Editing Maned wolf

{{Short description|Species of carnivore}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Maned wolf<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Wozencraft | id=14040790}}</ref>
| fossil_range = Late [[Pleistocene]] – Recent
| image = Lobo Guará andando.jpg
| image_caption = Maned wolf in [[Serra da Canastra National Park]]
| status = NT
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |author1=Paula, R.C. |author2=DeMatteo, K. |year=2015 |title=''Chrysocyon brachyurus'' |errata=2016 |page=e.T4819A88135664 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T4819A82316878.en |access-date=18 February 2022}}</ref>
| status2 = CITES_A2 
| status2_system = CITES 
| status2_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Appendices {{!}} CITES|url=https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php|access-date=2022-01-14|website=cites.org}}</ref>
| display_parents = 3
| genus = Chrysocyon
| parent_authority = [[Charles Hamilton Smith|Smith]], 1839
| species = brachyurus
| authority = ([[Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger|Illiger]], 1815)
| range_map = Maned Wolf area.png
| range_map_caption = Range of the maned wolf
| synonyms = ''Canis brachyurus'', ''C. campestris'', ''C. isodactylus'', ''C. jubatus'', ''Vulpes cancrosa''
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=os19>{{cite journal|last=Osgood|first=Wilfred H.|title=Names of Some South American Mammals|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|volume=1|issue=1|pages=33–36|year=1919|jstor=1373718|doi=10.2307/1373718|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/90478}}</ref>
}}
The '''maned wolf''' ('''''Chrysocyon brachyurus''''') is a large [[caninae|canine]] of [[South America]].<ref name=":0">{{cite journal|last=Dietz|first=James M.|url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/2347/Dietz1985.pdf|title=Chrysocyon brachyurus|date=24 May 1985| journal=Mammalian Species| number= 234|pages=1–4|doi=10.2307/3503796 |publisher=The American Society of Mammalogists|jstor=3503796}}</ref> It is found in [[Argentina]], [[Brazil]], [[Bolivia]], [[Peru]], and [[Paraguay]], and is almost extinct in [[Uruguay]].<ref name=SW>{{Cite news|url=https://seaworld.org/animals/facts/mammals/maned-wolf/|title=Maned Wolf|publisher=Sea World}}</ref> Its markings resemble those of a [[red fox]],<ref name=WLT/> but it is neither a [[fox]] nor a [[wolf]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Maned wolf is a strange cross between a fox and a deer, and you've never seen anything like it |url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/maned-wolf-strange-cross-between-154500990.html |access-date=2022-07-09 |website=www.yahoo.com |date=8 July 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=SW/> It is the only [[species]] in the [[genus]] '''''Chrysocyon''''' (meaning "golden dog" in {{langx|grc|χρῡσο-κύων}}: chryso-kyōn).

It is the largest canine in [[South America]], weighing {{cvt|20|–|30|kg}} and up to {{cvt|110|cm}} at the [[withers]]. Its long, thin legs and dense reddish coat give it a distinct appearance. The maned wolf is a [[crepuscular]] and [[omnivorous]] animal adapted to the open environments of the South American [[savanna]], with an important role in the [[seed dispersal]] of fruits, especially the [[wolf apple]] (''Solanum lycocarpum''). The maned wolf is a solitary animal. It communicates primarily by [[scent marking]], but also gives a loud call known as "roar-barking".

This [[mammal]] lives in open and semi-open [[habitat]]s, especially [[grassland]]s with scattered bushes and trees, in the [[Cerrado]] of south, central-west, and southeastern [[Brazil]]; [[Paraguay]]; northern [[Argentina]]; and [[Bolivia]] east and north of the [[Andes]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Langguth |first=A. |title=The wild canids: their systematics, behavioral ecology and evolution |publisher=Van Nostrand Reinhold Company |year=1975 |isbn=978-0442224301 |editor-last=Fox |editor-first=M. W. |location=New York |pages=192–206 |chapter=Ecology and evolution in the South American canids |ol=OL5059407M |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/wildcanidstheirs0000foxm/page/192}}</ref> and far southeastern [[Peru]] (Pampas del Heath only).<ref name="canids">{{cite book|editor=Sillero-Zubiri, C.|editor2=Hoffmann, M.|editor3=Macdonald, D.W.|year= 2004 |title=Canids: Foxes, Wolves, Jackals and Dogs. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan|chapter-url=http://www.carnivoreconservation.org/files/actionplans/canids.pdf|author=Rodden, M.|author2=Rodrigues, F.|author3=Bestelmeyer, S.|chapter=Chapter 3. South America (Neotropical)|pages=26–80|publisher=[[IUCN]]/SSC Canid Specialist Group|location=Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK|isbn=2-8317-0786-2}}</ref> It is very rare in [[Uruguay]], possibly being displaced completely through loss of habitat.<ref name=iucn/> The [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] lists it as [[near threatened]],<ref name=iucn/> while it is considered a [[vulnerable species]] by the [[Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources]]. In 2011, a female maned wolf, run over by a truck, underwent [[stem cell]] treatment at the {{Ill|Zoo Brasília|pt|Jardim Zoológico de Brasília}}, this being the first recorded case of the use of stem cells to heal injuries in a wild animal.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Boyle |first1=Rebecca |url=https://www.popsci.com/science/article/2011-01/injured-brazilian-wolf-first-wild-animal-treated-stem-cells |title=Injured Brazilian Wolf Is First Wild Animal Treated With Stem Cells |website=[[Popular Science]] |date=January 15, 2011 |access-date=2021-08-06}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The term maned wolf is an allusion to the mane of the nape. It is known locally as {{Lang|gn|aguará guazú}} (meaning "large fox") in the [[Guarani language]], or ''kalak'' in the [[Toba Qom language]], {{Lang|pt|lobo-guará}} in Portuguese, and {{Lang|es|lobo de crín}}, {{Lang|es|lobo de los esteros}}, or {{Lang|es|lobo colorado}} in Spanish. The term ''lobo'', "wolf", originates from the Latin {{Lang|la|lupus}}. ''Guará ''and ''aguará'' originated from Tupi-Guarani ''agoa'rá'', "by the fuzz".  It also is called ''borochi'' in Bolivia.<ref>Ferreira, A. B. H. (1986). ''Novo Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa'' 2ª ed. Rio de Janeiro: Nova Fronteira</ref>

==Taxonomy==
Although the maned wolf displays many fox-like characteristics, it is not closely related to [[fox]]es. It lacks the elliptical [[pupils]] found distinctively in foxes. The maned wolf's evolutionary relationship to the other members of the [[canid]] family makes it a unique animal.

[[Gel electrophoresis of nucleic acids|Electrophoretic]] studies did not link ''Chrysocyon'' with any of the other living canids studied. One conclusion of this study is that the maned wolf is the only species among the large South American canids that survived the late [[Pleistocene extinction]]. Fossils of the maned wolf from the [[Holocene]] and the [[late Pleistocene]] have been excavated from the [[Brazilian Highlands]].<ref name=adw>{{cite web |title=Chrysocyon brachyurus - Maned wolf |publisher=Animal Diversity Web |url=http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Chrysocyon_brachyurus.html}}</ref>

A 2003 study on the brain anatomy of several canids placed the maned wolf together with the [[Falkland Islands wolf]] and with pseudo-foxes of the genus ''[[Pseudalopex]]''.<ref name=lyras>{{cite journal |last1=Lyras |first1=G. A. |last2=Van der Geer |first2=A. A. E.|year=2003 |title=External brain anatomy of the Canidae |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |doi=10.1046/j.1096-3642.2003.00067.x |volume=138 |issue=4 |pages=505–522|doi-access=free }}</ref> One study based on [[DNA]] evidence <!-- published in 2009, --> showed that the [[extinct]] genus ''[[Dusicyon]]'', comprising the Falkland Islands wolf and its mainland relative, was the most closely related species to the maned wolf in historical times, and that about seven million years ago it shared a common ancestor with that genus.<ref name=austin>{{cite journal |last1=Austin |first1=J. J. |last2=Soubrier |first2=J. |last3=Prevosti |first3=F. J. |last4=Prates |first4=L. |last5=Trejo |first5=V. |last6=Mena |first6=F. |last7=Cooper |first7=A. |year=2013 |title=The origins of the enigmatic Falkland Islands wolf |journal=Nature Communications |doi=10.1038/ncomms2570 |pmid=23462995 |volume=4 |pages=1552|bibcode=2013NatCo...4.1552A |doi-access=free |hdl=2440/74885 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> A 2015 study reported genetic signatures in maned wolves that are indicative of population expansion followed by contraction that took place during [[Pleistocene]] [[interglacial|interglaciations]] about 24,000 years before present.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=González|first1=S.|last2=Cosse|first2=M.|last3=del Rosario Franco|first3=M.|last4=Emmons|first4=L.|last5=Vynne|first5=C.|last6=Duarte|first6=J. M. B.|first7=M. D.|last7=Beccacesi|first8=J. E.|last8=Maldonado|year=2015|title=Population Structure of mtDNA Variation due to Pleistocene Fluctuations in the South American Maned Wolf (''Chrysocyon brachyurus'', Illiger, 1815): Management Units for Conservation|journal=Journal of Heredity|volume=106|issue=S1|pages=459–468|doi=10.1093/jhered/esv043|pmid=26245781|doi-access=free|hdl=11449/160714|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

The maned wolf is not closely related to canids found outside South America. It is not a fox, wolf, [[coyote]] or [[jackal]], but a distinct canid; though, based only on morphological similarities, it previously had been placed in the ''[[Canis]]'' and ''[[Vulpes]]'' genera.<ref name=os19 /> Its closest living relative is the [[bush dog]] (genus ''[[Speothos]]''), and it has a more distant relationship to other South American canines (the [[short-eared dog]], the [[crab-eating fox]], and the zorros or ''[[Lycalopex]]'').<ref name="lindblad-toh2005">{{cite journal |last1=Lindblad-Toh |first1=Kerstin |last2=Wade |first2=Claire M. |last3=Mikkelsen |first3=Tarjei S. |last4=Karlsson |first4=Elinor K. |last5=Jaffe |first5=David B. |last6=Kamal |first6=Michael |last7=Clamp |first7=Michele |last8=Chang |first8=Jean L. |last9=Kulbokas III |first9=Edward J. |last10=Zody |first10=Michael C. |last11=Mauceli |first11=Evan |author12=Xiaohui Xie |last13=Breen |first13=Matthew |last14=Wayne |first14=Robert K. |last15=Ostrander |first15=Elaine A. |last16=Ponting |first16=Chris P. |last17=Galibert |first17=Francis |last18=Smith |first18=Douglas R. |last19=deJong |first19=Pieter J. |last20=Kirkness |first20=Ewen |last21=Alvarez |first21=Pablo |last22=Biagi |first22=Tara |last23=Brockman |first23=William |last24=Butler |first24=Jonathan |last25=Chin |first25=Chee-Wye |last26=Cook |first26=April |last27=Cuff |first27=James |last28=Daly |first28=Mark J. |last29=DeCaprio |first29=David |last30=Gnerre |first30=Sante |last31=Grabherr |first31=Manfred |last32=Kellis |first32=Manolis |last33=Kleber |first33=Michael |last34=Bardeleben |first34=Carolyne |last35=Goodstadt |first35=Leo |last36=Heger |first36=Andreas |last37=Hitte |first37=Christophe |last38=Kim |first38=Lisa |last39=Koepfli |first39=Klaus-Peter |last40=Parker |first40=Heidi G. |last41=Pollinger |first41=John P. |last42=Searle |first42=Stephen M. J. |last43=Sutter |first43=Nathan B. |last44=Thomas |first44=Rachael |last45=Webber |first45=Caleb |last46=Baldwin |first46=Jennifer |date=2005 |title=Genome sequence, comparative analysis and haplotype structure of the domestic dog |journal=Nature |volume=438 |pages=803–819 |doi=10.1038/nature04338 |pmid=16341006 |issue=7069|bibcode=2005Natur.438..803L |display-authors=6|doi-access=free }}</ref>

{{Clade |style=font-size:80%; line-height:85%
|label1=[[Cerdocyonina]]
 |1={{Clade
  |1={{Clade
   |1=''[[Speothos venaticus]]'' ([[bush dog]]) [[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XLIII).jpg|50 px]]
   |2={{clade
      |1='''''Chrysocyon brachyurus'' (maned wolf)''' [[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate VII).jpg|50 px]]<ref name="lindblad-toh2005"/>{{rp|at=Fig. 10}}
      |2=†''[[Dusicyon australis]]'' ([[Falkland Islands wolf]])[[File:Dusicyon australis (white background).jpg|50 px]]}}
      }}
   |2={{Clade
    |1={{Clade
     |1={{Clade
      |label1=''[[Lycalopex]]''
      |1={{Clade
       |1=''[[Lycalopex vetulus]]'' ([[hoary fox]]) [[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XXXI).png|50 px]]
       |2={{Clade
        |1=''[[Lycalopex fulvipes]]'' ([[Darwin's fox]]) [[File:The zoology of the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle (Pl. 6) white background.jpg|50 px]]
        |2={{Clade
         |1={{Clade
          |1=''[[Lycalopex griseus]]'' ([[South American gray fox]] or chilla) [[File:Erläuterungen zur Fauna Brasiliens - enthaltend Abbildungen und ausführliche Beschreibungen neuer oder ungenügend bekannter Thier-Arten.pdf (Lycalopex griseus).jpg|50 px]]
          |2=''[[Lycalopex gymnocercus]]'' ([[pampas fox]]) [[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XVII).png|50 px]]
          }}
         |2={{Clade
          |1=''[[Lycalopex culpaeus]]'' ([[culpeo]] or Andean fox) [[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XIV).png|50 px]]
          |2=''[[Lycalopex sechurae]]'' ([[Sechuran fox]] or Peruvian desert fox)
          }}
         }}
        }}
       }}
       |2=''[[Cerdocyon thous]]'' ([[crab-eating fox]]) [[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XV).png|50 px]]
       }}
       |2=''[[Atelocynus microtis]]'' ([[short-eared dog]]) [[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XVI).png|50 px]]
       }}
      }}
     }}
}}

==Description==
[[File:Canidae - Chrysocion brachyurus.webm|thumb|thumbtime=8|Video of captive maned wolf at [[Singapore Zoo]]]]
The species was described in 1815 by Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger, initially as ''Canis brachyurus''. Lorenz Oken classified it as ''Vulpes cancosa'', and only in 1839 did Charles Hamilton Smith describe the genus ''Chrysocyon''. Other authors later considered it as a member of the ''Canis ''genus.<ref name=":0" /> Fossils of ''Chrysocyon'' dated from the Late Pleistocene and Holocene epochs were collected in one of [[Peter Wilhelm Lund|Peter Wilheim Lund]] expeditions to [[Lagoa Santa, Minas Gerais|Lagoa Santa]], Minas Gerais (Brazil). The specimen is kept in the South American Collection of the [https://geogenetics.ku.dk/facilities-at-centre-for-geogenetics/collections/south-america/ Zoologisk Museum] in Denmark. Since no other record exists of fossils in other areas, the species is suggested to have evolved in this geographic region.<ref name=":0" />

The maned wolf bears minor similarities to the [[red fox]], although it belongs to a different genus and is considerably larger and differently built. The average adult weighs {{convert|23|kg|abbr=on}} and stands up to {{convert|110|cm|in|abbr=on}} tall at the shoulder, and  has a head-body length of {{convert|100|cm|in|abbr=on}}, with the tail adding another {{convert|45|cm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref name= "dietz">{{cite journal |last=Dietz |first=J. M. |year=1984 |title=Ecology and social organization of the maned wolf (''Chrysocyon brachyurus'') |journal= Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology |doi=10.5479/si.00810282.392 |volume= 392 |issue=392 |pages=1–51}}</ref> Its ears are large and long {{cvt|18|cm}}.<ref name="Maned Wolf Facts">{{cite web| title=Maned Wolf Facts|website=National Zoological Park| url= http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Animals/Amazonia/Facts/manedwolffacts.cfm|access-date= 2015-11-05|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151031125754/http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Animals/Amazonia/Facts/manedwolffacts.cfm|archive-date=2015-10-31}}</ref>

The maned wolf is the tallest of the wild canids; its long legs are likely an adaptation to the tall grasslands of its native habitat.<ref name="EoM">{{cite book |editor-last=Macdonald |editor-first=David W. |last=Dietz |first=James |year=1984 |title=The Encyclopedia of Mammals |publisher=Facts on File |location=New York |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofma00mals_0/page/31 31] |isbn=978-0-87196-871-5 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofma00mals_0/page/31 }}</ref> Fur of the maned wolf may be reddish-brown to golden orange on the sides with long, black legs, and a distinctive black [[:wikt:mane|mane]]. The coat is marked further with a whitish tuft at the tip of the tail and a white "bib" beneath the throat. The mane is erectile and typically is used to enlarge the wolf's profile when threatened or when displaying aggression. Melanistic maned wolves do exist, but are rare. The first photograph of a black adult maned wolf was taken by a camera trap in northern [[Minas Gerais]] in Brazil in 2013.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.wwf.org.br/informacoes/english/?36543/WWF-Brazil-partner-photographs-unique-black-maned-wolf| title=WWF-Brazil partner photographs unique black maned wolf|author=Moraes, Bruno|date=14 October 2013 |publisher=WWF-Brazil}}</ref><ref name=WLT>{{cite web| url= http://www.worldlandtrust.org/news/2015/03/black-maned-wolf-people-s-choice| title=Black Maned Wolf is the People's Choice|website=World Land Trust| date=2015-03-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ferreira GB, Barros CS, Costa AB, Dias TS, Oliveira MJ| date=2017|title=First ever record of a black-coloured maned wolf| url= http://www.canids.org/CBC/20/Black_maned_wolf.pdf|journal=Canid Biology & Conservation|volume=20|issue=10|pages=42–45|access-date=2018-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103011642/http://www.canids.org/CBC/20/Black_maned_wolf.pdf|archive-date=2018-01-03}}</ref>

[[File:Chrysocyon brachyurus 02 MWNH 3541.jpg|thumb|The skull]]
[[File:Maned wolf “Chrysocyon brachyurus”.jpg|thumb|The skeleton]]
The skull can be identified by its reduced [[carnassial]]s, small upper incisors, and long canine teeth.<ref name=dietz/> Like other canids, it has 42 teeth with the [[dental formula]] {{DentalFormula|upper=3.1.4.2|lower=3.1.4.3|total=42}}. The maned wolf's [[rhinarium]] extends to the upper lip, similar to the [[bush dog]], but its [[vibrissae]] are longer.<ref name=dietz/> The skull also features a prominent [[sagittal crest]].

[[File:HD Abdruck Mähnenwolf.jpg|thumb|The footprint]]
The maned wolf's footprints are similar to those of the [[dog]], but have disproportionately small plantar pads when compared to the well-opened digit marks.<ref>Leite Pitman, M.R.P., Gomes de Oliveira, T., Paula, R. C., and Indrusiak, C. (eds.) (2002). [http://www.academia.edu/342036/Manual_de_identificacao_prevencao_e_controle_de_predacao_por_carnivoros ''Manual de identificação, prevenção e controle de predação por carnívoros'']. Associação Pró-carnívoros/IBAMA. Brasília, Brasil.</ref><ref>Borges, Paulo André Lima and Tomas, Walfrido Moraes 
 (2008)[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236840221_Guia_de_Rastros_e_outros_vestigios_de_mamiferos_do_Pantanal ''Guia de Rastros e outros vestígios de mamíferos do Pantanal'']. Embrapa Pantanal. {{ISBN|85-98893-01-3}}</ref> The dog has pads up to three times larger than the maned wolf's footprint.<ref name=borges2004>{{cite book| last1=Borges|first1=P. L.| last2= Tomás| first2=W. M.|year=2004|title=Guia de rastros e outros vestígios de mamíferos do Pantanal|location=Corumbá|publisher=Embrapa Pantanal|isbn=85-98893-01-3|page=148}}</ref> These pillows have a triangular shape.<ref name= borges2004/> The front footprints are {{cvt|7|–|9|cm}} long and {{cvt|5.5|–|7|cm}} wide, and those of the hind feet are {{cvt|6.5|–|9|cm}} long and {{cvt|6.5|–|8.5|cm}} wide.<ref name= borges2004/> One feature that differentiates the maned wolf's footprint from those of other South American canids is the proximal union of the third and fourth digits.<ref name=dietz/>

The maned wolf also is known for the distinctive [[Cannabis (drug)|cannabis]]-like odor of its territory markings, which has earned it the nickname "skunk wolf".

===Genetics===
Genetically, the maned wolf has 37 pairs of [[autosomes]] within diploid genes, with a [[karyotype]] similar to that of other canids.  It has 76 chromosomes, so cannot interbreed with other canids.<ref name=dietz/> Evidence suggests that 15,000 years ago, the species suffered a reduction in its [[genetic diversity]], called the [[bottleneck effect]]. However, its diversity is still greater than that of other canids.<ref name=paula/>

==Ecology and behavior==

=== Hunting and territoriality ===
The maned wolf is a twilight animal, but its activity pattern is more related to the relative humidity and temperature, similar to that observed with the [[bush dog]] (''Speothos venaticus''). Peak activity occurs between 8 and 10 am, and 8 and 10 pm.<ref>{{Cite thesis|title=Nutrição e ecologia nutricional de cervídeos brasileiros em cativeiro e no Parque Nacional das Emas - Goiás|publisher=Universidade de Sao Paulo Sistema Integrado de Bibliotecas - SIBiUSP|first=Alexandre|last=Berndt|year=2005 |doi=10.11606/t.91.2005.tde-09112005-144620|doi-access=free}}</ref> On cold or cloudy days, they can be active all day. The species is likely to use open fields for foraging and more closed areas, such as [[riparian forest]]s, to rest, especially on warmer days.<ref name="dietz" />

Unlike most large canids (such as the [[gray wolf]], the [[African hunting dog]], or the [[dhole]]), the maned wolf is a solitary animal and does not form [[pack (canine)|pack]]s.<ref name=dietz/> It typically hunts alone, usually between sundown and midnight, rotating its large ears to listen for prey animals in the grass. It taps the ground with a front foot to flush out the prey and pounce to catch it.<ref name="Maned Wolf Facts"/> It kills prey by biting on the neck or back, and shaking the prey violently if necessary.<ref name=internatura>{{cite web |last=Frers |first=Cristian |title=Un lobo de crin llamado Aguará Guazú |url=http://www.internatura.org/estudios/informes/lobo.html |access-date=2007-04-23}}</ref>

Monogamous pairs may defend a shared territory around {{convert|30|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, although outside of mating, the individuals may meet only rarely. The territory is crisscrossed by paths that they create as they patrol at night. Several adults may congregate in the presence of a plentiful food source, for example, a fire-cleared patch of grassland that would leave small vertebrate prey exposed while foraging.

{{multiple image
| align             = right
| footer            = Maned wolves [[olfactic communication|mark their territories]] with urine
| total_width       = 440
| image1            = Maehnenwolf urinierend Chrysocyon brachyurus Tierpark Hellabrunn-1.jpg
| image2            = Riga Zoo (28044040426).jpg
| image3            = Lobo Guará urinating on tree.jpg
}}

Both female and male maned wolves [[Spraying (animal behavior)|use their urine to communicate]],<ref>{{cite journal|author=Garcia, Agnaldo|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/314491015 |title=On the social behaviour of maned wolves (''Chrysocyon brachyurus'')|journal= Boletim de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo |volume=6 |year=1983|pages= 63–77}}</ref> e.g. to mark their hunting paths or the places where they have buried hunted prey.<ref name="internatura" /> The urine has a very distinctive odor, which some people liken to [[hops]] or [[cannabis]]. The responsible substance very likely is a [[pyrazine]], which also occurs in both plants.<ref name="wired1">{{cite magazine |last=Switek |first=Brian |date=2011-03-10 |title=Maned Wolf Pee Demystified |magazine=Wired |url=https://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2011/03/maned-wolf-pee-demystified/ |access-date=2011-06-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Childs-Sanford |first=Sara |title=The Captive Maned Wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus): Nutritional Considerations with Emphasis on Management of Cystinuria |date=2005-05-12 |publisher=University of Maryland |url=http://hdl.handle.net/1903/2520 |pages=58–75 |chapter=Identification of Volatile Compounds in the Urine and Feces of the Maned Wolf, Chrysocyon brachyurus|hdl=1903/2520 }}</ref> At the [[Rotterdam Zoo]], this smell once set the police on a hunt for cannabis smokers.<ref name="wired1" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Gertz |first=Holger |date=2 September 2006 |title=Ganz weit draußen (VI): Warum Haig Balian jetzt im Amsterdamer Tierpark lebt; Eine Vorliebe für echte Hyänen; Als Filmproduzent hat er erlebt, was Fressen und Gefressenwerden heißt – er ließ das Kino hinter sich, um als Zoodirektor die Tiere in Szene zu setzen |url=https://global.factiva.com/redir/default.aspx?P=sa&NS=16&AID=9UNI005200&an=SDDZ000020060903e29200050&drn=drn%3aarchive.newsarticle.SDDZ000020060903e29200050&cat=a&ep=ASI |url-access=subscription |work=Süddeutsche Zeitung |page=3 |via=Dow Jones Factiva |id=A27600844 |quote= Er hatnachgesehen, aber da, woher der Geruch kam, waren nur die Mähnenwölfe. Am nächsten Tag hat ihm ein Bekannter erzählt, das ist ganz normal, im Rotterdamer Zoo war sogar mal die Polizei, um Kiffer zu suchen. Aber auch in Rotterdam waren nur Mähnenwölfe. |trans-quote=He checked, but where the smell was coming from, there were only the maned wolves. The next day, an acquaintance told him that it was quite normal, the police had even been to Rotterdam Zoo once to look for stoners. But even in Rotterdam there were only maned wolves. |lang=de}}</ref> The preferred habitat of the maned wolf includes grasslands, scrub prairies, and forests.

===Reproduction and life cycle===
[[File:Maned Wolf Pup at White Oak.jpg|thumb|upright|A maned wolf and pup at [[White Oak Conservation]]]]
Their mating season ranges from November to April. [[Gestation]] lasts 60 to 65 days, and a litter may have from two to six black-furred pups, each weighing roughly {{convert|450|g|oz|abbr=on}}. Pups are fully grown when one year old. During that first year, the pups rely on their parents for food.<ref name=internatura/>

Data on the maned wolf's estrus and reproductive cycle mainly come from captive animals, particularly about breeding endocrinology.<ref name=songsasen>{{cite book | editor1-last=Consorte-McCrea | editor1-first=A. G. |editor2-last=Santos|editor2-first=E. F.|title=Ecology and conservation of the maned wolf : multidisciplinary perspectives | publisher=CRC Press | location=Boca Raton | year=2013 | isbn=978-1-4665-1259-7 | oclc=861926329}}</ref> Hormonal changes of maned wolves in the wild follow the same variation pattern of those in captivity.<ref name=songsasen/> Females [[ovulation|ovulate]] spontaneously, but some authors suggest that the presence of a male is important for estrus induction.<ref name=songsasen/>

Captive animals in the Northern Hemisphere breed between October and February and in the Southern Hemisphere between August and October. This indicates that [[photoperiod]] plays an important role in maned wolf reproduction, mainly due to the production of [[semen]].<ref name=dietz/><ref name=songsasen/> Generally, one [[estrus]] occurs per year.<ref name=dietz/> The amount of sperm produced by the maned wolf is lower compared to those of other canids.<ref name=songsasen/>

[[Copulation (zoology)|Copulation]] occurs during the four-day estrus period, and lasts up to 15 minutes.<ref name=dietz/> Courtship is similar to that of other [[canid]]s, characterized by frequent approaches and [[perineum|anogenital]] investigation.<ref name="canids" />

[[Gestation]] lasts 60 to 65 days and a litter may have from two to six pups. One litter of seven has been recorded.<ref name=dietz/> Birthing has been observed in May in the [[Canastra Mountains]], but data from captive animals suggest that births are concentrated between June and September.<ref name=paula/> The maned wolf reproduces with difficulty in the wild, with a high rate of infant mortality. Females can go up to two years without breeding.<ref name=songsasen/> Breeding in captivity is even more difficult, especially in temperate parts of the Northern Hemisphere.<ref name=songsasen/>

Pups are born weighing between 340 and 430 grams. They begin their lives with black fur, becoming red after 10 weeks.<ref name=dietz/> The eyes open at about 9 days of age.<ref name=dietz/> They are nursed up to 4 months. Afterwards, they are fed by their parents by [[Regurgitation (digestion)|regurgitation]], starting on the third week of age and lasting up to 10 months.<ref name=rodrigues2002>{{cite thesis |last= Rodrigues|first= F|date= 2002|title= Biologia e conservação do lobo-guará na Estação Ecológica de Águas Emendadas, DF.|type= Doctorate |publisher= University of Campinas|url= http://www.carnivoreconservation.org/files/thesis/guimaraes_2002_phd.pdf|language=pt}}</ref><ref name="canids" /> Three-month-old pups begin to accompany their mother while she [[foraging|forages]].<ref name=rodrigues2002/> Males and females both engage in parental care, but it is primarily done by the females.<ref name=rodrigues2002/> Data on male parental care have been collected from captive animals, and little is known whether this occurs frequently in the wild.<ref name="canids" /> Maned wolves reach sexual maturity at one year of age, when they leave their birth territory.<ref name="canids" />

The maned wolf's longevity in the wild is unknown, but estimates in captivity are between 12 and 15 years.<ref name=dietz/> A report was made of an individual at the [[São Paulo Zoo]] that lived to be 22 years old.<ref name=paula/>

===Diet===
[[File:Flickr - João de Deus Medeiros - Solanum lycocarpum (1).jpg|thumb|right|250px|Fruit of the [[Solanum lycocarpum|wolf apple]], one of the main plant foods of the maned wolf]]
The maned wolf is omnivorous. It specialises in preying on small and medium-sized animals, including small mammals (typically [[rodent]]s and [[rabbit]]s), [[bird]]s and their [[egg]]s, [[reptile]]s, and even [[fish]], [[gastropod]]s, other terrestrial [[mollusc]]s, and [[insect]]s, but a large portion of its diet (more than 50%, according to some studies) is vegetable matter, including sugarcane, tubers, bulbs, roots and fruit.<ref name=internatura/><ref name=Juarez>{{cite journal |last1=Juarez |first1=Keila Macfadem |last2=Marinho-Filho |first2=Jader |date=November 2002 |title=Diet, habitat use, and home ranges of sympatric canids in central Brazil |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |volume=83 |issue=4 |pages=925–934 |doi=10.1644/1545-1542(2002)083<0925:DHUAHR>2.0.CO;2  |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Chrysocyon_brachyurus/|title=Chrysocyon brachyurus (maned wolf)|first=Antonia|last=Gorog|website=Animal Diversity Web}}</ref><ref name="motta1996">{{cite journal|vauthors=Motta-Junior JC, Talamon SA, Lombardi JA, Simokomaki K|year=1996|title=Diet of maned wolf, ''Chrysocyon brachyurus'', in central Brazil|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=240|issue=2|pages=277–284|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1996.tb05284.x}}</ref> Up to 301 food items have been recorded in the maned wolf's diet, including 116 plants and 178 animal species.<ref name=songsasen/>

The maned wolf hunts by chasing its prey, digging holes, and jumping to catch birds in flight. About 21% of hunts are successful.<ref name="canids"/> Some authors have recorded active pursuits of the [[Pampas deer]].<ref name=rodrigues2002/> They were also observed feeding on carcasses of run down animals.<ref name="canids"/> Fecal analysis has shown consumption of the [[giant anteater]], [[bush dog]], and [[collared peccary]], but whether these animals are actively hunted or scavenged is not known.<ref name=paula>{{cite journal|last=de Paula|first=R.C.|display-authors=et al <!--Rogério Cunha de Paula, Flávio Henrique Guimarães Rodrigues, Diego Queirolo, Rodrigo Pinto Silva Jorge, Frederico Gemesio Lemos & Livia de Almeida Rodrigues-->|date=2013|title=Avaliação do risco de extinção do lobo-guará ''Chrysocyon brachiurus'' (Illiger, 1815) no Brasil|trans-title=Maned wolf conservation status assessment ''Chrysocyon brachyurus'' (Illiger, 1815) in Brazil|language=pt|journal=Biodiversidade Brasileira|volume=3|issue=1|pages=146–159|url=http://www.icmbio.gov.br/revistaeletronica/index.php/BioBR/article/view/381/288|issn=2236-2886}}</ref><ref name=rodrigues2002/> [[Armadillos]] are also commonly consumed.<ref name="songsasen"/> Animals are more often consumed in the dry season.<ref name="dietz"/><ref name="motta1996"/>

The [[wolf apple]] (''Solanum lycocarpum''), a tomato-like fruit, is the maned wolf's most common food item. With some exceptions, these fruits make up between 40 and 90% of the maned wolf's diet.<ref name="dietz"/><ref name=rodrigues2002/><ref name="motta1996"/><ref>{{cite thesis|title = Dieta, disponibilidade alimentar e padrão de movimentação de lobo-guará, ''Chrysocyon brachyurus'', no Parque Nacional da Serra da Canastra, MG.|url = http://pos.icb.ufmg.br/pgecologia/dissertacoes/D184_Mayra_Pereira_de_Melo_Amboni.pdf|author = Amboni, M.P.|degree = Mestrado em Ecologia, Manejo e Conservação da Vida Silvestre|access-date = 15 September 2015|location = Belo Horizonte|publisher = UFMG|year = 2007|archive-date = 9 July 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210709195030/http://pos.icb.ufmg.br/pgecologia/dissertacoes/D184_Mayra_Pereira_de_Melo_Amboni.pdf|url-status = dead}}</ref> The wolf apple is actively sought by the maned wolf, and is consumed throughout the year, unlike other fruits that can only be eaten in abundance during the rainy season.<ref name=rodrigues2002/><ref name="motta1996"/> It can consume several fruits at a time and disperse intact seeds by defecating, making it an excellent disperser of the wolf apple plant.<ref name=rodrigues2002/>

Despite their preferred habitat, maned wolves are ecologically flexible and can survive in disturbed habitats, from burned areas to places with high human influences. Burned areas have some small mammals, such as [[hairy-tailed bolo mouse]] (''Necromys lasiurus'') and [[vesper mouse]] (''Calomys'' spp.) that they can hunt and survive on.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Massara |first1=Rodrigo Lima |title=Diet and Habitat use by Maned Wolf Outside Protected Areas in Eastern Brazil |journal=Tropical Conservation Science |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=284–300 |doi=10.1177/194008291200500305 |year=2012 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Historically, captive maned wolves were fed meat-heavy diets, but that caused them to develop bladder stones. Zoo diets for them now feature fruits and vegetables, as well as meat and specialized extruded diet formulated for maned wolves to be low in stone-causing compounds (i.e. cystine).

A maned wolf from Texas was found to be a host of an intestinal [[acanthocephala]]n worm, ''[[Pachysentis canicola]]''.<ref name="Amin2022">{{Cite journal|last1=Amin|first1=Omar M.|last2=Chaudhary|first2=Anshu|last3=Heckmann|first3=Richard A.|last4=Swenson|first4=Julie|last5=Singh|first5=Hridaya S.|date=2022-03-01|title=Redescription and Molecular Characterization of ''Pachysentis canicola'' Meyer, 1931 (Acanthocephala: Oligacanthorhynchidae) from the Maned Wolf, ''Chrysocyon brachyurus'' (Illiger, 1815) in Texas|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11686-021-00458-5|journal=Acta Parasitologica|language=en|volume=67|issue=1|pages=275–287|doi=10.1007/s11686-021-00458-5|pmid=34345996|s2cid=236914933|access-date=28 December 2022|archive-date=22 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722191043/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11686-021-00458-5|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

==Relations with other species==
The maned wolf participates in [[symbiotic]] relationships. It contributes to the propagation and dissemination of the plants on which it feeds, through excretion. Often, maned wolves defecate on the nests of [[leafcutter ant]]s. The ants then use the dung to fertilize their fungus gardens, but they discard the seeds contained in the dung onto refuse piles just outside their nests. This process significantly increases the germination rate of the seeds.

Maned wolves suffer from ticks, mainly of the genus ''[[Amblyomma]]'', and by flies such as ''[[Cochliomyia hominivorax]]'' usually on the ears.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Dietz|first=James M.|date=1984|title=Ecology and social organization of the maned wolf (''Chrysocyon brachyurus'')|journal=Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology|issue=392|pages=1–51|doi=10.5479/si.00810282.392|issn=0081-0282}}</ref> The maned wolf is poorly parasitized by fleas. The sharing of territory with domestic dogs results in a number of diseases, such as [[rabies virus]], [[Parvoviridae|parvovirus]], [[Canine distemper|distemper]], [[Infectious canine hepatitis|canine adenovirus]], protozoan ''[[Toxoplasma gondii]]'', bacterium ''[[Leptospira interrogans]]'', and nematode ''[[Dirofilaria immitis]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Deem|first1=Sharon L.|last2=Emmons|first2=Louise H.|date=June 2005|journal=Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine|volume=36|issue=2|pages=192–197|doi=10.1638/04-076.1|title=Exposure of Free-Ranging Maned Wolves (''Chrysocyon brachyurus'') to Infectious and Parasitic Disease Agents in the Noël Kempff Mercado National Park, Bolivia|pmid=17323558|s2cid=36976401}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> The maned wolf is particularly susceptible to potentially fatal infection by the [[Dioctophyme renale|giant kidney worm]]. Ingestion of the wolf apple could prevent maned wolves from contracting this nematode, but such a hypothesis has been questioned by several authors.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Courtenay |first=O. |year=1994 |title=Conservation of the Maned Wolf: fruitful relationships in a changing environment |journal=Canid News |volume=2 |url=http://www.canids.org/PUBLICAT/CNDNEWS2/manedwf2.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040301171019/http://www.canids.org/PUBLICAT/CNDNEWS2/manedwf2.htm |archive-date=2004-03-01 }}</ref>

It is preyed upon mostly by large cats, such as the [[Cougar|puma]] (''Puma concolor'') and more commonly the [[jaguar]] (''Panthera onca'').<ref>{{Cite book|title=Biology and conservation of wild felids|date=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|others=Macdonald, David W. (David Whyte), Loveridge, Andrew J.|isbn=978-0-19-157414-6|location=Oxford [England]|oclc=746005082}}</ref>

===Humans===
Generally, the maned wolf is shy and flees when alarmed, so it poses little direct threat to humans. Popularly, the maned wolf is thought to have the potential of being a [[chicken]] thief. It once was considered a similar threat to [[cattle]], [[sheep]], and [[pigs]],<ref name="auto"/> although this now is known to be false.
Historically, in a few parts of Brazil, these animals were hunted for some body parts, notably the eyes, that were believed to be good-luck charms.
Since its classification as a [[vulnerable species]] by the Brazilian government, it has received greater consideration and protection.

They are threatened by [[habitat loss]] and being run over by automobiles. Feral and domestic dogs pass on diseases to them, and have been known to attack them.

The species occurs in several protected areas, including the national parks of Caraça and [[Emas National Park|Emas]] in Brazil. The maned wolf is well represented in captivity, and has been bred successfully at many zoos,<ref>{{cite web |title=Maned wolf - Chrysocyon brachyurus |website=Zootierliste |url=http://zootierliste.de/en/?klasse=1&ordnung=115&familie=11509&art=1120109}}</ref> particularly in Argentina, North America (part of a [[Species Survival Plan]]) and Europe (part of a [[European Endangered Species Programme]]). In 2012, a total of 3,288 maned wolves were kept at more than 300 institutions worldwide.<ref name=holland2013>{{cite book |last=Holland |first=R. |editor1-last=Conserot-McCrea |editor1-first=A. G. |editor2-last=Santos |editor2-first=E. F. |year=2013 |title=Ecology and Conservation of the Maned Wolf: Multidisciplinary perspectives |chapter=The Maned Wolf ''ex situ'' Worldwide |isbn=978-1-4665-1259-7 | oclc=861926329 |pages=53–62|publisher=CRC Press }}</ref> The [[Smithsonian National Zoo Park]] has been working to protect maned wolves for nearly 30 years, and coordinates the collaborative, interzoo maned wolf Species Survival Plan of North America, which includes breeding maned wolves, studying them in the wild, protecting their habitat, and educating people about them.<ref name="Maned Wolf Facts"/>

====Hunting====
The practice of hunting maned wolves is historically poorly documented, but it is speculated to be relatively frequent. This is partly because during the [[Portuguese colonization of the Americas|Portuguese]] and [[Spanish colonization]] of [[South America]], Europeans projected onto the maned wolf the historical aversion they had towards [[Iberian wolf|Iberian wolves]], and their reputation for [[Domestic sheep predation|eating sheep]] and other domestic animals.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Salazar |first=Maria Angeles |date=2016-02-12 |title=El lobo de crin: salvar al cánido de nombre desafortunado de Suramérica |url=http://es.mongabay.com/2016/02/el-lobo-de-crin-salvar-al-canido-de-nombre-desafortunado-de-suramerica/ |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=Noticias ambientales |language=es}}</ref> Although the species is now seen in a better light, many people still consider it a potential risk to domestic birds and children.

In Brazil, the impacts of hunting on the species are better known than in Argentina, as is the impact of predation on domestic birds, which engenders retaliation from farmers.<ref name="icmbio">{{cite web|url=https://www.icmbio.gov.br/cenap/images/stories/Guia_Pr%C3%A1tico_Conviv%C3%AAncia-Predadores_e_Animais_Dom%C3%A9sticos.pdf|author1=Silvio Marchini|author2=Sandra Cavalcanti|author3=Rogério Cunha de Paula|date=2011-05-16|title=Predadores Silvestres e Animais Domésticos – Guia Prático de Convivência|access-date=2024-09-19}}</ref> The species is also accused of attacking sheep, which increases human animosity. In Brazil, people also aimed to prevent these animals from attacking chickens, using a Brazilian variant of the [[Portuguese Podengo|Portuguese podengo]], called the ''Brazilian podengo'' or ''Crioulo podengo''.{{cn|date=September 2024}}

== Conservation ==
The maned wolf is not considered an endangered species by the [[IUCN]] because of its wide geographical distribution and adaptability to man-made environments. However, due to declining populations, it is classified as a near-threatened species. This decline is mostly due to human activities such as deforestation, increasing traffic in highways resulting in roadkill, and urban growth.<ref>Vergara-Wilson et al., 2021, p. 51</ref> Due to the decrease in their habitat, the wolves often migrate to urban regions looking for easier access to food. This increases their contact with domestic animals, as well as the risk of infectious and parasitic diseases amongst the wolves which can lead to death.<ref>Garcia et al., 2020, p. 1</ref>

Until 1996 the maned wolf was a vulnerable species by the IUCN. It is also listed in [[CITES]] Appendix II, which regulates international trade in the species.<ref name="paula" /> The [[Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation|ICMBio]] list in Brazil that follows the same IUCN criteria considers the wolf to be a vulnerable species.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.icmbio.gov.br/portal/images/stories/biodiversidade/fauna-brasileira/avaliacao-do-risco/PORTARIA_N%C2%BA_444_DE_17_DE_DEZEMBRO_DE_2014.pdf|title=PORTARIA 444 DE 17 DE DEZEMBRO DE 2014|website=ICMBio|access-date=2019-12-02|archive-date=2016-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222001633/http://www.icmbio.gov.br/portal/images/stories/biodiversidade/fauna-brasileira/avaliacao-do-risco/PORTARIA_N%C2%BA_444_DE_17_DE_DEZEMBRO_DE_2014.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |url=https://www.gov.br/icmbio/pt-br/centrais-de-conteudo/publicacoes/publicacoes-diversas/Mamiferos.pdf |title=Livro vermelho da fauna brasileira ameaçada de extinção |date=2008 |publisher=Ministério do Meio Ambiente. Secretaria de Biodiversidade e Florestas. |isbn=978-85-7738-102-9 |editor-last=Machado |editor-first= Angelo B. M. |volume=Mamiferos I |location=Brasília |pages=780–782 |language=pt-br |oclc=319218627 |editor-last2=Drummond |editor-first2= Gláucia Moreira |editor-last3=Paglia |editor-first3=Adriano Pereira}}</ref> By these same criteria, the Brazilian state lists also consider it more problematic: it is a vulnerable species in the lists of São Paulo and Minas Gerais, while in the lists of Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul the maned wolf is considered as "endangered" and "critically endangered" respectively.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> In Uruguay, although there is no such list as Brazil and IUCN, it is regarded as a species with "priority" for conservation. In Argentina it is not considered to be in critical danger, but it is recognized that its populations are declining and fragmented.<ref>Soler, L. (2013). "Maned Wolf in Argentina". In: Conserot-McCrea, A. G., & Santos, E.F. ''Ecology and Conservation of the Maned Wolf: Multidisciplinary perspectives''. Nova Iorque: CRC Press. pp. 203–220. {{ISBN|978-1-4665-1260-3}}</ref> The situation of the maned wolf in Bolivia<ref>Emmons, L.H. (2013). "Environmental Influences on Maned Wolf Ecology in Bolivia". In: Conserot-McCrea, A. G., & Santos, E.F. ''Ecology and Conservation of the Maned Wolf: Multidisciplinary perspectives''. Nova Iorque: CRC Press. pp. 221–234. {{ISBN|978-1-4665-1260-3}}</ref> and Paraguay<ref>Cartes, J.L.; et al. (2013). "The Maned Wolf (''Chrysocyon brachyurus'') in Paraguay". In: Conserot-McCrea, A. G., & Santos, E.F. ''Ecology and Conservation of the Maned Wolf: Multidisciplinary perspectives''. Nova Iorque: CRC Press. pp. 235–247. {{ISBN|978-1-4665-1260-3}}</ref> is uncertain. Even with these uncertainties the maned wolf is protected against hunting in all countries.<ref name="canids" />

In Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay it is forbidden by law to hunt the maned wolf. Conservationists are also taking other steps to ensure its survival, especially as urbanization continues to spread in its natural habitat.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.worldlandtrust.org/species/mammals/manedwolf/|title=Maned Wolf|publisher=World Land Trust}}</ref>

== In human cultures ==
Human attitudes and opinions about the maned wolf vary across populations, ranging from fear and tolerance to aversion. In some regions of Brazil, parts of the animal's body are believed to help cure bronchitis, kidney disease, and even snake bites. It is also believed to bring good luck.<ref name="canids" /> These parts can be teeth, the heart, ears, and even dry stools.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |title=Ecology and conservation of the maned wolf : multidisciplinary perspectives |date=2013-10-24 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-4665-1260-3 |editor-last=Consorte-McCrea |editor-first=Adriana G. |location=Boca Raton |oclc=862074311 |editor-last2=Santos |editor-first2=Eliana Ferraz}}</ref> In Bolivia, mounting a saddle made of maned wolf leather is believed to protect from bad luck. Despite these superstitions, no large-scale use of parts of this animal occurs.<ref name="canids" />

In urban societies in Brazil, people tend to be sympathetic to the maned wolf, seeing no value in it as a hunting animal or pest. They often consider its preservation to be important, and although these societies associate it with force and ferocity, they do not consider it a dangerous animal.<ref name=":3" /> Although popular in some places and common in many zoos, it can go unnoticed. Studies in zoos in Brazil showed that up to 30% of respondents were either unaware or unable to recognize a maned wolf.<ref name="canids" />

It was considered a common animal by the [[Guaraní people|Guarani people]], and the first names used by Europeans, such as the Spanish Jesuit missionary [[Joseph of Anchieta]], were the same used by the native peoples (''yaguaraçú'').<ref name="songsasen" />  Spanish naturalist [[Félix de Azara|Felix de Azara]] also used the Guarani name to refer to it and was one of the first to describe the biology of the species and consider it an important part of Paraguay's fauna.<ref name=":3"/> Much of the negative view of the maned wolf as a poultry predator stems from European ethnocentrism, where peasants often had problems with wolves and foxes.<ref name="songsasen" />

The maned wolf rarely causes antipathy in the human populations of the places in which it lives, so it has been used as a flag species for the preservation of the Brazilian cerrado.<ref name="songsasen" /> It is represented on the 200-[[Brazilian real|reais]] banknote, released in September 2020.<ref>{{cite news|title= Cédula de R$ 200 entra em circulação hoje|url=https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/economia/noticia/2020-09/cedula-de-r-200-entra-em-circulacao-hoje}} Agência Brasil. Retrieved 2020-09-03</ref> It has also been represented on the 100-[[Brazilian cruzeiro real|cruzeiros reais]] coin, which circulated in Brazil between 1993 and 1994.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces9370.html|title=100 Cruzeiros Reais, Brazil|website=en.numista.com|access-date=2019-12-02}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Maned Wolf Pup Image 001.jpg|Maned wolf pup
File:ManedWolf4.jpg|Maned wolf in [[Louisville Zoo]]
File:Maned wolf-aguara guazu.jpeg
File:Maned Wolf 11, Beardsley Zoo, 2009-11-06.jpg|Maned wolf in [[Beardsley Zoo]]
File:Guara wolf heart (Chrysocyon brachyurus).jpg|Maned wolf heart
File:Chrysocyon.brachyurus.jpg|Maned wolf in [[Cologne Zoo]], Germany
</gallery>

== References ==
{{Reflist|25em}}

== Further reading ==
*  Bandeira de Melo, L. F., M. A. Lima Sábato, E. M. Vaz Magni, R. J. Young, C. M. Coelho (January 2007). "Secret lives of maned wolves (''Chrysocyon brachyurus'' Illiger 1815): as revealed by GPS tracking collars". ''Journal of Zoology'', 271(1). pp.&nbsp;27–36. {{doi|10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00176.x}}.
* Garcia, D., Estrela, G. C., Soares, R. T. G., Paulino, D., Jorge, A. T., Rodrigues, M. A., Sasahara, T. H., & Honsho, C. (2020). "A study on the morphoquantitative and cytological characteristics of the bulbar conjunctiva of the maned wolf (''Chrysocyon brachyurus; Illiger, 1815'')". ''Anatomia Histologia Embryologia'', 1. {{doi|10.1111/ahe.12647}}.
* Vergara-Wilson, V., Hidalgo-Hermoso, E., Sanchez, C. R., Abarca, M. J., Navarro, C., Celis-Diez, S., Soto-Guerrero, P., Diaz-Ayala, N., Zordan, M., Cifuentes-Ramos, F., & Cabello-Stom, J. (2021). "Canine Distemper Outbreak by Natural Infection in a Group of Vaccinated Maned Wolves in Captivity". ''Pathogens'', 10(1), 51. {{doi|10.3390/pathogens10010051}}.

{{commons category|Chrysocyon brachyurus}}

{{Carnivora|Ca.}}
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[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Carnivorans of Brazil]]
[[Category:Cerdocyonina]]
[[Category:Extant Late Pleistocene first appearances]]
[[Category:Fauna of the Cerrado]]
[[Category:Mammals described in 1815]]
[[Category:Mammals of Argentina]]
[[Category:Mammals of Bolivia]]
[[Category:Mammals of Paraguay]]
[[Category:Mammals of Peru]]
[[Category:Pleistocene carnivorans]]
[[Category:Pleistocene mammals of South America]]