Editing Maple syrup

{{short description|Syrup made from the sap of maple trees}}
{{featured article}}{{bots|deny=Citation bot,InternetArchiveBot}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=January 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox food
| name = Maple syrup
| image = Maple syrup.jpg
| caption = Bottled maple syrup
| alternate_name =
| place_of_origin = [[Canada]] <br /> [[United States]]
| creator =
| course = 
| served =
| main_ingredient = [[Xylem]] [[sap]] (usually from [[sugar maple]], [[red maple]], or [[black maple]])
| variations = 
| calories = 
| other =
}}

'''Maple syrup''' is a sweet [[syrup]] made from the [[sap]] of [[maple]] trees. In cold climates, these trees store [[starch]] in their trunks and roots before winter; the starch is then converted to [[sugar]] that rises in the sap in late winter and early spring. Maple trees are tapped by drilling holes into their trunks and collecting the sap, which is processed by heating to evaporate much of the water, leaving the concentrated syrup.

Maple syrup was first made by the [[Indigenous peoples of North America|Indigenous peoples]] of Northeastern North America. The practice was adopted by European settlers, who gradually changed production methods. Technological improvements in the 1970s further refined syrup processing. Almost all of the world's maple syrup is produced in Canada and the United States.

Maple syrup is graded based on its colour and taste. [[Sucrose]] is the most prevalent sugar in maple syrup. In Canada, syrups must be made exclusively from maple sap to qualify as maple syrup and must also be at least 66 per cent sugar.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chapter 13 – Labelling of Maple Products |url=http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/fssa/labeti/guide/ch13e.shtml |publisher=[[Canadian Food Inspection Agency]] |accessdate=9 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111201232833/http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/fssa/labeti/guide/ch13e.shtml |archivedate=1 December 2011 }}</ref> In the United States, a syrup must be made almost entirely from maple sap to be labelled as "maple", though states such as [[Vermont]] and [[New York (state)|New York]] have more restrictive definitions.

Maple syrup is often used as a condiment for [[pancake]]s, [[waffle]]s, [[French toast]], [[oatmeal]], or [[porridge]]. It is also used as an ingredient in baking and as a sweetener or flavouring agent.<ref name="Brown2010">{{cite book |author=Amy Christine Brown |title=Understanding Food: Principles and Preparation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ppMzyDFyHUwC&pg=PA441 |date=June 2010 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-0-538-73498-1 |page=441}}</ref>

== Sources ==
[[File:Acer saccharum.jpg|thumb|upright|A sugar maple tree]]
Three species of [[Maple|maple (''Acer'')]] trees are predominantly used to produce maple syrup: the sugar maple (''[[Acer saccharum]]''),<ref name="Grandtner2005">{{cite book |author=Grandtner, Miroslav M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yjc5ZYWtkNAC&pg=PA20 |title=Elsevier's Dictionary of Trees |publisher=Elsevier Science |year=2005 |isbn=9780080460185 |volume=1: North America |pages=20&ndash;24 }}</ref><ref name="acsa3">{{Cite web |website=Plants Database |title=Acer saccharum Marshall – sugar maple |url=https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=ACSA3 |accessdate=15 September 2022 |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture}}</ref> the black maple (''[[Acer nigrum|A. nigrum]]''),<ref name="Grandtner2005"/><ref name="usda">{{Cite web |website=Plants Database |title=Acer nigrum Michx. f. – black maple |url=https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=ACNI5 |accessdate=15 September 2022 |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture}}</ref> and the red maple (''[[Acer rubrum|A. rubrum]]''),<ref name="Grandtner2005"/><ref>{{Cite web |website=Plants Database |title=Acer rubrum L. – red maple |url=https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=ACRU |accessdate=15 September 2022 |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture }}</ref> because of the high sugar content (roughly two to five per cent) in the sap of these species.{{sfn|Ciesla|2002|pp=37–38}} The black maple is included as a [[subspecies]] or [[variety (botany)|variety]] in a more broadly viewed concept of ''A. saccharum'', the sugar maple, by some botanists.<ref name=grin>{{GRIN | ''Acer saccharum'' subsp. ''nigrum'' | 314801 | accessdate = 10 December 2011}}</ref> Of these, the red maple has a shorter season because it buds earlier than sugar and black maples, which alters the flavour of the sap.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.extension.iastate.edu/forestry/publications/PDF_files/F-337.pdf | title=Maple syrup production; Publication F-337A | publisher=Iowa State University| date=February 2010 | accessdate=21 October 2016 | author=Randall, Jesse A | url-status=live | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829010945/https://www.extension.iastate.edu/forestry/publications/PDF_files/F-337.pdf | archivedate=29 August 2017 }}</ref>

A few other species of maple are also sometimes used as sources of sap for producing maple syrup, including the [[Acer negundo|box elder or Manitoba maple (''Acer negundo'')]],<ref name="Grandtner2005"/><ref>{{Cite web |website=Plants Database |title=Acer negundo L. – boxelder |url=https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=ACNE2 |accessdate=16 September 2022 |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture }}</ref> the [[Acer saccharinum|silver maple (''A. saccharinum'')]],<ref name="Grandtner2005" /><ref>{{Cite web |website=Plants Database |title=Acer saccharinum L. – silver maple |url=https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=ACSA2 |accessdate=18 September 2022 |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture}}</ref> and the [[Acer macrophyllum|bigleaf maple (''A. macrophyllum'')]].<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Ruth, Robert H|author2=Underwood, J Clyde|author3=Smith, Clark E|author4=Yang, Hoya Y|year=1972|title=Maple sirup production from bigleaf maple|journal=PNW-181|publisher=US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station|page=12|url=http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/rn181.pdf|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060614073802/http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/rn181.pdf|archivedate=14 June 2006}}</ref> In the [[Southeastern United States]], Florida sugar maple (''[[Acer floridanum]]'') is occasionally used for maple syrup production.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/misc/ag_654/volume_2/acer/barbatum.htm|publisher=US Department of Agriculture|title=''Acer barbatum'' Michx., Florida maple|date=1981|accessdate=15 May 2020}}</ref>

Similar syrups may also be produced from walnut, [[birch syrup|birch]], or [[palm syrup|palm]] trees, among other sources.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Globe and Mail|title=Why settle for maple when you could have birch syrup?|date=7 June 2011|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/food-and-wine/trends/trends-features/why-settle-for-maple-when-you-could-have-birch-syrup/article2050424/|accessdate=12 December 2011|author=Leung, Wency|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111110050/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/food-and-wine/trends/trends-features/why-settle-for-maple-when-you-could-have-birch-syrup/article2050424/|archivedate=11 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Utilization of tropical foods: trees : compendium on technological and nutritional aspects of processing and utilization of tropical foods, both animal and plant, for purposes of training and field reference.|year=1989|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|isbn=978-92-5-102776-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/utilizationoftro0000unse/page/5 5]|url=https://archive.org/details/utilizationoftro0000unse/page/5}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Tapping Walnut Trees for a Novel and Delicious Syrup.|year=2016|publisher=Cornell University|url=http://smallfarms.cornell.edu/2016/01/11/tapping-walnut-trees/|accessdate=18 September 2022}}</ref>

== History ==
=== Indigenous peoples ===
[[File:Sugar-Making Among the Indians in the North.gif|thumb|left|''Sugar-Making Among the Indians in the North'' (19th-century illustration)]]
[[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Indigenous peoples]] living in northeastern North America were the first groups known to have produced maple syrup and [[maple sugar]]. According to Indigenous oral traditions, as well as archaeological evidence, maple tree sap was being processed into syrup long before Europeans arrived in the region.{{sfn|Ciesla|2002|pp=37, 104}}<ref name="mmsa"/> There are no authenticated accounts of how maple syrup production and consumption began,<ref name="history"/> but various legends exist; one of the most popular involves maple sap being used in place of water to cook [[venison]] served to a chief.<ref name="mmsa">{{cite web|title=History |url=http://www.mi-maplesyrup.com/about/history.htm |publisher=Michigan Maple Syrup Association |accessdate=20 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525093903/http://www.mi-maplesyrup.com/about/history.htm |archivedate=25 May 2011 }}</ref> Indigenous tribes developed rituals around syrup-making, celebrating the Sugar Moon (the first full moon of spring) with a Maple Dance.{{sfn|Eagleson|Hasner|2006|p=15}} Many aboriginal dishes replaced the salt traditional in European cuisine with maple syrup.<ref name="mmsa"/>

The [[Algonquian peoples|Algonquian]]s recognized maple sap as a source of energy and nutrition. At the beginning of the spring thaw, they made V-shaped incisions in tree trunks; they then inserted reeds or concave pieces of bark to run the sap into clay buckets or tightly woven birch-bark baskets. The maple sap was concentrated first by leaving it exposed to the cold temperatures overnight and disposing of [[fractional freezing|the layer of ice]] that formed on top. Following that, the sap was transported by sled to large fires where it was boiled in clay pots to produce maple syrup. Often, multiple pots were used in conjunction, with the liquid being transferred between them as it grew more concentrated. Contrary to popular belief, syrup was not typically produced by dropping heated stones into wooden bowls, especially in northeast North America where Indigenous cultures had been using clay pots for thousands of years.<ref>{{cite report|author=Chenevert, Brian|url=https://abenakitribe.org/maple-syrup|date=3 March 2021|title=Maple sugaring among the Abenaki and Wabanki peoples|archivedate=8 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308031917/https://abenakitribe.org/maple-syrup|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="history"/> However, modern and historic sources contain evidence that hot stones may have occasionally been used in the upper Midwest and Canada, where hollowed out logs and birchbark containers typically replaced clay pots.<ref>{{cite web|author=Diemer-Eaton, Jessica|url=http://www.woodlandindianedu.com/hotstonemaplesugaring.html|date=2014|title=Hot-Stone Boiling Maple Sap to Syrup: Theory, Basis, & Public Demonstrations|publisher=Woodland Indian Educational Programs|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322150820/http://www.woodlandindianedu.com/hotstonemaplesugaring.html|archivedate=22 March 2023|accessdate=22 March 2023}}</ref>

=== European colonists===
[[File:Sugar Making in Canada, 1852. By Cornelius Krieghoff (1815-1872).jpg|thumb|''Sugar Making in Montreal'', October 1852]]

In the early stages of European colonization in northeastern North America, local Indigenous peoples showed the arriving colonists how to tap the trunks of certain types of maples during the spring thaw to harvest the sap.{{sfn|Ciesla|2002|p=37}} [[André Thevet]], the "Royal Cosmographer of France", wrote about [[Jacques Cartier]] drinking maple sap during his Canadian voyages.<ref>Quoted in {{cite book|title=Sweet maple|author1=Lawrence, James M |author2=Martin, Rux |publisher=Chapters Publishing Ltd|year=1993|page=57|isbn=978-1-881527-00-8}}</ref> By 1680, European settlers and [[fur trade]]rs were involved in harvesting maple products.{{sfn|Ciesla|2002|pp=37, 39}} However, rather than making incisions in the bark, the Europeans used the method of drilling tapholes in the trunks with [[auger (drill)|auger]]s. Prior to the 19th century, processed maple sap was used primarily as a source of concentrated sugar, in both liquid and crystallized-solid form, as [[cane sugar]] had to be imported from the [[West Indies]].<ref name="history"/>{{sfn|Eagleson|Hasner|2006|p=15}}<!-- mention that Ben Franklin proposed making the new USA self-sufficient in sugar production (and thus not dependent on European colonies in the Caribbean) with maple sugar? -->

Maple sugaring parties typically began to operate at the start of the spring thaw in regions of woodland with sufficiently large numbers of maples.{{sfn|Ciesla|2002|p=37}} Syrup makers first bored holes in the trunks, usually more than one hole per large tree; they then inserted wooden spouts into the holes and hung a wooden bucket from the protruding end of each spout to collect the sap. The buckets were commonly made by cutting cylindrical segments from a large tree trunk and then hollowing out each segment's core from one end of the cylinder, creating a seamless, watertight container.<ref name="history">{{cite book |last1=Koelling |first1=Melvin R |last2=Laing |first2=Fred |last3=Taylor |first3=Fred |editor1-first=Melvin R |editor1-last=Koelling |editor2-last=Heiligmann |editor2-first=Randall B |title=North American Maple Syrup Producers Manual |chapter-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060701150215/http://ohioline.osu.edu/b856/index.html |year=1996 |publisher=Ohio State University (OSU) |chapter=Chapter 2: History of Maple Syrup and Sugar Production  }}</ref> Sap filled the buckets, and was then either transferred to larger holding vessels (barrels, large pots, or hollowed-out wooden logs), often mounted on sledges or wagons pulled by [[draft animal]]s, or carried in buckets or other convenient containers.{{sfn|Ciesla|2002|pp=37–39}} The sap-collection buckets were returned to the spouts mounted on the trees, and the process was repeated for as long as the flow of sap remained "sweet". The specific weather conditions of the thaw period were, and still are, critical in determining the length of the sugaring season.<ref name="production"/> As the weather continues to warm, a maple tree's normal early spring biological process eventually alters the taste of the sap, making it unpalatable, perhaps due to an increase in amino acids.<ref name="resource">{{cite book |last1=Heiligmann |first1=Randall B |last2=Winch |first2=Fred E |editor1-first=Melvin R |editor1-last=Koelling |editor2-last=Heiligmann |editor2-first=Randall B |title=North American Maple Syrup Producers Manual |chapter-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060701150215/http://ohioline.osu.edu/b856/index.html |year=1996 |publisher=Ohio State University |chapter=Chapter 3: The Maple Resource }}</ref>

The boiling process was very time-consuming. The harvested sap was transported back to the party's base camp, where it was then poured into large vessels (usually made from metal) and boiled down to achieve the desired concentration.<ref name="history"/> The sap was usually transported using large barrels pulled by horses or oxen to a central collection point, where it was processed either over a fire built out in the open or inside a shelter built for that purpose (the "sugar shack").<ref name="history"/><ref name="production2">{{cite book |last1=Heiligmann |first1=Randall B |last2=Staats |first2=Lewis |editor1-first=Melvin R |editor1-last=Koelling |editor2-last=Heiligmann |editor2-first=Randall B |title=North American Maple Syrup Producers Manual |chapter-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060701150215/http://ohioline.osu.edu/b856/index.html |year=1996 |publisher=Ohio State University |chapter=Chapter 7: Maple Syrup Production }}</ref>

===Since 1850===
[[File:Maple sugaring bucket (5571412972).jpg|thumb|right|A bucket used to collect sap, built {{circa|1820}}]]
Around the time of the [[American Civil War]] (1861–1865), syrup makers started using large, flat sheet metal pans as they were more efficient for boiling than heavy, rounded iron kettles, because of a greater surface area for evaporation.<ref name="production2"/> Around this time, cane sugar replaced maple sugar as the dominant sweetener in the US; as a result, producers focused marketing efforts on maple syrup. The first evaporator, used to heat and concentrate sap, was patented in 1858. In 1872, an evaporator was developed that featured two pans and a metal arch or firebox, which greatly decreased boiling time.<ref name="history"/> Around 1900, producers bent the tin that formed the bottom of a pan into a series of [[flue]]s, which increased the heated surface area of the pan and again decreased boiling time. Some producers also added a finishing pan, a separate batch evaporator, as a final stage in the evaporation process.<ref name="production2"/>

Buckets began to be replaced with plastic bags, which allowed people to see at a distance how much sap had been collected. Syrup producers also began using tractors to haul vats of sap from the trees being tapped (the sugar bush) to the evaporator. Some producers adopted motor-powered tappers and metal tubing systems to convey sap from the tree to a central collection container, but these techniques were not widely used.<ref name="history"/> Heating methods also diversified: modern producers use wood, oil, natural gas, propane, or steam to evaporate sap.<ref name="production2"/> Modern filtration methods were perfected to prevent contamination of the syrup.<ref name="fgph">{{cite book |last1=Koelling |first1=Melvin R |editor1-first=Melvin R |editor1-last=Koelling |editor2-last=Heiligmann |editor2-first=Randall B |title=North American Maple Syrup Producers Manual |chapter-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060701150215/http://ohioline.osu.edu/b856/index.html |year=1996 |publisher=Ohio State University |chapter=Chapter 8: Syrup Filtration, Grading, Packing, and Handling |display-authors=etal  }}</ref>

[[File:Sap plastic tubing.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Two taps in a maple tree, using plastic tubing for sap collection]]

A large number of technological changes took place during the 1970s. Plastic tubing systems that had been experimental since the early part of the century were perfected, allowing sap to flow directly from the tree to the evaporator house.{{sfn|Ciesla|2002|p=40}} [[Vacuum pump]]s were added to the tubing systems, and preheaters were developed to recycle heat lost in the steam. Producers developed [[reverse-osmosis]] machines to take a portion of water out of the sap before it was boiled, increasing processing efficiency.<ref name="history"/>

Improvements in tubing and vacuum pumps, new filtering techniques, "supercharged" preheaters, and better storage containers have since been developed. Research continues on pest control and improved woodlot management.<ref name="history"/> In 2009, researchers at the [[University of Vermont]] unveiled a new type of tap that prevents backflow of sap into the tree, reducing bacterial contamination and preventing the tree from attempting to heal the bore hole.<ref name="perkins">{{cite journal |last=Perkins |first=Timothy D |title=Development and testing of the check-valve spout adapter |journal=Maple Digest |date=October 2009 |volume=21A |pages=21–29 |url=http://www.uvm.edu/~pmrc/check-valve.pdf |accessdate=21 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229072138/http://www.uvm.edu/~pmrc/check-valve.pdf |archivedate=29 December 2010 }}</ref> Experiments show that it may be possible to use saplings in a plantation instead of mature trees, dramatically boosting productivity per acre.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sorkin|first=Laura|title=Maple Syrup Revolution: A New Discovery Could Change the Business Forever|url=http://modernfarmer.com/2014/01/maple-syrup-revolution/|accessdate=20 January 2014|newspaper=[[Modern Farmer (magazine)|Modern Farmer]]|date=20 January 2014|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140126065512/http://modernfarmer.com/2014/01/maple-syrup-revolution/|archivedate=26 January 2014}}</ref> As a result of the smaller tree diameter, milder diurnal temperature swings are needed for the tree to freeze and thaw, which enables sap production in milder climatic conditions outside of northeastern North America.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Reid|first1=Simon|last2=Driller|first2=Tenaya|last3=Watson|first3=Matthew|year=2020|title=A two-dimensional heat transfer model for predicting freeze-thaw events in sugar maple trees|journal=Agricultural and Forest Meteorology|volume=294|page=108139|doi=10.1016/j.agrformet.2020.108139|hdl=10092/101100|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

== Processing ==

[[File:Maple sap collecting at Bowdoin Park, New York.JPG|thumb|left|Traditional bucket tap and a plastic-bag tap]]
Open pan evaporation methods have been streamlined since colonial days, but remain basically unchanged. Sap must first be collected and boiled down to obtain syrup. Maple syrup is made by boiling between 20 and 50 volumes of sap (depending on its concentration) over an open fire until 1 volume of syrup is obtained, usually at a temperature {{convert|4.1|°C-change|sigfig=2}} over the boiling point of water. As the boiling point of water varies with changes in air pressure, the correct value for pure water is determined at the place where the syrup is being produced each time evaporation is begun and periodically throughout the day.<ref name="production2"/>{{sfn|Eagleson|Hasner|2006|p=55}} Syrup can be boiled entirely over one heat source or can be drawn off into smaller batches and boiled at a more controlled temperature.{{sfn|Eagleson|Hasner|2006|p=53}} [[Defoamer]]s are often added during boiling.<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Abby |last1=van den Berg|first2=Timothy |last2= Perkins|title=Identifying an Effective Defoamer for Certified Organic Maple Production|journal=Maple Syrup Digest|date= February 2020|page= 8}}</ref>

Boiling the syrup is a tightly controlled process, which ensures appropriate sugar content. Syrup boiled too long will eventually crystallize, whereas under-boiled syrup will be watery, and will quickly spoil. The finished syrup has a density of 66° on the [[Brix#|Brix scale]] (a [[hydrometer|hydrometric]] scale used to measure sugar solutions).{{sfn|Elliot|2006|p=12}} The syrup is then filtered to remove precipitated "sugar sand", crystals made up largely of sugar and [[calcium malate]].<ref name=ball/> These crystals are not toxic, but create a "gritty" texture in the syrup if not filtered out.{{sfn|Eagleson|Hasner|2006|p=56}}

In addition to open pan evaporation methods, many large producers use the more fuel efficient [[reverse osmosis]] procedure to separate the water from the sap.<ref name="ThomasSchumann1993">{{cite book|last1=Thomas|first1=Margaret G.|last2=Schumann|first2=David R.|title=Income Opportunities in Special Forest Products: Self-help Suggestions for Rural Entrepreneurs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4FsDVbhiskkC&pg=PA181|year=1993|publisher=USDA Forest Products Laboratory|isbn=978-0-7881-1236-2|page=181}}</ref> Smaller producers can also use batchwise recirculating [[reverse osmosis]], with the most energy-efficient operation taking the sugar concentration to 25% prior to boiling.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2020-05-01|title=Minimizing the energy requirements for the production of maple syrup|journal=Journal of Food Engineering|volume=273|page=109823|doi=10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2019.109823|last1=Weaver|first1=Nicholas J.|last2=Wilkin|first2=Geoffrey S.|last3=Morison|first3=Ken R.|last4=Watson|first4=Matthew J.|doi-access=free}}</ref>

The higher the sugar content of the sap, the smaller the volume of sap is needed to obtain the same amount of syrup. To yield 1 unit of syrup, sap at 1.5 per cent sugar content will require 57 units, while sap at 3.5 per cent sugar content only needs 25 units of sap.<ref name="Wagner2011">{{cite book|last=Wagner|first=John E.|title=Forestry Economics: A Managerial Approach|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jdSoAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT74|year=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780415774406|page=74}}</ref> The sap's sugar content is highly variable and will fluctuate even within the same tree.<ref name="Taylor1956">{{cite journal|last1=Taylor|first1=Fred H.|title=Variation in Sugar Content of Maple Sap|journal=AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, University of Vermont and State Agricultural College|date=March 1956|volume=Bulletin 587|url=https://www.uvm.edu/~uvmaple/sapsugarcontentvariation.pdf|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417153652/http://www.uvm.edu/~uvmaple/sapsugarcontentvariation.pdf|archivedate=17 April 2016 }}</ref>

The filtered syrup is graded and packaged while still hot, usually at a temperature of {{convert|82|°C|°F}} or greater. The containers are turned over after being sealed to sterilize the cap with the hot syrup. Packages can be made of metal, glass, or coated plastic, depending on volume and target market.{{sfn|Eagleson|Hasner|2006|p=59}} The syrup can also be heated longer and further processed to create a variety of other maple products, including [[maple sugar]], [[maple butter|maple butter or cream]], and [[maple taffy|maple candy or taffy]].{{sfn|Eagleson|Hasner|2006|pp=65–67}}

[[File:MapleSyrupDrop.ogv|thumb|upright|Maple sap harvesting]]

=== Off-flavours ===

[[Off-flavours]] can sometimes develop during the production of maple syrup, resulting from contaminants in the boiling apparatus (such as [[disinfectant]]s), [[microorganisms]], [[fermentation (food)|fermentation]] products, [[metal]]lic can flavours, and "buddy sap", an off-flavour occurring late in the syrup season when tree [[budding]] has begun.<ref name="ume">{{cite web|url=https://extension.umaine.edu/publications/7038e/|title=Maple Syrup Quality Control Manual|publisher=Cooperative Extension Publications, University of Maine|author=Hopkins, Kathy|date=2016|accessdate=20 May 2017|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829091048/https://extension.umaine.edu/publications/7038e/|archivedate=29 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Camara|first1= M|last2=Cournoyer|first2= M|last3=Sadiki|first3=M|last4= Martin|first4=N|year=2019|title= Characterization and Removal of Buddy Off‐Flavor in Maple Syrup|journal= Journal of Food Science|volume= 84|issue= 6|pages= 1538&ndash;1546|doi=10.1111/1750-3841.14618|pmid= 31120572}}</ref> In some circumstances, it is possible to remove off-flavours through processing.<ref name=ume/><ref name="berg">{{Cite journal |last=van den Berg |first=Abby K |author2=Perkins, Timothy D |author3=Isselhardt, Mark L |author4=Godshall, Mary An |author5= Lloyd, Steven W  |title=Metabolism Off-Flavor in Maple Syrup |journal=Maple Digest |date=October 2009 |volume=21A |pages=11–18}}</ref>

== Production ==
[[File:Making Maple Syrup (MSA) (12794030474).jpg|thumb|Pouring the sap]]
[[File:Bouillir l'eau d'érable à sucre 2013-04-07 23-33.jpg|thumb|A "sugar shack" where sap is boiling.]]

[[File:Maple syrup production.svg|thumb|Regions of maple syrup production in Southeastern Canada and the Northeastern United States, according to the Maple Syrup Producers' Association of Ontario]]

Maple syrup production is centred in northeastern North America; however, given the correct weather conditions, it can be made wherever suitable species of maple trees grow, such as New Zealand, where there are efforts to establish commercial production.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Driller|first1=Tenaya|last2=Gandela|first2=Danielle|last3=Watson|first3=Matthew|date=2018|title=Feasibility of producing maple syrup in New Zealand|url=https://search.informit.org/documentSummary;dn=046234106508181;res=IELENG|journal=Chemeca 2018|page=34}}</ref> 

A maple syrup production farm is called a "[[sugar bush|sugarbush]]". Sap is often boiled in a "[[sugar house]]" (also known as a "sugar shack", "sugar cabin", "sugar shanty", or ''cabane à sucre''), a building [[Louvre (window)|louvre]]d at the top to vent the steam from the boiling sap.<ref name="facilities">{{cite book |last1=Koelling |first1=Melvin R. |last2=Staats |first2=Lewis |editor1-first=Melvin R |editor1-last=Koelling |editor2-last=Heiligmann |editor2-first=Randall B |title=North American Maple Syrup Producers Manual |chapter-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060701150215/http://ohioline.osu.edu/b856/index.html |year=1996 |publisher=Ohio State University |chapter=Appendix 1: Maple Production and Processing Facilities  }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://holmes.osu.edu/sites/holmes/files/imce/Program_Pages/Maple/North%20American%20Maple%20Syrup%20Producers%20Manual%20full%20pdf.pdf |title=North American Maple Syrup Producers Manual |publisher=Ohio State University |year=2006 |editor-last=Heiligmann |editor-first=Randall B. |edition=2nd |language=en}}</ref>{{sfn|Eagleson|Hasner|2006|p=30}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ontarioculinary.com/the-best-sugar-shack-experiences-in-ontario/|author=Elliot, Robert|date=22 February 2022|title=Sweetest Maple Sugar Shack Experiences in Ontario|accessdate=19 September 2022}}</ref>

Maples are usually tapped beginning at 30 to 40 years of age. Each tree can support between one and three taps, depending on its trunk diameter. The average maple tree will produce {{convert|35|to|50|L|USgal}} of sap per season, up to {{convert|12|L|USgal}} per day.{{sfn|Ciesla|2002|p=39}} This is roughly equal to seven per cent of its total sap. Tap seasons typically happen during late winter and spring and usually last for four to eight weeks, though the exact dates depend on the weather, location, and climate.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ppaq.ca/en/maple-production/step-by-step-production-maple-syrup/|title= Step-by-Step in the Production of Maple Syrup|publisher=Producteurs et productrices acéricoles du Québec|accessdate=4 October 2021}}</ref><ref name="intro">{{cite book |last1=Koelling |first1=Melvin R |last2=Davenport |first2=Russell |editor1-first=Melvin R |editor1-last=Koelling |editor2-last=Heiligmann |editor2-first=Randall B |title=North American Maple Syrup Producers Manual |chapter-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060701150215/http://ohioline.osu.edu/b856/index.html |year=1996 |publisher=Ohio State University |chapter=Chapter 1: Introduction }}</ref> 

During the day, sucrose stored in the roots for the winter rises through the trunk as sugary sap. A hole is bored into the trunk of the tree to allow the sap to flow out of a spile that is tapped in the hole.<ref name="production">{{cite book |last1=Heiligmann |first1=Randall B |editor1-first=Melvin R |editor1-last=Koelling |editor2-last=Heiligmann |editor2-first=Randall B |title=North American Maple Syrup Producers Manual |chapter-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060701150215/http://ohioline.osu.edu/b856/index.html |year=1996 |publisher=Ohio State University |chapter=Chapter 6: Maple Sap Production |display-authors=etal }}</ref> The taps are left in place for the season, and the sap flows during the day when the temperature is above freezing.<ref name="ce">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Werner |first=Leo H |title=Maple Sugar Industry |volume=129 |issue=3 |pages=176 |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/maple-sugar-industry |encyclopedia=Canadian Encyclopedia |publisher=Historica-Dominion Institute |accessdate=20 September 2010 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106123650/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/en/article/maple-sugar-industry/ |archivedate=6 November 2014  |year=1923 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0923-176 }}</ref> Some producers also tap in autumn, though this practice is less common than spring tapping. Maples can continue to be tapped for sap until they are over 100 years old.{{sfn|Ciesla|2002|p=39}}

Climate change is dramatically impacting the production of maple syrup.<ref>{{cite web |last=Milideo |first=Lauren |date=13 February 2024 |title=How Climate Change is Impacting the Maple Syrup Industry |url=https://www.uvm.edu/news/story/how-climate-change-impacting-maple-syrup-industry |work=UVM Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Goldstein |first1=Bennet |last2=Miller |first2=Brittney |date=15 April 2024 |title=Midwest maple syrup producers adapt to uncertainty as climate changes |url=https://pbswisconsin.org/news-item/midwest-maple-syrup-producers-adapt-to-uncertainty-as-climate-changes/ |publisher=PBS Wisconsin}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Dario |first=Kate |date=13 March 2024 |title=Maple Month in a warm winter: How climate change is reshaping NH's syrup season |url=https://www.nhpr.org/nh-news/2024-03-13/maple-month-in-a-warm-winter-how-climate-change-is-reshaping-nhs-syrup-season |publisher=NHPR}}</ref> Increased temperatures in late winter/early spring causes the season for maple sap collection to shift earlier in the year, with increased summer temperatures causing a decrease in sugar content in sap, and drought/heavy rainfall impacting forest ecosystems.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Barrett |first=Rick |date=1 April 2025 |title=Maple sugaring is a Wisconsin tradition, but could climate change put it at risk? |url=https://www.jsonline.com/story/money/business/2025/04/01/climate-change-could-put-maple-syrup-making-at-risk/82634747007/ |work=Milwaukee Journal Sentinel}}</ref>

== Commerce ==
Until the 1930s, the United States produced most of the world's maple syrup.<ref>{{cite web |title=Background Information and Justification for Reintroducing the Maple Tapping Access Program Act as part of the new Federal Stimulus Package |publisher=Cornell University |url=http://maple.dnr.cornell.edu/pubs/MaplePartOfStimulusPackage.pdf |accessdate= 20 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620082752/http://maple.dnr.cornell.edu/pubs/MaplePartOfStimulusPackage.pdf |archive-date=20 June 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Today, after rapid growth in the 1990s, Canada produces more than 80 per cent of the world's maple syrup, producing about {{convert|73|e6kg|ST|adj=ri0|abbr=unit}} in 2016.<ref name=cbc17/> Within Canada, [[Quebec]] is the largest producer, responsible for 72 per cent of the world's output; Canadian exports of maple syrup in 2016 were [[Canadian dollar|C$]]487 million (about [[United States dollar|US$]]360 million), with Quebec accounting for some 90 per cent of this total.<ref name="cbc17">{{cite web|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/quebec-maple-syrup-production-increase-1.3990828|title=Quebec increases maple syrup production amid internal revolt, foreign competition|author=Marowits, Ross|publisher=CBC|date=20 February 2017|accessdate=21 May 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170518192634/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/quebec-maple-syrup-production-increase-1.3990828|archivedate=18 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="bbc17">{{cite web |author=Vaudeville, Joël |date=30 May 2024 |title=Record Harvest: 239 Million Pounds of Maple Syrup |url=https://ppaq.ca/en/communiques/record-harvest-239-million-pounds-of-maple-syrup/ |publisher=Producteurs et productrices acéricoles du Québec}}</ref> In 2023, Canada exported $376 million of maple syrup to the United States, $47.8 million to Germany, $31.6 million to France, and $30.2 million to the UK, exporting to 68 countries in total.<ref name=gift>{{cite web|url=https://www.statcan.gc.ca/o1/en/plus/7493-maple-syrup-canadas-gift-world|publisher=Statistics Canada|title=Maple syrup: Canada's gift to the world|date=9 December 2024}}</ref>

{{as of|2022}}, Quebec accounts for 91.6 per cent of maple syrup produced in Canada, followed by [[New Brunswick]] at 4.7 per cent and [[Ontario]] at 3.4 per cent.<ref name=industry>{{Cite web |date=June 2023 |title=Statistical Overview of the Canadian Maple Industry 2022 |url=https://agriculture.canada.ca/sites/default/files/documents/2023-06/maple_report_erable_2022-eng.pdf |accessdate=10 February 2024 |publisher=Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada}}</ref> However, 96.8 per cent of exported Canadian maple syrup originated from Quebec, whereas 2.6 per cent of exported syrup originated from New Brunswick, and the remaining 0.6 per cent from all other provinces.<ref name=industry /> Ontario holds the most maple syrup farms in Canada outside of Quebec, with 389 maple syrup producers in 2021.<ref name=industry /> This is followed by New Brunswick, with 114 maple syrup producers; and Nova Scotia, with 39 maple syrup producers.<ref name=industry />

As of 2016, Quebec had some 7,300 producers working with 13,500 farmers, collectively making over {{convert|8|e6USgal|e6L|abbr=off|order=flip}} of syrup.<ref name=cbc17/><ref name="statscan16">{{cite web|url=http://www.agr.gc.ca/eng/industry-markets-and-trade/statistics-and-market-information/by-product-sector/horticulture-industry/horticulture-sector-reports/statistical-overview-of-the-canadian-maple-industry-2015/?id=1475692913659|title=Statistical Overview of the Canadian Maple Industry – 2015|date=June 2016|publisher=Statistics Canada|accessdate=21 May 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170603023316/http://www.agr.gc.ca/eng/industry-markets-and-trade/statistics-and-market-information/by-product-sector/horticulture-industry/horticulture-sector-reports/statistical-overview-of-the-canadian-maple-industry-2015/?id=1475692913659|archivedate=3 June 2017}}</ref> Production in Quebec is controlled through a [[supply management (Canada)|supply management]] system, with producers receiving quota allotments from the government sanctioned [[Quebec Maple Syrup Producers]] (QMSP; {{Langx|fr|Les Producteurs et productrices acéricoles du Québec|label=none}}), which also maintains reserves of syrup,<ref name=cbc17/><ref name="fpac">{{cite web |title=Actions de la FPAQ |url=http://www.siropderable.ca/actions.aspx |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002353/http://www.siropderable.ca/actions.aspx |url-status=dead |archivedate=4 March 2016 |publisher= Fédération des producteurs acéricoles du Québec |accessdate=22 September 2010 |language=French}}</ref> although there is a black-market trade in Quebec product.<ref name=cbc17/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://business.financialpost.com/features/how-a-maple-syrup-rebellion-is-growing-in-quebec|title=How a maple syrup rebellion is growing in Quebec|author=Kuitenbrouwer, Peter|work=National Post|accessdate=18 May 2016|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160510020501/http://business.financialpost.com/features/how-a-maple-syrup-rebellion-is-growing-in-quebec|archivedate=10 May 2016 |date=25 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://business.financialpost.com/news/agriculture/quebecs-autocratic-control-over-maple-syrup-producers-in-need-of-major-overhaul-provincial-report|title=Quebec's 'autocratic' control over maple syrup producers in need of major overhaul: provincial report|work=Financial Post|author=Kuitenbrouwer, Peter|date=11 February 2016|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508191758/http://business.financialpost.com/news/agriculture/quebecs-autocratic-control-over-maple-syrup-producers-in-need-of-major-overhaul-provincial-report|archivedate=8 May 2016 }}</ref> In 2017, the QMSP mandated increased output of maple syrup production, attempting to establish Quebec's dominance in the world market.<ref name=cbc17/><ref name=bbc17/>

The Canadian provinces of [[Manitoba]] and [[Saskatchewan]] produce maple syrup using the sap of the [[Acer negundo|box elder or Manitoba maple (''Acer negundo'')]].<ref name="Grandtner2005"/> In 2011, there were 67 maple syrup producers in Manitoba and 24 in Saskatchewan.<ref name=statscan16/> A Manitoba maple tree's yield is usually less than half that of a similar sugar maple tree.<ref name="manitoba">{{cite web | url = http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/96-328-m/2004032/4194001-eng.pdf | last = Kendrick | first = Jenny | title = Tapping the Manitoba Maple | publisher = Statistics Canada | accessdate =19 September 2010}}</ref> Manitoba maple syrup has a slightly different flavour from sugar-maple syrup, because it contains less sugar and the tree's sap flows more slowly. [[British Columbia]] is home to a growing maple sugar industry using sap from the [[bigleaf maple]], which is native to the West Coast of the United States and Canada.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/small-business/sb-growth/bc-bigleaf-maple-syrup-finding-its-niche/article1371859/ |work=The Globe and Mail|title=BC Bigleaf Maple Syrup Finding its Niche|author=Norbury, Keith|date=19 May 2010}}</ref> In 2011, there were 82 maple syrup producers in British Columbia.<ref name=statscan16/>

[[Vermont]] has long been the largest US producer, with a record {{convert|2.5|e6USgal|e6L|abbr=off|order=flip}} produced in 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vermont maple producers again lead the nation |url=https://www.wcax.com/2022/06/10/vermont-maple-producers-again-lead-nation/?outputType=amp |accessdate=13 June 2022 |publisher=WCAX |date=10 June 2022}}</ref> In 2019 it led with over {{convert|2.07|e6USgal|e6L|abbr=off|order=flip}}, followed by [[New York (state)|New York]] with {{convert|820000|USgal|e6L|abbr=unit|order=flip}} and [[Maine]] with {{convert|580000|USgal|e6L|abbr=unit|order=flip}}. [[Wisconsin]], [[Ohio]], [[New Hampshire]], [[Michigan]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[Massachusetts]] and [[Connecticut]] all produced marketable quantities of maple syrup.<ref>{{cite web |title=Maple Syrup Production |work=Maple Syrup 2013 |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |accessdate=12 July 2021 |url=https://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/Pennsylvania/Publications/Survey_Results/2019/Maple%20Syrup%202019.pdf |archive-date=12 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212123720/https://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/Pennsylvania/Publications/Survey_Results/2019/Maple%20Syrup%202019.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Maple syrup has been produced on a small scale in some other countries, notably Japan and South Korea.<ref name="watanabe">{{cite journal |last=Watanabe |first=Toshiyuki |author2=Aso, Kiyoshi |title=On the Sugar Composition of Maple Syrup |journal=Tohoku Journal of Agricultural Research |year=1962 |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=175–181}}</ref> However, in South Korea in particular, it is traditional to consume maple sap, called ''gorosoe'', instead of processing it into syrup.<ref name="choe">{{cite news |first=Sang-Hun |last=Choe |title=In South Korea, drinks are on the maple tree |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/06/world/asia/06maple.html?_r=1&ref=maple_syrup_and_sugar |accessdate=21 September 2010 |newspaper=Hadong Journal |date=5 March 2009 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140402213346/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/06/world/asia/06maple.html?_r=1&ref=maple_syrup_and_sugar |archivedate=2 April 2014 }}</ref>

== Markings ==
Under Canadian maple product regulations, containers of maple syrup must include the words "maple syrup", its grade name and net quantity in [[litre]]s or [[millilitres]], on the main display panel with a minimum font size of 1.6&nbsp;mm.<ref name="LegislativeServices">{{Cite web|url=http://www.laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/C.R.C.,_c._289/page-3.html#h-16|title=Consolidated federal laws of Canada, Maple Products Regulations|publisher=Legislative Services Branch|accessdate=17 July 2018}}</ref><ref name="CFIA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.inspection.gc.ca/food/labelling/food-labelling-for-industry/maple-products/eng/1392414400422/1392414462687?chap=15|title=Labelling Requirements for Maple Products|publisher=Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Food Safety and Consumer Protection Directorate|date=14 February 2014|accessdate=17 July 2018|archivedate=30 August 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830115239/http://www.inspection.gc.ca/food/labelling/food-labelling-for-industry/maple-products/eng/1392414400422/1392414462687?chap=15|url-status=dead}}</ref> If the maple syrup is of Canada Grade A level, the name of the colour class must appear on the label in both English and French.<ref name="LegislativeServices"/> Also, the [[lot number]] or production code, and either: (1) the name and address of the [[sugar bush]] establishment, packing or shipper establishment, or (2) the first dealer and the registration number of the packing establishment, must be labelled on any display panel other than the bottom.<ref name="LegislativeServices"/><ref name="CFIA" />

== Grades ==
{{see also|Food grading}}

Following an effort from the International Maple Syrup Institute (IMSI) and many maple syrup producer associations, both Canada and the United States have altered their laws regarding the classification of maple syrup to be uniform. Whereas in the past each state or province had their own laws on the classification of maple syrup, now those laws define a unified grading system. This had been a work in progress for several years, and most of the finalization of the new grading system was made in 2014. The [[Canadian Food Inspection Agency]] (CFIA) announced in the ''[[Canada Gazette]]'' on 28 June 2014 that rules for the sale of maple syrup would be amended to include new descriptors, at the request of the IMSI.<ref name="CFIA2014">{{cite journal |date=28 June 2014 |title=Regulations Amending the Maple Products Regulations |url=http://www.gazette.gc.ca/rp-pr/p1/2014/2014-06-28/html/reg1-eng.html |accessdate=13 December 2017 |journal=Canada Gazette|volume=148|number=26}}</ref>

As of 31 December 2014, the CFIA<ref>{{Cite journal |date=31 December 2014 |title=Regulations Amending the Maple Products Regulations |url=https://canadagazette.gc.ca/rp-pr/p2/2014/2014-12-31/html/sor-dors297-eng.html |accessdate=14 September 2022 |journal=Canada Gazette |volume=148 |number=27 |publisher=Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Government of Canada |language=en}}</ref> and as of 2 March 2015, the [[United States Department of Agriculture]] (USDA) [[Agricultural Marketing Service]]<ref name="usda.gov">{{cite web |date=2 March 2015 |title=United States Standards for Grades of Maple Syrup |url=https://www.ams.usda.gov/sites/default/files/media/MapleSyrupStandards.pdf |accessdate=14 September 2022 |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture}}</ref> issued revised standards intended to harmonize Canadian and United States regulations on the classification of maple syrup as follows:

*Grade A
**Golden colour and delicate taste
**Amber colour and rich taste
**Dark colour and robust taste
**Very dark colour and strong taste
*Processing grade
*Substandard

As long as maple syrup does not have an off-flavour, is of a uniform colour, and is free from [[turbidity]] and sediment, it can be labelled as one of the A grades. If it exhibits any problems, it does not meet Grade A requirements, and then must be labelled as "processing grade" maple syrup and may not be sold in containers smaller than {{convert|20|L|USgal|0}}.<ref name=CFIA2014/><ref name="usda.gov"/> If maple syrup does not meet the requirements of processing-grade maple syrup (including a fairly characteristic maple taste), it is classified as substandard.<ref name=CFIA2014/><ref name="usda.gov"/>

This grading system was accepted and made law by most maple-producing states and provinces, and became compulsory in Canada as of 13 December 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inspection.gc.ca/food/labelling/food-labelling-for-industry/maple-products/eng/1392414400422/1392414462687?chap=8|title=Colour Classes of Maple Syrup|publisher=Government of Canada|date=15 May 2018|accessdate=9 August 2018|archivedate=30 August 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830115221/http://www.inspection.gc.ca/food/labelling/food-labelling-for-industry/maple-products/eng/1392414400422/1392414462687?chap=8|url-status=dead}}</ref> Vermont, in an effort to "jump-start" the new grading regulations, adopted the new grading system as of 1 January 2014, after the grade changes passed the US Senate and House in 2013. Maine passed a bill to take effect as soon as both Canada and the United States adopted the new grades. In New York, the new grade changes became law on 1 January 2015. New Hampshire did not require legislative approval and so the new grade laws became effective as of 16 December 2014, and producer compliance was required as of 1 January 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalmaplesyrupinstitute.com/downloadable-resources.html|title=United States Standards for Grades of Maple Syrup|publisher=International Maple Syrup Institute|date=29 January 2015|accessdate=10 March 2015|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150301215424/http://www.internationalmaplesyrupinstitute.com/downloadable-resources.html|archivedate=1 March 2015}}</ref>

Golden and amber grades typically have a milder flavour than dark and very dark, which are both dark and have an intense maple flavour.<ref name="dnr"/> The darker grades of syrup are used primarily for cooking and baking, although some specialty dark syrups are produced for table use.<ref name="mcgee">{{cite book |last=McGee |first=Harold |title=On food and cooking: the science and lore of the kitchen|edition=2nd |year=2004 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |pages=668–669|isbn=978-0-684-80001-1}}</ref> Syrup harvested earlier in the season tends to yield a lighter colour.<ref name="thompson">{{cite book |last=Thompson|first=Jennifer|title=Very Maple Syrup|year=2003 |publisher=Celestial Arts |page=2|isbn=978-1587611810}}</ref> With the new grading system, the classification of maple syrup depends ultimately on its internal [[transmittance]] at 560&nbsp;nm [[wavelength]] through a 10&nbsp;mm sample. Golden must have 75 per cent or more transmittance, amber must have 50.0 to 74.9 per cent transmittance, dark must have 25.0 to 49.9 per cent transmittance, and very dark is any product having less than 25.0 per cent transmittance.<ref name="usda.gov"/>

=== Old grading system ===
[[File:Syrup grades large.JPG|thumb|Old US maple syrup grades, left to right:<br /> Grade A Light Amber ("Fancy")<br /> Grade A Medium Amber<br /> Grade A Dark Amber<br /> Grade B]]

In Canada, maple syrup was classified prior to 31 December 2014 by the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) as one of three grades, each with several colour classes:<ref name=CFIA2014/>
*Canada No. 1, including 
**Extra light
**Light
**Medium
*No. 2 amber
*No. 3 dark or any other ungraded category

Producers in Ontario or Quebec may have followed either federal or provincial grading guidelines.<ref name=CFIA2014/> Quebec's and Ontario's guidelines differed slightly from the federal:

*there were two "number" categories in Quebec
**Number 1, with four colour classes
**Number 2, with five colour classes<ref name="msgqc1">{{cite web |title=Maple Syrup Grades |url=http://www.siropderable.ca/Afficher.aspx?page=74&langue=en |publisher=Fédération des producteurs acéricoles du Québec |accessdate=27 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110828080841/http://www.siropderable.ca/Afficher.aspx?page=74&langue=en |archivedate=28 August 2011 }}</ref>  
*As in Quebec, Ontario's producers had two "number" grades: 
**Number 1, with three colour classes
**Number 2, with one colour class, which was typically referred to as "Ontario Amber" when produced and sold in that province only<ref name="omspa1">{{cite web|title=Maple Syrup Grades |url=http://www.ontariomaple.com/fact-finding/pure-maple-syrup.html |publisher=Ontario Maple Syrup Producers Association |accessdate=19 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100906233915/http://www.ontariomaple.com/fact-finding/pure-maple-syrup.html |archivedate=6 September 2010 }}</ref>

A typical year's yield for a maple syrup producer will be about 25 to 30 per cent of each of the #1 colours, 10 per cent #2 amber, and 2 per cent #3 dark.{{sfn|Elliot|2006|p=12}}

The United States used different grading standards ⁠— ⁠some states still do as they await state regulation. Maple syrup was divided into two major grades: 
*Grade A:
**Light amber (sometimes known as fancy)
**Medium amber
**Dark amber
*Grade B.

In Massachusetts, the Grade B was renamed "Grade A Very Dark, Strong Taste"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.masslive.com/entertainment/index.ssf/2015/03/new_grading_system_in_place_fo.html |title=New grading system in place for maple syrup|work=Mass Live |accessdate=2017-08-12 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813060115/http://www.masslive.com/entertainment/index.ssf/2015/03/new_grading_system_in_place_fo.html |archivedate=13 August 2017 |date=22 March 2015 }}</ref>

The [[Vermont Agency of Agriculture Food and Markets]] used a similar grading system of colour, and is roughly equivalent, especially for lighter syrups, but using letters: "AA", "A", etc.<ref name="msgvt1">{{cite web |title=Maple Syrup Grades Vermont |url=http://www.vermontmaple.org/grades.php |publisher=Vermont Maple Syrup |accessdate=27 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307134732/http://www.vermontmaple.org/grades.php |archivedate=7 March 2012 }}</ref>{{sfn|Ciesla|2002|p=41}} The Vermont grading system differed from the US system in maintaining a slightly higher standard of product density (measured on the [[Baumé scale]]). New Hampshire maintained a similar standard, but not a separate state grading scale. The Vermont-graded product had 0.9 per cent more sugar and less water in its composition than US-graded. One grade of syrup not for table use, called commercial or Grade C, was also produced under the Vermont system.<ref name="dnr">{{cite web |title=Frequently Asked Questions |url=http://maple.dnr.cornell.edu/FAQ.htm |publisher=Cornell Sugar Maple Research & Extension Program |accessdate=22 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050208045151/http://maple.dnr.cornell.edu/FAQ.htm |archivedate=8 February 2005 }}</ref>

== Packing regulations ==
In Canada, the packing of maple syrup must follow the "Packing" conditions stated in the maple products regulations, or utilize the equivalent Canadian or imported grading system.<ref name="LegislativeServices"/>

As stated in the maple products regulations, Canadian maple syrup can be classified as "Canadian [[Food grading|Grade A]]" and "Canadian Processing Grade". Any maple syrup container under these classifications should be filled to at least 90% of the bottle size while still containing the net quantity of syrup product as stated on the label. Every container of maple syrup must be new if it has a capacity of 5 litres or less or is marked with a grade name. Every container of [[maple sugar]] must also be new if it has a capacity of less than 5&nbsp;kg or is either exported out of Canada or conveyed from one province to another.<ref name="LegislativeServices" />

Each maple syrup product must be verified clean if it follows a grade name or if it is exported out of the province in which it was originally manufactured.<ref name="LegislativeServices" />

== Nutrition ==
{{nutritional value | name=Maple syrup
| kJ=1088
| protein=0.04 g
| fat=0.06 g
| carbs=67 g
| sugars=60.4
| calcium_mg=102
| iron_mg=0.11
| magnesium_mg=21
| phosphorus_mg=2
| potassium_mg=212
| sodium_mg=12
| zinc_mg=1.47
| manganese_mg=2.908
| vitC_mg=0
| thiamin_mg=0.066
| riboflavin_mg=1.27
| niacin_mg=0.081
| pantothenic_mg=0.036
| vitB6_mg=0.002
| folate_ug=0
| choline_mg=1.6
| opt1n=Water
| opt1v=32.4 g
| note=[https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/169661/nutrients Link to USDA Database entry]
}}

The basic ingredient in maple syrup is the sap from the [[xylem]] of sugar maple or various other species of maple trees. It consists primarily of [[sucrose]] and water, with small amounts of the monosaccharides [[glucose]] and [[fructose]] from the [[inverted sugar]] created in the boiling process.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Sugar Profiles of Maple Syrup Grades |first1=Abby |last1=van den Berg |first2=Timothy |last2=Perkins |first3=Mark |last3=Isselhardt |pages=12–13 |journal=Maple Syrup Digest |date=December 2006 |url=http://www.uvm.edu/~pmrc/sugarprof.pdf |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130810105502/http://www.uvm.edu/~pmrc/sugarprof.pdf |archivedate=10 August 2013 |accessdate=16 October 2013 }}</ref><ref name=legace/>

In a 100g amount, maple syrup provides 260 [[calorie]]s and is composed of 32 per cent water by weight, 67 per cent [[Carbohydrate|carbohydrates]] (90 per cent of which are sugars), and no appreciable protein or fat (table). Maple syrup is generally low in overall [[micronutrient]] content, although [[manganese]] and [[riboflavin]] are at high levels along with moderate amounts of [[zinc]] and [[calcium]] (right table). It also contains trace amounts of [[amino acid]]s which increase in content as sap flow occurs.<ref name="chem">{{cite book |last1=Morselli |first1=Mariafranca |last2=Whalen |first2=M Lynn |editor1-first=Melvin R |editor1-last=Koelling |editor2-last=Heiligmann |editor2-first=Randall B |title=North American Maple Syrup Producers Manual |chapter-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060701150215/http://ohioline.osu.edu/b856/index.html |year=1996 |publisher=Ohio State University |chapter=Appendix 2: Maple Chemistry and Quality |accessdate=23 September 2016 }}</ref>

Maple syrup contains a wide variety of [[polyphenol]]s and [[volatile organic compound]]s, including [[vanillin]], [[hydroxybutanone]], [[lignan]]s, [[propionaldehyde]], and numerous [[organic acid]]s.<ref name="li-1">{{Cite journal|last1=Li|first1=Liya|last2=Seeram|first2=Navindra P.|date=2011-07-27|title=Further investigation into maple syrup yields 3 new lignans, a new phenylpropanoid, and 26 other phytochemicals|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry|volume=59|issue=14|pages=7708–7716|doi=10.1021/jf2011613|issn=1520-5118|pmc=3140541|pmid=21675726}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Stuckel|first1=Jackie G.|last2=Low|first2=Nicholas H.|date=1996-04-01|title=The chemical composition of 80 pure maple syrup samples produced in North America|journal=Food Research International|language=en|volume=29|issue=3|pages=373–379|doi=10.1016/0963-9969(96)00000-2|issn=0963-9969}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Liu|first1=Yongqiang|last2=Rose|first2=Kenneth N.|last3=DaSilva|first3=Nicholas A.|last4=Johnson|first4=Shelby L.|last5=Seeram|first5=Navindra P.|date=2017-05-31|title=Isolation, Identification, and Biological Evaluation of Phenolic Compounds from a Traditional North American Confectionery, Maple Sugar|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry|volume=65|issue=21|pages=4289–4295|doi=10.1021/acs.jafc.7b01969|issn=1520-5118|pmid=28494583}}</ref> It is not yet known exactly all compounds responsible for the distinctive flavour of maple syrup,<ref name="ball">{{Cite journal |title=The Chemical Composition of Maple Syrup |journal=Journal of Chemical Education |date=10 October 2007 |first=David |last=Ball |volume=84 |issue=10 |pages=1647–1650 |doi= 10.1021/ed084p1647}}</ref> although primary flavour-contributing compounds are maple [[2-Furanone|furanone]] (5-ethyl-3-hydroxy-4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone), [[Furaneol|strawberry furanone]], and [[maltol]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Taste Buds and Molecules: The Art and Science of Food, Wine, and Flavor |first=Francois |last=Chartier |publisher= Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |date=30 March 2012 }}</ref> New compounds have been identified in maple syrup, one of which is [[quebecol]], a [[natural phenol]]ic compound created when the maple sap is boiled to create syrup.<ref name=Li>{{cite journal | title = Quebecol, a novel phenolic compound isolated from Canadian maple syrup  | doi = 10.1016/j.jff.2011.02.004 | year = 2011 | last1 = Li | first1 = Liya | last2 = Seeram | first2 = Navindra P. | journal = Journal of Functional Foods| volume = 3 | issue = 2 | page = 125 }}</ref> Its sweetness derives from a high content of [[sucrose]] (99% of total sugars).<ref name="legace">{{Cite journal|last1=Lagacé|first1=Luc|last2=Camara|first2=Mariane|last3=Martin|first3=Nathalie|last4=Ali|first4=Fadi|last5=Houde|first5=Jessica|last6=Corriveau|first6=Stéphane|last7=Sadiki|first7=Mustapha|date=2019-06-01|title=Effect of the new high vacuum technology on the chemical composition of maple sap and syrup|journal=Heliyon|volume=5|issue=6|page=e01786|doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01786|doi-access=free|pmc=6556809|pmid=31198865}}</ref> Its brown colour &ndash; a significant factor in the appeal and quality grading of maple syrup &ndash; develops during thermal [[evaporation]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Perkins|first1=Timothy D.|chapter=Chapter 4 Maple Syrup—Production, Composition, Chemistry, and Sensory Characteristics|date=2009|chapter-url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1043452608006049|editor-last=Taylor|editor-first=Steve L.|title=Advances in Food and Nutrition Research|volume=56|pages=101–143|last2=van den Berg|first2=Abby K.|doi=10.1016/S1043-4526(08)00604-9|pmid=19389608|isbn=9780123744395}}</ref>

One author described maple syrup as "a unique ingredient, smooth- and silky-textured, with a sweet, distinctive flavour – hints of caramel with overtones of toffee will not do – and a rare colour, amber set alight. Maple flavour is, well, maple flavour, uniquely different from any other."<ref name="ce"/> [[Agriculture Canada]] has developed a "flavour wheel" that details 91 unique flavours that can be present in maple syrup. These flavours are divided into 13 families: [[vanilla]], burnt, milky, fruity, floral, spicy, foreign (deterioration or fermentation), foreign (environment), maple, confectionery, plant (herbaceous), plant (forest, humus or cereals), and plant (ligneous).{{sfn|Taylor|2011|p=133}}{{sfn|Eagleson|Hasner|2006|pp=71, 73}} These flavours are evaluated using a procedure similar to [[wine tasting]].{{sfn|Eagleson|Hasner|2006|p=74}} Other culinary experts praise its unique flavour.<ref name="Roehl1996">{{cite book|author=Evelyn Roehl|title=Whole Food Facts: The Complete Reference Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H8lwmA52ltIC&pg=PA135|year=1996|publisher=Inner Traditions * Bear & Company|isbn=978-0-89281-635-4|pages=135–136}}</ref><ref name="Davidson1981">{{cite book|author=Alan Davidson|title=Oxford Symposium 1981: National & Regional Styles of Cookery|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zcNdB_sl2JkC&pg=PA251|year=1981|publisher=Oxford Symposium|isbn=978-0-907325-07-9|page=251}}</ref><ref name="Figoni2010">{{cite book|author=Paula I. Figoni|title=How Baking Works: Exploring the Fundamentals of Baking Science|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XqKF7PqV02cC&pg=PA182|date=October 2010|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-39813-5|page=182}}</ref> Environmental factors, including weather and [[soil type]], impact flavor.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Peter Greweling |title=Chocolates & Confections: Formula, Theory, and Technique for the Artisan Confectioner |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-470-42441-4 |edition=2nd |page=6}}</ref>

Maple syrup and its various artificial imitations are widely used as toppings for [[pancake]]s, [[waffle]]s, and [[French toast]] in North America. They can also be used to flavour a variety of foods, including [[fritter]]s, [[ice cream]], [[porridge|hot cereal]], fresh [[fruit]], [[bacon]], and sausages. It is also used as sweetener for [[granola]], [[applesauce]], [[baked beans]], candied [[sweet potato]]es, winter [[Squash (fruit)|squash]], cakes, pies, breads, tea, coffee, and [[hot toddy|hot toddies]].{{sfn|Elliot|2006}}

== Imitations ==
In Canada, maple syrup must be made entirely from maple sap, and syrup must have a density of 66° on the [[Brix]] scale to be marketed as maple syrup.{{sfn|Elliot|2006|p=12}} In the United States, maple syrup must be made almost entirely from maple sap, although small amounts of substances such as salt may be added.<ref name="cfr2016">{{cite web|url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=168.180|title=Sweeteners and table sirups: Subpart B—Requirements for Specific Standardized Sweeteners and Table Sirups, Maple sirup|publisher=Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21, Food and Drug Administration|date=21 September 2016|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316085809/http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/cfrsearch.cfm?fr=168.180|archivedate=16 March 2015 }}</ref> Labelling laws prohibit imitation syrups from having "maple" in their names unless the finished product contains 10 per cent or more of natural maple syrup.<ref name=cfr2016/>

[[Table syrup]], also known as pancake syrup and waffle syrup, is often used as a substitute for maple syrup. Table syrups are mostly made using [[corn syrup]] and [[high-fructose corn syrup]], giving them a less complex and more artificial flavour compared to maple syrup.<ref name="consumer">{{cite web |author=Calvo, Trisha |date=25 March 2017 |title=5 Things You Need to Know About Maple Syrup |url=http://www.consumerreports.org/maple-syrup/5-things-you-need-to-know-about-maple-syrup/ |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223181823/http://www.consumerreports.org/maple-syrup/5-things-you-need-to-know-about-maple-syrup/ |archivedate=23 February 2017 |accessdate=21 May 2017 |publisher=Consumer Reports}}</ref> In the United States, consumers generally prefer imitation syrups, likely because of the significantly lower cost and sweeter flavour;<ref name="atlantic">{{cite web |author=Applebaum, Yoni |date=1 November 2011 |title=Making the Grade: Why the Cheapest Maple Syrup Tastes Best |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2011/11/making-the-grade-why-the-cheapest-maple-syrup-tastes-best/239133/ |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519022320/https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2011/11/making-the-grade-why-the-cheapest-maple-syrup-tastes-best/239133/ |archivedate=19 May 2017 |accessdate=20 May 2017 |work=The Atlantic}}</ref><ref name="wapo">{{cite news |last1=Ingraham |first1=Christopher |date=27 March 2015 |title=Why Americans overwhelmingly prefer fake maple syrup |work=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2015/03/27/why-americans-overwhelmingly-prefer-fake-maple-syrup/ |url-status=live |accessdate=30 March 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402193148/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2015/03/27/why-americans-overwhelmingly-prefer-fake-maple-syrup/ |archivedate=2 April 2015}}</ref> they typically cost about {{convert|8|$/USgal|0|abbr=off|order=flip}}, whereas authentic maple syrup costs {{convert|40|-|60|$/USgal|0|abbr=off|order=flip}} as of 2015.<ref name="wapo" />

In 2016, maple syrup producers from nine US states petitioned the [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) to regulate labelling of products containing maple syrup or using the word "maple" in manufactured products, indicating that imitation maple products contained insignificant amounts of natural maple syrup.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/business/ct-maple-syrup-producers-fda-20160216-story.html|title=Maple syrup producers: Fake flavors nothing like the real thing|date=16 February 2016|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|accessdate=21 May 2016|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324205329/http://www.chicagotribune.com/business/ct-maple-syrup-producers-fda-20160216-story.html|archivedate=24 March 2016 }}</ref> In September 2016, the FDA published a consumer advisory to carefully inspect the ingredient list of products labelled as "maple".<ref name="fda2016">{{cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/ucm521518.htm|title=What's in a Name? What Every Consumer Should Know About Foods and Flavors|date=16 September 2016|publisher=Food and Drug Administration, US Department of Health and Human Services|access-date=21 May 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529054625/https://www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/ucm521518.htm|archive-date=29 May 2017 }}</ref>

== Cultural significance ==

[[File:Flag_of_Canada_(Pantone).svg|thumb|upright|right|The motif on the [[flag of Canada]] is a maple leaf.]]
Maple products are considered emblematic of Canada, and are frequently sold in tourist shops and airports as souvenirs from Canada. The sugar maple's leaf has come to symbolize Canada, and is depicted on the [[Flag of Canada|country's flag]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The maple leaf |url=http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ceem-cced/symbl/df6-eng.cfm |publisher=Canadian Heritage |date=17 November 2008 |accessdate=18 November 2010 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611184304/http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ceem-cced/symbl/df6-eng.cfm |archivedate=11 June 2011 }}</ref> Several US states, including West Virginia, New York, Vermont, and Wisconsin, have the sugar maple as their [[List of U.S. state trees|state tree]].<ref>{{cite web |title=State Trees & State Flowers |url=http://www.usna.usda.gov/Gardens/collections/statetreeflower.html |date=14 July 2010 |publisher=United States National Arboretum |accessdate=18 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206125016/http://www.usna.usda.gov/Gardens/collections/statetreeflower.html |archivedate=6 December 2010 }}</ref> A scene of sap collection is depicted on the Vermont [[50 State Quarters|state quarter]], issued in 2001.<ref>{{cite web |title=The 50 State Quarters Program Summary Report |url=http://www.usmint.gov/downloads/mint_programs/50sqInfo.pdf |accessdate=20 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430064826/http://www.usmint.gov/downloads/mint_programs/50sqInfo.pdf |archivedate=30 April 2013 }}</ref>

Maple syrup and maple sugar were used during the American Civil War and by [[Abolitionism in the United States|abolitionists]] in the years before the war because most cane sugar and [[molasses]] were produced by [[Southern United States|Southern]] [[Slavery in the United States|slaves]].<ref name="atlantic"/><ref name="gellmann">{{cite journal |last=Gellmann |first=D |title=Pirates, Sugar, Debtors, and Slaves: Political Economy and the case for Gradual Abolition in New York |journal=Slavery & Abolition: A Journal of Slave and Post-Slave Studies |year=2001 |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=51–68 |doi=10.1080/714005193}}</ref> Because of food rationing during the Second World War, people in the northeastern United States were encouraged to stretch their sugar rations by sweetening foods with maple syrup and maple sugar,<ref name="history" /> and recipe books were printed to help housewives employ this alternative source.<ref name="driver">{{cite book |last=Driver |first=Elizabeth |title=Culinary landmarks: a bibliography of Canadian cookbooks, 1825–1949 |year=2008 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-0-8020-4790-8 |page=1070}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Food|Canada}}
* [[Canadian cuisine]]
* [[Great Canadian Maple Syrup Heist]]
* [[List of foods made from maple]]
* [[List of syrups]]
* [[Mapleine]]
* [[Treacle]]

== References ==

===Notes===
{{reflist}}

=== Cited works ===
* {{Cite book |last=Ciesla |first=William M |title=Non-wood Forest Products from Temperate Broad-leaved Trees |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_yDoE8-8YPwsC |year=2002 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |isbn=978-92-5-104855-9}}
* {{cite book |last1=Eagleson |first1=Janet |last2=Hasner |first2=Rosemary |title=The Maple Syrup Book |publisher=The Boston Mills Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-55046-411-5}}
* {{Cite book |last=Elliot |first=Elaine |title=Maple Syrup: Recipes from Canada's Best Chefs |year=2006 |publisher=Formac Publishing Company |isbn=978-0-88780-697-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Taylor|first=Steve|title=Advances in Food and Nutrition Research|volume= 56|year=2011|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=9780080922355|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bF42FkEDck0C}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book|last=Lange|first=Michael|year=2017|title=Meanings of Maple: An Ethnography of Sugaring|publisher=University of Arkansas Press|isbn=978-1-68226-037-1|ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last1=Nearing |first1=Helen |last2=Nearing |first2=Scott |title=The Maple Sugar Book |publisher=Chelsea Green Publishing |year=2000 |edition=50th anniversary |isbn=978-1-890132-63-7|ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last=Whynott |first=Douglas |title=The Sugar Season: A Year in the Life of Maple Syrup and One Family's Quest for the Sweetest Harvest|publisher=Da Capo Press |year=2014 |isbn=9780306822056 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=majqAQAAQBAJ |ref=none}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://extension.umaine.edu/publications/7038e/ Maple Syrup Quality Control Manual, University of Maine]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100705044222/http://cdi.uvm.edu/collections/getCollection.xql?pid=maple&title=Maple%20Research%20Collection UVM Center for Digital Initiatives: The Maple Research Collection by the Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120114084558/http://edocket.access.gpo.gov/cfr_2002/aprqtr/pdf/21cfr168.140.pdf US Food and Drug Administration description of table syrup]

{{Sugar}}
{{Non-timber forest products}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maple syrup}}
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