optical table|optical tables]] holding the bulk of the apparatus. Results from the MOPITT enable scientists to better understand carbon monoxide's effects on a global scale, and various studies have been conducted based on MOPITT's measurements.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Measurements Of Pollution In The Troposphere (MOPITT) {{!}} Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling |url=https://www2.acom.ucar.edu/mopitt |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=www2.acom.ucar.edu}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Thome |first=Kurtis |title=MOPITT {{!}} Terra |url=https://terra.nasa.gov/about/terra-instruments/mopitt |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=terra.nasa.gov}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Citation |title=Terra (satellite) |date=2023-09-18 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Terra_(satellite)&oldid=1175892876 |work=Wikipedia |access-date=2023-10-24 |language=en}}</ref>

== Background ==
The [[National Research Council Canada]] founded the MOPITT project following its initial proposal in 1989. After the establishment of the [[Canadian Space Agency|Canadian Space Agency (CSA)]], MOPITT shifted into the agency where it received financial support from the Space Science Division of CSA. It was successfully launched from the [[Vandenberg Air Force Base]] on December 18, 1999, and began scientific measurements in March 2000. Before its execution, the only existing global carbon monoxide dataset was measured by the MAPS instrument aboard space shuttles. MOPITT is the first tool to measure global [[Concentration|concentrations]] and variations in carbon monoxide. It is part of a series of five payloads on the Terra satellite that oversees global environmental changes:<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=ASDC {{!}} MOP03JM_8 |url=https://asdc.larc.nasa.gov/project/MOPITT/MOP03JM_8 |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=asdc.larc.nasa.gov |language=en}}</ref>

* [[Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer|ASTER]] (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer)
* [[Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System|CERES]] (Clouds and the Earth's [[Radiant energy|Radiant Energy]] System)
* [[MISR]] (Multi-angle Imaging [[Spectroradiometer]])
* [[MODIS]] (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer)
* [[MOPITT]] (Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere)<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=SCMO |first=CMOS Bulletin |date=2019-12-21 |title=MOPITT - 20 Years of Measuring Atmospheric Pollution - CMOS Bulletin |url=https://bulletin.cmos.ca/mopitt-20-years/ |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=CMOS BULLETIN SCMO |language=en-US}}</ref>

Despite the initial five-year term plan, the satellite has continued to operate for over 20 years, and researchers expect all five of these instruments to maintain their functionality and transmit information and data past 2026.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Measurements Of Pollution In The Troposphere |url=https://mopitt.physics.utoronto.ca/ |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=mopitt.physics.utoronto.ca |language=en}}</ref>

== Technology ==

=== Instrument Methodology ===
MOPITT is a nadir-sounding (vertically downward pointing) instrument that measures upwelling [[infrared]] radiation and utilizes correlation [[spectroscopy]] (comparison of [[Wavelength|wavelengths]] or absorption between a known and unknown sample) to measure concentrations of carbon monoxide. Essentially, MOPITT takes carbon monoxide as an [[optical filter]] to measure the signal of the same gas in the troposphere. The sensor quantifies [[radiance]] emitted and reflected from Earth through three [[Spectral band|spectral bands]]:

* 4.7 μm channels are referred to as the carbon monoxide thermal channels because the signals stem from the thermal emissions from Earth's surface and the atmosphere
* The 2.3 μm channels are termed the carbon monoxide solar channel because they absorb the dominant signal from reflected sunlight

* 2.2 μm channels refer to the methane solar channels because reflected sunlight is the major signal, similar to the 2.3 μm channels<ref name=":12" />

These channels absorb different amounts of energy, leading to differences in the resulting signals that correlate to the spectral sample of carbon monoxide. To further analyze carbon monoxide levels, MOPITT adjusts the path length or gaseous [[pressure]] of the gas sample, causing the frequency of these [[Spectral line|spectral lines]] to vary, which will give a difference and an average transmission. The difference specifies the gases measured, whereas the average signal indicates the overall radiation minus the initial gas measured.<ref name=":3" />

MOPITT's spatial resolution is 22 km horizontally and about 5 km vertically and scans Earth at a broad area of 640 km wide. The carbon monoxide measurement profiles are created through the [[upwelling]] of [[Thermal radiation|thermal radiance]] in 4.6-μm absorption. MOPITT can view different layers of the troposphere by varying modulated cells: Pressure-modulated cells (PMCs) are used to observe upper layers while length-modulated cells (LMCs) can view lower layers of the troposphere.<ref name=":4">{{Cite conference |conference=SPIE's International Symposium on Optical Science, Engineering, and Instrumentation |last1=Drummond |first1=James R. |last2=Bailey |first2=Paul L. |last3=Brasseur |first3=Guy |last4=Davis |first4=Gary R. |last5=Gille |first5=John C. |last6=Peskett |first6=Guy D. |last7=Reichle |first7=Henry K. |last8=Roulet |first8=N. |last9=Mand |first9=Gurpreet S. |last10=Mcconnell |first10=Jack C. |date=1999-10-01 |title=Early mission planning for the MOPITT instrument |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999SPIE.3756..396D |volume=3756 |pages=396–402 |doi=10.1117/12.366395|bibcode=1999SPIE.3756..396D }}</ref>

=== Instrument Description ===
At the heart of MOPITT lies the optical system, which is composed of two identical "mirror imaged" [[Optical table|optical tables]] that include the calibration sources, scan mirrors, [[Chopper (electronics)|choppers]], LMCs, PMCs, modulators, and [[Cryogenic storage dewar|dewar]] cooler assemblies containing cold optics and thermal and solar detectors. A pair of low-vibration [[Stirling cycle|Stirling Cycle]] coolers chill the dewar. Considerable heat-emitting units like the cooler are placed intentionally on the coldplate, and other critical electronic pieces are placed near it as well. The coldplate, located under MOPITT's baseplate, provides a stable thermal environment for the instrument. It utilizes [[capillary action]] with [[ammonia]] as its [[working fluid]].<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":4" />

In the two optical systems referred to above, eight channels measure carbon monoxide or methane. Channels one, two, three, five, six, and seven focus on carbon monoxide. The six channels for carbon monoxide vary in cell pressures from 25 to 800 mb, and their cell lengths range from 2 to 10 mm. Their center [[wavelength]] also differs between channels, and the modulator types are either LMCs or PMCs. In contrast, channels four and eight measure methane, and their only difference is the different LMCs used. All channels operate at 300 K.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Instrument Concepts {{!}} Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling |url=https://www2.acom.ucar.edu/mopitt/concepts |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=www2.acom.ucar.edu}}</ref>

== Applications ==
Before MOPITT's release, data on carbon monoxide was limited. With MOPITT's comprehensive measurements of carbon monoxide throughout the past two decades, scientists are better equipped to predict the potential consequences of carbon monoxide pollution. Its applications include:

* A better understanding of the increase in [[ozone]] concentration in the troposphere allows scientists to perform interim pollution methods
* Assessment of [[Antipollution law|antipollution]] practices such as [[Vehicle emissions control|automobile emission reduction standards]]
* Analysis of environmental pollution influenced by human activities
* Generating maps of pollution transport, such as the direction of carbon monoxide emissions after large fires
* Confirmation of newly developed [[Climate model|climate models]] that portray areas producing or reducing carbon monoxide<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Agency |first=Canadian Space |date=2007-03-12 |title=Measuring atmospheric pollutants |url=https://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/satellites/mopitt.asp |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=Canadian Space Agency}}</ref>

=== Studies ===
Many studies utilizing MOPITT's data have been completed. Notable ones include:

* The analysis of the variation in vertical structure of carbon monoxide caused by Asian summer [[Monsoon|monsoons]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kar |first1=Jayanta |last2=Bremer |first2=Holger |last3=Drummond |first3=James R. |last4=Rochon |first4=Yves J. |last5=Jones |first5=Dylan B. A. |last6=Nichitiu |first6=Florian |last7=Zou |first7=Jason |last8=Liu |first8=Jane |last9=Gille |first9=John C. |last10=Edwards |first10=David P. |last11=Deeter |first11=Merritt N. |last12=Francis |first12=Gene |last13=Ziskin |first13=Dan |last14=Warner |first14=Juying |date=2004-12-16 |title=Evidence of vertical transport of carbon monoxide from Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT) |url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2004GL021128 |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |language=en |volume=31 |issue=23 |doi=10.1029/2004GL021128 |bibcode=2004GeoRL..3123105K |issn=0094-8276}}</ref>
* The examination of seasonal carbon monoxide [[climatology]] in the Northern Hemisphere <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Edwards |first1=D. P. |last2=Emmons |first2=L. K. |last3=Hauglustaine |first3=D. A. |last4=Chu |first4=D. A. |last5=Gille |first5=J. C. |last6=Kaufman |first6=Y. J. |last7=Pétron |first7=G. |last8=Yurganov |first8=L. N. |last9=Giglio |first9=L. |last10=Deeter |first10=M. N. |last11=Yudin |first11=V. |last12=Ziskin |first12=D. C. |last13=Warner |first13=J. |last14=Lamarque |first14=J.-F. |last15=Francis |first15=G. L. |date=2004-12-27 |title=Observations of carbon monoxide and aerosols from the Terra satellite: Northern Hemisphere variability |url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2004JD004727 |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |language=en |volume=109 |issue=D24 |doi=10.1029/2004JD004727 |bibcode=2004JGRD..10924202E |issn=0148-0227}}</ref>
* The observation of large horizontal gradients in carbon monoxide at the synoptic scale <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=J. |last2=Drummond |first2=J. R. |last3=Jones |first3=D. B. A. |last4=Cao |first4=Z. |last5=Bremer |first5=H. |last6=Kar |first6=J. |last7=Zou |first7=J. |last8=Nichitiu |first8=F. |last9=Gille |first9=J. C. |date=2006-01-27 |title=Large horizontal gradients in atmospheric CO at the synoptic scale as seen by spaceborne Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere |url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2005JD006076 |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |language=en |volume=111 |issue=D2 |doi=10.1029/2005JD006076 |bibcode=2006JGRD..111.2306L |issn=0148-0227}}</ref>
* The study of carbon monoxide variability in the Southern Hemisphere <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Edwards |first1=D. P. |last2=Pétron |first2=G. |last3=Novelli |first3=P. C. |last4=Emmons |first4=L. K. |last5=Gille |first5=J. C. |last6=Drummond |first6=J. R. |date=2006-08-27 |title=Southern Hemisphere carbon monoxide interannual variability observed by Terra/Measurement of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT) |url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2006JD007079 |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |language=en |volume=111 |issue=D16 |doi=10.1029/2006JD007079 |bibcode=2006JGRD..11116303E |issn=0148-0227}}</ref>
* Observation of enhanced carbon monoxide over the [[Zagros Mountains]] in Iran <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kar |first1=Jayanta |last2=Drummond |first2=James R. |last3=Jones |first3=Dylan B. A. |last4=Liu |first4=Jane |last5=Nichitiu |first5=Florian |last6=Zou |first6=Jason |last7=Gille |first7=John C. |last8=Edwards |first8=David P. |last9=Deeter |first9=Merritt N. |date=August 2006 |title=Carbon monoxide (CO) maximum over the Zagros mountains in the Middle East: Signature of mountain venting? |url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2006GL026231 |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |language=en |volume=33 |issue=15 |doi=10.1029/2006GL026231 |bibcode=2006GeoRL..3315819K |issn=0094-8276}}</ref>
* Detection and analysis of carbon monoxide emitted by cities and urban areas to demonstrate rising carbon monoxide pollution <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Clerbaux |first1=Cathy |last2=Edwards |first2=David P. |last3=Deeter |first3=Merritt |last4=Emmons |first4=Louisa |last5=Lamarque |first5=Jean-François |last6=Tie |first6=Xue Xi |last7=Massie |first7=Steve T. |last8=Gille |first8=John |date=February 2008 |title=Carbon monoxide pollution from cities and urban areas observed by the Terra/MOPITT mission |url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2007GL032300 |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |language=en |volume=35 |issue=3 |doi=10.1029/2007GL032300 |bibcode=2008GeoRL..35.3817C |issn=0094-8276}}</ref>
* Breakdown of carbon monoxide trends in varying regions <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hedelius |first1=Jacob K. |last2=Toon |first2=Geoffrey C. |last3=Buchholz |first3=Rebecca R. |last4=Iraci |first4=Laura T. |last5=Podolske |first5=James R. |last6=Roehl |first6=Coleen M. |last7=Wennberg |first7=Paul O. |last8=Worden |first8=Helen M. |last9=Wunch |first9=Debra |date=2021-03-16 |title=Regional and Urban Column CO Trends and Anomalies as Observed by MOPITT Over 16 Years |url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2020JD033967 |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |language=en |volume=126 |issue=5 |doi=10.1029/2020JD033967 |bibcode=2021JGRD..12633967H |issn=2169-897X}}</ref>

In the year 2022 alone, more than 250 studies have used measurements from MOPITT.<ref name=":12" />

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==External links==
*[http://www.acom.ucar.edu/mopitt/ Official website for MOPITT science and product development team]
*[http://www.atmosp.physics.utoronto.ca/MOPITT/home.html MOPITT instrument website at the University of Toronto]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110428100307/https://wist.echo.nasa.gov/api/ NASA WIST data archive system]
*[https://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/project/mopitt/mopitt_table MOPITT data available through NASA-Langley]


[[Category:Atmospheric sounding satellite sensors]]