Editing Maranao language

{{Short description|Austronesian language spoken in the Philippines}}
{{distinguish|Melanau language}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{MOS|date=April 2021}}
{{Overcolored|date=November 2022}}
}}
{{Use Philippine English|date=April 2021}}
{{use mdy dates|date=April 2021}}

{{Infobox language
| name             = Maranao
| nativename       = {{lang|mrw|Basa a Mëranaw}}<br/>{{lang|mrw-Arab|باسا أ مراناو|rtl=yes}}
| pronunciation    = {{IPA|mrw|ˈməranaw|}}
| map              = Maranao language map.png
| mapcaption       = Area where Maranao is spoken
| states           = [[Philippines]]
| region           = [[Lanao del Sur]], [[Lanao del Norte]], Northwest [[Bukidnon]], Northwest [[Maguindanao del Norte]], Northwest [[Cotabato]], [[Misamis Occidental]], [[Misamis Oriental]], [[Zamboanga City|Zamboanga]], [[Metro Davao|Davao]], [[Cebu]], [[Ilocos]], [[Quiapo, Manila]] and [[Sabah, Malaysia]]
| ethnicity        = [[Maranao people|Maranao]]
| dia1             = Iranaon ([[Danao language|People of the Lake]])
| dia2             = [[Iranun language|Iranun]] (Southern Lanao, [[Maguindanao del Norte]] & [[Sabah, Malaysia|Sabah]]<!--Sabah is understood as a component state of Malaysia, its people there have already spoken the truth to join the federation through a referendum in 1963 known as Cobold Commission and the whole international community and as well as the UN recognises as part of it. Do not change it into a Philippine province, otherwise you're doomed-->)
| dia3             = Mëragatën ([[Illana Bay]])
| dia4             = Bolokaon ([[Picong, Lanao del Sur|Sultan Gumander]])
| speakers         = '''{{circa|2.5}}&nbsp;Millions'''
| date             = 
| ref              = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/PHIILIPPINES_FINAL%20PDF.pdf |title=2020 Census of Population and Housing, Report No. 2A - Demographic and Housing Characteristics (Non-Sample Variables) |language=en |access-date=2022-05-02}}</ref>
| familycolor      = Austronesian
| fam2             = [[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]]
| fam3             = [[Philippine languages|Philippine]]
| fam4             = [[Greater Central Philippine languages|Greater Central Philippine]]
| fam5             = [[Danao languages|Danao]]
| script           = [[Latin script|Latin]];<br/>Historically written in [[Jawi script|Jawi]] (Batang Arab)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Maranao Language and Alphabet|url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/maranao.htm|access-date=2025-01-09|website=Omniglot}}</ref>
| nation           = [[Regional language]] in the [[Philippines]]
| agency           = [[Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino]]
| iso3             = mrw
| glotto           = mara1404
| glottorefname    = Maranao
}}

'''Maranao''' ({{langx|fil|Wikang Mëranaw}}{{refn|Mëranaw is the spelling recommended by the [[Commission on the Filipino Language]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Komisyon ng Wikang Filipino |url=http://www.kwf.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/Ortograpiyang-Pambansa1.pdf |title=Ortograpiyang Pambansa |language=fil |trans-title=National Orthography |access-date=2013-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012055004/http://www.kwf.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/Ortograpiyang-Pambansa1.pdf |archive-date=2013-10-12 |url-status=dead |date=2013}}</ref>}}; [[Jawi Script|Jawi]]: {{lang|mrw-Arab|باسا أ مراناو|rtl=yes}}), sometimes spelled as '''Maranaw, Meranaw''' or '''Mëranaw''', is an [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]] language spoken by the [[Maranao people]] in the provinces of [[Lanao del Sur]] and [[Lanao del Norte]] and their respective cities of [[Marawi]] and [[Iligan City|Iligan]] located in the [[Philippines]], as well found also in [[Sabah]], [[Malaysia]]. It is spoken among the [[Moro people|Moros]] within the [[Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao]].

It is more closer to [[Iranun language|Iranun]] than to [[Maguindanao language|Maguindanao]] within the [[Danao languages|Danao]] subgroup.

==Distribution==

[[File:Provincia de Maranao.JPG|thumb|left|360px|]]
<br><br><br>

: Maranao is spoken in the following provinces of: 

• Entire [[Lanao del Sur]] and [[Lanao del Norte]] 

• Northwestern municipalities of [[Maguindanao del Norte]]: [[Barira]], [[Buldon]], [[Parang, Maguindanao del Norte|Parang]], [[Matanog]], [[Sultan Mastura]], and [[Sultan Kudarat, Maguindanao del Norte|Sultan Kudarat]]

• Northwestern municipalities of [[Cotabato]]: [[Alamada]], [[Banisilan]], [[Carmen, Cotabato|Carmen]], [[Libungan]], and [[Pigcawayan]]

• Northwestern municipalities of [[Bukidnon]]:[[Talakag]] and [[Kalilangan]]

• Small parts in the coast of [[Zamboanga del Sur]]<ref>Ethnologue</ref> 

: all of which are located within the island of [[Mindanao]] in southern [[Philippines]].
<br><br><br>
<br><br><br>

==Writing system==
Maranao was historically written in [[Persian alphabet|Perso-Arabic]] letters called [[Jawi script|Jawi]], which were known as ''Batang-a-Arab'' or ''Batang Arab''. It is now written with Latin letters.<ref name="Omniglot">{{Cite web |title=Maranao Language and Alphabet |url=http://www.omniglot.com/writing/maranao.htm |access-date=2018-09-23 |website=Omniglot}}</ref> Though there is no officially proclaimed standard orthography, Maranao is more or less written as influenced by contemporary Filipino conventions. The following are the letters used in writing out native words:

A, B, D, E, G, H, I, K, L, M, N, NG, O, P, R, S, T, U, W, Y <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rubino |first=Carl |title=Maranao |url=http://iloko.tripod.com/Maranao.htm |website=iloko.tripod.com |language=en}}</ref>

In general, double vowels are pronounced separately, for example, {{Lang|mrw|kapaar}} is pronounced as {{IPA|/kapaʔaɾ/}}.

The final {{IPA|/w/}} sound in diphthongs and "w" were marked with "-o" in older orthographies, as in other Philippine languages, but both are nowadays spelled as "w". Also, "i" was used in older orthographies to transcribe {{IPA|/j/}}, which is currently spelled as "Y".

"H" is only used for Malay loanwords,<ref name="Omniglot" /> and "sh" (pronounced as {{IPA|/ʃ/}}) is normally used for Arabic loanwords and names such as {{Lang|mrw|Ishak}} ([[Isaac]]).<ref name="A Maranao Dictionary 1967" />

"Di" or "j" are used to transcribe the {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}} sound, such as [[Maharadia Lawana|''radia'']]''/''{{Lang|mrw|raja}} (from the [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] word for 'king', "[[Raja|Rāja]]") or the [[English language|English]] name ''John''.<ref name="A Maranao Dictionary 1967" />

In representing the [[mid central vowel]] (or schwa) {{IPA|/ə/}}, different authors have employed various means to represent this sound (e.g. "E" or "U").<ref name="Lobel 2013" /> In social media, speakers use either of the two letters or just leave it blank (e.g. {{Lang|mrw|saken}} can also be spelled {{Lang|mrw|sakn}} and {{Lang|mrw|sakun}} on the internet). Meanwhile, the [[Commission on the Filipino Language]] recommends spelling this sound using "Ë" for different Philippine languages in its 2013 ''Ortograpiyang Pambansa''.

In a revised Maranao Dictionary by McKaughan and Macaraya in 1996,<ref name="A Maranao Dictionary 1967">{{Cite book |last=McKaughan |first=Howard P. |url=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED013450.pdf |title=A Maranao Dictionary |last2=Macaraya |first2=Batua A. |date=1967 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |location=Honolulu |language=en}}</ref> the digraph "'ae" was introduced and used to represent the supposed presence of the vowel {{IPA|/ɨ/}}. However, analysis by Lobel (2009,<ref name="Lobel and Riwarung 2009b">{{Cite journal |last=Lobel |first=Jason William |last2=Riwarung |first2=Labi Hadji Sarip |date=2009 |title=Maranao Revisited: An Overlooked Consonant Contrast and its Implications for Lexicography and Grammar |journal=Oceanic Linguistics |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=403–438 |doi=10.1353/ol.0.0040 |jstor=40783537 |s2cid=145549504}}</ref> 2013<ref name="Lobel 2013" />) showed that this may actually be an allophone of {{IPA|/ə/}} after hard consonants. McKaughan and Macaraya also used "q" for the [[glottal stop]] regardless of position. Diphthongs such as {{IPA|[aw, aj, oi]}} were spelled as "ao, ai, oi".

The orthography used in the study by Lobel (2009) was the one developed by Aleem Abdulmajeed Ansano of Taraka (1943–2008), Senator Ahmad Domocao "Domie" Alonto of Ramain (1914– 2002), and Shaiekh Abdul Azis Guroalim Saromantang of Tugaya (1923–2003). In this orthography, the "hard consonants" {{IPA|/pʰ, tʰ, kʰ, sʰ/}} are written as "ph, th, kh, z".

==Phonology==
Below is the sound system of Maranao including underlying phonetic features.<ref name="Lobel 2013">{{Cite thesis |last=Lobel |first=Jason William |title=Philippine and North Bornean Languages: Issues in Description, Subgrouping, and Reconstruction |date=2013 |type=Ph.D. dissertation |publisher=University of Hawaii at Manoa |url=http://www.ling.hawaii.edu/graduate/Dissertations/JasonLobelFinal.pdf |language=en}}</ref>

===Vowels===
Maranao has four vowel phonemes that can become more close or higher when in certain environments (see hard consonants below).<ref name="Lobel and Riwarung 2009b" /> The vowel raising effects of hard consonants may have led earlier studies to Although previous studies have analyzed the {{IPA|[ɨ]}} sound as a separate phoneme (written with ''ae'') instead of a raised allophone of {{IPA|/ə/}}.
{| class="wikitable"
|+caption |
Vowels<ref name="Lobel and Riwarung 2009b" />
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 
! [[Front vowel|Front]]
! [[Central vowel|Central]]
! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
![[Close vowel|Close]]
| /{{IPA link|i}}/
[{{IPA link|ɪ}} ~ {{IPA link|i}}]
|
| 
|- style="text-align:center;"
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| 
| /{{IPA link|ə}}/
[{{IPA link|ə}} ~ {{IPA link|ɨ}}]
| /{{IPA link|o}}/
[{{IPA link|o}} ~ {{IPA link|u}}]
|- style="text-align:center;"
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
|
| /{{IPA link|a}}/
[{{IPA link|a}} ~ {{IPA link|ɤ}}]
| 
|}

Vowel [e] only occurs in loanwords from Spanish through Tagalog or Cebuano and from Malay.

===Consonants===
According to Lobel (2013), Maranao has the following consonants:<ref name="Lobel 2013" />

{|class="wikitable"
|+caption |
Consonants
|-
!colspan=2|
![[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
![[Dental consonant|Dental]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan=2 | [[Nasal stop|Nasal]]
|align="center"|{{IPA link|m}}
|
|align="center"|{{IPA link|n}}
|
|align="center"|{{IPA link|ŋ}}
|
|-
!rowspan=3 | [[Stop consonant|Stop]]
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 80%;" | Voiceless
|align="center"|{{IPA link|p}}
|align="center"|{{IPA link|t}}
|
|
|align="center"|{{IPA link|k}}
|align="center"|{{IPA link|ʔ}}
|-
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 80%;" |Heavy
|align="center"|{{IPA link|pʰ}}
|align="center"|{{IPA link|tʰ}}
|
|
|align="center"|{{IPA link|kʰ}}
|
|-
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 80%;" |Voiced
|align="center"|{{IPA link|b}}
|
|align="center"|{{IPA link|d}}
|
|align="center"|{{IPA link|ɡ}}
|
|-
!rowspan=2 | [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 80%;" |Voiceless
|
|
|align="center"|{{IPA link|s}}
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 80%;" |Heavy
|
|
|align="center"|{{IPA link|sʰ}}
|
|
|align="center"|({{IPA link|h}})
|-
! colspan=2 | [[Flap consonant|Flap]]
|
|
|align="center"|{{IPA link|ɾ}}
|
|
|
|-
! colspan=2 | [[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
|
|
|align="center"|{{IPA link|l}}
|
|
|
|-
! colspan=2 | [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|align="center"|{{IPA link|w}}
|
|
|align="center"|{{IPA link|j}}
|
|
|}
In Maranao, {{IPA|/ʔ/}} is not phonemic word-initially<ref name="Lobel 2013" /> (similar to non-Philippine English). Hence, {{Lang|mrw|layok aken}} ('friend of mine') is smoothly pronounced {{IPA|[la.jo.ka.kən]|lang=mrw}}.

Since the heavy consonants developed from consonant clusters, they are only found word-medially.

Orthography-wise, "r" is used for {{IPA|/ɾ/}}, "y" is used for {{IPA|/j/}}, and "ng" is used for {{IPA|/ŋ/}}

====Fricative [h]====
According to Lobel (2013), {{IPA|[h]}} only occurs in a few recent [[Malay language|Malay]] [[loanwords]]:<ref name="Lobel 2013" />
*{{lang|mrw|to'''h'''an}} 'God'
*{{lang|mrw|ta'''h'''on}} 'astrological sign'
*{{lang|mrw|'''h'''adapan}} 'in front (of God)'
Earlier Arabic loanwords with "h" that entered [[Danao languages|Proto-Danao]] or earlier Maranao were realized as ''k''.

*{{lang|mrw|kalal}} 'halal (anything permissible in Islam)'
*{{lang|mrw|karam}} 'haram (anything not permissible in Islam)', 
*{{lang|mrw|kadî}} 'hadji (title for a man who has made the Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca)'
*{{lang|mrw|Kadis}} 'Hadith'

====Consonant elongation====
Consonants are also pronounced longer if preceded with a schwa {{IPA|/ə/}}. However, this process is not a form of [[gemination]] since consonant elongation in Maranao is not [[distinctive feature|distinctive]] as seen in other [[Philippine languages]] such as [[Ilokano language|Ilokano]] and [[Ibanag language|Ibanag]]. Some of these are:
*{{lang|mrw|tepad}} {{IPA|[təpːad]|lang=mrw}} 'get off a vehicle'
*{{lang|mrw|tekaw}} {{IPA|[təkːaw]|lang=mrw}} 'startled; surprised'

==== Hard consonants and vowel raising ====
Since 2009, it has been proposed that previous studies on the phonology of Maranao had overlooked the presence of "heavy" consonants,<ref name="Lobel and Riwarung 2009b"/><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lobel |first=Jason William |last2=Riwarung |first2=Labi Hadji Sarip |date=2011 |title=Maranao: A Preliminary Phonological Sketch With Supporting Audio |journal=Language Documentation & Conservation |language=en |volume=5 |pages=31–59 |hdl-access=free |hdl=10125/4487}}</ref><ref name="Lobel 2013" /> these four "heavy" consonants being {{IPA|/p’ t’ k’ s’/}}. Vowels that follow these consonants are raised in position.
[[File:Mrw4.svg|none|thumb|The four Maranao vowels (a, ə, i, o) are raised when they follow hard consonants<ref name="Lobel and Riwarung 2009b" />]]There are four possible environments for that determine whether the vowel will be raised or not:

# Non-raising – {{IPA|/p t k s m n ŋ r w y/}}
# Obligatory raising – {{IPA|/p’ t’ k’ s’ (h)/}}
#* {{lang|mrw|Tohan}} is pronounced as {{IPA|[t̪o.hɤn]|lang=mrw}} instead of {{IPA|[to.han]|lang=mrw}}
# Optional raising – {{IPA|/b d g/}}
#* Evidenced by some younger speakers writing {{lang|mrw|gagaan}} as {{lang|mrw|gegaan}}.
# Transparent – {{IPA|/l ʔ/}} – the raising from the consonant before it will "pass through" and affect the following vowel.

Similar vowel raising can be also found in [[Madurese language|Madurese]].

==== Historical development ====
Consonant cluster homogenization occurred in earlier Danao and Subanon, where the articulations of the first consonant followed that of the second (Ex: '''*-gp-''' > '''*-bp-''').

A study by Allison<ref>{{Cite book |last=Allison |first=E. Joe |title=Papers in Philippine Linguistics No. 10 |date=1979 |publisher=The Australian National University |editor-last=Gallman |editor-first=A. |series=Pacific Linguistics Series A – No. 55 |location=Canberra |pages=53–112 |chapter=Proto-Danaw: A Comparative Study of Maranaw, Magindanaw, and Iranun |doi=10.15144/PL-A55.53 |editor-last2=Allison |editor-first2=E. |editor-last3=Harmon |editor-first3=C. |editor-last4=Witucki |editor-first4=J. |doi-access=free}}</ref> noted that Proto-Danao *b, *d, g* were lost in modern Maranao when found before other consonants with the same place of articulation (Ex: '''*bp''' > '''*p'''), but preserved elsewehere.

Lobel<ref name="Lobel and Riwarung 2009b" /> noted that this sound change actually resulted in two features of Maranao phonology: heavy consonants and raised vowels (*{{IPA|[-bpa-]}} > {{IPA|[-pʰɤ-]}}). Aspirated consonants also developed in a similar way in [[Southern Subanon language|Southern (Lapuyan) Subanon]], but without the vowel-raising.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Sound changes
!Proto-Greater Central Philippine
!Proto-Danao
!Maguindanaon
!Maranao
|-
|*-gp-, *-dp-, *-bp-
|*-bp-
|  -bp-
| -ph-
|-
|*-gt-, *-dt-, *-bt-
|*-dt-
|  -dt-
| -th-
|-
|*-gs-, *-ds-, *-bs-
|*-ds-
|  -ds-
| -z- [sʰ]
|-
|*-gk-, *-dk-, *-bk-
|*-gk-
|  -gk-
| -kh-
|}

== Grammar ==

=== Case markers ===
In contrast to [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] which has three case markers ({{lang|tl|ang/ng/sa}}), and [[Ilocano language|Iloko]] which has two ({{lang|ilo|ti/iti}}), Maranao has four: ({{lang|mrw|so/ko/o/sa}}).
{| class="wikitable"
|+Maranao Case Markers<ref name="Alonto et al. 2009">{{Cite book |last=Alonto |first=Almahdi G. |title=Maranao Dialogs and Drills |last2=Adam |first2=Abdullah B. |last3=Zorc |first3=R. David |date=2009 |publisher=Dunwoody Press |isbn=978-1-931546-65-2 |editor-last=Lobel |editor-first=Jason |location=Hyattsville, Md. |language=en}}</ref><ref name="A Maranao Dictionary 1967" />
!
! colspan="2" |Common
! colspan="2" |Personal
|-
!Case
!Indefinite
!Definite
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|'''Nominative'''
(Subject)
|{{Lang|mrw|so}}
|{{Lang|mrw|i}}
|{{Lang|mrw|si}}
|{{Lang|mrw|siki}}
|-
|'''Ergative'''
(Direct Object)
| rowspan="2" |{{Lang|mrw|sa}}
|{{Lang|mrw|o}}
|{{Lang|mrw|i}}
|{{Lang|mrw|i kisi}}
|-
|'''Oblique/Locative'''
(Benefactor/Location)

'''Genitive'''

(Possessive)
|{{Lang|mrw|ko}}
|{{Lang|mrw|ki}}
|{{Lang|mrw|sa kisi}}
|}
Curiously, the {{Lang|mrw|sa}} is ''indefinite'' in Maranao, whereas it is definite/specific in Cebuano and Tagalog.

=== Pronouns ===
Maranao pronouns can be free or bound to the word/morpheme before it.<ref name="A Maranao Dictionary 1967" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kaufman |first=Daniel |url=https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/13/07/70/130770395534694674649839873268234450496/20_Kaufman_McKaughan2010.pdf |title=Piakandatu Ami: Dr. Howard P. McKaughan |date=2010 |publisher=Linguistic Society of the Philippines and SIL Philippines |isbn=978-971-780-026-4 |editor-last=Billings |editor-first=Loren |location=Manila |pages=132–157 |language=en |chapter=The Grammar of Clitics in Maranao |editor-last2=Goudswaard |editor-first2=Nelleke |via=SIL}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Meaning
!Nominative
(free)
!Nominative
(bound)
!Genitive/Ergative
(bound)
!Oblique
(free)
|-
|I
|{{Lang|mrw|saken}}
|{{Lang|mrw|(a)ko}}
|{{Lang|mrw|aken}}
|{{Lang|mrw|raken}}
|-
|you (singular)
|{{Lang|mrw|seka}}
|{{Lang|mrw|ka}}
|{{Lang|mrw|(ng)ka}}{{efn-la|May actually be {{Lang|mrw|eka}},<ref name="Lobel and Riwarung 2009b"/> and assimilates with the vowel before it, as in {{Lang|mrw|batî ika}} {{IPA|[ba.ti.ʔ=i.ka]|lang=mrw}} 'your brother-in-law', and {{Lang|mrw|babô oka}} {{IPA|[bɤ.bu.ʔ=u. ka]|lang=mrw}} 'your aunt'.
}}
|{{Lang|mrw|reka}}
|-
|he/she/it
|{{Lang|mrw|sekaniyan}}
|{{Lang|mrw|sekaniyan}}
|{{Lang|mrw|(n)iyan}}
|{{Lang|mrw|rekaniyan}}
|-
|we (dual)
|{{Lang|mrw|sekta}}
|{{Lang|mrw|ta}}
|{{Lang|mrw|ta}}
|{{Lang|mrw|rekta}}
|-
|we (including you)
|{{Lang|mrw|sektano}}
|{{Lang|mrw|tano}}
|{{Lang|mrw|tano}}
|{{Lang|mrw|rektano}}
|-
|we (excluding you)
|{{Lang|mrw|sekami}}
|{{Lang|mrw|kami}}
|{{Lang|mrw|(a)mi}}
|{{Lang|mrw|rekami}}
|-
|you (plural)
|{{Lang|mrw|sekano}}
|{{Lang|mrw|kano}}
|{{Lang|mrw|(n)iyo}}
|{{Lang|mrw|rekano}}
|-
|they
|{{Lang|mrw|siran}}
|{{Lang|mrw|siran}}
|{{Lang|mrw|(i)ran}}
|{{Lang|mrw|kiran}}
|}
{{notelist-la}}

=== Common words ===
Below are common words found in Maranao sentences, their translations in English, Cebuano, and Tagalog, and similar words in distant Philippine languages.
{| class="wikitable"
!Maranao
!Cebuano
!Tagalog
!Other PH regional language or dialect
!English
|-
|{{Lang|mrw|na}}
|{{Lang|ceb|kay}}
|{{Lang|tl|ay}}
|
|is
|-
|{{Lang|mrw|na}}
|{{Lang|ceb|dayon}}
|{{Lang|tl|tápos}}
|ampa ([[Tausug language|Tausug]])
|then
|-
|{{Lang|mrw|a}}
|{{Lang|ceb|nga}}
|{{Lang|tl|na}}
|
|that is
|-
|{{Lang|mrw|timan}}
|{{Lang|ceb|buok}}
|{{Lang|tl|piraso}}
|
|piece
|-
|{{Lang|mrw|den}}
|{{Lang|ceb|na}}
|{{Lang|tl|na}}
|{{Lang|krj|ren}} ([[Karay-a language|Kinaray-a]])
|already
|-
|{{Lang|mrw|pen}}
|{{Lang|ceb|pa}}
|{{Lang|tl|pa}}
|
|will, soon
|-
|{{Lang|mrw|di}}
|{{Lang|ceb|dili}}
|{{Lang|tl|hindi}}
|di' ([[Tausug language|Tausug]])
|won't, isn't
|-
|{{Lang|mrw|da}}
|{{Lang|ceb|wala}}
|{{Lang|tl|hindi}}
|wala' ([[Tausug language|Tausug]])
|didn't
|-
|{{Lang|mrw|da}}
|{{Lang|ceb|wala}}
|{{Lang|tl|wala}}
|way/waruun ([[Tausug language|Tausug]])
|nothing
|-
|{{Lang|mrw|aden}}
|{{Lang|ceb|adunay}}
|{{Lang|tl|mayroon}}
|awn ([[Tausug language|Tausug]]), adda ([[Ilocano language|Ilocano]])
|there is...
|-
|{{Lang|mrw|ino}}
|{{Lang|ceb|mao}}
|
|{{Lang|bcl|iyo}} ([[Central Bikol|Bikol-Naga]])
|it is such
|-
|{{Lang|mrw|ago}}
|{{Lang|ceb|ug}}
|{{Lang|tl|at}}
|iban ([[Tausug language|Tausug]])
|and
|-
|{{Lang|mrw|atawa}}
|{{Lang|ceb|kon}}, {{Lang|ceb|o}}
|{{Lang|tl|o}}
|atawa ([[Tausug language|Tausug]])
|or
|-
|{{Lang|mrw|ogaid}}
|{{Lang|ceb|apan}}, {{Lang|ceb|pero}}
|{{Lang|tl|ngunit}}, {{Lang|tl|subalit}}, {{Lang|tl|pero}}
|sa'/sagawa'/saga'/ malayngkan ([[Tausug language|Tausug]])
|however,  but
|-
|{{Lang|mrw|o di}}
|dili pud, dili sab
|hindi rin
|bukun isab/bukun sab ([[Tausug language|Tausug]])
|nor (?)
|-
|{{Lang|mrw|langun}}
|{{Lang|ceb|tanan}}
|{{Lang|tl|lahat}}
|katān ([[Tausug language|Tausug]])
|all
|-
|imanto
|karon
|ngayon
|bihaun ([[Tausug language|Tausug]])
|now
|-
|oway
|oo
|oo/opo
|huun ([[Tausug language|Tausug]])
|yes
|-
|sabap
|tungod, kay
|dahil, kasi
|sabab, kalna' or karna' ([[Tausug language|Tausug]])
|because
|-
|seda
|isda
|isda
|ista' ([[Tausug language|Tausug]])
|fish
|-
|sapi' 
|baka
|baka 
|sapi' ([[Maguindanao language|Maguindanaon]] & [[Tausug language|Tausug]])
|cow
|-
|pagari
|igsuon
|kapatid
|langgung, taymanghud ([[Tausug language|Tausug]])
|sibling
|-
|bago
|bag-o
|bago
|bagu ([[Tausug language|Tausug]]), baro ([[Ilocano language|Ilocano]])
|new
|-
|tahon
|tuig
|taon
|tahun ([[Tausug language|Tausug]])
|year
|-
|koda'
|kabayo
|kabayo
|kura' ([[Tausug language|Tausug]])
|horse
|-
|sorab
|suwab
|talim
|sulab ([[Tausug language|Tausug]])
|blade
|-
|doniya'
|kalibotan
|mundo
|duniya' ([[Tausug language|Tausug]])
|world
|-
|dalendeg
|dalugdog
|kulog
|dawgdug ([[Tausug language|Tausug]])
|thunder
|-
|sorga'
|langit
|langit
|sulga' ([[Tausug language|Tausug]])
|heaven
|-
|narka', diyahanam
|impyerno
|impyerno
|nalka'/narka', jahanam ([[Tausug language|Tausug]])
|hell
|-
|mataed
|nindot, tsada
|maganda
|malingkat ([[Tausug language|Tausug]])
|nice, elegant
|-
|otin
|utin, tintin
|titi, uten
|utin ([[Tausug language|Tausug]])
|male genitalia, penis
|-
|papanok
|langgam
|ibon
|manuk-manuk ([[Tausug language|Tausug]])
|bird
|-
|diyandi'
|kasabotan, saad
|kasunduuan,  pangako
|janji' ([[Tausug language|Tausug]])
|agreement, promise
|-
|ngaran
|ngalan
|ngalan/pangalan
|ngān ([[Tausug language|Tausug]])
nagan ([[Ilocano language|Ilocano]])
|name
|}

== Sample texts ==<!-- Colors should be replaced with glosses (see MOS:COLOR) -->

=== Universal Declaration of Human Rights ===
Maranao:<blockquote style="font-weight:600">{{font color | red | Langon a taw}} {{font color | orange | na inimbawata}} {{font color | #880 | a ndudon so kapaar}} {{font color | #cc0 |ago ndatadatar}} {{font color | yellowgreen |sa bantogan ago kabnar}}. {{font color | forestgreen | Bigan}} {{font color | teal | siran}} {{font color | #008 | sa kabnar ago gagaw}} {{font color | #80f | na aya patot a di kapakasusurota}} {{font color | magenta | o omani isa}} {{font color | #f08 | ko kapakiphapagariya.}}</blockquote>
Cebuano:<blockquote style="font-weight:600">{{font color | red | Ang tanáng tawo}} {{font color | orange | kay gipakatawo}} {{font color | #880 | nga may kagawasan}} {{font color | #cc0 | ug managsama}} {{font color | yellowgreen | sa kaligdong}}. {{font color | teal | Silá}} {{font color | forestgreen | gigasahan}} {{font color | #008 | og pangisip ug tanlag}} {{font color | #80f | ug mag-ilhanáy}} {{font color | magenta | sa usá'g usá}} {{font color | #f08| sa diwà managsoon.}}</blockquote>
Tagalog:<blockquote style="font-weight:600">{{font color|red|Ang lahát ng tao'y}} {{font color|orange|isinilang}} {{font color|#880|na malayà}} {{font color|#cc0|at pantáy-pantáy}} {{font color|yellowgreen|sa karangalan at mga karapatán}}. {{font color|teal|Silá'y}} {{font color|forestgreen|pinagkalooban}} {{font color|#008|ng katwiran at budhî}} {{font color|#80f|at dapat magpalagayan}} {{font color|magenta|ang isa't isá}} {{font color|#f08|sa diwà ng pagkákápatiran.}}
</blockquote>
English:<blockquote style="font-weight:600">{{font color | red | All human beings}} {{font color | orange | are born}} {{font color | #880 | free}} {{font color | #cc0 | and equal}} {{font color | yellowgreen | in dignity and rights}}. {{font color | teal | They}} {{font color | forestgreen | are endowed}} {{font color | #008 | with reason and conscience}} {{font color | #80f | and should act}} {{font color | magenta | towards one another}} {{font color | #f08| in a spirit of brotherhood.}}</blockquote>

=== Noun phrases ===
These phrases were taken from Alonto's<ref name="Alonto et al. 2009" /> Maranao Drills.<br>
Legend: {{font color|#f00|topic}}, {{font color|#00f|direct object}}, {{font color|#080|indirect object}}, {{font color|#80f|possessive}}, {{font color|#880|verb}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
Topic
!Maranao
!Cebuano
!English
|-
|{{font color|#880|Pephamasa}} {{font color|#f00|so babay}} {{font color|#00f|sa seda.}}
|{{font color|#880|Gapalít}} {{font color|#f00|ang babaye}} {{font color|#00f|og isdà.}}
|{{font color|#f00|The woman}} {{font color|#880|is buying}} {{font color|#00f|fish.}}
|-
|{{font color|#880|Pephamasa}} {{font color|#f00|si Rocaya}} {{font color|#00f|sa seda.}}
|{{font color|#880|Gapalít}} {{font color|#f00|si Rocaya}} {{font color|#00f|og isdà.}}
|{{font color|#f00|Rocaya}} {{font color|#880|is buying}} {{font color|#00f|fish.}}
|-
|{{font color|#880|Pephamasa}} {{font color|#f00|siki Tearde}} {{font color|#00f|sa seda.}}
|{{font color|#880|Gapalít}} {{font color|#f00|siláng Tearde}} {{font color|#00f|og isdà.}}
|{{font color|#f00|Tearde and friends}} {{font color|#880|are buying}} {{font color|#00f|fish.}}
|-
|{{font color|#880|Pephamasa}} {{font color|#f00|ako}} {{font color|#00f|sa seda.}}
|{{font color|#880|Gapalít}} {{font color|#f00|ko}} {{font color|#00f|og isdà.}}
|{{font color|#f00|I}} {{font color|#880|am buying}} {{font color|#00f|fish.}}
|-
|{{font color|#880|Pephamasa}} {{font color|#f00|ka}} {{font color|#00f|sa seda.}}
|{{font color|#880|Gapalít}} {{font color|#f00|ka}} {{font color|#00f|og isdà.}}
|{{font color|#f00|You}} {{font color|#880|are buying}} {{font color|#00f|fish.}}
|-
|{{font color|#880|Pephamasa}} {{font color|#f00|sekaniyan}} {{font color|#00f|sa seda.}}
|{{font color|#880|Gapalít}} {{font color|#f00|silá}} {{font color|#00f|og isdà.}}
|{{font color|#f00|He/she}} {{font color|#880|is buying}} {{font color|#00f|fish.}}
|-
|{{font color|#880|Pephamasa}} {{font color|#f00|ta}} {{font color|#00f|sa seda.}}
|{{font color|#880|Gapalít}} {{font color|#f00|tang duhá}} {{font color|#00f|og isdà.}}
|{{font color|#f00|You and I}} {{font color|#880|are buying}} {{font color|#00f|fish.}}
|-
|{{font color|#880|Pephamasa}} {{font color|#f00|tano}} {{font color|#00f|sa seda.}}
|{{font color|#880|Gapalít}} {{font color|#f00|ta}} {{font color|#00f|og isdà.}}
|{{font color|#f00|We (all of us)}} {{font color|#880|are buying}} {{font color|#00f|fish.}}
|-
|{{font color|#880|Pephamasa}} {{font color|#f00|kami}} {{font color|#00f|sa seda.}}
|{{font color|#880|Gapalít}} {{font color|#f00|kamí}} {{font color|#00f|og isdà.}}
|{{font color|#f00|We (excl. you)}} {{font color|#880|are buying}} {{font color|#00f|fish.}}
|-
|{{font color|#880|Pephamasa}} {{font color|#f00|kano}} {{font color|#00f|sa seda.}}
|{{font color|#880|Gapalít}} {{font color|#f00|kitá}} {{font color|#00f|og isdà.}}
|{{font color|#f00|We (incl. you)}} {{font color|#880|are buying}} {{font color|#00f|fish.}}
|-
|{{font color|#880|Pephamasa}} {{font color|#f00|siran}} {{font color|#00f|sa seda.}}
|{{font color|#880|Gapalít}} {{font color|#f00|silá}} {{font color|#00f|og isdà.}}
|{{font color|#f00|They}} {{font color|#880|are buying}} {{font color|#00f|fish.}}
|-
|{{font color|#880|Pephamasa}} {{font color|#f00|aya}} {{font color|#00f|sa seda.}}
|{{font color|#880|Gapalít}} {{font color|#f00|ni siyá}} {{font color|#00f|og isdà.}}
|{{font color|#f00|This guy}} {{font color|#880|are buying}} {{font color|#00f|fish.}}
|-
|{{font color|#880|Pephamasa}} {{font color|#f00|nan}} {{font color|#00f|sa seda.}}
|{{font color|#880|Gapalít}} {{font color|#f00|nâ siyá}} {{font color|#00f|og isdà.}}
|{{font color|#f00|That guy near you}} {{font color|#880|is buying}} {{font color|#00f|fish.}}
|-
|{{font color|#880|Pephamasa}} {{font color|#f00|oto}} {{font color|#00f|sa seda.}}
|{{font color|#880|Gapalít}} {{font color|#f00|kató siyá}} {{font color|#00f|og isdà.}}
|{{font color|#f00|That guy over there}} {{font color|#880|is buying}} {{font color|#00f|fish.}}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
Possessive
!Maranao
!Cebuano
!English
|-
|{{font color|#880|Mala i arga}} {{font color|#f00|so bangkala}} {{font color|#80f|o maistra.}}
|{{font color|#880|Mahál}} {{font color|#f00|ang saninà}} {{font color|#80f|sa maestra.}}
|{{font color|#80f|The teacher's}} {{font color|#f00|clothes}} {{font color|#880|are expensive.}}
|-
|{{font color|#880|Mala i arga}} {{font color|#f00|so bangkala}} {{font color|#80f|i Akmad.}}
|{{font color|#880|Mahál}} {{font color|#f00|ang saninà}} {{font color|#80f|ni Akmad.}}
|{{font color|#80f|Akmad's}} {{font color|#f00|clothes}} {{font color|#880|are expensive.}}
|-
|{{font color|#880|Mala i arga}} {{font color|#f00|so bangkala}} {{font color|#80f|i kisi Akmad.}}
|{{font color|#880|Mahál}} {{font color|#f00|ang saninà}} {{font color|#80f|niláng Akmad.}}
|{{font color|#80f|Akmad and co.'s}} {{font color|#f00|clothes}} {{font color|#880|are expensive.}}
|-
|{{font color|#880|Mala i arga}} {{font color|#f00|so bangkala}} {{font color|#80f|aken.}}
|{{font color|#880|Mahál}} {{font color|#f00|ang saninà}} {{font color|#80f|nakò.}}
|{{font color|#80f|My}} {{font color|#f00|clothes}} {{font color|#880|are expensive.}}
|-
|{{font color|#880|Mala i arga}} {{font color|#f00|so bangkala}} {{font color|#80f|aka.}}
|{{font color|#880|Mahál}} {{font color|#f00|ang saninà}} {{font color|#80f|nimo.}}
|{{font color|#80f|Your}} {{font color|#f00|clothes}} {{font color|#880|are expensive.}}
|-
|{{font color|#880|Mala i arga}} {{font color|#f00|so bangkala}} {{font color|#80f|iyan.}}
|{{font color|#880|Mahál}} {{font color|#f00|ang saninà}} {{font color|#80f|niya.}}
|{{font color|#80f|His/her}} {{font color|#f00|clothes}} {{font color|#880|are expensive.}}
|-
|{{font color|#880|Mala i arga}} {{font color|#f00|so bangkala}} {{font color|#80f|ta.}}
|{{font color|#880|Mahál}} {{font color|#f00|ang saninà}} {{font color|#80f|natong duhá.}}
|{{font color|#80f|Our (you and me)}} {{font color|#f00|clothes}} {{font color|#880|are expensive.}}
|-
|{{font color|#880|Mala i arga}} {{font color|#f00|so bangkala}} {{font color|#80f|tano.}}
|{{font color|#880|Mahál}} {{font color|#f00|ang saninà}} {{font color|#80f|natò.}}
|{{font color|#80f|Our (all of us)}} {{font color|#f00|clothes}} {{font color|#880|are expensive.}}
|-
|{{font color|#880|Mala i arga}} {{font color|#f00|so bangkala}} {{font color|#80f|ami.}}
|{{font color|#880|Mahál}} {{font color|#f00|ang saninà}} {{font color|#80f|namò.}}
|{{font color|#80f|Our (excl. you)}} {{font color|#f00|clothes}} {{font color|#880|are expensive.}}
|-
|{{font color|#880|Mala i arga}} {{font color|#f00|so bangkala}} {{font color|#80f|iyo.}}
|{{font color|#880|Mahál}} {{font color|#f00|ang saninà}} {{font color|#80f|ninyo}}
|{{font color|#80f|Our (incl. you)}} {{font color|#f00|clothes}} {{font color|#880|are expensive.}}
|-
|{{font color|#880|Mala i arga}} {{font color|#f00|so bangkala}} {{font color|#80f|iran.}}
|{{font color|#880|Mahál}} {{font color|#f00|ang saninà}} {{font color|#80f|nila.}}
|{{font color|#80f|Their}} {{font color|#f00|clothes}} {{font color|#880|are expensive.}}
|-
|{{font color|#880|Mala i arga}} {{font color|#f80|a bangkala}} {{font color|#f00|ini.}}
|{{font color|#880|Mahál}} {{font color|#f00|ni}}  {{font color|#f80|nga sanina.}}
|{{font color|#f00|This}} {{font color|#f80|clothing}} {{font color|#880|is expensive.}}
|-
|{{font color|#880|Mala i arga}} {{font color|#f80|a bangkala}} {{font color|#f00|a nan.}}
|{{font color|#880|Mahál}} {{font color|#f00|nâ}}  {{font color|#f80|nga saninà.}}
|{{font color|#f00|That (with you)}} {{font color|#f80|clothing}} {{font color|#880|is expensive.}}
|-
|{{font color|#880|Mala i arga}} {{font color|#f80|a bangkala}} {{font color|#f00|oto.}}
|{{font color|#880|Mahál}} {{font color|#f00|to}}  {{font color|#f80|nga saninà.}}
|{{font color|#f00|That (over there)}} {{font color|#f80|clothing}} {{font color|#880|is expensive.}}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
Referent
!Maranao
!Cebuano
!English
|-
|{{font color|#880|Somiyong}} {{font color|#f00|so panginginseda}} {{font color|#080|sa maistra.}}
|{{font color|#880|Miadto}} {{font color|#f00|ang mangingisdà}} {{font color|#080|sa maistra.}}
|{{font color|#f00|The fisherman}} {{font color|#880|went}} {{font color|#080|to the teacher.}}
|-
|{{font color|#880|Somiyong}} {{font color|#f00|so panginginseda}} {{font color|#080|ki Akmad.}}
|{{font color|#880|Miadto}} {{font color|#f00|ang mangingisdà}} {{font color|#080|kang Akmad.}}
|{{font color|#f00|The fisherman}} {{font color|#880|went}} {{font color|#080|to Akmad.}}
|-
|{{font color|#880|Somiyong}} {{font color|#f00|so panginginseda}} {{font color|#080|sa kisi Akmad.}}
|{{font color|#880|Miadto}} {{font color|#f00|ang mangingisdà}} {{font color|#080|ilang Akmad.}}
|{{font color|#f00|The fisherman}} {{font color|#880|went}} {{font color|#080|to Akmad and family/friends.}}
|-
|{{font color|#880|Somiyong}} {{font color|#f00|so panginginseda}} {{font color|#080|sii raken.}}
|{{font color|#880|Miadto}} {{font color|#f00|ang mangingisdà}} {{font color|#080|sa akoa.}}
|{{font color|#f00|The fisherman}} {{font color|#880|went}} {{font color|#080|to me.}}
|-
|{{font color|#880|Somiyong}} {{font color|#f00|so panginginseda}} {{font color|#080|sa reka.}}
|{{font color|#880|Miadto}} {{font color|#f00|ang mangingisdà}} {{font color|#080|sa imoha.}}
|{{font color|#f00|The fisherman}} {{font color|#880|went}} {{font color|#080|to you.}}
|-
|{{font color|#880|Somiyong}} {{font color|#f00|so panginginseda}} {{font color|#080|sa rekaniyan.}}
|{{font color|#880|Miadto}} {{font color|#f00|ang mangingisdà}} {{font color|#080|sa iyaha.}}
|{{font color|#f00|The fisherman}} {{font color|#880|went}} {{font color|#080|to him/her.}}
|-
|{{font color|#880|Somiyong}} {{font color|#f00|so panginginseda}} {{font color|#080|sii rektano.}}
|{{font color|#880|Miadto}} {{font color|#f00|ang mangingisdà}} {{font color|#080|sa atoa.}}
|{{font color|#f00|The fisherman}} {{font color|#880|went}} {{font color|#080|to us.}}
|-
|{{font color|#880|Somiyong}} {{font color|#f00|so panginginseda}} {{font color|#080|sii rekami.}}
|{{font color|#880|Miadto}} {{font color|#f00|ang mangingisdà}} {{font color|#080|sa amoa.}}
|{{font color|#f00|The fisherman}} {{font color|#880|went}} {{font color|#080|to ours.}}
|-
|{{font color|#880|Somiyong}} {{font color|#f00|so panginginseda}} {{font color|#080|sa rekiyo.}}
|{{font color|#880|Miadto}} {{font color|#f00|ang mangingisdà}} {{font color|#080|sa inyoha.}}
|{{font color|#f00|The fisherman}} {{font color|#880|went}} {{font color|#080|to yours.}}
|-
|{{font color|#880|Somiyong}} {{font color|#f00|so panginginseda}} {{font color|#080|sa rekiran.}}
|{{font color|#880|Miadto}} {{font color|#f00|ang mangingisdà}} {{font color|#080|sa ilaha.}}
|{{font color|#f00|The fisherman}} {{font color|#880|went}} {{font color|#080|to their house.}}
|-
|{{font color|#880|Somiyong}} {{font color|#f00|so panginginseda}} {{font color|#080|saya.}}
|{{font color|#880|Miadto}} {{font color|#f00|ang mangingisda}} {{font color|#080|dirí/dinhí.}}
|{{font color|#f00|The fisherman}} {{font color|#880|went}} {{font color|#080|here.}}
|-
|{{font color|#880|Somiyong}} {{font color|#f00|so panginginseda}} {{font color|#080|san.}}
|{{font color|#880|Miadto}} {{font color|#f00|ang mangingisdà}} {{font color|#080|dirâ/dinhâ.}}
|{{font color|#f00|The fisherman}} {{font color|#880|went}} {{font color|#080|there (near you).}}
|-
|{{font color|#880|Somiyong}} {{font color|#f00|so panginginseda}} {{font color|#080|roo.}}
|{{font color|#880|Miadto}} {{font color|#f00|ang mangingisdà}} {{font color|#080|didto/diadto.}}
|{{font color|#f00|The fisherman}} {{font color|#880|went}} {{font color|#080|there (far away).}}
|}

=== Time and Space ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
Time
!Maranao
!Cebuano
!English
|-
| rowspan="2" |{{font color|#f08|Anda}} {{font color|#f00|i kiyapakaoma}} {{font color|#80f|ngka}} {{font color|#080|sa Marawi?}}
|{{font color|#f08|Anus-a}}{{font color|#f00|'y balik}} {{font color|#80f|nimo}} {{font color|#080|sa Marawi?}} ''(Literal)''
|{{font color|#f08|When was}} {{font color|#80f|your}} {{font color|#f00|arrival}} {{font color|#080|in Marawi?}} ''(Literal)''
|-
|Kanus-a ra ka mibalik og Marawi? ''(Actual)''
|When did you arrive here in Marawi? ''(Actual)''
|-
|{{font color|#808|Isako}} {{font color|#f00|Isnin.}}
|{{font color|#808|Atóng miaging}} {{font color|#f00|Lunes.}}
|{{font color|#808|Last}} {{font color|#f00|Monday.}}
|-
|{{font color|#808|Isako}} {{font color|#f00|Salasa.}}
|{{font color|#808|Atóng miaging}} {{font color|#f00|Martes.}}
|{{font color|#808|Last}} {{font color|#f00|Tuesday.}}
|-
|{{font color|#808|Isako}} {{font color|#f00|Arbaa.}}
|{{font color|#808|Atóng miaging}} {{font color|#f00|Mirkules.}}
|{{font color|#808|Last}} {{font color|#f00|Wednesday.}}
|-
|{{font color|#808|Isako}} {{font color|#f00|Kamis.}}
|{{font color|#808|Atóng miaging}} {{font color|#f00|Huybes.}}
|{{font color|#808|Last}} {{font color|#f00|Thursday.}}
|-
|{{font color|#808|Isako}} {{font color|#f00|Diyamaat.}}
|{{font color|#808|Atóng miaging}} {{font color|#f00|Biyernes.}}
|{{font color|#808|Last}} {{font color|#f00|Friday.}}
|-
|{{font color|#808|Isako}} {{font color|#f00|Sapto.}}
|{{font color|#808|Atóng miaging}} {{font color|#f00|Sabado.}}
|{{font color|#808|Last}} {{font color|#f00|Saturday.}}
|-
|{{font color|#808|Isako}} {{font color|#f00|Akad.}}
|{{font color|#808|Atóng miaging}} {{font color|#f00|Dominggo.}}
|{{font color|#808|Last}} {{font color|#f00|Sunday.}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |{{font color|#f08|Antonaa oras}} {{font color|#f00|i kiyasong}} {{font color|#80f|ka}} {{font color|#080|sa sine?}}
|{{font color|#f08|Unsa nga oras}} {{font color|#f00|ang pag-adto}} {{font color|#80f|nimo}} {{font color|#080|sa sinehán?}} ''(Literal)''
|{{font color|#f08|What time was}} {{font color|#80f|your}} {{font color|#f00|travel}} {{font color|#080|to the movies?}}''(Literal)''
|-
|Unsang orasa ka miadto sa sinehán? ''(Actual)''
|What time did you go to the movies? ''(Actual)''
|-
|{{font color|#808|Manga}} {{font color|#f00|ala una i midiya .}}
|{{font color|#808|Mga}} {{font color|#f00|ala una i midiya .}}
|{{font color|#808|Around}} {{font color|#f00|one thirty.}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |{{font color|#f08|Anda}} {{font color|#f00|i kambaling}} {{font color|#80f|ka}} {{font color|#080|sa Amerika?}}
|{{font color|#f08|Kanus-a}} {{font color|#f00|ang pagbalik}} {{font color|#80f|nimo}} {{font color|#080|sa Amerika?}} ''(Literal)''
|{{font color|#f08|When will}} {{font color|#80f|your}} {{font color|#f00|return}} {{font color|#080|to America}} {{font color|#f08|be?}}''(Literal)''
|-
|Kanus-a ka mobalik og Amerika? ''(Actual)''
|When will you return to Amerika? ''(Actual)''
|-
| rowspan="2" |{{font color|#f08|Anda}} {{font color|#f00|i kiyabaling}} {{font color|#80f|ka}} {{font color|#080|sa Amerika}} {{font color|#4c0|poon sa Saudi?}}
|{{font color|#f08|Anus-a}} {{font color|#f00|ang balik}} {{font color|#80f|nimo}} {{font color|#080|sa Amerika}} {{font color|#4c0|gikan sa Saudi?}}''(Literal)''
|{{font color|#f08|When was}} {{font color|#80f|your}} {{font color|#f00|return}} {{font color|#4c0|from Saudi}} {{font color|#080|to America?}}''(Literal)''
|-
|Anus-a ra ka mibalik sa Amerika gikan og Saudi? ''(Actual)''
|When did you return to America from Saudi? ''(Actual)''
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Space
!Maranao
!Cebuano
!English
|-
|{{font color|#080|sa liwawaw}} {{font color|#80f|a lamisan}}
|{{font color|#080|sa ibabaw/taas}} {{font color|#80f|sa lamisa}}
|{{font color|#080|on top}} {{font color|#80f|of the table}}
|-
|{{font color|#080|sa dilalem}} {{font color|#80f|a lamisan}}
|{{font color|#080|sa ilalom}} {{font color|#80f|sa lamisa}}
|{{font color|#080|beneath}} {{font color|#80f|of the table}}
|-
|{{font color|#080|sa kilid}} {{font color|#80f|a lamisan}}
|{{font color|#080|sa kilid}} {{font color|#80f|sa lamisa}}
|{{font color|#080|to the side}} {{font color|#80f|of the table}}
|-
|{{font color|#080|sa poro}} {{font color|#80f|a lamisan}}
|{{font color|#080|sa suok}} {{font color|#80f|sa lamisa}}
|{{font color|#080|on the corner}} {{font color|#80f|of the table}}
|-
|{{font color|#080|sa diwang}} {{font color|#80f|a lamisan}}
|{{font color|#080|sa walá}} {{font color|#80f|sa lamisa}}
|{{font color|#080|to the left}} {{font color|#80f|of the table}}
|-
|{{font color|#080|sa kawanan}} {{font color|#80f|a lamisan}}
|{{font color|#080|sa tuó}} {{font color|#80f|sa lamisa}}
|{{font color|#080|to the right}} {{font color|#80f|of the table}}
|-
|{{font color|#080|sa soled}} {{font color|#80f|a Masgit}}
|{{font color|#080|sa sulód}} {{font color|#80f|sa Mosque}}
|{{font color|#080|inside}} {{font color|#80f|of the Mosque}}
|-
|{{font color|#080|sa liyo}} {{font color|#80f|a Masgit}}
|{{font color|#080|sa gawás}} {{font color|#80f|sa Mosque}}
|{{font color|#080|outside}} {{font color|#80f|of the Mosque}}
|-
|{{font color|#080|sa una-an}} {{font color|#80f|a Masgit}}
|{{font color|#080|sa unahan}} {{font color|#80f|sa Mosque}}
|{{font color|#080|just past}} {{font color|#80f|the Mosque}}
|-
|{{font color|#080|sa talikudan}} {{font color|#80f|a Masgit}}
|{{font color|#080|sa likód/luyó}} {{font color|#80f|sa Mosque}}
|{{font color|#080|behind}} {{font color|#80f|of the Mosque}}
|-
|{{font color|#080|sa pantag}} {{font color|#80f|a Masgit}}
|{{font color|#080|sa atubangan}} {{font color|#80f|sa Mosque}}
|{{font color|#080|in front}} {{font color|#80f|of the Mosque}}
|}

=== Verbs and Time ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
Time
!Maranao
!Cebuano
!English
|-
|{{font color|#880|Mbaling}} {{font color|#f00|siran}} {{font color|#808|imanto.}}
|
|{{font color|#f00|They}} {{font color|#880|are going home}} {{font color|#808|now.}}
|-
|{{font color|#880|Phaginom}} {{font color|#f00|siran}} {{font color|#808|oman gawii.}}
|
|{{font color|#f00|They}} {{font color|#880|drink}} {{font color|#808|every day.}}
|-
|{{font color|#880|Mitharo}} {{font color|#f00|siran}} {{font color|#808|kagai.}}
|
|{{font color|#f00|They}} {{font color|#880|spoke}} {{font color|#808|yesterday.}}
|-
|{{font color|#880|Pelalakaw}} {{font color|#f00|siran}} {{font color|#808|roo mapita.}}
|
|{{font color|#f00|They}} {{font color|#880|will walk}} {{font color|#808|tomorrow.}}
|-
|{{font color|#880|Miyakasong}} {{font color|#f00|siran}} {{font color|#808|roo den.}}
|
|{{font color|#f00|They}} {{font color|#880|have gone}} {{font color|#808|there already.}}
|-
|{{font color|#880|Miyakailay}} {{font color|#f00|ako}} {{font color|#808|den.}} {{font color|#080|sa totul.}}
|
|{{font color|#f00|I}} {{font color|#880|was able to see}} {{font color|#080|the report.}}
|-
|{{font color|#880|Miyakailay}} {{font color|#f00|ako}} {{font color|#080|sa pirak}} {{font color|#460|sa lalan.}}
|
|{{font color|#f00|I}} {{font color|#880|happened to see}} {{font color|#080|some money}} {{font color|#460|on the road.}}
|-
|{{font color|#880|Makapengadi}} {{font color|#808|pen}} {{font color|#f00|siran.}}
|
|{{font color|#f00|They}} {{font color|#880|can {{font color|#808|still}} study.}}
|-
|{{font color|#880|Petero}} {{font color|#f00|kano}} {{font color|#80c|pasin.}}
|
|{{font color|#80c|Please}} {{font color|#880|speak{{font color|#f00|, (you guys)}}.}} 
|}

=== Negatives ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
Time
!Type
!Maranao
!Cebuano
!English
|-
|Present / Progressive
|{{font color|#880|Penggalebek}} {{font color|#f00|ka}} {{font color|#808|oman gawii?}}
|{{font color|#880|Gatrabaho}} {{font color|#f00|ka}} {{font color|#808|kada adlaw?}}
|{{font color|#880|Do {{font color|#f00|you}} work}} {{font color|#808|every day?}}
|-
|
|{{font color|#f80|Di!}}
|{{font color|#f80|Dilì!}}
|{{font color|#f80|No, I don't!}}
|-
|Past
|{{font color|#880|Mitharo}} {{font color|#f00|ka}} {{font color|#808|kagiya?}}
|{{font color|#880|Misturya}} {{font color|#f00|ka}} {{font color|#808|kaganina?}}
|{{font color|#880|Did {{font color|#f00|you}} speak}} {{font color|#808|a while ago?}}
|-
|
|{{font color|#f80|Da!}}
|{{font color|#f80|Walâ!}}
|{{font color|#f80|No, I didn't!}}
|-
|Future
|{{font color|#880|Phatawag}} {{font color|#f00|ka}} {{font color|#808|roo imanto?}}
|{{font color|#880|Motawag}} {{font color|#f00|ka}} {{font color|#808|unyâ?}}
|{{font color|#880|Will {{font color|#f00|you}} call}} {{font color|#808|later on?}}
|-
|
|{{font color|#f80|Di!}}
|{{font color|#f80|Dilì!}}
|{{font color|#f80|No, I won't!}}
|-
|Possessions
|{{font color|#880|Aden}} {{font color|#008|a karoma}} {{font color|#f00|ngka?}}
|{{font color|#880|Aduna}} ba {{font color|#f00|ka}}{{font color|#008|'y asawa?}}
|{{font color|#880|Do {{font color|#f00|you}} have}} {{font color|#808|a wife?}}
|-
|
|{{font color|#f80|Da!}}
|{{font color|#f80|Walâ!}}
|{{font color|#f80|No, I don't have!}}
|-
|Qualities
|{{font color|#880|Abogado}} {{font color|#f00|ka}}besen?
|{{font color|#880|Abogado}} ba {{font color|#f00|ka?}} 
|{{font color|#880|Are {{font color|#f00|you}} a lawyer?}}
|-
|
|{{font color|#f80|Di!}}
|{{font color|#f80|Dilì!}}
|{{font color|#f80|No, I'm not!}}
|}

=== Manga, A, Aden, Da ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
Time
!Maranao
!Cebuano
!English
|-
|{{font color|#880|Piyamasa}} {{font color|#f00|aken}} {{font color|#080|so manga seda.}}
|{{font color|#880|Palitón}} {{font color|#f00|nakò}} {{font color|#080|ang mga isdà.}}
|{{font color|#f00|I}} {{font color|#880|am buying}} {{font color|#080|fish.}}
|-
|{{font color|#fc0|Mapiya}} {{font color|#888|a}} {{font color|#f0c|mayor}} {{font color|#f00|si Akmad.}}
|{{font color|#fc0|Maayo}} {{font color|#888|nga}} {{font color|#f0c|mayór}} {{font color|#f00|si Akmad.}} 
|{{font color|#f00|Akmad}} is a {{font color|#f0c|good}} {{font color|#fc0|mayor.}}
|-
| rowspan=2 |{{font color|#880|Aden a}} {{font color|#800|maistro}} {{font color|#c0f|aken.}}
|{{font color|#880|Anaa}} {{font color|#800|ang maistro}} {{font color|#c0f|nako.}}  (Literal)
|{{font color|#c0f|My}} {{font color|#800|teacher}} {{font color|#880|exists}} (Literal)
|-
|{{font color|#880|Aduna}} {{font color|#f00|ko}}{{font color|#800|'y maistro.}} (Actual)
|{{font color|#f00|I}} {{font color|#880|have}} {{font color|#800|a teacher.}} (Actual)
|-
| rowspan=2 |{{font color|#880|Da a}} {{font color|#800|kwarta}} {{font color|#c0f|aken.}}
|{{font color|#880|Walâ}} {{font color|#800|ang kwarta}} {{font color|#c0f|nako.}}  (Literal)
|{{font color|#c0f|My}} {{font color|#800|money}} {{font color|#880|does not exist.}} (Literal)
|-
|{{font color|#880|Walâ}} {{font color|#f00|ko}}{{font color|#800|'y kwarta.}} (Actual)
|{{font color|#f00|I}} {{font color|#880|don't have}} {{font color|#800|money.}} (Actual)
|}

=== Object-focus Sentences ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
Time
!Tense
!Maranao
!Cebuano
!English
|-
|Present
|{{font color|#880|Pemasaan}} {{font color|#00f|ko}} {{font color|#f00|so libro.}}
|{{font color|#880|Palitón}} {{font color|#00f|nakò}} {{font color|#f00|ang libro.}}
|{{font color|#00f|I}} {{font color|#880|am buying}} {{font color|#f00|book.}}
|-
|Past
|{{font color|#880|Pipesa}} {{font color|#00f|ko}} {{font color|#f00|so walay.}}
|{{font color|#880|Gibaligyà}} {{font color|#00f|nakò}} {{font color|#f00|ang baláy.}}
|{{font color|#00f|I}} {{font color|#880|sold}} {{font color|#f00|the house.}}
|-
|Present
|{{font color|#880|Pemasaan}} {{font color|#00f|aken}} {{font color|#f00|so libro.}}
|{{font color|#880|Palitón}} {{font color|#00f|nakò}} {{font color|#f00|ang libro.}}
|{{font color|#00f|I}} {{font color|#880|am buying}} {{font color|#f00|book.}}
|-
|Past
|{{font color|#880|Piyamasa}} {{font color|#00f|aken}} {{font color|#f00|so kamays.}}
|{{font color|#880|Palitón}} {{font color|#00f|nako}} {{font color|#f00|ang mais.}}
|{{font color|#00f|I}} {{font color|#880|bought}} {{font color|#f00|the corn.}}
|-
|Future (-en)
|{{font color|#880|Barbikiun}} {{font color|#f00|giya i.}}
|{{font color|#880|Barbikyuhon}} {{font color|#00f|nakò}} {{font color|#f00|ni.}}
|{{font color|#00f|I}} {{font color|#880|will barbecue}} {{font color|#f00|this.}}
|-
|Future (-en)
|{{font color|#880|Kupiyaan}}<ref group="ObjVerb">The /e/ was assimilated as [a] due to -a from "kupiya."</ref> {{font color|#f00|giya i.}}
|{{font color|#880|Kopyahon}} {{font color|#00f|nakò}} {{font color|#f00|ni.}}
|{{font color|#00f|I}} {{font color|#880|will copy}} {{font color|#f00|this.}}
|-
|Future (i-)
|{{font color|#880|Ipelebeng}} {{font color|#00f|aken}} {{font color|#f00|anan.}}
|{{font color|#880|Ilubóng}} {{font color|#00f|nakò}} {{font color|#f00|nâ.}}
|{{font color|#00f|I}} {{font color|#880|will say}} {{font color|#f00|that.}}
|-
|Future (i-)
|{{font color|#880|Imbegay}} {{font color|#00f|aken}} {{font color|#f00|anan.}}
|{{font color|#880|Ihatag}} {{font color|#00f|nakò}} {{font color|#f00|nâ.}}
|{{font color|#00f|I}} {{font color|#880|will barbecue}} {{font color|#f00|that.}}
|-
|Future (-an)
|{{font color|#880|Pembisitaan}} {{font color|#00f|aken}} {{font color|#f00|anan.}}
|{{font color|#880|Bisitahan}} {{font color|#00f|nakò}} {{font color|#f00|nâ.}}
|{{font color|#00f|I}} {{font color|#880|will visit}} {{font color|#f00|that.}}
|-
|Future (-an)
|{{font color|#880|Bayadan}} {{font color|#00f|aken}} {{font color|#f00|anan.}}
|{{font color|#880|Bayran}} {{font color|#00f|nakò}} {{font color|#f00|nâ.}}
|{{font color|#00f|I}} {{font color|#880|will pay}} {{font color|#f00|that.}}
|-
|Command (-a)
|{{font color|#880|Pageda}} {{font color|#00f|ngka}} {{font color|#f00|ini.}}
|{{font color|#880|Sakyi}} {{font color|#f00|ni.}}
|{{font color|#880|Ride}} {{font color|#f00|this.}}
|-
|Command (-an)
|{{font color|#880|Sigopan}} {{font color|#00f|angka}} {{font color|#f00|nan.}}
|{{font color|#880|Suyopi}} {{font color|#f00|nâ.}}
|{{font color|#880|Smoke}} {{font color|#f00|that.}}
|-
|Command (-i)
|{{font color|#880|Galidi}} {{font color|#00f|ngka}} {{font color|#f00|nan.}}
|{{font color|#880|Aniha}} {{font color|#f00|nâ.}}
|{{font color|#880|Harvest}} {{font color|#f00|that.}}

|-
| colspan=4 |

===Notes===
{{reflist| group="ObjVerb"
}}
|}

== See also ==
*[[Languages of the Philippines]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.bansa.org/dictionaries/mrw/ Bansa.org],  Maranao Dictionary
*[https://www.omniglot.com/writing/maranao.htm Maranao at Omniglot]
*[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Maranao_language Maranao at Wiktionary]
*The files for a Maranao lexical database with English glosses are archived with [[Kaipuleohone]] {{hdl|10125/40873}}
*[http://sealang.net/maranao/ SEAlang Library Maranao Resources]
*[https://philippines.sil.org/resources/online_resources/mrw SIL Philippines Maranao - English Dictionary]

{{Philippine languages}}
{{Languages of the Philippines}}
{{Languages of Malaysia}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Danao languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Lanao del Sur]]
[[Category:Languages of Lanao del Norte]]
[[Category:Languages of the Philippines]]
[[Category:Languages of Sabah]]
[[Category:Languages of Malaysia]]