Editing Mac OS X 10.0

{{Short description|First major release of Mac OS X}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2013}}
{{Infobox OS version
| name = Mac OS X 10.0
| version of = [[macOS]]
| logo = MacOS10.1.png
| logo size = 64px
| screenshot = MacOSX10-0screenshot.png
| developer = [[Apple Computer]]
| family = {{flat list|
* [[Macintosh operating systems|Macintosh]]
* [[Unix-like]]
}}
| source_model = [[Closed source|Closed]], with [[open-source software|open source]] components
| license = [[Apple Public Source License]] (APSL) and Apple [[end-user license agreement]] (EULA)
| kernel_type = [[Hybrid kernel|Hybrid]] ([[XNU]])
| supported_platforms = [[PowerPC]]<!--Only official platforms are listed, not what they played around with and never released-->
| ui = [[Aqua (user interface)|Aqua]]
| release_version = 10.0.4
| release_date = {{Start date and age|2001|6|22}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/support/downloads/macosxupdate_10_0_4.html|title=Mac OS X Update 10.0.4|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040411044906/https://www.apple.com/support/downloads/macosxupdate_10_0_4.html|archive-date=April 11, 2004}}</ref>
| GA date = {{Start date and age|2001|3|24}}<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2001/03/21Mac-OS-X-Hits-Stores-This-Weekend|title=Mac OS X Hits Stores This Weekend|date=March 21, 2001|publisher=[[Apple Computer]]|access-date=January 11, 2018|archive-date=December 2, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202102813/https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2001/03/21Mac-OS-X-Hits-Stores-This-Weekend/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| preceded_by = {{unbulleted list|[[Mac OS 9]]|[[Mac OS X Public Beta]]}}
| succeeded_by = [[Mac OS X 10.1]]
| tagline = The future is here. The power of UNIX with the simplicity and elegance of Macintosh.
| support_status = Historical, unsupported as of November 13, 2006{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}
| date = January 2009 <!--approximate date of template insertion for dating hidden maintenance categories-->
| website = {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010629214227/http://www.apple.com/macosx|date=June 29, 2001|title=Apple - Mac OS X }}
}}
{{macOS topics}}

'''Mac OS X 10.0''' ([[code name]]d '''Cheetah''') is the first major release of [[macOS]], [[Apple Computer|Apple's]] desktop and server [[operating system]]. It was released on March 24, 2001, for a price of $129 after a [[Mac OS X Public Beta|public beta]].

Mac OS X was Apple's successor to the [[classic Mac OS]]. It was derived from [[NeXTSTEP]] and [[FreeBSD]], and featured a new user interface called [[Aqua (user interface)|Aqua]], as well as improved stability and security due to its new [[Unix]] foundations. It introduced the [[Quartz (graphics layer)|Quartz graphics]] rendering engine for [[Hardware acceleration|hardware-accelerated]] animations. Many technologies were ported from the classic Mac OS, including [[Sherlock (software)|Sherlock]] and the [[QuickTime]] framework. The core components of Mac OS X were [[open source]]d as [[Darwin (operating system)|Darwin]].

Boxed releases of Mac OS X 10.0 also included a copy of [[Mac OS 9]].1,<ref name="cnet-missing">{{cite web |title=Mac OS X missing some key elements |url=https://www.cnet.com/culture/mac-os-x-missing-some-key-elements/ |website=CNET |language=en |date=2 Jan 2002 |access-date=January 10, 2023 |archive-date=January 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110130213/https://www.cnet.com/culture/mac-os-x-missing-some-key-elements/ |url-status=live }}</ref> which can be installed alongside Mac OS X 10.0, through the means of [[Multi-booting|dual booting]] (which meant that reboots are required for switching between the two OSes). This was important for compatibility reasons: while many Mac OS 9 applications could be run under Mac OS X in the [[Classic environment]], some, such as applications that directly accessed hardware, could only run under Mac OS 9.<ref name="cnet-missing" />

Six months after its release, Mac OS X 10.0 was succeeded by [[Mac OS X 10.1]], code named Puma.

== Development ==
The development of Mac OS X 10.0 began in 1998, after Apple acquired [[NeXT]] Computer, which was founded by [[Steve Jobs]] after he was forcibly removed from Apple in the mid-1980s.

The initial development of Mac OS X was led by [[Avie Tevanian]], who had previously worked at NeXT and had played a key role in the development of [[NeXTSTEP]]. The development team faced significant challenges in merging the classic [[Mac operating systems|Mac OS]] with the new [[Unix]]-based architecture, as well as in creating a modern user interface that would be familiar to Mac users.

Mac OS X 10.0 was released to the public on March 24, 2001, after several months of beta testing. The release was met with mixed reviews, with some users praising the new features and stability, while others criticized the lack of compatibility with older Mac applications.

Some of the key features of Mac OS X 10.0 included the [[Aqua (user interface)|Aqua]] user interface, which introduced translucent menus, drop shadows, and other visual effects; and the Dock, a new way of launching and switching between applications. The operating system also included built-in support for networking protocols such as [[Internet protocol suite|TCP/IP]] and PPP, as well as for USB and [[IEEE 1394|FireWire]] devices.

Two decades after its release, [[Bertrand Serlet]], manager of OS X Platform Technology at Apple when the early releases of Mac OS X were being developed, admitted that this version of Mac OS X had a lot of performance issues, as the OS was very slow, and expensive, so that many customers would not buy it, and be disappointed. There was six months without any new features, which was spent on performance increases, culminating in 10.1.<ref>{{Cite av media |title=Oral History of Bertrand Serlet |author=Bertrand Serlet |interviewer=Hansen Hsu|date=September 20, 2023 |time=1:45:57 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qpIuIImN0YI}}</ref><ref>{{cite interview |title=Oral History of Bertrand Serlet |author=Bertrand Serlet |interviewer=Hansen Hsu |website=[[Computer History Museum]] |date=September 20, 2023 |pages=23-24 |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/102808912}}</ref>

==New and updated features==
* The features of the release include the [[Dock (macOS)|Dock]] which was a new way of organizing one's Mac OS X applications on a user interface, and a change from the classic method of application launching in previous Mac OS systems.
* It included [[Terminal (macOS)|Terminal]], a [[terminal emulator]] that provides access to Mac OS X's Unix [[command-line interface]]; the [[classic Mac OS]] had previously had the distinction of being one of the few operating systems with no command line interface.
* The new [[Apple Mail|Mail]] email client included the ability to configure the software to receive all of a user's email accounts in one list, the ability to file emails into folders, the ability to search for emails, and the ability to automatically append signatures to outgoing emails.
* The [[Address Book (application)|Address Book]] was a new application which had features including exporting and importing cards to and from [[vCard]] format, API to interface with other applications, change of address notifications, contact groups, auto-merge when importing vCards, customizable fields and categories, the automatic formatting of phone numbers.
* [[TextEdit]] replaced the [[SimpleText]] application with new features.
* PDF support was added; it allows the user to create PDFs from any application.
* The OS introduced the new [[Aqua (user interface)|Aqua]] UI.
* Several features of Mac OS 9 were ported to Mac OS X, including the [[Sherlock (software)|Sherlock]] desktop and web search engine.

==Removed features==
* File-sharing client — The system can only use TCP/IP,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://support.apple.com/kb/TA20436|title=Mac OS X 10.0: Connecting to AppleShare or File Sharing Requires TCP/IP|date=September 18, 2003|access-date=February 22, 2010|archive-date=September 3, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090903152141/http://support.apple.com/kb/TA20436|url-status=live}}</ref> not [[AppleTalk]], to connect to servers sharing the [[Apple Filing Protocol]]. It cannot use [[Server Message Block|SMB]] to connect to [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]] or [[Samba (software)|Samba]] servers.
* File-sharing server — As a server, the system can share files using only the [[Apple Filing Protocol]] (over [[TCP/IP]]), [[HTTP]], [[Secure Shell|SSH]], and [[FTP]].
* Optical media — Neither [[DVD]] playback<ref>{{Cite web|last=Turner|first=Daniel|title=Mac OS X: Promise without the polish|url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/mac-os-x-promise-without-the-polish/|access-date=2022-01-11|website=ZDNet|language=en|date=2001-03-01|archive-date=January 11, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111021655/https://www.zdnet.com/article/mac-os-x-promise-without-the-polish/|url-status=live}}</ref> nor burning CDs or DVDs<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jary|first=Simon|title=Apple Mac OS X review|url=https://www.macworld.co.uk/review/mac-os-x-604|access-date=2022-01-11|website=Macworld UK|language=en|date=2001-04-12|archive-date=January 11, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111021658/https://www.macworld.co.uk/review/mac-os-x-604/|url-status=live}}</ref> is supported. However, audio CD burning was added in the Mac OS X 10.0.2 update,<ref>{{cite web |title=TenBITS/07-May-01 |url=http://db.tidbits.com/article/06421 |website=TidBITS |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061125105451/http://db.tidbits.com/article/06421 |archive-date=25 November 2006 |date=7 May 2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=OS X 10.0.2, iTunes Update Available, Now Supports CD Burning |url=https://www.macobserver.com/tmo/article/os_x_10.0.2_itunes_update_available_now_supports_cd_burning |website=The Mac Observer |date=30 April 2001 |access-date=January 10, 2023 |archive-date=January 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110124338/https://www.macobserver.com/tmo/article/os_x_10.0.2_itunes_update_available_now_supports_cd_burning |url-status=live }}</ref> roughly two months after initial release.

== Architecture ==
Mac OS X is built on [[Darwin (operating system)|Darwin]], a [[Unix-like]] operating system derived from [[FreeBSD]]. Darwin includes a new kernel, [[XNU]], derived from [[Mach (kernel)|Mach]] and BSD, as a replacement for the [[Mac OS nanokernel]] used in classic Mac OS.

Unlike [[Mac OS 9]], Mac OS X has [[protected memory]] and [[Preemption (computing)|preemptive multitasking]]. This means that if an application's memory becomes corrupted due to a bug, the application will crash without the entire system crashing and needing to be rebooted.

Mac OS X also had support for [[OpenGL]], [[AppleScript]], and the [[Carbon (API)|Carbon]] and [[Cocoa (API)|Cocoa]] [[API]]s.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Amit |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/ocm68416815 |title=Mac OS X internals: a systems approach |date=2007 |publisher=Addison-Wesley |isbn=978-0-321-27854-8 |location=Upper Saddle River, NJ |oclc=ocm68416815}}</ref>

==Language support==
Mac OS X 10.0 began a short era (that ended with [[Mac OS X 10.2]] Jaguar's release) where Apple offered two types of installation CDs: 1Z and 2Z CDs. The difference in the two lay in the extent of multilingual support.

[[Input method|Input method editors]] of [[Simplified Chinese]], [[Traditional Chinese]], and [[Korean language|Korean]] were only included with the 2Z CDs. They also came with more languages (the full set of 15 languages), whereas the 1Z CDs came only with about eight languages and could not actually display simplified Chinese, traditional Chinese and/or Korean (except for the Chinese characters present in Japanese [[Kanji]]). A variant of 2Z CDs were introduced when Mac OS X v10.0.3 was released to the [[Asia]]n market (this variant could not be upgraded to version 10.0.4). The brief period of multilingual confusion ended with the release of v10.2.{{Citation needed|date=May 2007}} Currently, all Mac OS X installer CDs and preinstallations include the full set of 15 languages and full multilingual compatibility.

== Marketing ==
{{Expand section|date=January 2023|Print ads, keynotes, other marketing details}}

Mac OS X 10.0 was not externally marketed with its codename, a practice which began with [[Mac OS X Jaguar]].

On March 23, 2001, the night before the launch day, Apple hosted a launch party in a Micro Anvika store located at  [[Tottenham Court Road|Tottenham Court Road, London]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Smith |first1=Tony |title=Apple event to sell MacOS X midnight 23/24 March |url=https://www.theregister.com/2001/03/09/apple_event_to_sell_macos/ |website=The Register |language=en |date=9 March 2001 |access-date=January 10, 2023 |archive-date=January 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110153115/https://www.theregister.com/2001/03/09/apple_event_to_sell_macos/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Attendees were provided with live music, along with food and [[alcoholic beverage]]s. The first 50 Mac OS X 10.0 customers of the participating stores in the [[UK]], including the store hosting the launch party, would receive a free [[Apple Pro Mouse]], while the next 100 customers would be given a commemorative Mac OS X [[T-shirt]]. These participating stores also provided demonstrations and offers for [[Mac (computer)|Mac]] products.<ref>{{cite web |title=The future of the Macintosh is just around the corner! |url=http://www.apple.com/uk/hotnews/articles/osx_launch/ |website=Apple (UK) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011013192051/http://www.apple.com/uk/hotnews/articles/osx_launch/ |archive-date=13 October 2001 |date=2001}}</ref>
Similarly, an [[Apple Authorized Service Provider]] (known back then as an Apple Specialist), in [[Cupertino, California]], held a launch party at midnight. The first 100 Mac OS X 10.0 customers would receive a free commemorative Mac OS X [[T-shirt]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sellers |first1=Dennis |title='California's largest X launch party' coming Friday |url=http://www.macworld.com/news/2001/03/19/party/ |website=Macworld |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050327005036/http://www.macworld.com/news/2001/03/19/party/ |archive-date=27 March 2005 |date=19 March 2001}}</ref> On the day, the store was completely packed with customers and fans of Apple products. [[Steve Wozniak]], one of the co-founders of [[Apple Inc.|Apple]], also attended the launch party.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Honan |first1=Mathew |title=Apple Faithful Come Out In Force for OS X |url=http://www.macworld.com/2001/03/24/osx-honan.html |website=Macworld |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010617162019/http://www.macworld.com/2001/03/24/osx-honan.html |archive-date=17 June 2001 |date=24 March 2001}}</ref>

In the [[US]], multiple Apple authorized resellers also held events on March 24–25, 2001, to coincide with Mac OS X's launch.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sellers |first1=Dennis |title=In-store events planned for Mac OS X debut |url=http://www.macworld.com/news/2001/03/09/instore/ |website=Macworld |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050326044508/http://www.macworld.com/news/2001/03/09/instore/ |archive-date=26 March 2005 |date=9 March 2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Apple In-Store Events |url=http://www.apple.com/hotnews/articles/2001/03/instoreevents/events.html |website=Apple |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010312012455/http://www.apple.com/hotnews/articles/2001/03/instoreevents/events.html |archive-date=12 March 2001}}</ref>

A store located in [[Minneapolis]] reported that over 60% of their available Mac OS X stock was sold on launch day.<ref>{{cite web |first1=Rodney O. |last1=Lain |title=Minneapolis Store Sells In Excess Of 60% of OS X Copies On First Day |url=http://www.macobserver.com/article/2001/03/28.8.shtml |website=The Mac Observer |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010628000012/http://www.macobserver.com/article/2001/03/28.8.shtml |archive-date=28 June 2001 |date=28 March 2001}}</ref>

On April 3, 2001, Apple launched a bi-weekly email newsletter service named Mac OS X Product News that showcased the latest software for Mac OS X.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sellers |first1=Dennis |title=Apple to launch OS X e-mail newsletter |url=http://maccentral.macworld.com/news/0103/30.newsletter.shtml |website=MacCentral Online |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010711230714/http://maccentral.macworld.com/news/0103/30.newsletter.shtml |archive-date=11 July 2001 |date=March 30, 2001}}</ref>

== Reception ==
{{Expand section|date=January 2023|Media & end-user reception, as well as evolution of market share compared to Mac OS 9}}
The release of Mac OS X 10.0 saw mixed reviews. [[ZDNet]] called the new OS "underdone" due to poor performance, [[kernel panic]]s, with main applications such as Finder causing system freezes.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Somogyi |first1=Stephan |title=OS X is here. So now what? |url=http://dailynews.yahoo.com/h/zd/20010329/tc/os_x_is_here_so_now_what__1.html |website=Yahoo! News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010417041857/http://dailynews.yahoo.com/h/zd/20010329/tc/os_x_is_here_so_now_what__1.html |archive-date=17 April 2001 |date=29 March 2001}}</ref> [[CNET]] rated Mac OS X 10.0, a 6 out of 10, calling it "more stable than previous Mac OSs", along with compliments on its UI, memory management and speed, but isn't "ready for the masses", due to issues such as the lack of native third-party applications for the platform, missing DVD playback and hard to use user interfaces.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rizzo |first1=John |title=CNET review: Mac OS X |url=http://www.cnet.com/software/0-5211419-8-5235645-1.html |website=CNET Software |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010913055216/http://www.cnet.com/software/0-5211419-8-5235645-1.html |archive-date=13 Sep 2001 |date=24 Mar 2001}}</ref> [[David Pogue]] stated in a ''[[The New York Times|New York Times]]'' tech column that while he felt Mac OS X was better looking and easier to use than [[Mac OS 9]] with superior features and menus, it was not yet ready for the average user, as it was not as polished, with missing features such as CD burning (at launch), automated shutdown scheduling, Labels menu.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sellers |first1=Dennis |title=Columnists: OS X gets one thumb up, one thumbs down |url=http://maccentral.macworld.com/news/0103/30.osx.shtml |website=MacCentral Online |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010725205902/http://maccentral.macworld.com/news/0103/30.osx.shtml |archive-date=25 Jul 2001 |date=30 Mar 2001}}</ref>

==Release history==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Version
!Build
! style="width:99px" |Date
! style="width:80px" |[[Darwin (operating system)|Darwin]] version
!Notes
|-
| style="text-align:center" |10.0
|4K78
|March 24, 2001
|1.3<!--10.0 kernel string is Darwin Kernel Version 1.3: Thu Mar 1 06:56:40 PST 2001; root:xnu/xnu-123.5.obj~/RELEASE-PPC-->
|Original retail CD-ROM release
|-
| style="text-align:center" |10.0.1
|4L13
|April 14, 2001
| rowspan="6" |1.3.1
|Apple: Mac OS X 10.0: Software Update 1.3.1, 10.0.1 Update, and Epson Printer Driver Update Provide Feature Enhancement, Address Issues
|-
| style="text-align:center" |10.0.2
|4P12
|May 1, 2001
|
|-
| style="text-align:center" |10.0.3
|4P13
|May 9, 2001
|Update and Before You Install Information
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center" |10.0.4
|4Q12
|June 21, 2001
|Apple: 10.0.4 Update and Before You Install Information
|-
|4R14<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.macrumors.com/2001/07/23/minor-mac-os-x-update-available/ |title=Minor Mac OS X Update Available |first=Arnold |last=Kim |date=July 23, 2001 |website=[[MacRumors]] |access-date=September 19, 2022 |archive-date=September 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920172356/https://www.macrumors.com/2001/07/23/minor-mac-os-x-update-available/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|July 18, 2001
|For Quicksilver Power Mac G4
|-
|4S10
|August 20, 2001<ref>{{cite press release | url=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2001/08/20Apple-Ships-Dual-800-MHz-Power-Mac-G4/ | title=Apple Ships Dual 800 MHZ Power Mac G4 | date=August 20, 2001 | publisher=[[Apple Inc.|Apple]] | access-date=September 19, 2022 | archive-date=September 20, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171833/https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2001/08/20Apple-Ships-Dual-800-MHz-Power-Mac-G4/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
|For Quicksilver Power Mac G4 (Dual 800&nbsp;MHz)
|}

== System requirements ==
* '''Supported Computers:''' [[Power Macintosh G3 Beige]], [[Power Macintosh G3 (Blue & White)|G3 B&W]], [[Power Macintosh G4|G4]], [[Power Mac G4 Cube|G4 Cube]], [[iMac G3]], [[PowerBook G3]], [[PowerBook G4]], [[iBook]]
* '''RAM:'''
** 128&nbsp;MB (unofficially 64&nbsp;MB minimum)
* '''Hard Drive Space:'''
** 1,500&nbsp;MB (800&nbsp;MB for the minimal install)

==Timeline==
{{Timeline of Macintosh operating systems}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://arstechnica.com/apple/2001/04/macos-x Mac OS X 10.0] review at [[Ars Technica]]
* {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040202061232/http://developer.apple.com/technotes/tn/tn2025.html|date=February 2, 2004|title=Mac OS X 10.0.1-10.0.4 - Technical Note TN2025}} from [[Apple Inc.|Apple]]

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
|title=Mac OS X 10.0 (Cheetah)
|years=2001
|before=[[Mac OS 9]]
|after=[[Mac OS X 10.1|Mac OS X 10.1 (Puma)]]
}}
{{S-end}}

{{macOS}}
{{Apple Inc. operating systems}}
{{Apple Inc.}}

[[Category:MacOS versions|0]]
[[Category:Products and services discontinued in 2006]]
[[Category:2001 software]]
[[Category:PowerPC operating systems]]