Editing Mainz Cathedral

{{Short description|Cathedral in Mainz, Germany}}
{{Infobox church
| name = Mainz
| fullname = St. Martin's Cathedral
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| native_name = {{langx|de|link=no|Der Hohe Dom zu Mainz}}
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| diocese = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Mainz|Mainz]]
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'''Mainz Cathedral''' or '''St. Martin's Cathedral''' ({{langx|de|link=no|'''Mainzer Dom''', '''Martinsdom'''}} or, officially, '''''{{lang|de|Der Hohe Dom zu Mainz}}''''') is located near the historical center and pedestrianized market square of the city of [[Mainz]], Germany. This 1000-year-old [[Roman Catholic]] cathedral is the site of the [[episcopal see]] of the [[Bishop of Mainz]].

Mainz Cathedral is predominantly [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] in style, but later exterior additions over many centuries have resulted in the appearance of various architectural influences seen today. It comprises three [[aisle]]s and stands under the patronage of [[Martin of Tours|Saint Martin of Tours]]. The eastern [[Choir (architecture)|quire]] is dedicated to [[Saint Stephen]].

The interior of the cathedral houses tombs and funerary monuments of former powerful [[Prince Elector|Electoral]]-[[Prince-Bishop|prince-archbishops]], or '''{{lang|de|Kurfürst-Erzbischöfe}}''', of the diocese and contains religious works of art spanning a millennium. The cathedral also has a central courtyard and statues of [[Saint Boniface]] and [[The Madonna]] on its grounds.

[[File:Hermann Emden - Mainzer Dom von Südosten vor1858 (ZBm262).jpg|left|thumb|Mainz Cathedral {{circa|1855}}]]During the time of Mainz Archbishop [[Willigis]] (975–1011), the city of Mainz flourished economically, and Willigis became one of the most influential politicians of that time, ascending to regent of the empire between 991 and 994. In 975–976 shortly after his installation he ordered the construction of a new cathedral in the pre-Romanesque [[Ottonian architecture]] style. This new building was part of his vision of Mainz as the "second Rome".<ref name="onethree">{{cite book |last=Dumont |first=Franz |author2=Ferdinand Scherf |author2-link=Ferdinand Scherf |author3=Friedrich Schütz |author3-link=Friedrich Schütz (historian) |title=[[Mainz]] Die Geschichte der Stadt (The history of the town) |publisher=[[Verlag Philipp von Zabern]] |year=1998 |language=de |isbn= 3-8053-2000-0 |page= 138}}</ref>

This new cathedral was to take over the functions of two churches: the [[St. John's Church, Mainz|old cathedral]] and [[St. Alban's Abbey, Mainz|St. Alban's]], which was the largest church in the area, belonging to a Benedictine abbey and serving as the burial ground for the bishops and other nobles, including [[Fastrada]], a spouse of [[Charlemagne]]. Most of the [[synod]]s and other important meetings were held at St. Alban's Abbey.

The new cathedral consisted of a double [[chancel]] with two [[transept]]s. The main hall was built in the typical triple-[[nave]] "cross" pattern. As was usual at that time no [[Vault (architecture)|vault]] was included because of structural difficulties relating to the size of the building. Six towers rose from the church. A cloister was enclosed in the structure and a small freestanding church, St. Mary's Church, connected by a [[colonnade]]. This small church developed later into the [[collegiate church]] of St. Maria ad Gradus.

[[Image:MzDomGrundriss.jpg|right|thumb|Present-day floor plan of the cathedral (↑S)]][[Sandstone]] was used as the primary building material for the cathedral. The inside was plastered white under the Archbishop Bardo, probably in the middle of the 11th century. During renovations ordered by [[Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry IV]] in the late 11th century, much of the outside was also plastered, but the [[cornice]]s were left exposed in their original red and yellow. It is believed that the coloring of the cathedral was changed on a number of occasions, but no further documentation of the coloring is available until records of the [[Baroque (architecture)|Baroque]] works.

[[File:Mainz Cathedral south aisle.JPG|thumb|South aisle]]
The cathedral suffered extensive damage from a fire on the day of its inauguration in 1009. Archbishop [[Bardo (bishop)|Bardo]] (Bardo of Oppershofen) presided over the completion of the cathedral begun under Willigis. By 1037 the main portions of the body of Mainz Cathedral were complete.<ref name="onethree"/> Willigis was buried in the second church he had initiated, [[St. Stephan Mainz|St. Stephan's]], in 1011.

==The two chancels==

From the ninth to 12th century, several important churches in the [[Holy Roman Empire]] were built with choirs on both ends. One of the first was [[Cologne Cathedral]] of 855 ("Hildebld's Cathedral"). One of the oldest preserved examples is [[St. Michael's Church, Hildesheim]], erected since 1010. [[Gernrode Abbey]] church was added a second choir, in the 12th century. This type of footplans also was acquired in [[Poland]] ([[Tum Collegiate Church]]) and Hungary ([[Pécs Cathedral]]). The reason for building two chancels is not entirely clear. Many scholars suggest that there is some symbolic significance, such as empire and [[Christian church|church]], or [[Human body|body]] and [[Spirit (animating force)|spirit]], but no irrefutable evidence for these theories exists. Others claim that the construction has a functional purpose for ceremonial [[procession]]s. Whatever the original intent of the double chancel, the eastern chancel came to serve as the location for the mass and the western chancel was reserved for the bishop and [[pontiff]]s.

===Bardo's western chancel===

In most cathedrals at the time, the main chancel lay on the east side. Willigis, however, designed his cathedral with the main chancel on the west, presumably modeled after the great basilicas in Rome, which were constructed this way. (Willigis's design bore a striking resemblance to [[Old St. Peter's Basilica]].)

The chancel was badly damaged in the fire of 1009, and remained that way under Archbishops [[Erkanbald, Archbishop of Mainz|Erkanbald]] and [[Aribo, Archbishop of Mainz|Aribo]]. The chancel was finally reconstructed under Bardo. He then buried his predecessor Aribo there, before the rest of the cathedral was even finished. (Willigis's remains are not, as sometimes believed, in Mainz Cathedral; he was buried in his second construction project, St. Stephen's.)

===Henry IV's eastern chancel===

In 1081, fire once again struck the cathedral, and the appearance of the Salian western end is not known. In 1100, [[Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry IV]] ordered reconstruction in the old [[Lombards|Lombardic]] style. The old flat chancel end on the east side was replaced with a large [[apse]], which external gallery with a narrow [[arcade (architecture)|arcade]] supported by short columns crowned the semicircular wall with a wide pseudo arcade and tall [[pilasters]] on both sides. The new chancel had a triple-nave [[crypt]]. The damaged square tower had been replaced with an octagonal [[dome]], above which an octagonal tower was added later. Flanking stair turrets remained from the first cathedral. These changes closely resembled the renovations Henry had overseen on [[Speyer Cathedral]] a few years earlier.

Henry also undertook a few other minor changes, such as raising the transept on the east side and adding openings at the column level. These column-level portals were among the first ever such constructed.

Henry died in 1106, before his intended changes were complete. With his death, the funding for the renovation of the cathedral dried up and so the remaining construction was abandoned. Mainz Cathedral is considered one of the three ''Kaiserdome'' ("Emperor's Cathedrals") of the [[Holy Roman Empire|Holy Roman (German) Empire]], along with [[Worms Cathedral]] and [[Speyer Cathedral]].

===Evolution of the main nave===
[[Image:Mainzer Dom Hauptschiff nach Westen.jpg|right|thumb|upright|The main nave of the cathedral]]
Archbishop [[Adalbert I of Mainz|Adalbert I of Saarbrücken]] (1110–1137) had a two-story chapel, called the Gotthard Chapel, built as the official palace chapel next to the cathedral. It is believed that he also ordered the renovation of the main body of the cathedral, mainly due to similarities between the main hall and the [[Vault (architecture)|vault]] of the new chapel.

Conception for the renovations was again taken from the Romanesque Speyer Cathedral. This time, however, without money from the emperor, the builders lacked the resources to acquire the high-quality [[sandstone]] used in Henry's additions. They instead used [[limestone]]. The other aspects of the renovations were also much cheaper, and the extravagant style of Speyer Cathedral was largely avoided.

The central [[nave]] was built to {{Convert|28|m|ft|abbr=on}}, {{Convert|5|m|ft|abbr=on}} short of Speyer Cathedral's {{Convert|33|m|ft|abbr=on}}. It seems that the [[blind arch]]es were intended to encompass the windows, as in Speyer Cathedral, but the height of the roof did not allow this. The resulting three-level effect, due to the arches ending before the windows, was a technique not before seen in architecture.

The main hall was further renovated throughout the entire 12th century. The entire outer wall structure was eventually replaced. Around the year 1200, the ceiling was replaced with a [[ribbed vault]], a rather new technique for the time.

===Additional renovations===
Around the time that the ribbed vault was installed it was decided to renovate the western half of the cathedral, which had stayed relatively unchanged since Willigis' construction. In contrast to the eastern renovations done earlier, which were in a high-Romanesque style, these new changes were carried out in a late Romanesque style. A new vault was added to span the north and south arms of the transept. Large windows were added to the wall separating the transept from the main hall. The large dome connecting the transept to the main hall was decorated with [[frieze]]s and pillars.

Three small [[apse]]s and two very large [[column|pillar]]s were added to support the small flank towers. [[Pediment]]s were added to the three open sides of the chancel. In general, the western section of the cathedral was extensively decorated to keep up with the newly renovated eastern section.

==Post-Romanesque building and renovation==
Already at the time of renovations on the western segment of the cathedral, new architectural styles were being ushered in. This included [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] additions and, later, [[Baroque architecture|Baroque]] pieces as well.

===Gothic additions===
The first post-Romanesque addition to the cathedral was the western [[rood screen]]. This was done in the Gothic style at the time of the western renovations. Following this example, the intersect area was heavily renovated in the next few centuries in the Gothic style.

[[Image:Gotisches Maßwerkfenster.jpg|left|thumb|upright|A Gothic window in the cathedral]]
Starting in 1279, Gothic chapels featuring large decorative windows were built onto the cathedral. In 1418 the Nassauer Chapel, a freestanding burial chapel in the middle nave was built at the request of Archbishop John II of Nassau. The construction of this chapel is attributed to [[Madern Gerthener]], who was also responsible for the Memorial Chapel built into the entrance hall to the western wing of the intersect area.

The towers were also renovated during this period. [[Bell tower|Belfries]] were added to the two towers at the crossings, on the eastern tower in 1361 and on the western in 1418. These towers were topped with Gothic-style pyramid roofs. (These towers turned out to be so heavy that the eastern tower had to be supported by a pillar erected in 1430.)

The [[cloister]] was heavily renovated and the ''Liebfrauenkirche'' was completely replaced at this time, marking the last of the Gothic renovations to the building. The roof on the eastern tower, however, was replaced in 1579 by a flatter one due to weight concerns. After that, no major alterations were made to the cathedral for almost two centuries.

===Baroque additions===
[[Image:Tombleson Mainz Cathedral.jpg|thumb|Mainz Cathedral (c. 1840)]]
In 1767 the western cross-tower was struck by lightning and its roof was destroyed. In 1769 the engineer Franz Ignaz Michael Neumann designed a new multi-story roof for the tower. All the towers in the western wing were roofed with this new Baroque stone design, although care was taken to preserve the previous styles as well. The pinnacles of the pediments on the chapels were replaced with urn-like structures. The famed [[weathervane]], called the ''Domsgickel'', was added at this time as well.

The inside of the cathedral was heavily whitewashed. A statue of St. Martin and the Beggar was erected on the roof of the western chancel in 1769.

===19th-century reconstruction===
[[Image:Kanzel Mainzer Dom.jpg|right|thumb|upright|The pulpit in Mainz cathedral]]
The [[Archbishopric of Mainz]] suffered heavily in the late 18th century. Following the [[Siege of Mainz (1792)|invasion by French revolutionary troops in 1792]], Mainz came under attack from [[Prussia]]n troops in 1793 in the [[Siege of Mainz (1793)|siege]] that led to the end of the [[Republic of Mainz]]. This attack damaged large portions of the cathedral, particularly the east wing, the cloister, and the ''Liebfrauenkirche'', which was demolished in 1803 (the year after Mainz lost its archbishopric and became a regular [[diocese]]). The cathedral was used as an army camp for several years, and therefore large amounts of the cathedral's [[Cultural artefact|artefact]]s were sold, the wooden interior was burned for heat.

Bishop [[Joseph Ludwig Colmar]] (1802–1818), with support from [[Napoleon]], set into motion restoration efforts. These efforts were interrupted by quartering needs for the French Army in 1813, and the cathedral was used as a church in 1814 for the first time in eleven years. By 1831, the reparations had been for the most part completed. The major change to the building was an iron [[cupola]] on the main eastern tower built by architect [[Georg Moller]]. But this cupola was removed in 1870 because it was too heavy.

After that, [[Pierre Cuypers]] undertook a lengthy restoration work. The support pillar in the eastern cross-tower was removed, as the heavy belfry no longer stood. The crypt in the eastern chancel was rebuilt, but not to the original specifications of the one built by [[Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry IV]]. At the conclusion of these reconstructions, a [[neo-Romanesque]] tower was erected in place of the eastern cross-tower in 1875.

At this time the cathedral was once again repainted. Large and colorful [[Nazarene movement]] [[mural]]s, including some by [[Philipp Veit]], were painted to decorate the inside of the cathedral.

===20th century restorations===
[[File:Becker und Sartorius-Baugeschichte der Fruehzeit des Mainzer Domes-Mainz 1936-Tafel I.jpg|thumb|On-site findings of the excavation until 1912. The plan shows the position of the foundation around the underground “House of Nassau” burial chapel: cross-section and floor plan. The plan had been drawn by the architect of Mainz cathedral [[Ludwig Becker (architect)|Ludwig Becker]] (1855–1940).]]
Conservation efforts began in the 1900s to save the cathedral from further damage. After a lowering of the groundwater, the wooden substructures became rotten and the foundations started to fail and needed to be replaced. Beginning in 1909 the old foundations were underpinned. Works stopped in 1916 due to [[World War I]]. Between 1924 and 1928 the fundaments were completely reinforced by a new fundament made of concrete. Concrete and steel were used to anchor the towers and main vault.

[[Image:Kreuzgang Mainzer Dom.jpg|left|thumb|The cloister in Mainz Cathedral]]
A new floor, made of red [[marble]], was constructed in this period. Architect [[Paul Meyer-Speer]] engineered a system to modify the inner walls with colorful sandstone, removing most of the paintings by Veit and restoring a look similar to the original Willigis-Bardo construction. Unfortunately this system did not withstand continuing restoration efforts, and by 1959 most of the color was gone.

In [[World War II]], Mainz was a target of [[Bombing of Mainz in World War II|Allied bombing]] multiple times. The cathedral was hit several times in August 1942. Most of the roofs burned, and the top level of the cloister was destroyed. The vault, however, withstood the attacks and remained intact. The damaged elements were restored as authentically as possible, a process which continued well into the 1970s. In addition, much of the glass in the cathedral was replaced.

The outside of the cathedral was colored red to match the historical buildings of Mainz. In addition, extensive cleaning and restoration efforts were undertaken, ending in 1975. In that year, the thousandth year since the beginning of the cathedral's construction was celebrated.

In 2001, new efforts were begun to restore the cathedral both inside and outside. They were expected to take from ten to fifteen years.

In 2004, two large windows by the renowned glass artist [[Johannes Schreiter]], were installed.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Johannes Schreiter. Glasbilder. Collagen. Zeichnungen, 1995–2012|last = Brulls|first = Holger|publisher = Kunstverlag Josef Fink|year = 2013|isbn = 978-3-89870-687-2|location = Lindenberg im Allgäu, Germany|pages = 142–143}}</ref>

==Emperors and the cathedral==
When Mainz was an archbishopric, the cathedral was the official seat of the archdiocese. In 1184 Emperor Barbarossa celebrated the accolade of his sons in the cathedral. The feast of 1184 on the Maaraue, the [[Diet of Pentecost]], became legendary in history as the greatest feast of the Middle Ages. It was from this cathedral that [[Frederick Barbarossa]], the [[Holy Roman Emperor]] of the time, officially announced his support for the [[Third Crusade]] during the ''[[Curia Christi]]'' of 27 March 1188.<ref>[http://www.kaiser2020.de/fileadmin/vorZeiten/Kaiser2020/Flyer/oktober2019/flyer-the-emperors-and-the-pillar-of-their-power.pdf The emperors and the pillars of their power] From Charlemagne to Frederick Barbarossa, flyer [[General Directorate for Cultural Heritage Rhineland-Palatinate]], [[Landesmuseum Mainz]] for the Grand State Exhibition 2020</ref>

During the Middle Ages, the right to crown German kings (and queens) was given to the Archbishop of Mainz. The crowning in Mainz awarded the monarch the kingdom of Germany, and a subsequent in Rome granted him the Holy Roman Empire (a nominal difference only). Because the cathedral was damaged several times, many crownings were not held there.

The following monarchs were crowned in Mainz Cathedral:

* [[Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor|Conrad II]] on 8 September 1024 by Archbishop Aribo
* [[Agnes de Poitou]] in 1043 by Archbishop Bardo
* [[Rudolf of Rheinfelden]] ([[anti-king]]) on 26 March or 7 April 1077 by [[Siegfried I (archbishop of Mainz)|Siegfried I]] 
* [[Empress Matilda|Matilda]] (later wife of [[Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry V]]), on 25 July 1110 by [[Frederick I, Archbishop of Cologne]]
* [[Philip of Swabia]] on 8 September 1198 by Bishop Aimo of Tarantaise
* [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]] on 9 December 1212 by [[Siegfried II (archbishop of Mainz)|Siegfried II of Eppstein]]
* [[Heinrich Raspe]] on 22 May 1246 by [[Siegfried III (archbishop of Mainz)|Siegfried III of Eppstein]]

==Burials==
*[[Bardo (archbishop)]]
*[[Wezilo]]
*[[Marianus Scotus]]
*[[Bertold von Henneberg]]

==See also==
* [[History of medieval Arabic and Western European domes]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
{{commons category|Mainz Cathedral}}
*Wilhelm Jung: ''Mainz Cathedral''; Translation: Margaret Marks, Editor: Schnell und Steiner, Regensburg, 1994
*Ron Baxter: "The tombs of the archbishops of Mainz", in Ute Engel and Alexandra Gajewski (eds), ''Mainz and the Middle Rhine Valley''. British Archaeological Assoc. Conference Transactions, 30, Leeds, [[British Archaeological Association]] and [[Maney Publishing]]. {{ISBN|978-1-904350-83-5}}, 2007, pp.&nbsp;68–79.

''The German article references the following sources:''
* ''Die Bischofskirche St. Martin zu Mainz'', ed.: Friedhelm Jürgensmeier, Knecht Publishers, Frankfurt/Main 1986
* ''Lebendiger Dom – St. Martin zu Mainz in Geschichte und Gegenwart'', ed.: Barbara Nichtweiß, Philipp v. Zabern Publishers, Mainz 1998
* ''Der Dom zu Mainz – Geschichte und Beschreibung des Baues und seiner Wiederherstellung'', Friedrich Schneider, Publishers Ernst and Korn, Berlin, 1886
* ''Der Dom zu Mainz – Ein Handbuch'', August Schuchert, Wilhelm Jung, Verlag Druckhaus Schmidt & Bödige GmbH, 3rd Edition, Mainz, 1984
* ''Deutsche Romanik'', Bernhard Schütz, Wolfgang Müller; Herder Publishers, Freiburg i. Br. 1989
* ''Mainz – Die Geschichte der Stadt'', editors: [[Franz Dumont]], [[Ferdinand Scherf]], Friedrich Schütz; 2nd ed.; Publisher: Philipp von Zabern, Mainz 1999

Additional (web) sources for the article include:
* [http://www.mainz.de/WGAPublisher/online/html/default/mkuz-5v9eue.en.html Mainz Online: Cathedral] (extended history of the cathedral)
* [http://www.bistummainz.de/bm/dcms/sites/bistum/bistum/domkapitel/domMz/index.html Diocese of Mainz: Cathedral] (another history of the cathedral; in German)
* [http://www.dommuseum-mainz.de/ Cathedral Museum Mainz] (documentation of artefacts in the cathedral; in German)
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2s3gr1IX8cw Terce (= Mid-Morning Prayer) and Pontifical High Mass in Mainz Cathedral] – Pentecost 2015 with [[Karl Lehmann|Karl Cardinal Lehmann]]
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[[Category:11th-century churches in Germany]]
[[Category:Imperial cathedrals]]
[[Category:Ottonian architecture]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic cathedrals in Rhineland-Palatinate]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic churches in Mainz|Cathedral]]
[[Category:Romanesque church buildings]]