Editing Malignancy

{{Short description|Tendency of a medical condition to become progressively worse}}
{{For|the band|Malignancy (band)}}
{{Redirect|Malignant}}
{{use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox medical condition (new)
| name          = Malignancy
| image         = Types of tumor cells.jpg
| caption       = {{smaller|Malignant tumor (''right'') spreads uncontrollably and invades the surrounding tissues; benign tumor (''left'') remains self-contained from neighbouring tissue}}
| field         = [[Oncology]]
| synonyms      = [[Cancer]], malignant [[neoplasm]]
| pronounce     = 
| symptoms      = Fatigue, lump(s), change in skin, abnormal bleeding, prolonged cough, unexplained [[weight loss]]<ref name = "Martin_2020">{{cite web |vauthors=Martin LJ |date=2020 |title=Cancer Symptoms |publisher=[[WebMD]] |department=Cancer Centre |url=https://webmd.com/cancer/guide/understanding-cancer-symptoms}}</ref>
| complications = 
| onset         = 
| duration      = 
| causes        = 
| risks         = Smoking, sun exposure, genetics—history of malignancy, solid organ transplantation (post-transplant malignancy), [[infectious diseases]]
| diagnosis     = [[Biopsy]]
| differential  = 
| prevention    = 
| treatment     = [[Photoradiation therapy]], surgery, [[chemotherapy]], hyperthermia
| frequency     = 442.4 per 100,000 per year <ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[National Cancer Institute]] |title=Cancer Statistics |date=2015-04-02 |url=https://cancer.gov/about-cancer/understanding/statistics}}</ref>
| deaths        = {{circa|10 million}} per year<ref name = "WHO_Cancer">{{cite web |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] |title=Cancer |url=https://who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cancer |department=Factsheets |date=2021-09-21}}</ref>
}}

'''Malignancy''' ({{etymology|la|{{wikt-lang|la|male}}|badly||{{wikt-lang|la|-gnus}}|born}}) is the tendency of a medical condition to become progressively worse; the term is most familiar as a characterization of [[cancer]].

A ''malignant'' tumor contrasts with a non-cancerous [[benign tumor|'''''benign''''' tumor]] in that a malignancy is not self-limited in its growth, is capable of invading into adjacent tissues, and may be capable of spreading to distant tissues.

A [[benign tumor]] has none of those properties, but may still be harmful to health. The term '''benign''' in more general medical use characterizes a condition or growth that is not cancerous, i.e. does not spread to other parts of the body or invade nearby tissue. Sometimes the term is used to suggest that a condition is not dangerous or serious.<ref>{{cite web | title=Benign Information |publisher=Mount Sinai Health System |url=https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/special-topic/benign | access-date=23 May 2023}}</ref>

Malignancy in cancers is characterized by [[anaplasia]], invasiveness, and [[metastasis]].<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Wilkins EM | chapter = The Patient with Cancer  |title=Clinical Practice of the Dental Hygienist Workbook |date=April 2008 |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |isbn=978-1-58255-838-7 | pages = 858–869 }}</ref> Malignant tumors are also characterized by [[genome instability]], so that cancers, as assessed by [[whole genome sequencing]], frequently have between 10,000 and 100,000 mutations in their entire genomes.<ref name="pmid23178448">{{cite journal | vauthors = Tuna M, Amos CI | title = Genomic sequencing in cancer | journal = Cancer Letters | volume = 340 | issue = 2 | pages = 161–170 | date = November 2013 | pmid = 23178448 | pmc = 3622788 | doi = 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.11.004 }}</ref>  Cancers usually show [[tumour heterogeneity]], containing multiple subclones.<ref name="pmid23002210">{{cite journal | vauthors = Swanton C | title = Intratumor heterogeneity: evolution through space and time | journal = Cancer Research | volume = 72 | issue = 19 | pages = 4875–4882 | date = October 2012 | pmid = 23002210 | pmc = 3712191 | doi = 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-12-2217 }}</ref> They also frequently have reduced expression of DNA repair enzymes due to [[Epigenetics#DNA repair epigenetics in cancer|epigenetic]] methylation of DNA repair genes or altered [[MicroRNA#DNA repair and cancer|microRNAs]] that control DNA repair gene expression.

Tumours can be detected through the visualisation or sensation of a lump on the body.<ref name = "Brazier_2019">{{cite web | vauthors = Brazier Y | date = 21 August 2019 | title = What are the different types of tumor? | work = Medical News Today | url = https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/249141 }}</ref> In cases where there is no obvious representation of a lump, a [[Mammography|mammogram]] or an [[MRI|MRI test]] can be used to determine the presence of a tumour.<ref name = "Brazier_2019" /> In the case of an existing tumour, a [[biopsy]] would then be required to make a diagnosis and distinguish whether the tumour is malignant or benign.<ref name = "Brazier_2019" /> This involves examination of a small sample of the tissue in a laboratory.<ref name = "Brazier_2019" /> If detected as a malignant tumour, treatment is necessary; treatment during early stages is most effective.<ref name = "Brazier_2019" /> Forms of treatment include chemotherapy, surgery, photoradiation, and hyperthermia, amongst various others.

==Signs and symptoms==
When malignant cells form, symptoms do not typically appear until there has been a significant growth of the mass. Once signs and symptoms do arise, they are dependent on the location, size and type of malignancy. Usually, it is quite general and can be associated with other illnesses or diseases and thus, can be difficult to diagnose or can be misdiagnosed.

Signs include observable or measurable aspects such as weight loss (without trying), a fever or unusual bleeding.<ref name = "ASCO_Signs">{{cite web | work = American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO). | title = Signs and Symptoms of Cancer – Do I have cancer? | url = https://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancer-basics/signs-and-symptoms-of-cancer.html | access-date = 2021-05-31 | archive-date = 2020-11-30 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201130210025/https://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancer-basics/signs-and-symptoms-of-cancer.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> On the other hand, symptoms are felt internally by the individual such as fatigue or changes in appetite.<ref name = "ASCO_Signs" /> A general list of common signs and symptoms includes pain (headaches or bone aches), skin changes (new moles or bumps), coughing and unusual bleeding.<ref name = "Martin_2020" /> There are also signs and symptoms specific to females including belly pain and bloating or breast changes i.e., the formation of a [[Breast mass|lump]].<ref name = "Martin_2020" /> Signs and symptoms specific to males include pain or growths in the scrotum or difficulty urinating.<ref name = "Martin_2020" />

==Causes==
Malignant cells often evolve due to a combination of reasons rather than one definitive reason. Reasons which can explain their development include genetics and family history, triggers such as infectious diseases, and exposure to risk factors.

===Triggers===
[[Infectious diseases]] play a role in the development of malignancy, with agents of infectious disease being able to produce a multitude of malignant cells.<ref name = "Callahan_1999">{{cite journal | vauthors = Callahan CM, Vincent AL, Greene JN, Sandin RL | title = Infectious Causes of Malignancy | journal = Cancer Control | volume = 6 | issue = 3 | pages = 294–300 | date = May 1999 | pmid = 10758560 | doi = 10.1177/107327489900600314 | doi-access = free }}</ref> These include bacterial causes, fungal and parasitic causes and, viral causes.<ref name = "Callahan_1999" /> [[Bacteria]], [[fungi]] and similar [[pathogens]] have the ability to form an environment within states of chronic inflammation which gives rise to oncogenic potential.<ref name = "Callahan_1999" /> Viral agents are able to assist the formation of malignant tumours due to a mechanism of cell transformation.<ref name = "Callahan_1999" /> This cell transformation can occur through either "DNA integration or cellular-DNA alteration of growth regulator genes".<ref name = "Callahan_1999" /> [[Inflammation]] can also play a role in triggering malignancy as it can promote stages of tumour formation.<ref name = "Greten_2019">{{cite journal | vauthors = Greten FR, Grivennikov SI | title = Inflammation and Cancer: Triggers, Mechanisms, and Consequences | journal = Immunity | volume = 51 | issue = 1 | pages = 27–41 | date = July 2019 | pmid = 31315034 | pmc = 6831096 | doi = 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.06.025 }}</ref> The main purpose of inflammation is to repair tissue, defend the body against pathogens and regenerate cells.<ref name = "Greten_2019" /> At the same time, inflammatory cells can also interact with malignant cells to form an inflammatory tumour [[Microenvironment (biology)|microenvironment]].<ref name = "Greten_2019" /> This environment increases the likelihood of forming malignant cells through blockage of anti-tumour immunity.<ref name = "Greten_2019" /> Once this occurs, the inflammatory tumour microenvironment begins to send out tumour-promoting signals to [[epithelial]] cells, triggering the formation of malignant cells.<ref name = "Greten_2019" />

===Risk factors===
Traditional risk factors of developing malignancy include smoking, sun exposure and, having a history of cancer in the family. Other risk factors include developing post-transplant malignancy which occurs subsequent to solid [[organ transplantation]]s.<ref name = "Rossi_2018">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rossi AP, Klein CL | title = Posttransplant Malignancy | journal = The Surgical Clinics of North America | volume = 99 | issue = 1 | pages = 49–64 | date = February 2019 | pmid = 30471741 | doi = 10.1016/j.suc.2018.09.004 | s2cid = 53756320 }}</ref>

====Post-transplant malignancy====
Individuals who undergo organ transplant surgery have an increased risk of developing malignancy in comparison to the general population.<ref name = "Rossi_2018" /> The most common form of malignancy being "[[nonmelanoma skin cancer]] and, posttransplant [[lymphoproliferative disorders]]".<ref name = "Rossi_2018" /> The different types of malignancy developed post-transplant depend on which organ was transplanted.<ref name = "Collett_2010">{{cite journal | vauthors = Collett D, Mumford L, Banner NR, Neuberger J, Watson C | title = Comparison of the incidence of malignancy in recipients of different types of organ: a UK Registry audit | journal = American Journal of Transplantation | volume = 10 | issue = 8 | pages = 1889–1896 | date = August 2010 | pmid = 20659094 | doi = 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2010.03181.x | s2cid = 40192165 | doi-access = free }}</ref> This is linked to recipients being at a higher risk when exposed to traditional risk factors as well as, the type and intensity of the operation, the duration of their [[immunosuppression]] post-operation and, the risk of developing oncogenic viral infections.<ref name = "Rossi_2018" />

==Management==
There are various treatment forms available to help manage malignancy. Common treatments include [[chemotherapy]], [[radiation]] and [[Cancer surgery|surgical]] procedures. Photoradiation and [[hyperthermia]] are also used as treatment forms to kill or reduce malignant cells. A large portion of patients are at risk of death when diagnosed with malignancy as the disease has usually progressed for a number of years before detection.<ref name = "Donohue_2008">{{cite book | vauthors = Donohue JH | date = 2008 | chapter = Principles of cancer surgery. | veditors = Norton JA, etal | title = Surgery | pages = 1965–1984 | publisher = Springer | location = New York, NY | doi = 10.1007/978-0-387-68113-9_95 | isbn = 978-0-387-30800-5 }}</ref>

===Surgery===
Surgery can help manage or treat malignancy by either removing the tumour, localising it and/or determining whether there has been a spread to other organs.<ref name = "ASCO_Surgery">{{cite web | work = American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO). | title = What is cancer surgery? | date = 31 March 2011 | url = https://www.cancer.net/navigating-cancer-care/how-cancer-treated/surgery/what-cancer-surgery }}</ref><ref name = "ASCO_Surgery_How">{{cite web | work = American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO). | title = How Surgery Is Used for Cancer? | url = https://www.cancer.org/treatment/treatments-and-side-effects/treatment-types/surgery/how-surgery-is-used-for-cancer.html }}</ref> When undertaking surgery for malignancy, there are six major objectives which are considered.<ref name = "Donohue_2008" /> These include "prevention of cancer, diagnosis and staging of disease, disease cure, tumour debulking, symptom palliation and patient rehabilitation".<ref name = "Donohue_2008" />

Surgical prevention of cancer largely consists of removing the organ at risk of developing malignancy.<ref name = "Donohue_2008" /> This would occur if an individual is predisposed to the formation of malignant cells as a result of inherited [[genetic mutations]] and, acquired diseases.<ref name = "Donohue_2008" />

Surgical diagnosis of malignancy involves completing a [[biopsy]].<ref name = "Donohue_2008" /> This process requires a sufficient amount of tissue to make a confident diagnosis and, the handling of specimen to expand information provided from testing.<ref name = "Donohue_2008" /> Biopsies are categorised into four different processes: "fine-needle aspirate (FNA), core needle, incisional and, excisional".<ref name = "Donohue_2008" />

Curative surgery (also known as primary surgery) can be conducted when the malignant tumour has only invaded one area of the body.<ref name = "ASCO_Surgery" /><ref name = "ASCO_Surgery_How" /> The objective is to remove the entirety of the malignant cells without violating the tumour; if the tumour is violated, the risk of both tumour spillage and wound implantation would increase.<ref name = "ASCO_Surgery" /><ref name = "ASCO_Surgery_How" />

The surgical procedure of tumour debulking can be undertaken to increase the effectiveness of postoperative forms of treatment.<ref name = "Donohue_2008" /> Symptom palliation and patient rehabilitation do not play a role in controlling or reducing malignancy growth rather, they increase the patient's quality of life.<ref name = "Donohue_2008" />

===Photoradiation===
[[Hematoporphyrin|Hematoporphyrin derivative]] (HPD) is a drug which was developed to be absorbed by malignant cells and only becomes active when exposed to light.<ref>{{cite web | title = Hematoporphyrin derivative | work = NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms. | date = 2021 | access-date = 23 April 2021 | url = https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/hematoporphyrin-derivative }}</ref> It is commonly used to identify and localise cancers as when it is under activation of blue light the red fluorescence of the malignant tumour (due to the HPD) can be observed easily.<ref name = "Dougherty_1978">{{cite journal | vauthors = Dougherty TJ, Kaufman JE, Goldfarb A, Weishaupt KR, Boyle D, Mittleman A | title = Photoradiation therapy for the treatment of malignant tumors. | journal = Cancer Research | date = August 1978 | volume = 38 | issue = 8 | pages = 2628–2635 | pmid = 667856 | url = https://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/38/8/2628.short }}</ref>

The combination of HPD with red light (photoradiation) has been used on various malignant tumours including malignant [[melanomas]] and [[carcinomas]] on a range of different organs including the breast and colon.<ref name = "Dougherty_1978" /> This form of treatment produces a [[singlet oxygen]] through the photodynamic process;<ref name = "Dougherty_1978" /> where the oxygen molecule exists in an electronically excited state.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Hrycay EG, Bandiera SM | title = Cytochrome P450 Function and Pharmacological Roles in Inflammation and Cancer | chapter = Involvement of Cytochrome P450 in Reactive Oxygen Species Formation and Cancer | series = Advances in Pharmacology | volume = 74 | pages = 35–84 | date = 2015 | pmid = 26233903 | doi = 10.1016/bs.apha.2015.03.003 | isbn = 9780128031193 | veditors = Hardwick JP }}</ref> The singlet oxygen is a cytotoxic agent <ref name = "Dougherty_1978" /> which holds the ability to eradicate malignant cells by preventing both [[nucleic acid]] and [[protein synthesis]].<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Papadimitraki ED, Bertsias G, Chamilos G, Boumpas DT | chapter = Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | date = January 2011 | pages = 1083–1108 | publisher = Academic Press | doi = 10.1016/B978-0-12-374994-9.10058-0 | isbn = 9780123749949 }}</ref> The treatment process also utilises HPD's capability of accumulating at higher levels in malignant tissues compared to most other tissues.<ref name = "Dougherty_1978" />

In the case of deeply pigmented or larger tumours, a stronger course of this treatment process is required in order to be effective.<ref name = "Dougherty_1978" />

===Hyperthermia===
Malignancy can be treated through the use of hyperthermia by applying either surgical perfusion or interstitial techniques to the body.<ref name="Christophi_1998">{{cite journal | vauthors = Christophi C, Winkworth A, Muralihdaran V, Evans P | title = The treatment of malignancy by hyperthermia | journal = Surgical Oncology | volume = 7 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 83–90 | date = 1998 | pmid = 10421511 | doi = 10.1016/s0960-7404(99)00007-9 }}</ref> The use of this treatment type largely depends on the fact that malignant and normal cells have differing responses to the energy source used.<ref name="Christophi_1998" /> This dependency is due to the intracellular changes which occur during hyperthermia; as the [[nucleic acids]], [[cell membrane]] and [[cytoskeleton]] within each cell is affected indirectly and/or through multiple pathways.<ref name="Christophi_1998" /> The combination of these intracellular changes means there is no specific target of cell death in the hyperthermic process.<ref name="Christophi_1998" />

===Chemotherapy===
[[Chemotherapy]] is commonly used as either the primary treatment or in conjunction with other treatment forms such as radiotherapy or surgery.<ref name = "Nazzario_2021">{{cite web | vauthors = Nazzario B | date = 8 February 2021 | title = Chemotherapy: How it works and how you'll feel. | work = WebMD – Cancer Centre | url = https://www.webmd.com/cancer/chemotherapy-what-to-expect }}</ref> It can be administered through "injection, intra-arterial (IA), [[intraperitoneal]] (IP), [[intrathecal]] (IT), [[intravenous]] (IV), topical or oral".<ref name = "Nazzario_2021" />

The purpose of chemotherapy is to use [[cytotoxic agents]] which kill rapidly dividing cells within the body.<ref name="MacDonald_2009">{{cite journal | vauthors = MacDonald V | title = Chemotherapy: managing side effects and safe handling | journal = The Canadian Veterinary Journal | volume = 50 | issue = 6 | pages = 665–668 | date = June 2009 | pmid = 19721789 | pmc = 2684058 | doi =  }}</ref> It targets the cellular mechanisms which allow the development of malignancy throughout the body.<ref name = "Lind_2011">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lind MJ | date =2011 | title = Principles of cytotoxic chemotherapy. | journal = Medicine | volume = 39 | issue = 12 | pages = 711–716 | doi = 10.1016/j.mpmed.2011.09.009 }}</ref> There are no specific areas which are targeted and so, there is a lack of differentiation between normal and malignant cells,<ref name = "Lind_2011" /> resulting in a range of side effects. This includes [[bone marrow suppression]], [[gastrointestinal]] problems and [[alopecia]].<ref name="MacDonald_2009" /> Some side effects are specific to the anticancer drug used, the most common being bone marrow suppression as bone marrow has the ability to divide rapidly due to high growth fraction.<ref name="MacDonald_2009" /> This is because anticancer drugs have the highest activity in high growth fraction tissues.<ref name="MacDonald_2009" />

[[Alkylating agents]] are used in chemotherapy as these are chemically reactive drugs which form [[covalent bond]]s when reacting with DNA.<ref name = "Lind_2011" /> This results in breaks within DNA strands causing either inter-strand or intra-strand DNA cross-linking.<ref name = "Lind_2011" /> The sub-classes of alkylating agents are "[[nitrogen mustards]], oxazaphosphorines, alkyl alkane, sulphonates, [[nitrosoureas]], [[tetrazines]] and [[aziridines]]."<ref name = "Lind_2011" />

==Epidemiology==
Malignancy has been a constant global health concern for a number of years, resulting in significant social and economic impacts on individuals with malignancy and their families.<ref>{{cite journal | journal = Australian Institute of Health and Welfare | title = Cancer data in Australia, cancer incidence and survival by stage data visualisation | url = https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/cancer/cancer-data-in-australia/contents/cancer-incidence-and-survival-by-stage-data-visualisation }}</ref> The risk of developing malignancy is 20.2%.<ref name = "Mattiuzzi_2019">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mattiuzzi C, Lippi G | title = Current Cancer Epidemiology | journal = Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health | volume = 9 | issue = 4 | pages = 217–222 | date = December 2019 | pmid = 31854162 | pmc = 7310786 | doi = 10.2991/jegh.k.191008.001 }}</ref> In 2018, 18 million patients were diagnosed with a malignant tumour with lung, breast and prostate being the most common form.<ref name = "Mattiuzzi_2019" /> Additionally, there were approximately 10 million mortalities due to cancer in 2020<ref name = "WHO_Cancer" /> and, there is an overall trend which demonstrated that malignant mortality has increased by 28% over the past 15 years.<ref name = "Mattiuzzi_2019" />

Lung cancer has the highest mortality rate in comparison to other forms of cancer, with the leading cause of development due to smoking.<ref name="Bender_2014">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bender E | title = Epidemiology: The dominant malignancy | journal = Nature | volume = 513 | issue = 7517 | pages = S2–S3 | date = September 2014 | pmid = 25208070 | doi = 10.1038/513S2a | s2cid = 577152 | doi-access = free }}</ref> The number of smokers in China is rapidly increasing with tobacco killing approximately 3000 people each day.<ref name="Bender_2014" /> The diagnosis of lung cancer is most common within the 50–59-year age bracket.<ref name = "Mattiuzzi_2019" /> Further, it caused 1.8 million deaths in 2020 alone.<ref name = "WHO_Cancer" />

In those aged 14 or younger, [[leukaemia]] is the most frequent form of malignancy with the brain and nervous system subsequent.<ref name = "Mattiuzzi_2019" /> These individuals account for approximately 1% of the cancer mortality rate – about 110,000 children each year.<ref>{{cite journal | author1 = Roser M | author1-link = Max Roser |author2 = Ritchie H | author2-link = Hannah Ritchie |date = 2015 | title = Cancer | journal = Our World in Data | url = https://ourworldindata.org/cancer#citation }}</ref> In the 15–49-year-old age bracket the most common form of malignancy is [[breast cancer]] with [[Liver cancer|liver]] and [[lung cancer]] following.<ref name = "Mattiuzzi_2019" /> Finally, those aged 60 and over mainly develop [[Lung cancer|lung]], [[Colorectal cancer|colorectal]], [[Stomach cancer|stomach]] and [[Liver cancer|liver]] malignancy.<ref name = "Mattiuzzi_2019" />

Uses of "malignant" in [[oncology]] include:
*''Malignancy'', ''malignant neoplasm'' and ''malignant tumor'' are synonymous with [[cancer]]
*''Malignant [[ascites]]''
*''[[Malignant transformation]]''

Non-oncologic disorders referred to as "malignant" include:
*''[[Malignant hypertension]]''
*''[[Malignant hyperthermia]]''
*''[[Otitis externa#Complications|Malignant otitis externa]]''
*''[[Malaria#Signs and complications|Malignant tertian malaria]]'' (malaria caused specifically by ''[[Plasmodium falciparum]]'')
*''[[Neuroleptic malignant syndrome]]''

== See also ==
{{wiktionary}}
* [[Precancerous condition]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

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[[Category:Medical terminology]]
[[Category:Oncology]]

[[ja:悪性腫瘍]]