Editing ManpowerGroup

{{short description|American staffing company}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2012}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2023}} {{Use American English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox company
| name = ManpowerGroup Inc.
| logo = ManpowerGroup logo.svg
| logo_size = 
| logo_alt = ManpowerGroup Logo
| logo_caption = Horizontal version of logo (used since 2019)
| logo_padding = 
| image = ManpowerGroup World Headquarters - Exterior.jpg
| image_size = 
| image_alt = Photo of the exterior of the ManpowerGroup World Headquarters building in Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| image_caption = ManpowerGroup World Headquarters in Milwaukee, pictured in 2007
| trading_name = 
| former_name = {{Unbulleted list|Manpower Inc. (1948–89)|Manpower PLC (1989–91)|Manpower Inc. (1991–2011)}}
| type = [[Public company|Public]] 
| traded_as = {{Unbulleted list|{{NYSE|MAN}}|[[List of S&P 400 companies|S&P 400]] component}}
| ISIN = 
| industry = [[Professional services]]   
| fate = 
| predecessor = 
| successor = <!-- or: | successors = -->
| founded = {{Start date and age|1948}}<br>[[Milwaukee|Milwaukee, Wisconsin]], U.S.
| founders = {{Unbulleted list|Aaron Scheinfeld|[[Elmer Winter]]}}
| defunct = <!-- {{End date|YYYY|MM|DD}} -->
| hq_location = 
| hq_location_city = Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.
| num_locations = 2700 offices in 80 countries and territories {{small|(2017)}}
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = {{Unbulleted list|[[Jonas Prising]]<br />{{small|([[Chairman#Public corporations|Chairman]] & [[Chief executive officer|CEO]])}} }} 
| products = 
| brands = {{hlist|Manpower|Experis|Right Management|ManpowerGroup Solutions}}
| services = {{Unbulleted list|[[Career management|Career Management]]|[[Outsourcing]]|[[Recruitment]] and [[Educational assessment|Assessment]]|[[Training and development|Training and Development]]|[[Human resource consulting|Workforce Consulting]]}}
| revenue = {{nowrap|{{increase}} {{US$|20.724 billion|link=yes}} (2021)<ref name="10-K"/>}} 
| operating_income = {{increase}} {{US$|585 million}} (2021)<ref name="10-K"/>
| net_income = {{increase}} {{US$|382 million}} (2021)<ref name="10-K"/>
| assets = {{increase}} {{US$|9.828 billion}} (2021)<ref name="10-K"/>
| equity = {{increase}} {{US$|2.531 billion}} (2021)<ref name="10-K"/>
| num_employees = 30,000 (FTE 2021)<ref name="10-K"/><br>600,000 workers (2021)<ref name="10-K"/>
| parent = {{Unbulleted list|[[Parker Pen Company]] (1975-85)|[[Blue Arrow]] (1987-89)}}
| divisions = {{Unbulleted list|[[Americas]]|[[Asia-Pacific|AP]] [[Middle East|ME]]|[[Northern Europe]]|Right Management|[[Southern Europe]]|}}
| subsid = {{Unbulleted list|[[Brook Street Bureau|Brook Street]]|CareerHarmony|Econometrix|FuturSkill|Proservia|Supplay|TAPFIN|Veritaaq}}
| module = <!-- Used to embed other templates -->
| website = {{URL|https://www.manpowergroup.com/}}
| footnotes = <ref name="MPGNewHQ">{{cite news |last1=Rovito |first1=Rich |date=2007-09-04 |title=Manpower set to begin move to downtown Milwaukee |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/milwaukee/stories/2007/09/03/daily6.html  |publisher=Milwaukee Business Journal |access-date=2017-09-25}}</ref><ref name=MPGHistory>{{cite web |url=http://manpowergroup.com/about/manpowergroup-history |title=History: Over 65 Years of What's Humanly Possible |access-date = 2017-09-22 |publisher=ManpowerGroup}}</ref><ref name=keypeople>{{cite web |url=https://www.manpowergroup.com/about |title=ManpowerGroup: About |access-date = 2019-02-06 |publisher=ManpowerGroup}}</ref><ref name=2017FactSheet>{{cite web |url=http://manpowergroup.com/wps/wcm/connect/50381f78-b954-4db5-9630-e4a76848ba5f/2017+ManpowerGroup+Fact+Sheet.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=50381f78-b954-4db5-9630-e4a76848ba5f |title=ManpowerGroup Corporate Fact Sheet 2017 |access-date = 2017-09-22 |publisher=ManpowerGroup}}</ref><ref name=2016FactSheet>{{cite web |url=http://www.manpowergroup.com/wps/wcm/connect/0f410928-6700-4a10-a6cb-e697b7df7e94/ManpowerGroup-Fact-Sheet-13.pdf?MOD=AJPERES |title=ManpowerGroup Corporate Fact Sheet 2016 |access-date = 2017-09-22 |publisher=ManpowerGroup}}</ref><ref name="10-K">{{cite web|url=https://investor.manpowergroup.com/static-files/4069f63c-2165-4728-aaf4-c6d6290cdc0c |title=Manpower Inc. 2021 Annual Report (Form 10-K) |date=February 2021 |publisher=[[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]] |website=sec.gov}}</ref><ref name=2016Report>{{cite web |url=http://files.shareholder.com/downloads/MAN/5259551056x0x932533/5E36F48D-AB5E-4EE4-9D5F-C2DF2B9E32DE/Manpower_16AR_LR_OPT.pdf |title=Annual Report 2016, ManpowerGroup Inc. |access-date = 2017-09-22 |publisher=ManpowerGroup}}</ref><ref name=Subsidiaries>{{cite web |url=http://www.manpowergroup.com/subsidiaries-affiliates |title=Subsidiaries and Affiliates, ManpowerGroup Inc. |access-date = 2017-09-22 |publisher=ManpowerGroup}}</ref>
}}

'''ManpowerGroup''' (formerly known as '''Manpower Inc.''') is an American [[multinational corporation]] headquartered in [[Milwaukee|Milwaukee, Wisconsin]]. Founded in 1948 by [[Elmer Winter]] and Aaron Scheinfeld, ManpowerGroup is the third-largest staffing firm in the world behind [[Switzerland|Swiss]] firm [[Adecco]] and [[Netherlands|Dutch]] firm [[Randstad NV]].<ref name="SIA2015">{{cite press release |date=2016-08-18 |title=SIA Announces Largest Global Staffing Firms |url=http://www2.staffingindustry.com/row/About/Media-Center/Press-Releases/Press-Release-Archives/2016/SIA-Announces-Largest-Global-Staffing-Firms |type=Press release |location=[[Mountain View, California]] |publisher=Staffing Industry Analysts (SIA) |access-date=2017-09-25}}</ref> The company provides [[Administrative services organization|administrative & support services]], [[professional services]], and [[Corporate services|business services]] through its four primary brands: Manpower ([[Contingent work|contingent staffing]] and [[Recruitment|permanent recruitment]]), Experis (resourcing and project management), Right Management ([[career management]], [[Human resource consulting|workforce consulting]], and [[training and development]]), and ManpowerGroup Solutions ([[managed services]] and [[outsourcing]]).<ref name="MPGBrands">{{cite web |url=http://investor.manpowergroup.com/2016AnnualReport/brands.html |title=ManpowerGroup: Our Brands |date=2006 |publisher=ManpowerGroup |type=Annual Report |access-date=2017-09-25}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Original Manpower Logo.jpg|thumb|left|top|alt=Manpower Logo 1948|Manpower, Inc. logo in use from 1948 to the mid-1960s]]

=== Founding and expansion (1948–1961) ===

In one version of the founding story, [[Elmer Winter]] and his law partner Aaron Scheinfeld co-founded Manpower in 1948. The pair was inspired when they found themselves looking for secretarial help to file a brief on a tight deadline with the [[Wisconsin Supreme Court]]. They raised $7,000 and opened their first storefront in [[Milwaukee]] with the name Manpower suggested by a friend.<ref name="ElmerObit">{{cite news |last1=Martin |first1=Douglas |date=2009-10-30 |title=Elmer Winter, 97, Co-Founder of Manpower Temp Agency, Dies |url=https://nyti.ms/2ykbvYS  |work=The New York Times |access-date=2019-02-05}}</ref>

In his book “A History of Manpower, Inc. 1948–1976”, James D. Scheinfeld writes a different version: Aaron Scheinfeld worked with a company on contracts to mothball military equipment at the close of World War II, and envisioned a temporary help service. By this account, in 1948, Scheinfeld conceived of Manpower, arrived at the name and early logo over lunch with friend and advertiser Marvin Frank, and invited Winter to invest as a minority stockholder and co-founder. The two incorporated the company in [[Delaware]], and in June 1948, opened offices in downtown [[Milwaukee]] and Chicago.<ref name="HistoryofManpower">{{cite book |last1=Scheinfeld |first1=James D. |date=2006 |chapter=I. 1947-1948 The Beginnings of Manpower Inc® |title=A History of Manpower, Inc.® 1948-1976 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9CE0yr6rdlgC&pg=PA1 |language=en |edition= First |location=United States of America |publisher=Shay Publishing LLC |pages=1–4 |isbn=978-0-9773424-0-2 |access-date=2019-02-05 |via=Google Books}}</ref>

By 1952, Manpower had expanded in the [[United States|US]] to [[Minneapolis]], [[Cleveland]], [[Cincinnati]], [[New York (state)|New York]], [[Pittsburgh]], and [[Boston]]; in 1954, the company offered its first franchise; in 1956, the company went international with offices in [[Montreal]], [[Toronto]], and the [[United Kingdom|UK]]; and in 1957, Manpower established operations in [[France]].<ref name="MPGHistory" />

Historian Louis Hyman says Manpower started supplying workers to replace unexpected absences like people calling in sick. Due to the limited size of this market, it then attempted to expand to replacing full-time workers wholesale with rented talent, but found resistance in an era when corporations valued stability, and subscribed to the notion that married white men needed stable jobs to be breadwinners for their families.<ref>[https://think.kera.org/2018/08/29/the-fifty-year-path-to-the-gig-economy/ The Fifty Year Path To The Gig Economy]</ref>

=== The White Glove Girl and public offering (1966–1975) ===

The growing temporary employment category has been said to be a new category of work intentionally exempt from union protections. “To avoid union opposition, they developed a clever strategy, casting temp work as “women's work,” and advertising thousands of images of young, white, middle-class women doing a variety of short-term office jobs.”<ref name="PermTemp">{{cite news |last1=Hatton |first1=Erin |date=2013-01-26 |title=The Rise of the Permanent Temp Economy |url=https://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/01/26/the-rise-of-the-permanent-temp-economy/ |work=The New York Times |access-date=2019-02-05}}</ref> In 1961, Manpower spent $1 million to place advertisements in Sunday papers across the country featuring their “White Glove Girls”. Winter described the company's strategy: "We chose white gloves as a symbol … because they seem to represent everything that is feminine, neat, and proper. They symbolize quality and efficiency.”<ref name="TempEcon">
{{cite book |last1=Hatton |first1=Erin |date=2011 |chapter=The Making of the Kelly Girl |title=The Temp Economy: From Kelly Girls to Permatemps in Postwar America |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p8VdfVdDJYoC&q=manpower+girl+in+the+white+gloves&pg=PA30 |language=en |location=Philadelphia |publisher=Temple University Press |pages=30–41 |isbn=9781439900826 |access-date=2019-02-05 |via=Google Books}}</ref>  A 1962 advertisement<ref name="GirlGloves">{{cite web |url=http://gogd.tjs-labs.com/show-picture?id=1205869303&size=FULL |title=Call Manpower For the Girl in The White Gloves |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2008-03-18 |website=Gallery of Graphic Design |access-date=2019-02-05}}</ref> from TIME features model Judy Newton<ref name="TempEcon" /> who was the public face of Manpower in the 1960s as “The Girl in the White Gloves”. It cites Manpower's 240 offices in the US and [[Canada]] and 15 offices in [[Europe]]. It also specifies that the company offered the following divisions: Office Services, Industrial Help, Salespower, Inc., and Technical Services.

In “The Temp Economy: From Kelly Girls to Permatemps in Postwar America”, Hatton posits that the images in these advertisements were carefully curated to be “respectable sex symbols” and very purposefully not displaying images of men or nonwhites and emphasizing that the White Glove Girls were “specially certified” as code for white & middle-class and not recent immigrants or black migrants.<ref name="TempEcon" /> A 1964 advertisement<ref name="GirlGloves2">{{cite web |url=https://i.pinimg.com/474x/16/16/f2/1616f2fe2cca274d17632448a252ada8--white-gloves-argentina.jpg |title=New Special Training makes the difference between Manpower® White Glove Girls and other temporary office workers |author=<!--Not stated--> |access-date=2019-02-05}}</ref> claims that the White Glove Girl carries an official training certificate that she is trained in: adapting quickly to new office routine, advanced telephone technique, dictation technique, transcribing services, good filing technique, fine points of electric typing, care of office equipment, keeping work confidential, starting the work day right, office etiquette, wardrobe and grooming, and dealing with office emergencies. The ad bills Manpower as the world's largest temporary help service with over 300 offices globally.

In 1962, Manpower went public, listing shares on the [[New York Stock Exchange]].<ref name="10-K-1996">{{cite web|url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/871763/0000950137-97-001357.txt |title=Manpower Inc. 1996 Annual Report (Form 10-K) |date=February 25, 1997 |publisher=[[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]] |website=sec.gov |at=Item 1. Business Introduction and History}}</ref>

[[File:Manpower 1967.png|thumb|left|top|alt=Manpower Logo 1967-2006|Manpower Inc. logo from 1967 to 2006]]

By 1967, Manpower advertising claimed the company has over 500 offices throughout the world.<ref name="GirlGloves3">{{cite web |url=http://gogd.tjs-labs.com/show-picture?id=1205869484&size=FULL |title=Call For a Manpower White Glove Girl |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2008-03-18 |website=Gallery of Graphic Design |access-date=2019-02-05}}</ref> The company opened its 100th foreign office and 500th office globally in Istanbul, Turkey on February 7, 1967.<ref name="500Office">{{cite news |date=1967-02-07 |title=100th Foreign Office Opened By Manpower |url=https://newspaperarchive.com/altoona-mirror-feb-07-1967-p-32/ |publisher=Altoona Mirror |access-date=2019-02-05}}</ref> On March 31, 1967, Manpower registered 300,000 shares of common stock offered for sale at $28 per share.<ref name="SECDigest">{{cite web|url=https://www.sec.gov/news/digest/1967/dig040667.pdf |title=SEC News Digest, 04-06-1967  |date=April 6, 1967 |publisher=[[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]] |website=sec.gov |page=3}}</ref> In 1968, Manpower Technical is established, expanding to offer specialized temporary employees outside office clerical and industrial settings.<ref name="MPGHistory" />

=== Parker Pen Company (1975–1985) ===

On August 18, 1975, upon the retirement of co-founder Elmer Winter, the [[Parker Pen Company]] announced its acquisition of Manpower for $28.2 million. A new subsidiary of Parker would own 80% of the common stock, with the remaining 20% purchased by Mitchell S. Fromstein, Manpower Chairman of the Board.<ref name="ParkerSale">{{cite news |last1=Koshetz |first1=Herbert |date=1975-08-19 |title=Parker Pen in Pact to Acquire Manpower, Inc., for $28-Million |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/08/19/archives/parker-pen-in-pact-to-acquire-manpower-inc-for-28million.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=2019-02-05}}</ref>

In January 1985, Fromstein became President of Parker Pen; in October of the same year, Fromstein announced the private sale of the pen business as Manpower had grown to represent 90% of Parker's sales while the pen business struggled. Upon the completion of the sale, Parker Pen renamed itself Manpower Inc. and the sold Pen business retained the Parker Pen name.<ref name="ParkerRename">{{cite news |last1=Gilpin |first1=Kenneth N. |date=1985-10-18 |title=Parker Family Member To Focus on Pens Again |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/10/18/business/business-people-parker-family-member-to-focus-on-pens-again.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=2019-02-05}}</ref>

=== Return to public company; takeover by Blue Arrow (1986–1990) ===

On June 27, 1986, Manpower went public once again, registering 300,000 shares of common stock with the SEC.<ref name="SECDigest2">{{cite web|url=https://www.sec.gov/news/digest/1986/dig070886.pdf |title=SEC News Digest, 07-08-1986  |date=July 8, 1986 |publisher=[[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]] |website=sec.gov |page=4}}</ref> On August 4, 1987, British firm Blue Arrow made a surprise bid to purchase Manpower for $1.2 billion in cash, or $75 a share for all 16 million outstanding shares. Blue Arrow intended to change Manpower into a full-service firm by adding permanent placement and executive recruiting services, cutting costs, and adding performance bonuses to employee compensation as they had done successfully with their 1985 purchase of [[Brook Street Bureau]]<ref name="BlueArrow">{{cite news |last1=Lohr |first1=Steve |date=1987-08-05 |title=A Daring Bid for Manpower |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/08/05/business/a-daring-bid-for-manpower.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=2019-02-05}}</ref> At the time, Manpower was virtually tied with [[Kelly Services]] for position as the largest American temporary services firm, each with 11%-12% market share. Blue Arrow was about 10% the size of Manpower; some analysts considered their takeover offer too low.<ref name="BlueArrow2">{{cite news |last1=Yoshihara |first1=Nancy |date=1987-08-05 |title=British Rival Makes Surprise Offer for Manpower Temporary Jobs Firm |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-08-05-fi-663-story.html |work=Los Angeles Times |access-date=2019-02-05}}</ref>

Manpower's board rejected the initial takeover offer, only to receive a new offer of $1.33 billion (or $82.50 a share) that they accepted on August 22. Along with the increased offer price, Blue Arrow agreed that the company would operate as a subsidiary retaining the Manpower name in the US, the Milwaukee office would remain open, and that Fromstein would stay on.<ref name="BlueArrow6">{{cite news |date=1987-08-22 |title=Manpower Says Yes to Sweetened Takeover Offer : Blue Arrow, Rival British Temporary Agency, Bids $1.33 Billion for U.S. Firm |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-08-22-fi-987-story.html |work=Los Angeles Times |access-date=2019-02-10}}</ref>
 
In the intervening weeks before accepting the Blue Arrow offer, Fromstein attempted to negotiate a joint venture with Adia S.A. to blunt the takeover; however, the Swiss employment firm decided not to proceed.<ref name="BlueArrow3">{{cite news |last1=Phillips |first1=Stephen |date=1987-08-22 |title=Blue Arrow To Acquire Manpower |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/08/22/business/blue-arrow-to-acquire-manpower.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=2019-02-05}}</ref> Adia later went on to merge with French firm Ecco in 1996 to form Adecco.<ref name="Adecco">{{cite news |last1=Studer |first1=Margaret |date=1996-05-09 |title=Adia-Ecco Merger to Form Giant in Personnel Services |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB831602855109621500 |publisher=The Wall Street Journal |access-date=2019-02-05}}</ref>

The company resumed trading on the NYSE as MAN on October 3, 1988.<ref name="MAN">{{cite web |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/MAN/chart?p=MAN |title=MAN: ManpowerGroup |date=2019 |publisher=Yahoo! Finance |access-date=2019-02-05}}</ref>

On December 7, 1988, Fromstein resigned as President and Chief Executive of Manpower, publicly stating that the decision was mutual.<ref name="BlueArrow4">{{cite news |last1=Schachter |first1=Jim |date=1988-12-07 |title=Manpower Chief Resigns Post by 'Mutual Consent' |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-12-07-fi-934-story.html |work=Los Angeles Times |access-date=2019-02-05}}</ref> However, it was Blue Arrow CEO and Chairman [[Tony Berry|Antony Berry]] who convinced the board to oust Fromstein, forcing him out of the company. In response, Fromstein mounted an effort backed by Manpower franchises in the US to replace Berry. Just a month later in January 1989, the board removed Berry as CEO and appointed Fromstein in the Blue Arrow chief executive role while Berry remained company chairman.<ref name="BerryOut">{{cite news |date=1989-01-14 |title=Blue Arrow Chief Executive Replaced by Man He Ousted |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/01/14/business/blue-arrow-chief-executive-replaced-by-man-he-ousted.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=2019-02-06}}</ref> Berry's removal came amid poor stock performance and a scandal as the British Department of Trade and Industry investigated [[NatWest]] bank, Blue Arrow's investment bank advisor for the Manpower purchase, over "an alleged stock-price support operation following the failure of the stock flotation."<ref name="BerryOut2">{{cite news |date=1989-01-14 |title=Ex-Manpower Chief to Head Parent Firm |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-01-14-fi-292-story.html |work=Los Angeles Times |access-date=2019-02-10}}</ref> Charges were later filed in what became known as the Blue Arrow Affair in November 1989.<ref name="NatWestCharges">{{cite news |date=1989-11-09 |title=Police Bring Charges in Blue Arrow Affair |url=https://www.apnews.com/3b00eda4c24653d71b8a015e369dc39a |publisher=Associated Press |access-date=2019-02-10}}</ref>

In April 1989, Fromstein consolidated his hold on Blue Arrow when the board removed Berry completely, appointing Fromstein as chairman.<ref name="BerryOut3">{{cite news |date=1989-04-05 |title=Blue Arrow's Berry Out As Chairman, Replaced By Fromstein |url=https://www.apnews.com/15ddd2e42414f76004b82baffd830b97 |publisher=Associated Press |access-date=2019-02-10}}</ref> Later that year, Fromstein announced the intent to rename Blue Arrow PLC to Manpower PLC,<ref name="BlueArrowRename">{{cite news |date=1989-10-18 |title=Blue Arrow to Change Name to Manpower |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1989-10-18-8901230202-story.html |publisher=Chicago Tribune |access-date=2019-02-05}}</ref> commenting "since Manpower Inc represents over 75% of the company's revenues and profits and is the multinational brand among the company's holdings, it is appropriate to make this change."<ref name="BlueArrowRename2">{{cite news |date=1989-12-13 |title=Blue Arrow makes way for Manpower |url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/11971711.blue-arrow-makes-way-for-manpower/ |publisher=The Herald |access-date=2019-02-05}}</ref> Ultimately, Manpower moved the head office from Britain back to Milwaukee.<ref name="BlueArrow5">{{cite news |last1=Berss |first1=Marcia |date=October 1990 |title=You Can Go Home Again |url=https://archive.org/stream/forbes146octforb/forbes146octforb_djvu.txt |work=Forbes |access-date=2019-02-05}}</ref>

=== Reorganization as Manpower Inc (1990–2005) ===

On January 31, 1990, Blue Arrow PLC announced its intent to re-incorporate in the United States as Manpower Inc. and to return its corporate headquarters to Milwaukee.<ref name="BlueArrowtoManpower">{{cite news |date=1990-01-31 |title=Blue Arrow PLC, the world's biggest employment... |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1990-01-31-9001090228-story.html |publisher=Chicago Tribune |access-date=2019-02-05}}</ref> This process completed in 1991<ref name="SECDigest3">{{cite web|url=https://www.sec.gov/news/digest/1991/dig032291.pdf |title=SEC News Digest, 03-22-1991  |date=March 22, 1991 |publisher=[[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]] |website=sec.gov |page=4}}</ref> with the incorporation of Manpower Inc, a new publicly traded holding company that acquired Manpower PLC (the renamed Blue Arrow), which indirectly owned Manpower International Inc.<ref name="10-K-1996" />

In 1999, Fromstein retired as president, CEO, and chairman of the board and is named chairman emeritus. [[Jeffrey A. Joerres|Jeffrey Joerres]] was named the new president and CEO. The company rebranded Manpower Technical as Manpower Professional.<ref name="MPGHistory" />

In January 2000, Manpower acquired Elan Group Ltd., a provider of IT staffing solutions{{buzzword inline|date=June 2019}} based in the UK with operations in the Netherlands, [[Ireland]], Switzerland, [[Germany]], and [[Hong Kong]], for $146.2 million. The company merged its IT staffing operations across [[Europe]] under the Elan brand.<ref name="Elan">{{cite news |last1=Jones |first1=Dow |date=2000-01-12 |title=Manpower to Buy Elan, An Employment Concern |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/01/12/business/company-news-manpower-to-buy-elan-an-employment-concern.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=2019-02-05}}</ref> During 2000, Manpower launched The Empower Group, an independent operating division providing consulting services to multinational corporations in the UK, [[Australia]], [[New Zealand Defence Force|New Zealand]], and the US.<ref name="10-K-2001">{{cite web|url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/871763/000095012402001155/c68288e10-k405.txt |title=Manpower Inc. 2001 Annual Report (Form 10-K) |date=February 28, 2002 |publisher=[[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]] |website=sec.gov |at=Item 1. Business Operations}}</ref> On July 9, 2001, Manpower closed on its acquisition of Jefferson Wells International, Inc., a provider of professional accounting and tax services in the US and Canada, for $174 million.<ref name="JeffWells">{{cite press release |url=https://www.right.com/wps/wcm/connect/manpowergroup-en/home/newsroom/news-releases/manpower+inc.+completes+acquisition+of+jefferson+wells+international+inc.#.XFoBn1xKiMo |title=Manpower Inc Completes Acquisition of Jefferson Wells International, Inc. |date=July 9, 2001 |type=Press release |publisher=ManpowerGroup |access-date=2019-02-05}}</ref> On December 11, 2003, Manpower announced an agreement to acquire Right Management Consultants for $488 million or $18.75 per share,<ref name="Right">{{cite news |date=2003-12-11 |title=Manpower in $488 Million Deal To Acquire Right Management |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB107112789217195000 |publisher=The Wall Street Journal |access-date=2019-02-05}}</ref> into which they merged Empower.<ref name="10-K-2003">{{cite web|url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/871763/000119312504028721/d10k.htm |title=Manpower Inc. 2003 Annual Report (Form 10-K) |date=February 17, 2004 |publisher=[[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]] |website=sec.gov |at=Item 1. Business Other Operations}}</ref>

[[File:Manpower Inc Logo 2006-2011.png|thumb|left|top|alt=Manpower Logo 2006-2011|Manpower Inc. logo from 2006 to 2011]]

=== Global rebrand (2006–2011) ===

In 2006, the company announced a new global brand identity with a new logo, marketing materials, and advertising campaigns.<ref name="06Rebrand">{{cite web |url=https://www.behance.net/gallery/36058555/Manpower-Rebrand |title=Manpower Rebrand on Behance |author=Alex Griffin |date=April 12, 2016 |website=Behance |access-date=2019-02-05}}</ref> The new brand was developed by the London office of [[Wolff Olins]], with advertising developed by [[Grey Global Group|WPP's Grey Worldwide]] in New York and media strategy and planning by sister agency MediaCom.<ref name="06Rebrand2">{{cite news |date=2006-02-22 |title=Manpower unveils fresh brand identity and advertising push |url=https://www.campaignlive.co.uk/article/manpower-unveils-fresh-brand-identity-advertising-push/541904 |publisher=Campaign |access-date=2019-02-05}}</ref>

According to the press release, “As part of the re-branding process, Manpower has streamlined its brand architecture from over 200 brands worldwide down to only five brands that now represent its total service offering. These brands are Manpower, Manpower Professional, Elan, Jefferson Wells and Right Management… The new Manpower logo consists of five oval shapes in five different colors, which comprise the initials "MP" and reflect the range of services that Manpower now offers.”<ref name="06Rebrand3">{{cite press release |url=https://investor.manpowergroup.com/news-releases/news-release-details/manpower-refreshes-its-brand-encompass-its-full-range-services |title=Manpower Refreshes its Brand to Encompass its Full Range of Services |date=Feb 21, 2006 |type=Press release |publisher=ManpowerGroup |access-date=2019-02-05}}</ref>

By 2007, under the name Manpower Business Solutions (MBS), the company provided task outsourcing, vendor management, onsite HR services, and Recruitment Process Outsourcing (RPO).<ref name="10-K-2008">{{cite web|url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/871763/000119312508037291/d10k.htm |title=Manpower Inc. 2008 Annual Report (Form 10-K) |date=February 17, 2009 |publisher=[[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]] |website=sec.gov |at=Item 1. Business Introduction & History}}</ref> In February 2010, Manpower agreed to acquire COMSYS IT Partners, Inc for $17.65 per share or a total of $431 million in half cash and half stock.<ref name="10-K-2009">{{cite web|url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/871763/000087176310000010/form10-k.htm |title=Manpower Inc. 2009 Annual Report (Form 10-K) |date=February 16, 2010 |publisher=[[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]] |website=sec.gov |page=15}}</ref> The COMSYS acquisition included their Tapfin brand, expanding Manpower's investment in RPO and Managed Service Provider (MSP) offerings.<ref name="TAPFIN">{{cite web |date=2010-02-11 |title=Behind the News: Another Acquisition -- Manpower Buys Comsys - CWS 30 February 2.4 |url=https://www2.staffingindustry.com/site/Publications/CWS-3.0/Archive/2010/Behind-the-News-Another-acquisition-Manpower-Buys-Comsys-CWS-30-February-2.4? |publisher=Staffing Industry Analysts (SIA) |access-date=2017-09-25}}</ref> On April 5, 2010, Manpower completed the COMSYS acquisition and integrated the company with Manpower Professional IT. Tapfin MSP and RPO offerings were integrated with Manpower Business Solutions.<ref name="COMSYSCLOSE">{{cite web |date=2010-02-04 |title=Manpower Expands Staffing Services With Acquisition of COMSYS |url=http://www.hrotoday.com/news/talent-acquisition/manpower-expands-staffing-services-with-acquisition-of-comsys/ |publisher=HRO Today |access-date=2017-09-25}}</ref><ref name="COMSYSPR">{{cite press release |url=https://www.right.com/wps/wcm/connect/manpowergroup-en/home/newsroom/news-releases/manpower+inc.+to+acquire+comsys+to+accelerate+its+global+strategy+scale+and+service+in+professional+staffing+and+solutions#.XFn6KFxKiMo |title=Acquisition of COMSYS Offers Strategic and Cultural Fit, Providing the Manpower Group of Companies with Unparalleled Presence, Capabilities and Value to Help Clients and Candidates Win |date=2010 |type=Press release |publisher=ManpowerGroup |access-date=2019-02-05}}</ref>

[[File:ManpowerGroup Logo Primary.png|thumb|left|top|alt=ManpowerGroup Logo from 2011 to Present|ManpowerGroup logo since 2011]]

=== Rebranding as ManpowerGroup (since 2011) ===

In 2011, the company rebranded itself to ManpowerGroup and organized itself into four primary brands: Manpower, Experis (formed from the combination of Manpower Professional, Elan, and Jefferson Wells), Right Management, and ManpowerGroup Solutions (formerly Manpower Business Solutions).<ref name="10-K-2011">{{cite web|url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/871763/000087176312000015/form10k.htm |title=Manpower Inc. 2011 Annual Report (Form 10-K) |date=February 22, 2012 |publisher=[[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]] |website=sec.gov |at=Item 1. Business Introduction & History}}</ref> The new corporate name was part of an effort to become known as a workforce solutions{{buzzword inline|date=June 2019}} company versus a traditional employment agency.<ref name="MPG">{{cite news |last1=Daniels |first1=Chris |date=2011-04-01 |title=Manpower Rebrands as ManpowerGroup with new campaign |url=https://www.prweek.com/article/1264627/manpower-rebrands-manpowergroup-new-campaign |publisher=PR Week |access-date=2019-02-05}}</ref> The new brand name Experis was intended to emphasize the concepts of experience and expertise.<ref name="MPG2">{{cite news |last1=Rovito |first1=Rich |date=2011-03-30 |title=Joerres explains Manpower's new name |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/milwaukee/blog/2011/03/joerres-explains-manpowers-new-name.html |publisher=Milwaukee Business Journal |access-date=2019-02-05}}</ref><ref name="MPG3">{{cite news |last1=Cohn |first1=Michael |date=2011-05-13 |title=Jefferson Wells Becomes Experis |url=https://www.accountingtoday.com/opinion/jefferson-wells-becomes-experis |publisher=Accounting Today |access-date=2019-02-05}}</ref> New corporate and brand logos derived from the current corporate logo with work from [[The Martin Agency]] of Richmond, VA.<ref name="Martin">{{cite web |date=2011-03-31 |title=New logo: ManpowerGroup |url=https://brandingsource.blogspot.com/2011/03/new-logo-manpowergroup.html |publisher=The Branding Source |access-date=2017-09-25}}</ref><ref name="Martin2">{{cite web |date=2011-05-05 |title=Manpower Procreates Manpower-ey Logos |url=https://www.underconsideration.com/brandnew/archives/manpower_procreates_manpower-ey_logos.php |publisher=Brand New |access-date=2017-09-25}}</ref>

On September 22, 2011, ManpowerGroup acquired 70% of Proservia SA, a French IT and systems engineering company.<ref name="SIAProservia">{{cite web |date=2011-09-23 |title=France – ManpowerGroup Completes Proservica Deal |url=https://www2.staffingindustry.com/eng/Editorial/Daily-News/France-ManpowerGroup-completes-Proservia-deal |publisher=Staffing Industry Analysts (SIA) |access-date=2019-02-10}}</ref> The remaining shares were acquired by November 2011 for a total of $29.4 million.

On May 1, 2014, [[Jonas Prising]] replaced Joerres as CEO and Joerres assumed the role of executive chairman.<ref name="Jonas">{{cite press release |date=2014-02-11 |title=Jonas Prising elected ManpowerGroup CEO; Jeffrey Joerres named Executive Chairman, both effective May 1, 2014 |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/jonas-prising-elected-manpowergroup-ceo-jeffrey-joerres-named-executive-chairman-both-effective-may-1-2014-244976541.html |type=Press release |location=Milwaukee |publisher=PRNewswire |access-date=2019-02-10}}</ref> Joerres retired on December 30, 2015, and Prising replaced him as chairman while retaining his role as CEO.<ref name="JoerresRetired">{{cite news |last1=Schuyler |first1=David |date=2015-10-29 |title=ManpowerGroup chairman Jeffrey Joerres to retire Dec. 30 |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/milwaukee/news/2015/10/29/manpowergroup-chairman-jeffrey-joerres-to-retire.html |publisher=Milwaukee Business Journal |access-date=2019-02-10}}</ref>

On June 1, 2015, ManpowerGroup announced the acquisition of the Australian and [[Singapore]] divisions of Greythorn and its subsidiary Marks Sattin.<ref name="SIAGreythorn">{{cite web |date=2015-06-01 |title=ManpoweGroup Buys Greythorn Staffing Ops in Australia, Singapore |url=https://www2.staffingindustry.com/site/Editorial/Daily-News/ManpowerGroup-buys-Greythorn-staffing-ops-in-Australia-Singapore-34245 |publisher=Staffing Industry Analysts |access-date=2019-02-10}}</ref> In August, 2015, the Experis division announced the acquisition of a majority stake in Veritaaq, a Canadian IT consulting firm.<ref name="SIAVeritaaq">{{cite web |date=2015-08-06 |title=Manpowergrou's Experis to Acquire Majority Stake in Canadian Firm |url=https://www2.staffingindustry.com/site/Editorial/Daily-News/ManpowerGroup-s-Experis-to-acquire-majority-stake-in-Canadian-firm-34957 |publisher=Staffing Industry Analysts (SIA) |access-date=2019-02-10}}</ref> On September 3, 2015, ManpowerGroup acquired 7S Group GmbH, a German HR services firm, for $140.4 million.<ref name="BW7S">{{cite web |date=2015-09-03 |title=H.I.G. Completes Sale of 7S Group to ManpowerGroup |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20150903005658/en/H.I.G.-Completes-Sale-7S-Group-ManpowerGroup |publisher=Business Wire |access-date=2019-02-10}}</ref> In 2016, and 2017, ManpowerGroup purchased several divisions of [[Ciber]] in Europe: Ciber Netherlands,<ref name="BuyCiberNL">{{cite news |last1=Barrow |first1=Olivia |date=2016-06-06 |title=ManpowerGroup buys IT firm in Netherlands |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/milwaukee/news/2016/06/06/manpowergroup-buys-it-firm-in-netherlands.html |publisher=Milwaukee Business Journal |access-date=2019-02-10}}</ref> Ciber Norway,<ref name="BuyCiberNo">{{cite web |date=2016-08-24 |title=Manpowergroup to Acquire Ciber Norway |url=https://www2.staffingindustry.com/site/Editorial/Daily-News/ManpowerGroup-to-acquire-Ciber-Norway-39080 |publisher=Staffing Industry Analysts (SIA) |access-date=2019-02-10}}</ref> and Ciber Spain.<ref name="BuyCiberES">{{cite news |last1=Dill |first1=Molly |date=2017-02-15 |title=ManpowerGroup to acquire Ciber Spain |url=https://www.biztimes.com/2017/industries/banking-finance/manpowergroup-to-acquire-ciber-spain/ |publisher=BizTimes |access-date=2019-02-10}}</ref> In August 2021, Manpower acquired IT resourcing and services provider Ettain Group for $925 million.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Melendez|first=John|date=August 25, 2021|access-date=June 6, 2022|title=ManpowerGroup Buys Ettain Group for $925M |url=https://www.themiddlemarket.com/latest-news/manpowergroup-acquires-ettain-group-for-925m |website=[[Mergers & Acquisitions]]}}</ref>

== Subsidiaries ==
ManpowerGroup owns hundreds of subsidiary companies around the world,<ref name="Subsidiaries" /> the majority of which operate under the company's four primary brands: Manpower, Experis, Right Management, or ManpowerGroup Solutions.  The company does, however, operate several independent brands and joint ventures.

These subsidiaries include:

Manpower Jobs Solutions - greencard, visa CH EU - Switzerland 

Manpower Jobs Generations Greencard, jobs, visa EU - CH - Schwitzerland 

* Econometrix<ref name="Econometrix">{{cite web |title=Econometrix: About Us |url=https://econometrix.com/#aboutus |publisher=Econometrix, A ManpowerGroup Company |access-date=2019-02-09}}</ref>
* Tapfin<ref name="TAPFINAbout">{{cite web |title=About TAPFIN |url=https://tapfin.com/tapfin-en/Home/About/ |publisher=Tapfin a ManpowerGroup Solutions Company |access-date=2019-02-09}}</ref>
* ManpowerGroup Public Sector<ref name="MPGPublic">{{cite web |title=ManpowerGroup - Public Sector |url=https://www.manpowergroup.us/publicsector/ |publisher=ManpowerGroup |access-date=2019-02-09}}</ref> (US)
* Proservia<ref name="Proservia">{{cite web |title=Proservia: Nous connaître |url=http://www.proservia.fr/nous-connaitre |publisher=Proservia |access-date=2019-02-09}}</ref> ([[France]] and elsewhere in Europe)
* FuturSkill<ref name="FuturSkill">{{cite web |title=Nous connaitre - Manpower FuturSkill |url=https://www.futurskill.fr/accueil/nous-connaitre/ |publisher=FuturSkill |access-date=2019-02-09}}</ref> (France)
* Supplay<ref name="Supplay">{{cite web |title=Supplay |url=https://www.supplay.fr/supplay-presentation-supplay-chiffres |publisher=Supplay, a subsidiary of ManpowerGroup |access-date=2019-02-09}}</ref> (France)
* Experis-Veritaaq<ref name="Veritaaq">{{cite web |title=Experis-Veritaaq: About Us |url=https://www.experis-veritaaq.ca/about-us |publisher=Veritaaq |access-date=2019-02-09|date=2013-03-28 }}</ref> (Canada)
* The SJB Group<ref name="SJBGroup">{{cite web |title=About SJB |url=http://www.thesjbgroup.com/about-sjb/ |publisher=The SJB Group |access-date=2019-02-09}}</ref> (UK)
* Greythorn<ref name="Greythorn">{{cite web |title=Greythorn: History |url=https://www.greythorn.com.au/history |publisher=Greythorn |access-date=2019-02-09}}</ref> (Australia)
* Marks Sattin<ref name="MksSat">{{cite web |title=History - Marks Sattin Australia |url=https://www.markssattin.com.au/history |publisher=Mark Sattin |access-date=2019-02-09}}</ref><ref name="MksSat2">{{cite web |title=Marks Sattin's Milestones - Marks Sattin Singapore |url=https://www.markssattin.com.sg/milestones |publisher=Mark Sattin |access-date=2019-02-09}}</ref> (Australia and Singapore)
* Lundi<ref name="Lundi">{{cite web |title=Lundi |url=https://www.hellolundi.com/ |publisher=Lundi, a brand of ManpowerGroup Solutions. |access-date=2024-07-15}}</ref> (US)
* Arcqus<ref name="Arcqus">{{cite web |title=Arcqus |url=http://www.arcqus.com/en |publisher=Arcqus, a brand of ManpowerGroup Solutions |access-date=2019-02-09}}</ref> (Germany)
* AviationPowerGroup,<ref name="APG">{{cite web |title=Luftfahrdienstleister - AviationPower:ManpowerGroup |url=https://www.manpowergroup.de/was-wir-tun/aviationpower/ |publisher=ManpowerGroup |access-date=2019-02-09}}</ref> a joint venture with [[Lufthansa]] Technical Training (Germany and the UK)
* Bankpower,<ref name="Bankpower">{{cite web |title=Bankpower cooperation with Deutsche Bank: ManpowerGroup |url=https://www.manpowergroup.de/was-wir-tun/bankpower/ |publisher=ManpowerGroup |access-date=2019-02-09}}</ref> a joint venture with [[Deutsche Bank]] (Germany)
* Montaplan<ref name="Montaplan">{{cite web |title=Über uns:Montaplan |url=https://www.montaplan.com/unternehmen/ueber-uns/ |publisher=ManpowerGroup |access-date=2019-02-09}}</ref> (Germany)
* Shoga<ref name="Shoga">{{cite web |title=Shoga - Jobs und Personal fur Gastronomie und Hotellerie |url=https://www.shoga-personal.de/ |publisher=Shoga Personal, a brand of Manpower |access-date=2019-02-09}}</ref> (Germany)
* Siebenlist, Grey & Partner<ref name="SGP">{{cite web |title=ManpowerGroup - Siebenlist, Grey & Partner GmbH |url=http://www.siebenlist.de/en/manpowergroup |publisher=Siebenlist, Grey & Partner, a brand of Experis |access-date=2019-02-09}}</ref> (Germany)
* SPLU<ref name="SPLU">{{cite web |title=SPLU Engineers - echte Engineering Experten |url=https://www.splu-engineers.com/ |publisher=SPLU, a brand of ManpowerGroup Solutions |access-date=2019-02-09}}</ref> (Germany)
* Stegdoc<ref name="Stegdoc">{{cite web |title=Ärztestellen & Ärztevermittlung durch Facharzt-Agentur - Honorararztagentur Stegdoc |url=https://www.stegdoc.de/ |publisher=Stegdoc, a brand of Experis |access-date=2019-02-09}}</ref> (Germany)
* Stegmann <ref name="StegmannDE">{{cite web |title=Zeitarbeit und Personaldienstleistung: Stegmann |url=https://www.stegmann-personal.de/ |publisher=Stegmann Personaldienstleistung GmbH |access-date=2019-02-09}}</ref><ref name="StegmannBE">{{cite web |title=Over Stegmann - Stegmann Belgium |url=https://www.stegmann.be/over-stegmann/ |publisher=Stegmann Belgium, a ManpowerGroup Company |access-date=2019-02-09}}</ref> (Germany and [[Belgium]])
* Stegmed<ref name="Stegmed">{{cite web |title=Stegmed – Vermittlung von Pflegepersonal in der Medizin |url=https://www.stegmed.de/ |publisher=Stegmed, a brand of Experis |access-date=2019-02-09}}</ref> (Germany)
* Vivento Interim Services (VIS),<ref name="VIS">{{cite web |title=Vivento Interim Services- Kooperation mit der deutschen Telekom: ManpowerGroup |url=https://www.manpowergroup.de/was-wir-tun/vivento-interim-services/ |publisher=ManpowerGroup |access-date=2019-02-09}}</ref> a joint venture with [[Deutsche Telekom]] (Germany)
* Avan<ref name="Avan">{{cite web |title=AVAN |url=https://www.avan.no/ |publisher=Avan AS, a subsidiary of ManpowerGroup |access-date=2019-02-09}}</ref> ([[Norway]])
* Experis Ciber<ref name="CiberNorge">{{cite web |title=Ciber Norge |url=https://www.ciber.no/ |publisher=Experis Ciber AS |access-date=2019-02-09}}</ref><ref name="CiberES">{{cite web |title=Experis Ciber |url=https://www.ciber.es/ |publisher=Experis Ciber |access-date=2019-02-10}}</ref><ref name="CiberNL">{{cite web |title=Over ons - Experis Ciber |url=https://www.ciber.nl/over-ons |publisher=Experis Ciber |access-date=2019-02-09}}</ref> (Norway, [[Spain]], and the Netherlands – purchased from [[Ciber]])
* Workshop Bemanning & Kompetanse<ref name="Workshop">{{cite web |title=Workshop Bemanning & Kompetanse AS |url=https://workshop.no/ |publisher=Workshop Bemanning, a wholly owned subsidiary of ManpowerGroup |access-date=2019-02-09}}</ref> (Norway)
* iSense ICT Professionals<ref name="iSense ICT Professionals">{{cite web |title=iSense ICT Professionals |url=https://www.isense.nl/ |publisher=iSense ICT Professionals |access-date=2019-06-12}}</ref> (Netherlands)
* PEAK-IT<ref name="PEAKIT">{{cite web |title=Management - Peak-It |work=PEAK-IT |url=https://peak-it.nl/opdrachtgevers/over-ons/management/ |publisher=Peak-It, a part of Experis |access-date=2019-02-09}}</ref> (Netherlands)
* Salarisprofs<ref name="Salarisprofs">{{cite web |title=Salarisprofs |url=https://www.salarisprofs.nl/salarisprofs.html |publisher=Salarisprofs, a ManpowerGroup company |access-date=2019-02-09}}</ref> (Netherlands)
* Job Support Power<ref name="JSP">{{cite web |title=特例子会社「ジョブサポートパワー株式会社」- 人材派遣・人材紹介のマンパワーグループ Special Subsidiary "Job Support Power Corporation" - Manpower Group of Staffing & Recruiting |url=https://www.manpowergroup.jp/company/guide/jobsupportpower.html |publisher=ManpowerGroup |access-date=2019-02-09}}</ref> ([[Japan]])
* Pro-Hunt<ref name="Pro-Hunt">{{cite web |title=プロハント株式会社 ［マンパワーグループ］- Pro-Hunt ManpowerGroup |url=http://www.prohunt.co.jp/ |publisher=ManpowerGroup |access-date=2019-02-09}}</ref> (Japan)
* Event Elite<ref name="EventElite">{{cite web |title=Event Elite a member of Manpower® |url=https://eventelite.com/ |publisher=Event Elite Production and Promotion Limited, a member of Manpower |access-date=2019-02-09}}</ref> (Hong Kong)
* Shivford Manpower<ref name="shivford manpower">{{cite web |title=Nous connaitre - Manpower FuturSkill |url=https://shivfordmanpower.in/|publisher=Nikhil |access-date=2025-01-30}}</ref> (india)
* Adecco Jobs Solutions 

==See also==
{{Portal|Companies}}
*[[Professional employer organization]]
*[[Employment agency]]
*[[Recruitment]]
*[[Temporary work]]
*[[UK agency worker law]]
*[[Casual work]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Commons category|Manpower Inc.}}

{{Milwaukee Based Companies}}
{{Manpower Inc.}}
{{S&P 400 companies}}
{{Authority control}}

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