Editing Mainpuri

{{About|the municipality in Uttar Pradesh, India|its namesake district|Mainpuri district}}
{{Distinguish|Manipuri (disambiguation){{!}}Manipuri}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}
{{multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=December 2009}}
{{Unfocused|date=June 2011}}
}}
<!-- See [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Indian cities]] for details -->{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Mainpuri
| settlement_type    = City
| image_alt          = A street in Mainpuri town
| image_caption      = 
| nickname           = 
| map_alt            = 
| map_caption        = 
| pushpin_map        = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt    = 
| pushpin_map_caption = 
| coordinates        = {{coord|27.23|N|79.02|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type   = Country
| subdivision_name   = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1  = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2  = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1  = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name2  = [[Mainpuri district|Mainpuri]]
| established_title  = <!-- Established -->
| established_date   = 
| named_for          = 
| government_type    = 
| governing_body     = 
| leader_title       = [[Member of parliament(India)|MP]]
| leader_name        = [[Dimple Yadav]]
| unit_pref          = Metric
| area_footnotes     = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_total_km2     = 7
| area_rank          = 
| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m        = 153
| population_total   = 136557
| population_as_of   = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank    = 
| population_demonym = 
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_title2 = Native
| timezone1          = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1        = +5:30
| postal_code_type   = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code        = 205001
| area_code          = 05672
| area_code_type     = Telephone code
| registration_plate = UP-84
| website            = {{URL|https://mainpuri.nic.in/}}
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| demographics1_info2 = [[Braj Bhasha]]
}}
'''Mainpuri''' ({{IPA|hi|mɛːn̪.pʊɾiː}}; {{IAST|Mainpurī}}) is a city in [[Mainpuri district]] in the [[States and territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It is the administrative headquarters of Mainpuri district and is 55&nbsp;km from [[Etawah]] and 294 &nbsp;km from [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mustseeindia.com/how-to-reach/from-delhi-to-mainpuri |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110130065444/http://www.mustseeindia.com/how-to-reach/from-delhi-to-mainpuri |archive-date=30 January 2011 |title=DELHI to MAINPURI, Train, Bus from Delhi to Mainpuri, fare, timings}}</ref> Mainpuri is located in the [[Braj]] region, which holds special religious significance to Hindus as the homeland of [[Krishna]]. It is Ruled  by the Chauhan Rajputs.<ref name="subodhk">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FUjzWFsz5fwC&q=braj+mainpuri&pg=PA3432 | title=The Indian Encyclopaedia: India (Central Provinces)-Indology | publisher=Genesis Publishing Pvt Ltd | author=Subodh Kapoor | year=2002 | pages=3432 | isbn=9788177552683}}</ref>

As of 2011, Mainpuri had a population of 136,557 in 24,498 households.

==Geography==
Mainpuri is located on a branch of the historical [[Grand Trunk Road]], about 55 km from the city of [[Etawah]] and 116 &nbsp;km from the city of [[Agra]].<!-- Gazetteer 1910, p. 229 --> The [[Isan river]] is on the east side of town.<!-- Gazetteer 1910, p. 229 --> Mainpuri is about 5&nbsp;km downstream from the point where the Isan receives the [[Kak Nadi]] as a tributary.<!-- Gazetteer 1910, p. 13 --> In this area, up until about 1&nbsp;km downstream of Mainpuri, the Isan has a relatively shallow bed and often overflows during the monsoon season.<!-- Gazetteer 1910, p. 13 --> Three bridges cross the Isan river in Mainpuri; the northernmost is by the Devi temple on the road to [[Kuraoli]].<!-- Gazetteer 1910, p. 13 --> The soil in this area is a mix of loam and ''[[usar]]''.<!-- Gazetteer 1910, p. 13 --><ref name="Gazetteer 1910">{{cite book |editor1-last=Neave|editor1-first=E. R. |title=Mainpuri: A Gazetteer, Being Volume X of the District Gazetteers of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh |date=1910 |publisher=Government Press |location=Allahabad |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.48097 |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|13, 229}}

On the south of Mainpuri is the railway, along with the train station.<!-- Gazetteer 1910, p. 229 --> [[Mainpuri railway station]] was deliberately built in the middle of an unproductive ''usar'' plain so it wouldn't take away from the available farmland.<!-- Gazetteer 1910, p. 231 --><ref name="Gazetteer 1910"/>{{rp|229, 231}}

The main street in Mainpuri is a section of the Agra road running east–west through town.<!-- Gazetteer 1910, p. 229 --> This is the main commercial centre and many of the public buildings are built here.<!-- Gazetteer 1910, p. 229 --> The [[Bhanwat]] road branches off from the main road and heads south to the train station.<!-- Gazetteer 1910, p. 230 --><ref name="Gazetteer 1910"/>{{rp|229–30}}

Mainpuri historically consisted of two separate settlements: [[Mainpuri Khas]], the old town, in the north and surrounding the raja's ''garhi'' (fort-palace complex); and Mukhamganj, or Ganj, further south on the main road.<!-- Gazetteer 1910, p. 229 --> The Katra road historically marked the southern boundary of Mainpuri Khas.<!-- Gazetteer 1910, p. 230 --> Mainpuri Khas was historically surrounded by a wall, with six gates.<!-- Gazetteer 1910, p. 229 --> The names of five are known: the Debi, Tal, Madar, Deoraya, and Ganesh Darwazas.<!-- Gazetteer 1910, p. 229 --> The name of the sixth is not recorded.<!-- Gazetteer 1910, p. 229 --> Nagaria, a suburb of Mainpuri, is near where the Tal Darwaza once stood.<!-- Gazetteer 1910, p. 231 --><ref name="Gazetteer 1910"/>{{rp|229–31}}

===Climate===
{{Weather box
|location = Mainpuri (1981–2010, extremes 1901–2005)
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|width = auto
| Jan record high C = 31.4
| Feb record high C = 35.2
| Mar record high C = 41.7
| Apr record high C = 45.8
| May record high C = 49.2
| Jun record high C = 49.2
| Jul record high C = 46.2
| Aug record high C = 42.6
| Sep record high C = 42.4
| Oct record high C = 40.6
| Nov record high C = 37.6
| Dec record high C = 33.0
|year record high C = 49.2
| Jan high C = 22.7
| Feb high C = 26.0
| Mar high C = 31.5
| Apr high C = 38.3
| May high C = 41.0
| Jun high C = 40.3
| Jul high C = 35.2
| Aug high C = 33.4
| Sep high C = 33.7
| Oct high C = 33.5
| Nov high C = 29.4
| Dec high C = 24.7
|year high C = 32.4
| Jan low C = 7.1
| Feb low C = 9.6
| Mar low C = 14.7
| Apr low C = 21.0
| May low C = 25.4
| Jun low C = 26.7
| Jul low C = 25.4
| Aug low C = 25.0
| Sep low C = 24.2
| Oct low C = 19.8
| Nov low C = 13.8
| Dec low C = 8.4
|year low C = 18.4
| Jan record low C = -1.7
| Feb record low C = -0.6
| Mar record low C = 5.0
| Apr record low C = 10.7
| May record low C = 15.6
| Jun record low C = 17.6
| Jul record low C = 16.8
| Aug record low C = 18.6
| Sep record low C = 8.2
| Oct record low C = 9.6
| Nov record low C = 2.2
| Dec record low C = -1.1
|year record low C = -1.7
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 11.3
| Feb rain mm = 13.5
| Mar rain mm = 8.5
| Apr rain mm = 5.7
| May rain mm = 14.8
| Jun rain mm = 71.3
| Jul rain mm = 207.7
| Aug rain mm = 233.6
| Sep rain mm = 159.7
| Oct rain mm = 33.4
| Nov rain mm = 3.4
| Dec rain mm = 6.0
|year rain mm = 768.9
| Jan rain days = 1.1
| Feb rain days = 1.0
| Mar rain days = 0.9
| Apr rain days = 0.5
| May rain days = 1.5
| Jun rain days = 3.4
| Jul rain days = 9.1
| Aug rain days = 10.0
| Sep rain days = 7.1
| Oct rain days = 1.8
| Nov rain days = 0.4
| Dec rain days = 0.6
|year rain days = 37.4
|time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 71
| Feb humidity = 62
| Mar humidity = 53
| Apr humidity = 32
| May humidity = 33
| Jun humidity = 43
| Jul humidity = 64
| Aug humidity = 73
| Sep humidity = 71
| Oct humidity = 65
| Nov humidity = 67
| Dec humidity = 73
|year humidity = 59
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| archivedate = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| title = Station: Mainpuri Climatological Table 1981–2010
| work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = January 2015
| pages = 461–462
| accessdate = 22 September 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{cite web
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| archivedate = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M219
| accessdate = 22 September 2020}}</ref>
}}

==History==
According to tradition, a branch of the Chauhan Rajputs came to Mainpuri from [[Asauli]] under one Raja Partab Rudr sometime between 1363 and 1391 (1420-1448 ''[[samvat]]'').<!-- Gazetteer 1910, p. 231 --> They were accompanied by fighters from the [[Mathuriya Brahman]]s, who later became merchants instead.<!-- Gazetteer 1910, p. 231 --><ref name="Gazetteer 1910"/>{{rp|231}}

A new site called Mukhamganj, which is now the main part of town, was founded in 1746 by Raja Jaswant Singh on the Grand Trunk Road.<!-- Gazetteer 1910, p. 232 --> It was named after Mukham Singh, who is variously recorded as a son of Jaswant's who born out of wedlock or as his own childless brother.<!-- Gazetteer 1910, p. 232 --> The new town quickly grew as people moved here from the town of [[Karimganj, Mainpuri|Karimganj]], further north.<!-- Gazetteer 1910, p. 232 --> Mukhamganj quickly eclipsed Karimganj, which dwindled from a large town to a smaller village.<!-- Gazetteer 1910, p. 232 --><ref name="Gazetteer 1910"/>{{rp|232}}

In 1802, the British founded a [[Civil Lines|civil station]] just east of Mainpuri to serve as the headquarters of the new [[Etawah district]].<!-- Gazetteer 1910, p. 232 --> The civil station consisted of three settlements: Gola Bazar, Nagla Chamaran, and Nagla Pazawa.<!-- Gazetteer 1910, p. 233 --> Due to its position as an administrative headquarters, the entire town of Mainpuri quickly grew.<!-- Gazetteer 1910, p. 232 --> In 1804, it was attacked and pillaged by forces under [[Yashwant Rao Holkar]], the Maratha ruler of [[Indore State|Indore]].<!-- Gazetteer 1910, p. 232 --><ref name="Gazetteer 1910"/>{{rp|232}}

Major construction was done in Mainpuri from 1848 to 1850, involving the Raikesganj marketplace and a school, and again in the 1870s, involving three marketplaces, a post office, more schools, and a drainage system for the city.<!-- Gazetteer 1910, p. 232 --> The three marketplaces built in the 1870s included one for vegetable produce, one for ghee and cotton, and one, called Laneganj after its builder, for grain.<!-- Gazetteer 1910, p. 230, 2 --> Laneganj, which replaced Raikesganj as the city's main grain market, stretched from the Raikesganj sarai in the south to the intersection of the Katra and Kuraoli roads in the north, on the border with Mainpuri Khas.<!-- Gazetteer 1910, p. 230 --> A large masonry tank was also built next to the Laneganj market, with a stone [[chhatri]] at each corner.<!-- Gazetteer 1910, p. 230 --> In the hotter part of the year, the tank was fed by a canal coming up to the town from the south, where it ultimately branched off from the Nagaria distributary.<!-- Gazetteer 1910, p. 230 --><ref name="Gazetteer 1910"/>{{rp|230, 232}}

At the turn of the 20th century, there was still a large open area between the town of Mainpuri and the train station to the south.<!-- Gazetteer 1910, p. 230-1 --> There was a [[brickyard]] in this area.<!-- Gazetteer 1910, p. 231 --> At the east end of town was a cotton ginning mill.<!-- Gazetteer 1910, p. 233 --> There were about 20 makers of ''tarkashi'' work (wood inlaid with brass wire) in the city at the time.<!-- Gazetteer 1910, p. 73 --> In terms of commerce, there was an active trade in cotton, grain, iron, and vegetables.<!-- Gazetteer 1910, p. 223 --><ref name="Gazetteer 1910"/>{{rp|73, 231, 233}}

At this time, Mainpuri was divided into four wards (two in Mainpuri Khas and two in Mukhamganj).<!-- Gazetteer 1910, p. 229 --> The wards in Mainpuri Khas were Misrana, comprising the [[mohalla]]s Katra, Misrana, and Chautiana; and Purohitana, comprising the mohallas Purohitana, Sotiana, Baghban, and Bharatwal.<!-- Gazetteer 1910, p. 229 --> The wards in Mukhamganj were Chhapaiti, comprising the mohallas Agarwala, Lohai, and Chhapaiti; and Gariwan, comprising the mohallas Gariwan, Saraogian, and Dariba.<!-- Gazetteer 1910, p. 229 --><ref name="Gazetteer 1910"/>{{rp|229}}

As of the 1901 census, the city of Mainpuri had a population of exactly 19,000 (not counting the civil station, which had a population of exactly 1,000).<!-- Gazetteer 1910, p. 229 --> The population was 73% Hindu (13,955) and 23% Muslim (4,436); the remaining 3% (609) followed other religions.<!-- Gazetteer 1910, p. 229 --> Sometime between 1901 and 1910, the city limits were expanded southward to include the train station.<!-- Gazetteer 1910, p. 229 --><ref name="Gazetteer 1910"/>{{rp|229}}

==Demographics==
{{historical populations
| align = left
| source = [[2011 Census of India]]<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| 1901 | 19000
| 1911 | 17653
| 1921 | 15697
| 1931 | 16483
| 1941 | 21221
| 1951 | 22932
| 1961 | 33610
| 1971 | 43849
| 1981 | 58928
| 1991 | 76735
| 2001 | 104851
| 2011 | 136557
}}
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Mainpuri city (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Uttar Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11394/download/14507/DDW09C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hindus]]|darkorange|87.95}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Uttar Pradesh|Muslims]]|green|10.44}}
{{bar percent|[[Jains]]|pink|0.71}}
|caption=Distribution of religions
}}
As of the [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]], Mainpuri had a population of 136,557, in 24,498 households. This population was 52.2% male (71,274) and 47.8% female (65,283). The 0-6 age group numbered 17,360 (9,276 male and 8,084 female), or 12.7% of the total population. 22,540 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 16.5% of the total. The town's literacy rate was 83.4% (counting only people age 7 and up).<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1259/download/4050/DH_2011_0917_PART_B_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|174–5}}

==Notable temples==
There are several ancient and well-known Hindu temples in the city. These include Sheetla Devi Temple which hosts a 20-day rural exhibition-cum-trade fair every year in March/April. Bhimsen Mandir is an ancient Shiva temple and Falahari Ashram situated on Jyoti-Devi Road has very a rare statue of the goddess [[Durga]] with 18 arms. Another ancient Shiv temple is Chandeshwar Mandir situated on Chandeshwar Road. Also located on Devi Road are the twin Shiv temples of Kale Mahadev and Shweat Mahadev. Hanuman Temple situated on old Tehsil Road is visited by thousands on Tuesdays and Saturdays.{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}}

==Industry==
[[Cotton gin]]ning, oilseed milling, lamp and [[glass]] manufacturing constitute the prominent industries. [[Peanut]] farming is a small but well-spread out industry. The town is also renowned for its [[tobacco]] and wooden sculptures. A large amount of the population depends on agriculture produce to fulfill daily needs. The agricultural equipment industry is predominant — Siyaram Agency is one of the leading equipment manufacturers in the district.

===''Tarkashi''===
Mainpuri is renowned for its woodwork inlaid with brass wire, a process known as ''tarkashi'' (literally "wire-drawing").<!-- Gazetteer 1910, p. 73 --> Dark [[shisham]] wood is the main type of wood used, and some of the items commonly decorated in this way are footwear, plates and trays, various small boxes, and photo frames.<!-- Gazetteer 1910, p. 73 --> ''Tarkashi'' items are made by gently hammering brass strips into chiselled-out incisions in the wood.<!-- Gazetteer 1910, p. 74 --> A [[stencil]] is used to mark out complex designs beforehand.<!-- Gazetteer 1910, p. 73-4 --> ''Tarkashi'' work is typically a slow process – a plate with a 30&nbsp;cm [[diameter]] can take up to 20 days – so the items tend to be relatively expensive.<!-- Gazetteer 1910, p. 74 --><ref name="Gazetteer 1910"/>{{rp|73–4}}

==Places of interest==
[[File:AsianOpenbillWithPilaglobosa Mainpuri.JPG|thumb|{{center|Krouncha, [[sarus crane]] (''[[Grus antigone]]'')}}]]
Fort/Garhi of Mainpuri is situated at old Mainpuri. The fort is not a spot of tourist interest. It is the private property of erstwhile raja of two estates, Mainpuri and Lawan (Dausa, Rajasthan) and repaired, maintained and restored by him.

Attractions include the parks Phoolbagh and Lohia Park. Phoolbagh is situated at Jail Chauraha while Lohia Park is situated at District Collectorate. Both have green lawns and fountains.

Mainpuri is also known for the [[sarus crane]] (''[[Grus antigone]]''). This bird, called ''krouncha'' in India, is revered as a symbol of marital fidelity and is celebrated in myth and legend.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}} There are estimated to be 8,000-10,000 sarus cranes in India. Two-thirds of its population resides in the villages Harwai, Andani of Karhal.

Another place of interest in the Mainpuri District is the [[Saman Bird Sanctuary]]. The [[Siberian crane]] comes here in its migration cycle and stays for 3–4 months from November to February. Part-time wildlife photographer Mr. Shashank Raghav has contributed his photos to depict the wildlife of the Mainpuri District, especially the different species of birds which can be found in nearby areas of the Saman Bird Sanctuary within the Mainpuri district.

==Healthcare==
The district hospital is called Maharaja Tej Singh Jila Chikitsalya. Mainpuri Janch Kendra is a Registered Pathology in the district in the fields of biotechnology and biochemistry. Mainpuri District has a very high number of cancer patients due to consumption of ''kapuri'' ([[camphor]]) flavoured tobacco.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}

==Education==
As of 2009, Mainpuri has 61 schools teaching at the primary level, 11 schools teaching at the secondary level, and 4 public libraries.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1258/download/4046/DH_2011_0917_PART_A_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|318–20}}

===Engineering College===
[[Government Engineering College, Mainpuri]](खर्रा)) (Rajkiya Engineering College, REC) is a government [[engineering college]] in Mainpuri. It is a constituent college of [[Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University]] (formerly [[Uttar Pradesh Technical University]]) in [[Lucknow]]. The college has four branches: computer science, civil, electrical, and mechanical with 63 students in each branch. REC is situated at Shikohabad - Mainpuri Road. There is one government polytechnic college. It has three branches of engineering, electronics, microprocessors and instrumentation and control. It is located at Sindhiya Tiraha near new Mandi.

==Accessibility==
Mainpuri is well-connected to other parts of the state by road and broad-gauge railway so one can visit Mainpuri by train. Currently, the only two trains are the Kalindi Express and the Kanpur Anand Vihar Express, which connect Mainpuri to [[Delhi]] and [[Kanpur]]. The city is also linked by railways to [[Farrukhabad]] and [[Shikohabad]], [[Etawah]] and [[Kanpur]]. Major cities within a {{convert|300|km|adj=on}} range of Mainpuri include [[Agra]], [[Delhi]], [[Bareilly]], [[Meerut]], [[Firozabad]], [[Shikohabad]], [[Etawah]], [[Jhansi]], [[Gwalior]] and [[Kanpur]].

The Agra Lucknow Expressway connects Mainpuri to Lucknow.

The closest civil airport is at Agra, which is 121 &nbsp;km away.

==See also==
* [[List of cities in Uttar Pradesh]]
* [[Mainpuri (Lok Sabha Constituency)]]
* [[List of Villages in Mainpuri District]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://mainpuri.nic.in/ Mainpuri District official web site]

{{Mainpuri district}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Mainpuri| ]]
[[Category:Cities in Uttar Pradesh]]