Editing Map

{{Short description|Symbolic depiction of spatial relationships}}
{{Other uses|Map (disambiguation)|Maps (disambiguation)|Mapping (disambiguation){{!}}Mapping}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=July 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}}

[[File:Physical World Map.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|Physical map of Earth]]
[[File:World Map (political).svg|thumb|upright=1.3|Political map of Earth]]

A '''map''' is a symbolic depiction of interrelationships, commonly spatial, between things within a [[space]]. A map may be annotated with text and graphics. Like any graphic, a map may be fixed to paper or other durable media, or may be displayed on a transitory medium such as a computer screen. Some maps change interactively. Although maps are commonly used to depict [[geography|geographic elements]], they may represent any space, real or fictional. The subject being mapped may be two-dimensional such as Earth's surface, three-dimensional such as Earth's interior, or from an abstract space of any dimension.

Maps of geographic territory have a very long tradition and have existed from ancient times. The word "map" comes from the {{Langx|la|Mappa mundi|label=[[Latin|medieval Latin]]}}, wherein ''mappa'' meant 'napkin' or 'cloth' and ''mundi'' 'of the world'. Thus, "map" became a shortened term referring to a flat representation of Earth's surface.

== History ==
{{Main|History of cartography}}
[[File:Engraving on a mammoth tusk, map, Gravettian, 076872x.jpg|thumb|Possibly the oldest surviving map was engraved on this mammoth tusk, dated to 25,000 BC, found in Pavlov in the [[Czech Republic]]<ref name="Tusk1">{{cite journal|url = http://www.e-perimetron.org/Vol_2_2/Wolodchenko_Forner.pdf|access-date = 24 January 2015|first1 = Alexander|last1 = Wolodtschenko|first2 = Thomas|last2 = Forner|journal = E-perimetron|volume = 2|number = 2|date = Spring 2007|issn=1790-3769|title = Prehistoric and Early Historic Maps in Europe: Conception of Cd-Atlas |pages=114–116}}</ref>]]
[[File:Tabula Rogeriana 1929 copy by Konrad Miller.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|{{Lang|la|[[Tabula Rogeriana]]}}, one of the most advanced [[early world maps]], by [[Muhammad al-Idrisi]], 1154]]

Maps have been one of the most important human inventions for millennia, allowing humans to explain and navigate their way through the world. The earliest surviving maps include [[cave painting]]s and etchings on tusk and stone. Later came extensive maps produced in ancient [[Babylon]], [[Greece]] and [[Rome]], [[China]], and [[India]]. In their simplest forms, maps are two-dimensional constructs. Since the [[Classical Greece|Classical Greek period]], however, maps also have been projected onto [[globe]]s. The [[Mercator Projection]], developed by Flemish geographer [[Gerardus Mercator]], was widely used as the standard for two-dimensional world maps until the late 20th century, when more accurate projections were more widely used. Mercator also was the first to use and popularize the concept of the [[atlas]]: a collection of maps.

==Geography==

[[File:Planisphæri cœleste.jpg|thumb|Celestial map by the cartographer [[Frederik de Wit]],   17th century]]

[[Cartography]] or ''map-making'' is the study and practice of crafting representations of the Earth upon a flat surface<ref name="nationalgeo">{{Cite web |title=Map |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/map |access-date=2024-05-10 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}</ref> (see [[History of cartography]]), and one who makes maps is called a [[cartography|cartographer]] or mapmaker.<ref name="nationalgeo"/>

[[Road map]]s are perhaps the most widely used maps today. They are a subset of navigational maps, which also include [[aeronautical chart|aeronautical]] and [[nautical chart]]s, railroad network maps, and hiking and bicycling maps. In terms of quantity, the largest number of drawn map sheets is probably made up by local surveys, carried out by [[municipality|municipalities]], utilities, tax assessors, emergency services providers, and other local agencies.  Many national surveying projects have been carried out by the military, such as the [[United Kingdom|British]] [[Ordnance Survey]]: a civilian government agency, internationally renowned for its comprehensively detailed work.

The location information showed by maps may include [[contour line]]s, indicating constant values of [[elevation]], temperature, rainfall, etc.

==Orientation==
[[File:Hereford-Karte.jpg|thumb|The ''[[Hereford Mappa Mundi]]'', [[Hereford Cathedral]], England, {{circa|1300}}, a classic "T-O" map with Jerusalem at the center, east toward the top, Europe the bottom left and Africa on the right]]
The orientation of a map is the geographical direction toward the top of the map. In the [[Middle Ages]] many Eurasian maps, including the [[T and O map]]s, were drawn with east at the top (meaning that the direction "up" on the map is eastward). The word "[[orient]]" is derived from [[Latin]] {{lang|la|oriens}}, meaning east. The modern cartographic convention is to put north at the top of a map. This convention is only a few hundred years old.<ref name="BBCWilliams">{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Caroline |date=2016-06-15 |title=Maps have ‘north’ at the top, but it could’ve been different |url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20160614-maps-have-north-at-the-top-but-it-couldve-been-different |access-date=2025-04-20 |website=BBC |language=en-GB}}</ref>

As no direction is inherently "up" on a spheroidal planet, a variety of orientations have been used on maps both historically and in the present day. Different factors may influence the preferred orientation of a map, depending both on its expected use and cultural factors affecting the perception of each direction. For instance, north and west had historically ''not'' been placed at the top of maps made in the Northern Hemisphere as these were the directions where the sun disappeared.<ref name="BBCWilliams" />

Many maps were oriented to place a particularly significant or holy site at the top. Early Islamic maps often placed south at the top because this was the direction of [[Mecca]] relative to the map-makers. Similarly, European Christian maps like the T-O map placed east at the top as this was the direction of the [[Garden of Eden]]. Early Chinese maps placed north at the top (despite most [[South-pointing chariot|Chinese compasses]] pointing south) due to the location of the imperial capital.<ref name="BBCWilliams" />

[[File:Atlas de Wit 1698-pl044-Utrecht-KB PPN 145205088.jpg|thumb|Map of [[Utrecht]], Netherlands (1695).]]

Other examples of maps with non-north orientations include:
* [[Portolan chart]]s are oriented to the shores they describe.
* Maps of cities bordering a sea are often conventionally oriented with the sea at the top.{{citation required|date=December 2024}}
* Route and channel maps have traditionally been oriented to the road or waterway they describe.{{citation required|date=December 2024}}
* [[Azimuthal equidistant projection|Polar maps]] of the [[Arctic]] or [[Antarctica|Antarctic]] regions are conventionally centered on the pole; the direction North would be toward or away from the center of the map, respectively. Typical maps of the Arctic have 0° meridian toward the bottom of the page; maps of the Antarctic have the 0° meridian toward the top of the page.
* [[South-up map orientation|South-up map]]s invert the ''North is up'' convention by having south at the top. Ancient Africans including in [[Ancient Egypt]] used this orientation, as some maps in Brazil do today.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://en.lisapoyakama.org/the-orientation-of-the-world-in-the-african-thought/ |title=The orientation of the world in the African thought |access-date=16 January 2019 |archive-date=1 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701060939/http://en.lisapoyakama.org/the-orientation-of-the-world-in-the-african-thought/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Buckminster Fuller]]'s [[Dymaxion map]]s are based on a projection of the Earth's [[sphere]] onto an [[icosahedron]]. The resulting triangular pieces may be arranged in any order or orientation.
* [[Orienteering map]]s are oriented to [[magnetic north]].

==Scale and accuracy==
{{Main|Scale (map)}}
Many maps are drawn to a [[Scale (map)|scale]] expressed as a [[ratio]], such as 1:10,000, which means that 1 unit of [[measurement]] on the map corresponds to 10,000 of that same unit on the ground. The scale statement can be accurate when the region mapped is small enough for the [[curvature]] of the Earth to be neglected, such as a [[city map]]. Mapping larger regions, where the curvature cannot be ignored, requires [[map projection|projections]] to map from the curved surface of the Earth to the plane. The impossibility of flattening the [[sphere]] to the [[Plane (geometry)|plane]] without distortion means that the map cannot have a constant scale. Rather, on most projections, the best that can be attained is an accurate scale along one or two paths on the projection. Because scale differs everywhere, it can only be measured meaningfully as [[scale (map)|point scale]] per location. Most maps strive to keep point scale variation within narrow bounds. Although the scale statement is nominal it is usually accurate enough for most purposes unless the map covers a large fraction of the Earth. At the scope of a world map, scale as a single number is practically meaningless throughout most of the map. Instead, it usually refers to the scale along the equator.

[[File:EU Pop2008 1024.PNG|thumb|[[Cartogram]] of the [[European Union|EU]] – distorted to show population distributions as of 2008|left]]
Some maps, called [[cartogram]]s, have the scale deliberately distorted to reflect information other than land area or distance. For example, this map (at the left) of [[Europe]] has been distorted to show population distribution, while the rough shape of the continent is still discernible.

Another example of distorted scale is the famous [[Tube map|London Underground map]]. The geographic structure is respected but the tube lines (and the [[River Thames]]) are smoothed to clarify the relationships between stations. Near the center of the map, stations are spaced out more than near the edges of the map.

Further inaccuracies may be deliberate. For example, cartographers may simply omit military installations or remove features solely to enhance the clarity of the map. For example, a road map may not show railroads, smaller waterways, or other prominent non-road objects, and even if it does, it may show them less clearly (e.g. dashed or dotted lines/outlines) than the main roads. Known as decluttering, the practice makes the subject matter that the user is interested in easier to read, usually without sacrificing overall accuracy. Software-based maps often allow the user to toggle decluttering between ON, OFF, and AUTO as needed. In AUTO the degree of decluttering is adjusted as the user changes the scale being displayed.

==Projection==
{{Main|Map projection}}
Geographic maps use a [[map projection|projection]] to translate the three-dimensional real surface of the [[geoid]] to a two-dimensional picture. Projection always distorts the surface. There are many ways to apportion the distortion, and so there are many map projections. Which projection to use depends on the purpose of the map.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icsm.gov.au/education/fundamentals-mapping/projections/commonly-used-map-projections|title=Commonly Used Map Projections|access-date=August 8, 2022}}</ref>

==Symbols==
{{Main|Map symbol}}
The various features shown on a map are represented by conventional signs or symbols. For example, colors can be used to indicate a classification of roads. Those signs are usually explained in a [[Page layout (cartography)#Legend|map legend]] on the margin of the map, or on a separately published characteristic sheet.<ref>Ordnance Survey, [https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/docs/legends/25k-raster-legend.pdf Explorer Map Symbols] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403185303/https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/docs/legends/25k-raster-legend.pdf |date=3 April 2016 }}; Swisstopo, [http://www.swisstopo.admin.ch/internet/swisstopo/en/home/products/maps/leisure/hiking.parsysrelated1.96279.downloadList.81398.DownloadFile.tmp/symbolsen.pdf Conventional Signs]   {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528053109/http://www.swisstopo.admin.ch/internet/swisstopo/en/home/products/maps/leisure/hiking.parsysrelated1.96279.downloadList.81398.DownloadFile.tmp/symbolsen.pdf |date=28 May 2008 }}; United States Geological Survey, [http://erg.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/symbols/ Topographic Map Symbols] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080601185821/http://erg.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/symbols/ |date=1 June 2008 }}.</ref>

Some cartographers prefer to make the map cover practically the entire screen or sheet of paper, leaving no room "outside" the map for information about the map as a whole. These cartographers typically place such information in an otherwise "blank" region "inside" the map{{mdash}}[[cartouche (cartography)|cartouche]], map legend, title, [[compass rose]], [[bar scale]], etc.
In particular, some maps contain smaller maps inset into otherwise blank areas of the map: for example:
* a map at a much smaller scale showing the whole globe and the position of the main map on that globe, or
* showing "regions of interest" (such as cities) at a larger scale to show details that would not otherwise fit, or
* showing places that do not fit on the main map, such as Alaska and Hawaii on maps of the United States, or the Shetland and Orkney Islands on maps of Britain.

== Design ==
{{main|Cartographic design}}
The design and production of maps is a craft that has developed over thousands of years, from clay tablets to [[geographic information systems]]. As a form of [[design]], particularly closely related to [[graphic design]], map making incorporates scientific knowledge about how maps are used, integrated with principles of artistic expression, to create an aesthetically attractive product, carries an aura of authority, and functionally serves a particular purpose for an intended audience.

Designing a map involves bringing together a number of elements and making a large number of decisions. The elements of design fall into several broad topics, each of which has its own theory, its own research agenda, and its own best practices. That said, there are synergistic effects between these elements, meaning that the overall design process is not just working on each element one at a time, but an iterative feedback process of adjusting each to achieve the desired [[Holism|gestalt]].

* [[Map projections]]: The foundation of the map is the plane on which it rests (whether paper or screen), but projections are required to flatten the surface of the Earth. All projections distort this surface, but the cartographer can be strategic about how and where distortion occurs.<ref name="Albrecht 2005">{{cite web|url=http://www.geo.hunter.cuny.edu/~jochen/gtech201/lectures/lec6concepts/map%20coordinate%20systems/how%20to%20choose%20a%20projection.htm|last=Albrecht|first=Jochen|title=Maps projections|access-date=2013-08-13}}</ref>
* [[Cartographic generalization|Generalization]]: All maps must be drawn at a smaller scale than reality, requiring that the information included on a map be a very small sample of the wealth of information about a place. Generalization is the process of adjusting the level of detail in geographic information to be appropriate for the scale and purpose of a map, through procedures such as selection, simplification, and classification.
* [[Map symbol|Symbology]]: Any map visually represents the location and properties of geographic features using map symbols, graphical depictions composed of several [[visual variable]]s, such as size, shape, color, and pattern. 
* Composition: As all of the symbols are brought together, their interactions have major effects on map reading, such as [[Gestalt psychology#Prägnanz|grouping]] and [[Visual hierarchy]]. 
* [[Typography (cartography)|Typography or Labeling]]: Text serves a number of purposes on the map, especially aiding the recognition of features, but labels must be designed and positioned well to be effective.<ref>Jill Saligoe-Simmel,[https://www.drjill.net/map-fonts-article-1-the-basics-of-typography-for-cartography/ "Using Text on Maps: Typography in Cartography"]</ref>
* [[Page layout (cartography)|Layout]]: The map image must be placed on the page (whether paper, web, or other media), along with related elements, such as the title, legend, additional maps, text, images, and so on. Each of these elements has its own design considerations, as does their integration, which largely follows the principles of [[Graphic design]].
* Map type-specific design: Different kinds of maps, especially [[thematic map]]s, have their own design needs and best practices.

==Types{{anchor|Map_types_and_projections}}==
{{Category see also|Map types}}<!--This link doesn't seem appropriate-->
[[File:Map of United States accessible colors shown.svg|thumb|A four-colored map of the states of the United States (ignoring lakes and oceans)]]
[[File:Mid-ocean ridge system.gif|thumb| {{center|[[Bathymetry]] of the ocean floor showing the [[continental shelf|continental shelves]] and [[oceanic plateau]]s (red), the [[mid-ocean ridge]]s (yellow-green) and the [[abyssal plain]]s (blue to purple)}}]]

Maps of the world or large areas are often either "political" or "physical". The most important purpose of the ''political map'' is to show territorial [[border]]s and [[administrative region]]s; the purpose of the ''physical map'' is to show features of [[geography]] such as mountains, soil type, or land use including infrastructures such as roads, railroads, and buildings. 

[[File:The geologic map of the Moon at 1-2.5M scale.png|thumb|Geological map of the Moon]]
[[Topographic map]]s show [[elevation]]s and [[Terrain|relief]] with [[contour line]]s or shading. 
[[Geological map]]s show not only the physical surface, but characteristics of the underlying rock, [[fault (geology)|fault]] lines, and subsurface structures.

===Electronic===<!-- Electronic map redirects here -->
{{Further|Web page|PDF#Optional Content Groups (layers)|MapQuest|Google Maps|Google Earth|OpenStreetMap|Yahoo! Maps}}
[[File:Topographic map example.png|thumb|A [[United States Geological Survey|USGS]] [[digital raster graphic]].]]
From the last quarter of the 20th century, the indispensable tool of the [[cartographer]] has been the computer. Much of cartography, especially at the data-gathering [[surveying|survey]] level, has been subsumed by [[geographic information system|geographic information systems]] (GIS). The functionality of maps has been greatly advanced by technology simplifying the superimposition of spatially located variables onto existing geographic maps. Having local information such as rainfall level, distribution of wildlife, or demographic data integrated within the map allows more efficient analysis and better decision making. In the pre-electronic age such [[superimposition]] of data led [[John Snow (physician)|Dr. John Snow]] to identify the location of an outbreak of [[cholera]]. Today, it is used by agencies around the world, as diverse as wildlife conservationists and militaries.

[[File:Maps-for-free Sierra Nevada.png|thumb|[[Topographic map|Relief map]] of the [[Sierra Nevada]]]]

Even when GIS is not involved, most cartographers now use a variety of computer graphics programs to generate new maps.

Interactive, computerized maps are commercially available, allowing users to ''zoom in'' or ''zoom out'' (respectively meaning to increase or decrease the scale), sometimes by replacing one map with another of different scale, centered where possible on the same point. In-car [[global navigation satellite system]]s are computerized maps with route planning and advice facilities that monitor the user's position with the help of satellites. From the computer scientist's point of view, zooming in entails one or more of:

# replacing the map by a more detailed one
# enlarging the same map without enlarging the [[pixel]]s, hence showing more detail by removing less information compared to the less detailed version
# enlarging the same map with the pixels enlarged (replaced by rectangles of pixels); no additional detail is shown, but, depending on the user's vision, possibly more detail can be seen. If a computer display does not show adjacent pixels really separately, but overlapping instead (this does not apply for an [[Liquid crystal display|LCD]], but may apply for a [[cathode-ray tube]]), then replacing a pixel by a rectangle of pixels does show more detail. A variation of this method is [[interpolation]].

[[File:World.pdf|thumb|A world map in PDF format.]]

For example:
* Typically (2) applies to a [[Portable Document Format]] (PDF) file or other format based on [[vector graphics]]. The increase in detail is limited to the information contained in the file: enlargement of a curve may eventually result in a series of standard geometric figures such as straight lines, arcs of circles, or [[spline (mathematics)|splines]].
* (2) may apply to text and (3) to the outline of a map feature such as a forest or building.
* (1) may apply to the text as needed (displaying labels for more features), while (2) applies to the rest of the image.  Text is not necessarily enlarged when zooming in. Similarly, a road represented by a double line may or may not become wider when one zooms in.
* The map may also have layers that are partly [[raster graphics]] and partly [[vector graphics]].  For a single raster graphics image (2) applies until the pixels in the image file correspond to the pixels of the display, thereafter (3) applies.

===Climatic{{anchor|Climate}}===
[[File:Geography of Ohio - DPLA - aaba7b3295ff6973b6fd1e23e33cde14 (page 27) (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Mean Annual Temperature map of Ohio from ''Geography of Ohio'' 1923]]
The maps that reflect the territorial distribution of [[climate|climatic]] conditions based on the results of long-term observations are called ''climatic maps''.<ref>{{Citation |date=2010 |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-540-76435-9_1966 |work=Encyclopedic Dictionary of Landscape and Urban Planning |pages=136 |editor-last=Evert |editor-first=Klaus-Jürgen |place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-540-76435-9_1966 |isbn=978-3-540-76455-7 |access-date=2023-01-25 |editor2-last=Ballard (deceased) |editor2-first=Edward B. |editor3-last=Elsworth |editor3-first=David J. |editor4-last=Oquiñena |editor4-first=Icíar |title=833 climatic map &#91;n&#93; }}</ref> These maps can be compiled both for individual climatic features (temperature, precipitation, humidity) and for combinations of them at the earth's surface and in the upper layers of the atmosphere. Climatic maps show climatic features across a large region and permit values of climatic features to be compared in different parts of the region. When generating the map, [[spatial interpolation]] can be used to synthesize values where there are no measurements, under the assumption that conditions change smoothly.

Climatic maps generally apply to individual months and the year as a whole, sometimes to the four seasons, to the growing period, and so forth. On maps compiled from the observations of ground meteorological stations, atmospheric pressure is converted to sea level. Air temperature maps are compiled both from the actual values observed on the surface of the Earth and from values converted to sea level. The pressure field in the free atmosphere is represented either by maps of the distribution of pressure at different standard altitudes—for example, at every kilometer above sea level—or by maps of baric topography on which altitudes (more precisely geopotentials) of the main isobaric surfaces (for example, 900, 800, and 700 millibars) counted off from sea level are plotted. The temperature, humidity, and wind on aero climatic maps may apply either to standard altitudes or to the main isobaric surfaces.

Isolines are drawn on maps of such climatic features as the long-term mean values (of atmospheric pressure, temperature, humidity, total precipitation, and so forth) to connect points with equal values of the feature in question—for example, isobars for pressure, isotherms for temperature, and isohyets for precipitation. Isoamplitudes are drawn on maps of amplitudes (for example, annual amplitudes of air temperature—that is, the differences between the mean temperatures of the warmest and coldest month). Isanomals are drawn on maps of anomalies (for example, deviations of the mean temperature of each place from the mean temperature of the entire latitudinal zone). Isolines of frequency are drawn on maps showing the frequency of a particular phenomenon (for example, the annual number of days with a thunderstorm or snow cover). Isochrones are drawn on maps showing the dates of onset of a given phenomenon (for example, the first frost and appearance or disappearance of the snow cover) or the date of a particular value of a meteorological element in the course of a year (for example, passing of the mean daily air temperature through zero). Isolines of the mean numerical value of wind velocity or isotachs are drawn on wind maps (charts); the wind resultants and directions of prevailing winds are indicated by arrows of different lengths or arrows with different plumes; lines of flow are often drawn. Maps of the zonal and meridional components of wind are frequently compiled for the free atmosphere. Atmospheric pressure and wind are usually combined on climatic maps. Wind roses, curves showing the distribution of other meteorological elements, diagrams of the annual course of elements at individual stations, and the like are also plotted on climatic maps.

Maps of climatic regionalization, that is, division of the earth's surface into climatic zones and regions according to some classification of climates, are a special kind of climatic map.

Climatic maps are often incorporated into climatic atlases of varying geographic ranges (globe, hemispheres, continents, countries, oceans) or included in comprehensive atlases. Besides general climatic maps, applied climatic maps and atlases have great practical value. Aero climatic maps, aero climatic atlases, and agro climatic maps are the most numerous.

===Extraterrestrial===
Maps exist of the [[Solar System]], and other cosmological features such as [[star map]]s. In addition maps of other bodies such as the Moon and other planets are technically not ''[[geospatial|geo]]''graphical maps.
[[Floor map]]s are also spatial but not necessarily geospatial.

===Topological===
{{Main|Topological map}}
[[File:Inventory Locations Represented as a Map.png|thumb|upright=1.3|In a [[topological map]], like this one showing inventory locations, the distances between locations are not important. Only the layout and connectivity between them matters.]]
Diagrams such as [[schematic diagram]]s and [[Gantt chart]]s and [[treemap|tree map]]s display logical relationships between items, rather than geographic relationships. [[Topological]] in nature, only the connectivity is significant. The [[London Underground map]] and similar subway maps around the world are a common example of these maps.

===General===
General-purpose maps provide many types of information on one map. Most atlas maps, wall maps, and road maps fall into this category. The following are some features that might be shown on general-purpose maps: bodies of water, roads, railway lines, parks, elevations, towns and cities, political boundaries, latitude and longitude, national and provincial parks. These maps give a broad understanding of the location and features of an area.  The reader may gain an understanding of the type of landscape, the location of urban places, and the location of major transportation routes all at once.

===Extremely large maps===
====The Great Polish Map of Scotland====
[[File:The Great Polish Map of Scotland.JPG|thumb|The Great Polish Map of Scotland at Barony Castle, Scotland]]
Polish general [[Stanisław Maczek]] had once been shown an impressive outdoor map of land and water in the Netherlands demonstrating the working of the waterways (which had been an obstacle to the Polish forces progress in 1944). This had inspired Maczek and his companions to create [[Great Polish Map of Scotland]] as a 70-ton permanent three-dimensional reminder of Scotland's hospitality to his compatriots. In 1974, the coastline and relief of Scotland were laid out by Kazimierz Trafas, a Polish student geographer-planner, based on existing Bartholomew Half-Inch map sheets. Engineering infrastructure was put in place to surround it with a sea of water and at the General's request some of the main rivers were even arranged to flow from headwaters pumped into the mountains. The map was finished in 1979, but had to be restored between 2013 and 2017.<ref>Mapa Scotland. [http://www.mapascotland.org/story-of-the-map/ ''Story of the Map''].</ref>

====Challenger Relief Map of British Columbia====
The Challenger Relief Map of [[British Columbia]] is a hand-built topographic map of the province, 80 feet by 76 feet. Built by George Challenger and his family from 1947 to 1954, it features all of B.C.'s mountains, lakes, rivers and valleys in exact-scaled topographical detail. Residing in the British Columbia Pavilion at the [[Pacific National Exhibition]] (PNE) in Vancouver from 1954 to 1997 it was viewed by millions of visitors. The [[Guinness World Records|Guinness Book of Records]] cites the Challenger Map as the largest of its kind in the world. The map in its entirety occupies 6,080 square feet (1,850 square metres) of space. It was disassembled in 1997; there is a project to restore it in a new location.<ref>[https://challengermap.ca/ The Challenger Relief Map of British Columbia].</ref>

====Relief map of Guatemala====
[[File:Mapa en Relieve de Guatemala.jpg|thumb|Mapa en Relieve de Guatemala]]
The [[Relief map of Guatemala]] was made by Francisco Vela in 1905 and still exists. This map (horizontal scale 1:10,000; vertical scale 1:2,000) measures 1,800 m<sup>2</sup>, and was created to educate children in the scape of their country.<ref>''Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen'', annual 72, 1926, pp. 212–214.</ref>

===List===
{{Div col|colwidth=10em}}
* [[Aeronautical chart]]
* [[Atlas]]
* [[Cadastre#Cadastral map|Cadastral map]]
* [[#Climatic maps|Climatic map]]
* [[Geological map]]
* [[History of cartography|Historical map]]
* [[Linguistic map]]
* [[Nautical map]]
* [[#Map types and projections|Physical map]]
* [[Political map]]
* [[Terrain cartography|Relief map]]
* [[Resource map]]
* [[Road map]]
* [[Star map]]
* [[Street map]]
* [[Thematic map]]
* [[Topographic map]]
* [[Train track map]]
* [[Transit map]]
* [[Weather map]]
* [[World map]]
{{Div col end}}

==Legal regulation==
Some countries required that all published maps represent their national claims regarding [[border dispute]]s. For example:
* Within Russia, Google Maps shows [[Crimea]] as part of Russia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2014/04/12/302337754/google-maps-displays-crimean-border-differently-in-russia-u-s |title=Google Maps Displays Crimean Border Differently In Russia, U.S. |date=12 April 2014 |work=[[NPR.org]] |first=Bill |last=Chappell |author-link=Bill Chappell |access-date=6 September 2018}}</ref>
* Both the Republic of India and the People's Republic of China require that all maps show areas subject to the [[Sino-Indian border dispute]] in their own favor.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-google-asia-idUSBRE82M0I020120323 |title=Google charts a careful course through Asia's maps |newspaper=[[Reuters]] |first=Jeremy |last=Wagstaff |access-date=6 September 2018 |date=23 March 2012}}</ref>
* In 2010, the People's Republic of China began requiring that all online maps served from within China be hosted there, making them [[Restrictions on geographic data in China|subject to Chinese laws]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Guanqun |first=Wang |title=China issues new rules on Internet map publishing |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2010-05/19/c_13302696.htm |work=[[Xinhua News Agency]] |access-date=27 July 2016 |date=19 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527193512/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2010-05/19/c_13302696.htm |archive-date=27 May 2016}}</ref>
* In 2017, Turkey banned the terms "[[Kurdistan]]" and "Kurdish regions". In 2018, the government had a user-generated map of Kurdistan, which it deemed "terrorist propaganda", removed from Google Maps.<ref>[https://shafaq.com/en/Kurdistan/after-turkey-complains-google-removes-offending-kurdistan-map After Turkey Complains, Google Removes Offending ‘Kurdistan’ Map]</ref>
* In Pakistan, the [[Surveying and Mapping (Amendment) Act, 2020]] made printing, displaying, or using any unofficial or "incorrect" map of Pakistan a crime punishable by 5 years in jail and a fine of 5 million [[Pakistani rupee|rupees]]. It asserts that India is illegally occupying some Pakistani territory along the northern [[India–Pakistan border]].<ref>[https://www.app.com.pk/national/use-of-pakistans-unofficial-map-a-crime-punishable-by-jail-term-fine/ Use of Pakistan’s unofficial map a crime punishable by jail term, fine]</ref>

==See also==
=== General ===
{{Div col}}
* [[Counter-mapping]]
* [[Map–territory relation]]
* [[Censorship of maps]]
* [[List of online map services]]
* [[Map collection]]
{{div col end}}

=== Map designing and types ===
{{Div col}}
* [[Automatic label placement]]
* [[City map]]
* [[Compass rose]]
* [[Contour line|Contour map]]
* [[Estate map]]
* [[Fantasy map]]
* [[Floor plan]]
* [[Geological map]]
* [[Hypsometric tints]]
* [[Cartography|Map design]]
* [[Orthophotomap]]—A map created from [[orthophoto]]graphy
* [[Pictorial maps]]
* [[Plat]]
* [[Road atlas]]
* [[Strip map]]
* [[Transit map]]
*[[Page layout (cartography)]]
{{div col end}}

=== Map history ===
{{Div col}}
* [[Early world maps]]
* [[History of cartography]]
* [[List of cartographers]]
{{div col end}}

=== Related topics ===
{{Div col}}
* [[Aerial landscape art]]
* [[Digital geological mapping]]
* [[Economic geography]]
* [[Geographic coordinate system]]
* [[Index map]]
* [[Global Map]]
* [[List of online map services]]
* [[Map database management]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* David Buisseret, ed., ''Monarchs, Ministers and Maps: The Emergence of Cartography as a Tool of Government in Early Modern Europe.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992, {{ISBN|0-226-07987-2}}
* Denis E. Cosgrove (ed.) ''Mappings''. Reaktion Books, 1999 {{ISBN|1-86189-021-4}}
* Freeman, Herbert, [https://web.archive.org/web/20071029195807/http://www.maptext.com/ProductLiterature/Freeman-White-Paper-041027.pdf Automated Cartographic Text Placement.] White paper.
* Ahn, J. and Freeman, H., "A program for automatic name placement," Proc. AUTO-CARTO 6, Ottawa, 1983. 444–455.
* Freeman, H., "Computer Name Placement," ch. 29, in Geographical Information Systems, 1, D.J. Maguire, M.F. Goodchild, and D.W. Rhind, John Wiley, New York, 1991, 449–460.
* Mark Monmonier, ''How to Lie with Maps'', {{ISBN|0-226-53421-9}}
* O'Connor, J.J. and E.F. Robertson, ''[http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/HistTopics/Cartography.html The History of Cartography]''. Scotland : St. Andrews University, 2002.

==External links==
* [http://www.icaci.org/ International Cartographic Association (ICA)], the world body for mapping and GIScience professionals
* [https://www.loc.gov/rr/geogmap/guide/gmilltoc.html Geography and Maps, an Illustrated Guide], by the staff of the U.S. [[Library of Congress]].
* [http://www.geography.wisc.edu/histcart/ The History of Cartography Project] at the University of Wisconsin, a comprehensive research project in the history of maps and mapping

{{Atlas}}
{{Visualization}}
{{Orienteering|type=collapsed}}
{{sister bar|auto=1|d=1|wikt=map}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Maps| ]]
[[Category:Cartography]]
[[Category:Geodesy]]