Editing Mahmud I

{{Short description|Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1730 to 1754}}
{{more citations needed|date=November 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name         = Mahmud I
| title        = [[Ottoman Caliphate|Ottoman Caliph]]<br/>[[Amir al-Mu'minin]]<br/>[[Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques]]<br/>Sultan of the two lands, Khagan of the two seas<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces89292.html|title=Zeri Mahbub - Mahmud I, Egypt|website=en.numista.com}}</ref>
| titletext    = 
| more         = 
| type         = 
| image        = Sultan Mahmud I – Jean Baptiste Vanmour.jpg
| alt          = 
| caption      = Portrait by [[Jean Baptiste Vanmour]]
| moretext     = 
| succession   = [[List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire|Sultan of the Ottoman Empire]] ([[Padishah]])
| reign        = 1 October  1730 – {{nowrap|13 December 1754}}
| coronation   = 
| cor-type     = 
| predecessor  = [[Ahmed III]]
| regent       = 
| reg-type     = 
| successor    = [[Osman III]]
| spouse       = {{plainlist|
*Ayşe Kadın
*Hatem Kadın
*Alicenab Kadın
*Verdinaz Kadın
*Hatice Rami Kadın
*Tiryal Kadın
*Raziye Kadın
*Meyyase Hanim
*Fehmi Hanim
*Sirri Hanim
*Habbabe Hanim}}
| spouse-type  = Consorts
| issue        = 
| full name    = Mahmud bin Mustafa
| house        = [[Ottoman dynasty|Ottoman]]
| house-type   = Dynasty
| father       = [[Mustafa II]]
| mother       = [[Saliha Sultan (mother of Mahmud I)|Saliha Sultan]]
| birth_date   = 2 August 1696
| birth_place  = [[Edirne Palace]], [[Edirne]], [[Ottoman Empire]]
| death_date   = {{death date and age|1754|12|13|1696|8|2|df=yes}}
| death_place  = [[Topkapı Palace]], [[Constantinople]], Ottoman Empire
| burial_date  = 
| burial_place = [[Tomb of Turhan Sultan]], [[New Mosque (Istanbul)|New Mosque]], Istanbul, Turkey
| signature_type = [[Tughra]]
| religion     = [[Sunni Islam]]
| signature    = Tughra of Mahmud I.JPG
}}
[[File:Mahmud1.jpg|alt=Sultan|thumb|''Sultan Mahmud I'']]
'''Mahmud I''' ({{langx|ota|محمود اول}}, {{langx|tr|I. Mahmud}}; 2 August 1696 {{spaced ndash}} 13 December 1754), known as '''Mahmud the Hunchback''',<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dobrowolska |first1=Agnieszka |last2=Dobrowolski |first2=Jarosław |title=The Sultan's Fountain: An Imperial Story of Cairo, Istanbul, and Amsterdam |date=2011 |publisher=American University in Cairo |isbn=978-977-416-523-8 |page=24 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dexcBgAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref> was the [[sultan of the Ottoman Empire]] from 1730 to 1754. He took over the throne after the quelling of the [[Patrona Halil rebellion]]. His reign was marked by wars in Persia and [[Austro-Russian-Turkish War (1735–1739)|conflicts in Europe]]. He delegated government affairs to his viziers and devoted time to writing poetry. [[Nader Shah]]'s [[Nader Shah's invasion of India|devastating campaign]] weakened the Mughal Empire and created the opportunity for Mahmud I to [[Ottoman–Persian War (1743–1746)|initiate war]] with cooperation from [[Muhammad Shah]]. The alliance ended with the latter's death, leading to tensions between the Afsharids and the Ottomans. In 1748, he outlawed [[Freemasonry]] within the [[Ottoman Empire]].<ref name=FitIW>Layiktez, Cecil "[http://www.freemasons-freemasonry.com/layiktez1.html Freemasonry in the Islamic World]", Pietre-Stones Review of Freemasonry, 1996</ref>

==Early life==
He was born at [[Edirne Palace]] on 2 August 1696, the son of [[Mustafa II]] (1664–1703); his mother was [[Saliha Sultan (mother of Mahmud I)|Saliha Sultan]]. Mahmud I was the older half-brother of [[Osman III]] (1754–57). He developed a [[Kyphosis|humped back]].

His father Mustafa II mostly lived in Edirne. Mahmud passed his childhood in Edirne. On 18 May 1702 he started his education in Edirne. When his father deposed himself from the throne he was brought to Istanbul and locked up in [[Kafes]] where he spent 27 years of his life.{{sfn|Sakaoğlu|2015|p=309}}

It is not known what kind of culture he acquired during this time, since he continued to play chess, write poetry, and deal with music. In addition for childhood and youth, there were dangers,{{clarify|date=March 2023}} especially for the Kafes life.{{sfn|Sakaoğlu|2015|p=309}}

==Reign==
===Accession===
On 28 September 1730, [[Patrona Halil]] with a small group of fellow [[Janissary|Janissaries]] aroused some of the citizens of [[Constantinople]] who opposed the reforms of [[Ahmed III]].<ref name="Shaws">Shaw, Stanford J. and Shaw, Ezel Kural (1976) ''History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, volume 1: Empire of the Gazis: the rise and decline of the Ottoman Empire, 1280-1808'' Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, p. 240, {{ISBN|0-521-21280-4}}</ref> Sweeping up more soldiers Halil led the riot to the [[Topkapı Palace]] and demanded the death of the grand vizer, [[Nevşehirli Damat İbrahim Pasha]] and the abdication of Ahmed III. Ahmed III acceded to the demands, had İbrahim Pasha strangled, and agreed to his nephew, Mahmud, becoming sultan.<ref name="Shaws"/>

Mahmud's real reign began on 25 November 1730, after this incident.  First of all, [[Istanbul]] was taken under strict control. Measures were taken. About two thousand suspicious people were captured, some were executed, some were exiled.{{sfn|Sakaoğlu|2015|p=311}}

===Mahmud's rule===
Mahmud I was recognized as sultan by the mutineers as well as by court officials but for some weeks after his accession the empire was in the hands of the insurgents. Halil rode with the new sultan to the [[Eyüp Sultan Mosque|Mosque of Eyüb]] where the ceremony of girding Mahmud I with the [[Sword of Osman]] was performed; many of the chief officers were deposed and successors to them appointed at the dictation of the bold rebel who had served in the ranks of the Janissaries and who appeared before the sultan bare-legged and in his old uniform of a common soldier. A Greek butcher, named Yanaki, had formerly given credit to Halil and had lent him money during the three days of the insurrection. Halil showed his gratitude by compelling the Divan to make Yanaki [[Hospodar]] of Moldavia. However, Yanaki never took charge of this office.

The Khan of the Crimea assisted the [[Grand Vizier]], the [[Mufti]] and the [[Agha (Ottoman Empire)|Aga]] of the Janissaries in putting down the rebellion. On 24 November 1731, Halil was strangled by the sultan's order<ref name="Shaws"/> and in his presence, after a Divan in which Halil had dictated that war be declared against Russia. His Greek friend, Yanaki, and 7,000 of those who had supported him were also put to death.{{Citation needed|date=June 2009}} The jealousy which the officers of the Janissaries felt towards Halil, and their readiness to aid in his destruction, facilitated the exertions of Mahmud I's supporters in putting an end to the rebellion after it had lasted over a year.

The Austrian ambassador, who came to [[Istanbul]] in August 1740, was given a [[feast|dinner]] in Davudpaşa. Çavuşbaşı took the ambassador and took him to his mansion prepared in Beyoğlu.  On the day of the Ulufe Court, he presented his name to the Sultan. Various demonstrations were held in places where welcome and farewell ceremonies were held for the ambassador from Yeniköy Pier.{{sfn|Sakaoğlu|2015|p=316}}

The rest of Mahmud I's reign was dominated by wars in [[Persia]], with the [[Ottoman–Persian War (1730–1735)|collapsing Safavid dynasty]] and the [[Ottoman-Persian War (1743-1746)|ascendance of]] Nader Shah. Mahmud also faced a notable war in Europe—the [[Austro-Russian-Turkish War (1735–1739)]].

After the condemnation of Freemasonry by [[Pope Clement XII]] in 1738, he followed suit outlawing the organization and since that time Freemasonry was equated with [[atheism]] in the [[Ottoman Empire]] and the broader Islamic world.<ref name=FitIW>Layiktez, Cecil "[http://www.freemasons-freemasonry.com/layiktez1.html Freemasonry in the Islamic World]", Pietre-Stones Review of Freemasonry, 1996</ref>

Mahmud I entrusted government to his [[vizier]]s and spent much of his time composing poetry.{{fact|date=November 2024}}

===Fires of 1750===
The fire that started at the Ayazma gate in January 1750 lasted for 19 hours. Numerous shops, houses, and mansions burned until the fire reached [[Vefa]] district. The sultan dismissed Boynueğri Abdullah Pasha and appointed Divitdar Mehmed Emin Pasha on 9 January 1750.  In the second fire that broke out on 31 March 1750, Bitpazan, Abacılar, Yorgancılar, Yağlıkcılar, Haffaflar were completely burned. The fire spread to Fingerkapi and Tatlikuyu. The sultan, with the help of the [[Defterdar|treasury]], repaired the burned down areas.{{sfn|Sakaoğlu|2015|p=321}}

==Architecture==

Mahmud I started construction of the Cağaloğlu Bath, called Yeni Hamam, in the spring of 1740 on the site of Cağaloğlu Palace, which covers a large area. Foundation houses were built on the remaining empty lands and a neighborhood was established. The sultan opened the one in the courtyard of the [[Hagia Sophia Mosque]], the first of the three libraries it established in Istanbul, with a ceremony and made 4,000 volumes. In the library, Sahih-i Buharf reading of ten inhabitants every day was one of the conditions of the foundation. Mahmud also came to the Rosary Gate of Hagia Sophia several times, sat in the library and listened to the commentary of [[tafsir]]. The famine, which appeared due to the heavy winter, became increasingly heavier at the end of spring.{{sfn|Sakaoğlu|2015|p=315}}

==Relations with the Mughal Empire==
[[Nader Shah]]'s devastating campaign against the [[Mughal Empire]], created a void in the western frontiers of [[Persia]], which was effectively exploited by the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] [[Sultan]] Mahmud I, who initiated the [[Ottoman–Persian War (1743–46)]], in which the [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Muhammad Shah]] closely cooperated with the Ottomans and their ambassador Haji Yusuf Agha, these relations between the two empires continued until Muhammad Shah's death in 1748.<ref name="Mughal-Ottoman relations Muhammed Shah">{{cite book
  | last = Farooqi
  | first = Naimur Rahman
  | title = Mughal-Ottoman relations: a study of political & diplomatic relations between Mughal India and the Ottoman Empire, 1556-1748
  | publisher = Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli
  | year = 1989
  }} ASIN: B0006ETWB8. See [https://books.google.com/books?id=uB1uAAAAMAAJ&q=Muhammad+Shah&cad=6 Google Books search].</ref>

==Relations with Afsharid Empire==
In March 1741, the ambassador of Nadir Shah from Iran’s government, Hacı Han, came to Istanbul with 3,000 people and his guards unit to prolong the peace between them. Among his gifts were fabrics embroidered with jewels, ten elephants, and valuable weapons. Hacı Han was given a banquet in Fener Bahçesin. It was also a problem to pass the elephants brought by hand to Istanbul, and wide shakes were laid on the barges, so wooden curtains were laid around them so that elephants could not be scared.{{sfn|Sakaoğlu|2015|p=317}}

The relations between the [[Afsharid Empire]] and [[Ottoman Empire]] became increasingly tense, reached a new dimension in February 1743, and Shah Safi, who was one of Shah Hussein's princes and held hostage on [[Chios Island|Chios]], was condemned and led to Nader Shah's inability to complete. He was sent to the Afsharid border with the troops that joined him.{{sfn|Sakaoğlu|2015|p=318}}

==Death==
Mahmud I was disturbed by [[fistula]] and during the harsh winter his health declined day by day. On Friday, 13 December 1754 he went for attending the Friday prayer. After attending the prayer he went back to his palace but in the journey he collapsed on his horse and died on the same day and was buried in his great-grandmother [[Tomb of Turhan Sultan|Turhan Sultan Mausoleum]] in New Mosque, at Eminönü, in Istanbul, Turkey.{{sfn|Sakaoğlu|2015|p=323}}

== Family ==
There are eleven known consorts of Mahmud I, but he had no children by any of them (just as his heir, his younger half-brother [[Osman III]], who also remained childless), despite a reign of twenty-four years. This is why Sakaoğlu, a Turkish historian, speculates that Mahmud may have been castrated during his years of imprisonment in [[Kafes]].{{sfn|Sakaoğlu|2008|p=454}}

The known consorts of Mahmud I are:<ref>M. Çağatay Uluçay - Padişahların Kadınları ve Kızları</ref><ref>Yılmaz Öztuna - Devletler ve Hanedanlar Cilt 2</ref><ref>Necdet Sakaoünlar Sultan Kılkın</ref>
*Hace Ayşe Kadın. [[Kadın (title)|BaşKadin]] (first consort) until her death.{{efn|However, according to Oztüna, Alicenab was instead the BaşKadin, while Ayşe was the second Kadın.}} She built a school in Çörekçikapısı, near the [[Fatih Mosque]]. The name ''Hace'' indicated that she had made the pilgrimage to [[Mecca]] by proxy. She died in 1746.{{sfn|Sakaoğlu|2008|p=451}}{{sfn|Uluçay|2011|p=145}}<ref name="çakmak">{{cite book |first = Abdullah |last = Çakmak |title = 18. Yüzyılda Hayırsever Bir Padişah Kadını: Vuslat Kadın'ın Medine ve İstanbul Vakıfları |publisher = Vakıflar Dergisi |year = 2016 |pages = 77 n. 5, 6 }}</ref>
*Hatem Kadın. BaşKadin from the death of Ayşe Kadın in 1746 until the death of Mahmud I in 1754.{{efn|However, according to Oztüna, Alicenab Kadın was instead the BaşKadin for the whole reign of Mahmud I and not Ayşe and Hatem therefore never obtained this title.}} She died in 1769 and was buried in the [[Ayazma Mosque|Ayazma mosque]] in  [[Üsküdar]].<ref name="çakmak"/><ref>{{cite book|first=Mehmet Nermi|last=Haskan|title=Yüzyıllar boyunca Üsküdar - Volume 1|publisher=Üsküdar Belediyesi|year=2001|pages=87|isbn=978-9-759-76062-5}}</ref>
*Hace Alicenab Kadın.{{efn|However, according to Oztüna, she was instead Mahmud I's BaşKadin throughout his reign, with Ayşe second consort.}} She built schools and fountains in the Fatih neighborhood. The name ''Hace'' indicated that she had made the pilgrimage to Mecca by proxy. She died in 1775 and was buried in [[New Mosque (Istanbul)|Yeni Cami]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Emine|last=Fetvaci|title=Picturing History at the Ottoman Court|publisher=Indiana University Press|date=6 February 2014|pages=36|isbn=978-0-253-05102-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first1=Ebru|last1=Boyar|first2=Kate|last2=Fleet|title=Ottoman Women in Public Space|publisher=BRILL|date=19 May 2016|pages=25|isbn=978-9-004-31662-1}}</ref>{{sfn|Necepoğlu|2002|p=145}}<ref name="çakmak" />''<ref>{{cite book|first=Mehmet Nermi|last=Haskan|title=Yüzyıllar boyunca Üsküdar - Volume 2|publisher=Üsküdar Belediyesi|year=2001|pages=734|isbn=978-9-759-76060-1}}</ref>{{sfn|Sakaoğlu|2008|p=549-50}}''
*Hace Verdinaz Kadın. She built a school and a fountain in Murâdpaşa and another fountain in Galata. The name ''Hace'' indicated that she had made the pilgrimage to Mecca by proxy. She died on 16 December 1804, and was buried in Şehzâdebaşı. Her late death date suggests that she was one of the youngest consorts.{{sfn|Necepoğlu|2002|p=145}}<ref name="çakmak"/>{{sfn|Sakaoğlu|2008|p=452}}{{sfn|Uluçay|2011|p=145-6}}
*Hatice Rami Kadın. She built a school and a fountain in Beşiktaş. A year after Mahmud I's death in 1755, she married Inspector Haremeyn Mustafapaşazade İbrahim Bey. She died on 16 January 1780.{{sfn|Uluçay|2011|p=146}}{{sfn|Kal'a|Tabakoğlu|2003|p=267}}{{sfn|Şapolyo|1961|p=319}}<ref name="çakmak"/>
*Tiryal Kadın, who died between 1785 and 1789.{{sfn|Uluçay|2011|p=146}}
*Raziye Kadın{{sfn|Uluçay|2011|p=146}}
*Meyyase Hanim<ref name="çakmak"/>
*Fehmi Hanim<ref name="çakmak"/>
*Sirri Hanim<ref name="çakmak"/>
*Habbabe Hanim<ref>{{cite book|first=Betül Ipsirli|last=Argit|title=Life after the Harem: Female Palace Slaves, Patronage and the Imperial Ottoman Court|publisher=Cambridge University Press|date=29 October 2020|pages=72|isbn=978-1-108-48836-5}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
* Incorporates text from ''History of Ottoman Turks'' (1878)
* {{cite book |first = Leslie P. |last=Peirce |title = The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire |publisher = Oxford University Press |year=1993|isbn=978-0-195-08677-5|url-access=registration |url = https://archive.org/details/imperialharemwom00peir }}
* {{cite book|first1=Ahmet|last1=Kal'a|first2=Ahmet|last2=Tabakoğlu|title=İstanbul su külliyâtı: Vakıf su defterleri : Suyolcu 2 (1871–1921)|publisher=İstanbul Araştırmaları Merkezi|year=2003|isbn=978-9-758-21504-1}}
* {{cite book|first=Enver Behnan|last=Şapolyo|title=Osmanlı sultanları tarihi|publisher=R. Zaimler Yayınevi|year=1961}}
* {{cite book|first=Gülrü|last=Necepoğlu|title=Muqarnas: An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic World, Volume 19|publisher=BRILL|date=1 January 2002|isbn=978-9-004-12593-3}}
* {{cite book|first=Necdet|last=Sakaoğlu|title=Bu mülkün kadın sultanları: Vâlide sultanlar, hâtunlar, hasekiler, kadınefendiler, sultanefendiler|publisher=Oğlak Yayıncılık|year=2008|isbn=978-9-753-29623-6}}
* {{cite book|first=Mustafa Çağatay|last=Uluçay|title=Padişahların kadınları ve kızları|publisher=Ankara, Ötüken|year=2011}}
* {{cite book |first=Necdet|last=Sakaoğlu|title=Bu Mülkün Sultanları|publisher=Alfa Yayıncılık|year=2015|isbn=978-6-051-71080-8 }}
{{refend}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-hou|[[Ottoman Dynasty|House of Osman]]||2 August 1696||13 December 1754}}[aged 58]
{{S-reg}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Ahmed III]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire|Sultan of the Ottoman Empire]]|years=20 Sep 1730 – 13 Dec 1754}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Osman III]]}}
{{S-rel|su}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Ahmed III]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[List of caliphs|Caliph of the Ottoman Caliphate]]|years=20 Sep 1730 – 13 Dec 1754}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Osman III]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Sultans of the Ottoman Empire}}
{{Sons of the Ottoman Sultans}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahmud 01}}
[[Category:1696 births]]
[[Category:1754 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Edirne]]
[[Category:18th-century sultans of the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:Turks from the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:Ottoman royalty and nobility with disabilities]]
[[Category:Sons of sultans]]