Editing Man and the Biosphere Programme

{{short description|UNESCO conservation programme}}
{{mi|
{{Self-published|date=September 2020}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2024}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=September 2024}}
}}
[[File:Man and the Biosphere Programme Logo.svg|thumb|upright=0.95|Logo]]
[[File:Zuvinto pazintinis takas ir bokstelis.jpg|thumb|Walkway in [[Zuvintas Biosphere Reserve]]]]

'''Man and the Biosphere Programme''' ('''MAB''') is an intergovernmental scientific program, launched in 1971 by [[UNESCO]], that aims to establish a scientific basis for the 'improvement of relationships' between people and their environments.<ref name=UB>[https://www.uib.no/en/unesco-chair/123683/unescos-man-and-biosphere-programme     University of Bergen website, ''UNESCO Chair: Sustainable heritage and environmental management'', article dated 8 October 2020]</ref>

MAB engages with the [[international development]] agenda, especially the [[Sustainable Development Goals]] and the [[Post-2015 Development Agenda|Post 2015 Development Agenda]]. The MAB programme provides a platform for cooperation in research and development. {{As of|July 2024}}, 759 sites across 136 countries, including 22 transboundary sites, have been included in the [[World Network of Biosphere Reserves]].<ref>[https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/unesco-designates-11-new-biosphere-reserves  Drishti Vision Foundation India website, ''UNESCO Designates 11 New Biosphere Reserves'', article dated 9 July 2024]</ref>  The reserves cover more than 5% of the world’s surface and are home to over 260 million people.<ref name=B>[https://www.britannica.com/science/biosphere-reserve  Britannica website, ''Biosphere Reserve'']</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.unesco.org/mab|title=Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme|date=January 7, 2019|website=UNESCO}}</ref>

==Biosphere reserves==
Biosphere reserves are areas comprising terrestrial, marine and coastal ecosystems.<ref name=B /> Its biosphere reserves are nominated by national governments and remain under the sovereign jurisdiction of the states where they are located. Their status is internationally recognized. Biosphere reserves are 'Science for Sustainability support sites'.

Biosphere reserves have three zones:<ref name=UB /><ref>[https://www.samab.org  Southern Appalachian Man and the Biosphere website]</ref>
* The core area(s) comprises a strictly protected ecosystem.
* The buffer zone surrounds or adjoins the core areas and is used for ecological practices.
* The transition area is the part of the reserve where most activity is allowed.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/SC/pdf/MAB_leaflet_2015_web_en.pdf|title = MAB leaflet 2015}}</ref>

=== IUCN classification ===
The first biosphere reserves were designated in 1976 in several countries including the US, UK, Uruguay, Thailand, Iran and Poland.<ref name=UB /><ref>[https://npshistory.com/publications/mab/index.htm  National Park Service History website, ''UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Program'', article dated 9 October 2023]</ref>

In 1996, the [[IUCN]] and MAB published a guideline for how to assess UNESCO biosphere reserves in the [[IUCN protected area categories|IUCN classification system]]. The IUCN distinguishes between the biosphere core area, buffer zones, transition zones, and each individual biosphere reserve. Biosphere core zones were in IUCN category I; either Ia ([[strict nature reserve]]) or Ib ([[wilderness area]]). Biosphere buffer zones would fall into categories IV, V or VI, and transition zones would be categorized as either V or VI, if possible.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.iucn.org/content/biosphere-reserves-and-iucn-system-protected-area-management-categories|title=Biosphere reserves and the IUCN system of protected area management categories|publisher=IUCN Man and the Biosphere Programme, World Conservation Union and Australian Nature Conservation Agency|date=1996|access-date=11 September 2019|archive-date=26 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026133159/https://www.iucn.org/content/biosphere-reserves-and-iucn-system-protected-area-management-categories|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the 2020s, the zones are categorized as follows: core (category I-IV), buffer (category V-VI), transition (uncategorized).<ref>[https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/pag-021.pdf  IUCN website, ''Guidelines for Applying Protected Area Management Categories'', edited by Nigel Dudley (2013)]</ref>

==Programme's structure==
{{Further|World Network of Biosphere Reserves}}
Participating countries establish MAB National Committees that define and implement each country's activities. MAB currently operates through 158 national committees established among the 195 member states and nine associate member states of UNESCO.

The agenda of the MAB programme is defined by its main governing body, the International Coordinating Council. The MAB Council consists of 34 member states elected by UNESCO's General Conference. The council elects a chair and five vice-chairs from each of UNESCO's geopolitical regions, one of which functions as a rapporteur. These constitute the MAB Bureau.

The MAB Secretariat is based at UNESCO's Division of Ecological and Earth Sciences, at UNESCO's headquarters in Paris.<ref>[https://pub.norden.org/nord2024-023/nord2024-023.pdf  Nordic Council of Ministers website, ''UNESCO Biosphere Reserves – A Path to Local Holistic Sustainability'', page 13 (2024)]</ref> It works with field offices at national and regional levels. MAB is funded by UNESCO and mobilizes funds in trust granted by Member States, bilateral and multilateral sources, and extra-budgetary funds provided by countries, the private sector and private institutions.

==World Congress of Biosphere Reserves ==

The first World Congress of [[Biosphere Reserves]] was held in Minsk, Belarus in 1983;<ref name=SA>[https://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0038-23532013000500006  South African Journal of Science website, ''A history of the UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Programme in South Africa'', article by Ruida Pool-Stanvliet]</ref> the congress created an 'Action Plan for Biosphere Reserves' which was adopted the following year. 

The second World Congress was held in Seville, Spain in March 1995.<ref name=SA /> 

The third World Congress was held in Madrid, Spain from February 4–9, 2008.<ref>[https://sdg.iisd.org/events/3rd-world-congress-on-biosphere-reserves/  SDG Knowledge Hub website, ''3rd World Congress on Biosphere Reserves'']</ref>

The fourth World Congress of Biosphere Reserves took place in [[Lima]], [[Peru]], from March 14–17, 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/ecological-sciences/4th-world-congress/|title=4th World Congress &#124; United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|website=www.unesco.org}}</ref>

The fifth World Congress is due to be held in Hangzhou, China from September 22–27 2025.<ref>[https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202409/23/WS66f0c36fa3103711928a92b0.html   China Daily website, ''Event marks one-year countdown to biosphere reserve congress'', article by Chen Ye dated 23 September, 2024]</ref>

== Networks ==
The World Network of Biosphere Reserves are as follows:
* The [[World Network of Biosphere Reserves in Africa|African Biosphere Reserves Network]] (AfriMAB) was created in 1996 and comprises 33 African countries.
* The [[World Network of Biosphere Reserves in the Arab States|ArabMAB Network]] was officially launched in 1997 and represents 18 Arab countries.
* The [[East Asian Biosphere Reserve Network]] was launched in 1994. Today, it consists of China, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Japan, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, the Republic of Korea and the Russian Federation.
* EuroMAB is the [[World Network of Biosphere Reserves in Europe and North America|network of biosphere reserves in Europe and North America]]. Created in 1987, it is the largest MAB Regional Network with 53 countries.
* The [[Ibero-American MAB Network]] (IberoMAB) was created in 1992. It comprises 22 countries from Latin American and the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal.
* The [[Pacific Man and the Biosphere Network]] (PacMAB) was created in 2006 and comprises the Federated States of Micronesia, Kiribati, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa and Tonga.
* The [[South and Central Asia MAB Network]] (SACAM) was created in 2002 and comprises Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Iran, Kazakhstan, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka.
* The [[Southeast Asian Biosphere Reserve Network]] (SeaBRnet) was created in 1998. Today, it comprises Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Japan, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand and Viet Nam.
* The [[East Atlantic Biosphere Reserve Network]] (REDBIOS) was created in 1994. It comprises the Canary Islands (Spain), Cape Verde, Guinea Bissau, Madeira and Azores (Portugal), Mauritania, Morocco, Sao Tomé and Principe, and Senegal.
* The [[World Network of Island and Coastal Biosphere Reserves]] was established in 2012 and comprises 22 countries.

==See also==
* [[Agenda 21]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.unesco.org/en/mab UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves]
* {{webarchive |url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20151129142153/http://portal.unesco.org/science/en/ev.php-URL_ID=6797&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html |title=Frequently Asked Questions on Biosphere Reserve |date=2015-11-29}}
* [http://www.biodiversitya-z.org/areas/24/ A-Z of Areas of Biodiversity Importance: Biosphere Reserves (MAB)]

{{Biosphere Reserves}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:1971 in the environment]]
[[Category:Biodiversity]]
[[Category:Biomes]]
[[Category:Biosphere reserves|!]]
[[Category:Protected areas]]