Editing Manche

{{short description|Department of France}}
{{other uses}}
{{For| the Spanish region |La Mancha}}
{{Multiple issues|{{Tone|date=April 2024}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2024}}}}{{Infobox settlement
<!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions -->| name               = Manche
| native_name        = 
| native_name_lang   = fr<!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. "fr" for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead -->
| type               = [[Departments of France|Department]]
| image_skyline      = {{Photomontage|position=center
   | photo1a = PHI 4439.jpg
   | photo2a = Normandy '10- Saint-Vaast-la-Hougue (4826934963).jpg
   | photo2b = Sound de chausey par mauvais temps.JPG
   | photo3a = Vue de l'arrière - Château de Gratot.jpg
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| image_alt          = 
| image_caption      = From top down, left to right: [[Mont-Saint-Michel]], [[Fortifications of Vauban UNESCO World Heritage Site|Watchtowers]] in [[Saint-Vaast-la-Hougue]], Islands of [[Chausey]] and [[Château de Gratot]]
| image_flag         = Drapeau non-officiel fr département Manche.svg
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| image_shield       = Blason département fr Manche.svg
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| image_map          = Manche-Position.svg
| map_alt            = 
| map_caption        = Location of Manche in France
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| subdivision_type   = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name   = [[France]]
| subdivision_type1  = [[Regions of France|Region]]
| subdivision_name1  = [[Normandy (administrative region)|Normandy]]
| established_title  = 
| established_date   = 
| founder            = 
| seat_type          = [[Prefectures in France|Prefecture]]
| seat               = [[Saint-Lô]]
| parts_type         = [[Subprefectures in France|Subprefectures]]
| parts_style        = para
| p1                 = [[Avranches]]<br>[[Cherbourg-en-Cotentin|Cherbourg]]<br>[[Coutances]]
| government_footnotes = 
| leader_party       = [[Miscellaneous right|DVD]]
| leader_title       = [[President of the Departmental Council]]
| leader_name        = Jean Morin<ref>{{cite web|title=Répertoire national des élus: les conseillers départementaux|url=https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/601ef073-d986-4582-8e1a-ed14dc857fba|website=data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises|date=4 May 2022|language=fr}}</ref>
| unit_pref          = Metric<!-- or US or UK -->
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| area_footnotes     = {{ref|area|1}}
| area_total_km2     = 5951
| area_note          = 
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| population_total   = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_total}}
| population_as_of   = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_as_of}}
| population_footnotes = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_footnotes2}}
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank    = [[List of French departments by population|53rd]]
| population_demonyms = Manchois,<br />Manchots
| population_note    = 
| blank_name_sec1    = [[Departments of France|Department number]]
| blank_info_sec1    = 50
| blank_name_sec2    = [[Arrondissements of France|Arrondissements]]
| blank_info_sec2    = [[Arrondissements of the Manche department|4]]
| blank1_name_sec2   = [[Constituency (France)|Constituency]]
| blank1_info_sec2   = [[Constituency (France)|4]]
| blank2_name_sec2   = [[Cantons in France|Cantons]]
| blank2_info_sec2   = [[Cantons of the Manche department|27]]
| blank3_name_sec2   = [[Communes of France|Intercommunality]]
| blank3_info_sec2   = [[Arrondissements of the Manche department|8]]
| blank4_name_sec2   = [[Communes in France|Communes]]
| blank4_info_sec2   = [[Communes of the Manche department|446]]
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| footnotes          = {{note|area|1}} French Land Register data, which exclude [[estuary|estuaries]], lakes, ponds, and glaciers larger than 1 km<sup>2</sup>
}}
'''Manche''' ({{IPAc-en|m|ɒ̃|ʃ}}, {{IPA|fr|mɑ̃ʃ|-|Fr-Paris--Manche.ogg}}; [[Norman language|Norman]]: {{lang|nrf|Maunche}}) is a coastal [[Departments of France|French ''département'']] in [[Normandy (administrative region)|Normandy]] on the [[English Channel]], which is known as {{lang|fr|La Manche}}, literally "the sleeve", in French. Manche is bordered by [[Ille-et-Vilaine]] and [[Mayenne]] to the south, [[Orne]] and [[Calvados (department)|Calvados]] to the east, the [[English Channel]] to the west and north and by sharing maritime borders with the [[Crown Dependencies]] of [[Bailiwick of Jersey]] and [[Bailiwick of Guernsey]] of the [[United Kingdom]] to the west. It had a population of 495,045 in 2019.<ref name=pop2019>[https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/6011060/dep50.pdf Populations légales 2019: 50 Hérault], INSEE</ref>

== History ==
Manche is one of the original 83 [[Departments of France]], established during the [[French Revolution]] on 26 February 1790. It was created from part of the province of [[Normandy]].

The capital was [[Coutances]] until 1796, and it resumed that role after [[World War II]] because of the almost complete destruction of [[Saint-Lô]] during the [[Battle of Normandy]] following [[D-Day]]. When Saint-Lô was rebuilt, it once again became the capital.

== Geography ==
[[File:Carteroute50.jpg|thumb|left|Map of Cotentin peninsula]]
The department includes the [[Cotentin Peninsula]] down to the famous [[Mont St Michel]]. Of the [[Channel Islands]], only [[Chausey|the island of Chausey]] forms part of the territory of the department.

Manche borders the Normandy departments of [[Calvados (department)|Calvados]] to the east and [[Orne]] to the southeast. [[Mayenne]], a department of the [[Pays de la Loire]], is to the south-east, and [[Ille-et-Vilaine]] in [[Brittany]] is to the south-west and it shares maritime borders with [[Bailiwick of Jersey]] and [[Bailiwick of Guernsey]] of the [[United Kingdom]] to the west. The [[Salient (geography)|salient]] of this department is the longest in France. It is also the second longest {{Define|salient|a piece of land or section of fortification that juts out to form an angle}} in Europe, after [[Odesa Oblast]] in [[Ukraine]].

The region is lush and green with sandy beaches and remains oriented towards farming. The peninsula was originally joined as a single land mass to [[Cornwall]] and [[Dorset]] in England, meaning that the underlying [[geological strata]] of both regions are very similar. However, there are substantial regional differences today in terms of flora and fauna, and farming practices have varied considerably between the United Kingdom and France. Flat marsh areas in the department attract many bird-watchers. The region in and around St Lô is also the equestrian capital of France, where the cooler climate compared to the south is ideal for breeding and training.

France's first [[EPR (nuclear reactor)|EPR nuclear reactor]] is under construction at [[Flamanville Nuclear Power Plant|Flamanville]] near [[Cherbourg]] and is planned to start operations in late 2023.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.montelnews.com/news/1292315/edf-delays-flamanville-start-up-to-end-2023-on-weld-issue |title=EDF delays Flamanville start-up to end 2023 on weld issue |last=Boselli |first=Muriel |website=Montel |date=12 January 2022}}</ref>

===Principal towns===

The most populous commune is [[Cherbourg-en-Cotentin]]; and the prefecture [[Saint-Lô]] is the second-most populous. As of 2019, there are six communes with more than 10,000 inhabitants:<ref name=pop2019/>

{| class=wikitable
! Commune
! Population (2019)
|-
| [[Cherbourg-en-Cotentin]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 78,549
|-
| [[Saint-Lô]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 19,050
|-
| [[Granville, Manche|Granville]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 12,513
|-
| [[La Hague]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 11,173
|-
| [[Avranches]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 10,264
|-
| [[Carentan-les-Marais]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 10,052
|}

=== Climate ===
The climate is [[Oceanic climate|oceanic]] with relatively mild winters in which temperatures go below zero only for a few days. Summer temperatures are usually around 20&nbsp;°C, and can occasionally reach 35&nbsp;°C in direct sunlight. Precipitation is heavy but varies greatly by region, from 700mm on the coast to 1300mm in the southern central area. Highly localised but not life-threatening flash flooding has been experienced during the last few  springs.

The west coast benefits from the influence of the [[Gulf Stream]] and this has enabled the naturalization of Mediterranean and exotic plants such as mimosas, palms, and agaves.

There is often a sea breeze on the coast, which combined with tides, contributes to rapid temperature changes in the course of a single day. Sea temperatures can be very pleasant for swimming between June and October.

== Demographics ==
Inhabitants of the department are called ''Manchots'' or ''Manchois''.

Population development since 1801:{{historical populations|cols=2|align=none|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://splaf.free.fr/50his.html|title=Historique de la Manche|website=Le SPLAF}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4176909?geo=DEP-50|title=Évolution et structure de la population en 2016|publisher=INSEE}}</ref>|graph-pos=bottom
|13=1801|14=530,631|15=1806|16=581,429|17=1821|18=594,196|19=1831|20=591,284|21=1841|22=597,334|23=1851|24=600,882|25=1861|26=591,421|27=1872|28=544,776|29=1881|30=526,377|31=1891|32=513,815|33=1901|34=491,372|35=1911|36=476,119|37=1921|38=425,512|39=1931|40=433,473|41=1936|42=438,539|43=1946|44=435,468|45=1954|46=446,860|47=1962|48=446,878|49=1968|50=451,939|51=1975|52=451,662|53=1982|54=465,948|55=1990|56=479,636|57=1999|58=481,471|59=2006|60=492,565|61=2011|62=499,531|63=2016|64=498,362}}

==Politics==

The president of the Departmental Council is Jean Morin, elected in July 2021.

=== Presidential elections, 2nd round ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="2"|Election!!Winning Candidate!!Party!!%!!2nd Place Candidate!!Party!!%
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|En Marche!}}" |
| [[2022 French presidential election|2022]]
| [[Emmanuel Macron]]
| [[La République En Marche!|LREM]]
| 59.61
| [[Marine Le Pen]]
| [[National Front (France)|FN]]
| 40.39
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|En Marche!}}" |
| [[2017 French presidential election|2017]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/resultats-elections/normandie/manche/|title=Résultats élections: Manche|website=[[Le Monde]]}}</ref>
| [[Emmanuel Macron]]
| [[La République En Marche!|LREM]]
| 67.23
| [[Marine Le Pen]]
| [[National Front (France)|FN]]
| 32.77
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Union for a Popular Movement}}" |
| [[2012 French presidential election|2012]]
| [[Nicolas Sarkozy]]
| [[Union for a Popular Movement|UMP]]
| 50.10
| [[François Hollande]]
| [[Socialist Party (France)|PS]]
| 49.90
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Union for a Popular Movement}}" |
| [[2007 French presidential election|2007]]
| [[Nicolas Sarkozy]]
| [[Union for a Popular Movement|UMP]]
| 56.17
| [[Ségolène Royal]]
| [[Socialist Party (France)|PS]]
| 43.83
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Rally for the Republic}}" |
| [[2002 French presidential election|2002]]
| [[Jacques Chirac]]
| [[Rally for the Republic|RPR]]
| 85.31
| [[Jean-Marie Le Pen]]
| [[National Rally|FN]]
| 14.69
|}

===Current National Assembly Representatives===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="2"|Constituency!!Member<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/|title=Assemblée nationale ~ Les députés, le vote de la loi, le Parlement français|first=Assemblée|last=Nationale|website=Assemblée nationale}}</ref>!!Party
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|The Republicans (France)}}" |
| [[Manche's 1st constituency]]
| [[Philippe Gosselin]]
| [[The Republicans (France)|The Republicans]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|En Marche!}}" |
| [[Manche's 2nd constituency]]
| [[Bertrand Sorre]]
| [[Renaissance (French political party)| Renaissance]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|La République En Marche!}}" |
| [[Manche's 3rd constituency]]
| [[Stéphane Travert]]
| [[Renaissance (French political party)| Renaissance]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Socialist Party (France)}}" |
| [[Manche's 4th constituency]]
| [[Anna Pic]]
| [[Socialist Party (France)|Socialist Party]]
|}

==Sports==
[[File:Saint-André-de-l'Épine - place principale (3).jpg|thumb|right|200px|A neighbourhood in [[Saint-André-de-l'Épine]]]]
* Football: main clubs: [[AS Cherbourg]], US Avranches, FC Saint-Lô, US Granville, CS Villedieu, FC Équeurdreville-Hainneville...
* Cycling: the [[Tour de France]] has visited the department 21 times with stages ending at Cherbourg (16), Avranches (2), Granville (1), Saint-Hilaire-du-Harcouët (1), and the Mont-Saint-Michel (1).
* Sailing: the [[Solitaire du Figaro]] has come to Cherbourg several times.
* Tennis: hosts the [[Challenger La Manche]] tournament.
* Thai boxing: Villedieu-les-Poêles
* Badminton: Two local clubs compete in the national championship (N3): St Hilaire du Harcouet and Hainneville.
* Golf: course: [[Golf de Granville Baie du Mont St Michel|Granville]], [[Bréhal]], Coutainville, Cherbourg, Centre Manche, Fontenay, Côte des Isles

==Tourism==
<gallery>
File:MontStMichel.jpg|[[Mont-Saint-Michel]]
File:Sound de chausey par mauvais temps.JPG|[[Chausey]] islands
File:Coutances vue nord.jpg|[[Coutances Cathedral]]
File:Tour Vauban, Tatihou, Saint Vaast La Hougue 01.jpg|[[Fortifications of Vauban|Tour Vauban]] in [[Tatihou]]
File:Napoleon a Cherbourg bordercropped.jpg|[[Napoleon]]'s statue in [[Cherbourg]]
Image:Le Redoutable.jpg|[[French submarine Redoutable (S611)|Le Redoutable submarine]] at the [[Cité de la Mer]]
File:Utah Beach 2006-Sherman.jpg|A monument of the [[Normandy landings]] in [[Utah Beach]]
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Cantons of the Manche department]]
* [[Communes of the Manche department]]
* [[Arrondissements of the Manche department]]
* [[Cotentinais]], the [[Norman language|Norman]] dialect of Manche.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Manche}}
{{AmCyc Poster|Manche, La|Manche}}
* {{in lang|fr}} [https://www.manche.gouv.fr/ Prefecture website]
* {{in lang|fr}} [https://www.manche.fr/ Departmental Council website]
* {{in lang|fr}} [http://www.wikimanche.fr/ A wiki about the Manche]
* {{in lang|fr}} [https://www.manchetourisme.com/ Comité départemental du tourisme de la Manche]

{{Departments of France}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Manche| ]]
[[Category:1790 establishments in France]]
[[Category:Departments of Normandy]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1790]]