Editing Marginalia

{{Use American English|date=December 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Short description|Marks made in margins of book pages}}
{{About||the collection of short stories, essays, biography, and poetry|Marginalia (collection){{!}}''Marginalia'' (collection)|the international convention on documents|Apostille convention}}

[[File:Kirchhofer Wahrheit und Dichtung 019.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|This piece of ''Wahrheit und Dichtung'' by [[Melchior Kirchhofer]] has pencil notes that might have been written by [[Josef Eiselein]].]]
[[File:Codiceemil.jpg|thumb|The [[Glosas Emilianenses]] are [[gloss (annotation)|glosses]] added to this Latin codex that are considered the oldest surviving phrases written in the [[Castilian language]].]]
[[File:Sargis Pitsak.jpg|thumb|A page from an illuminated [[Armenian language|Armenian]] manuscript with painted marginalia]]

'''Marginalia''' (or '''apostils''') are marks made in the [[margin (typography)|margins]] of a [[book]] or other document. They may be scribbles, comments, [[gloss (annotation)|glosses (annotations)]], [[critique]]s, [[doodle]]s, [[drolleries]], or [[illuminated manuscript|illuminations]].

==Biblical manuscripts==
Biblical manuscripts have notes in the margin, for liturgical use. Numbers of texts' divisions are given at the margin ({{lang|grc|κεφάλαια}}, Ammonian Sections, [[Eusebian Canons]]). There are some [[scholia]], corrections and other notes usually made later by hand in the margin. Marginalia may also be of relevance because many ancient or medieval writers of marginalia may have had access to other relevant texts that, although they may have been widely copied at the time, have since then been lost due to wars, prosecution, or censorship. As such, they might give clues to an earlier, more widely known context of the extant form of the underlying text than is currently appreciated. For this reason, scholars of ancient texts usually try to find as many still existing manuscripts of the texts they are researching, because the notes scribbled in the margin might contain additional clues to the interpretation of these texts.

==History==
[[File:Marginalia_en_Roman_de_la_Rose.jpg|thumb|Marginalia from {{Lang|fro|[[Roman de la Rose]]}}]]
The scholia on classical manuscripts are the earliest known form of marginalia.

In Europe, before the invention of the printing press, books were copied by hand, originally onto [[vellum]] and later onto [[paper]]. Paper was expensive and vellum was much more expensive. A single book cost as much as a house. Books, therefore, were long-term investments expected to be handed down to succeeding generations. Readers commonly wrote notes in the margins of books in order to enhance the understanding of later readers. Of the 52 extant [[manuscript]] copies of [[Lucretius]]' "De rerum natura" (On the Nature of Things) available to scholars, all but three contain marginal notes.<ref name=Palmer/>

The practice of writing in the margins of books gradually declined over several centuries after the invention of the printing press. Printed books gradually became much less expensive, so they were no longer regarded as long-term assets to be improved for succeeding generations. The first Gutenberg Bible was printed in the 1450s. Hand annotations occur in most surviving books through the end of the 1500s.<ref name=Palmer/> Marginalia did not become unusual until sometime in the 1800s.

Fermat's claim, written around 1637, of a proof of [[Fermat's Last Theorem#Fermat's conjecture|Fermat's last theorem]] too big to fit in the margin is the most famous mathematical marginal note.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Simon |title=[[Fermat's Enigma: The Epic Quest to Solve the World's Greatest Mathematical Problem]] |publisher=Fourth Estate Ltd |year=1997 |isbn=0-385-49362-2 |author-link=Simon Singh}}</ref> Voltaire, in the 1700s, annotated books in his library so extensively that his annotations have been collected and published.<ref name=Voltaire/> The first recorded use of the word ''marginalia'' is in 1819 in ''[[Blackwood's Magazine]]''.<ref>{{OED| marginalia}}</ref> From 1845 to 1849 [[Edgar Allan Poe]] titled some of his reflections and fragmentary material "Marginalia".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Edgar Allan Poe Society of Baltimore - Works - Misc - Marginalia |url=http://www.eapoe.org/works/info/pmmar.htm |access-date=22 November 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=July 1846 |title=Poe, Edgar Allan. "Marginalia" |journal=The Democratic Review |location=New York |publisher=Thomas Prentice Kettell |volume=XIX |issue=97 |page=30}}</ref> Five volumes of [[Samuel T. Coleridge]]'s marginalia have been published. Beginning in the 1990s, attempts have been made to design and market [[e-book]] devices permitting a limited form of marginalia.

Some famous marginalia were serious works, or drafts thereof, written in margins due to scarcity of paper. Voltaire composed in book margins while in prison, and Sir [[Walter Raleigh]] wrote a personal statement in margins just before his execution. 
[[File:The Democratic Review Poe July 1846.jpg|thumb|"Marginalia" by Edgar Allan Poe appeared in ''The Democratic Review'', July 1846, published by Thomas Prentice Kettell.]]

==Recent studies==
Marginalia can add to or detract from the value of an [[association copy]] of a book, depending on the author of the marginalia and on the book.

Catherine C. Marshall, doing research on the future of [[user interface]] design, has studied the phenomenon of user annotation of texts. She discovered that in several university departments, students would scour the piles of textbooks at used book dealers for consistently annotated copies. The students had a good appreciation for their predecessors' distillation of knowledge.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Seeing the picture - Crowdsourcing annotations for books (and eBooks) |url=http://blog.lib.uiowa.edu/hardinmd/2009/06/08/crowdsourcing-annotations-for-books-and-ebooks/ |access-date=3 July 2011 |website=Blog |publisher=University of Iowa Libraries |archive-date=16 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716155015/http://blog.lib.uiowa.edu/hardinmd/2009/06/08/crowdsourcing-annotations-for-books-and-ebooks/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Marshall |first=Cathy |title=From Personal to Shared Annotations |url=http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/~marshall/CCM-AJB.pdf |access-date=3 July 2011 |publisher=Texas A&M University |archive-date=18 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100618230519/http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/~marshall/CCM-AJB.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 March 1998 |title=Social Annotations in Digital Library Collections |url=http://www.dlib.org/dlib/november08/gazan/11gazan.html |access-date=3 July 2011 |publisher=D-Lib Magazine}}</ref> In recent years, the marginalia left behind by university students as they engage with library textbooks has also been a topic of interest to sociologists looking to understand the experience of being a university student.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Attenborough |first=F. |date=2011 |title='I don't f***ing care': marginalia and the (textual) negotiation of an academic identity by university students |journal=Discourse & Communication |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=99–121 |doi=10.1177/1750481310395447 |s2cid=145516751}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Attenborough |first1=F. |last2=Stokoe |first2=E. |date=2012 |title=Student Life; Student Identity; Student Experience: Ethnomethodological Methods for Pedagogical Matters |journal=Psychology, Learning & Teaching |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=6–21 |doi=10.2304/plat.2012.11.1.6 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

The former Moscow correspondent of ''The Financial Times'', John Lloyd, has stated that he was shown [[Stalin]]'s copy of [[Machiavelli]]'s ''[[The Prince]]'', with marginal comments.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Flintoff |first=John-Paul |title=[[A Modest Book About How To Make An Adequate Speech]] |publisher=Short Books |year=2021 |isbn=978-1-78072-456-0 |author-link=John-Paul Flintoff}}</ref>

American poet [[Billy Collins]] has explored the phenomenon of annotation within his poem titled "Marginalia".<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 December 2017 |title=Marginalia by Billy Collins |url=https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poetrymagazine/browse?volume=167&issue=5&page=5 |website=Poetry Foundation}}</ref>

In the last thirty years or so, many efforts have been made to analyze and understand marginalia found within [[Illuminated manuscript]]s. However, multiple theories exist as to its function and meaning within context. One study on medieval and Renaissance manuscripts where snails are depicted on marginalia shows that these illustrations are a comic relief due to the similarity between the armor of knights and the shell of snails.<ref>Monge-Nájera, J. (2019). Pulmonate snails as marginalia in medieval and Renaissance manuscripts: a review of hypotheses. Darwin In Memoriam: History of Science. BLOG RPT. <nowiki>https://revistas.ucr.ac.cr/index.php/rbt/article/view/38872</nowiki></ref><ref>Pyrdum, C. (2009). What’s So Funny about Knights and Snails? Retrieved from <nowiki>https://bit.ly/2ZyqcV3</nowiki></ref><ref>Biggs, S. J. (2013). Knight v. snail. Medieval manuscripts blog. Retrieved from <nowiki>http://bit.ly/1anPrw0</nowiki></ref>Other studies of marginalia indicate it was used to provide additional commentary and support for surrounding text. Some types of marginalia may have also been a scribe’s form of artistic expression and skill while others were deliberate exaggerations to humor and entertain the reader. In addition, other marginalia may have existed as moral guides, providing bad examples of what behaviors should not be imitated. Lastly, some manuscript scholars believe medieval illuminators utilized marginalia due to fear of empty space left on pages or simply to supply a form of ornate meaningless distraction for the reader.<ref>{{Cite web |title=More Gorleston Psalter 'Virility': Profane Images in a Sacred Space |url=https://blogs.bl.uk/digitisedmanuscripts/2012/10/more-gorleston-psalter-virility-profane-images-in-a-sacred-space.html |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=blogs.bl.uk |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Burgess |first=Anika |date=2017-05-09 |title=The Strange and Grotesque Doodles in the Margins of Medieval Books |url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/medieval-marginalia-books-doodles |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=Atlas Obscura |language=en}}</ref>Other examples of marginalia found within medieval manuscripts include drawings of centaurs, warrior women, battles between cats and mice, parables from biblical texts, personified foxes, rabbits, and monkeys, and hidden words and messages buried within border decorations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ludicrous figures in the margin |url=https://blogs.bl.uk/digitisedmanuscripts/2020/08/ludicrous-figures-in-the-margin.html |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=blogs.bl.uk |language=en}}</ref>

==Writers known for their marginalia==
*[[David Foster Wallace]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Harry Ransom Center |url=http://www.hrc.utexas.edu/press/releases/2010/dfw/books/ |access-date=3 July 2011 |publisher=University of Texas}}</ref>
*[[Edgar Allan Poe]]
*[[Herman Melville]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Melville Marginalia Online |url=http://melvillesmarginalia.org/ |access-date=3 July 2011 |publisher=MelvillesMarginalia.org}}</ref>
* [[Isaac Newton]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Joalland |first=Michael |date=2019 |title=Isaac Newton Reads the King James Version: The Marginal Notes and Reading Marks of a Natural Philosopher |journal=The Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America |volume=113 |issue=3 |pages=297–339 |doi=10.1086/704518 |s2cid=202388890}}</ref>
*[[John Adams]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jackson |first=H. J. |title=John Adams's Marginalia, Then and Now |url=http://adamsjefferson.com/papers/adams_marginalia_jackson.pdf |access-date=16 October 2013 |archive-date=16 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016035148/http://adamsjefferson.com/papers/adams_marginalia_jackson.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*[[Machiavelli]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=The rediscovery of this writer in the Renaissance opened the way to the modern world (and, more important, the invention of political science) |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2015/08/22/the-rediscovery-of-this-writer-in-the-renaissance-opened-the-way-to-the-modern-world-and-more-importantly-the-invention-of-political-science/ |access-date=24 March 2021}}</ref><ref name="Palmer">{{Cite book |last=Palmer |first=Ada |title=Reading Lucretius in the Renaissance |date=13 October 2014 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=9780674725577 |author-link=Ada Palmer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Palmer |first=Ada |date=23 July 2012 |title=Reading Lucretius in the Renaissance |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/481417/pdf |volume=73 |pages=412–413 |periodical=Journal of the History of Ideas |number=3}}</ref>
*[[Mark Twain]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 January 2010 |title=Mark Twain's Marginalia |url=http://marktwainhouse.blogspot.com/2010/01/mark-twains-marginalia.html |access-date=3 July 2011 |publisher=blogspot.com}}</ref>
*[[Michel de Montaigne]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Palmer |first=Ada |date=23 July 2012 |title=Reading Lucretius in the Renaissance |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/481417/pdf |volume=73 |page=415 |periodical=Journal of the History of Ideas |number=3}}</ref>
*[[Oscar Wilde]]
*[[Pierre de Fermat]]
*[[Samuel T. Coleridge]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://press.princeton.edu/titles/7541.html |title=A Book I Value: Selected Marginalia &mdash; Samuel Taylor Coleridge |date=29 June 2011 |publisher=Princeton University |isbn=9780691113173 |access-date=3 July 2011}}</ref>
*[[Sylvia Plath]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bucker |first=Park |date=11 December 2003 |title=Princess Daisy: A Description of Sylvia Plath's Copy of The Great Gatsby |url=http://www.sc.edu/fitzgerald/essays/plath.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612152511/http://www.sc.edu/fitzgerald/essays/plath.html |archive-date=12 June 2011 |access-date=3 July 2011 |publisher=University of South Carolina}}</ref>
*[[Hester Thrale|Hester Thrale Piozzi]]
*[[Voltaire]]<ref name="Voltaire">{{Cite web |title=Corpus des notes marginales de Voltaire 1-9, et Notes et écrits marginaux conservés hors de la Bibliothèque nationale de Russie |url=https://www.voltaire.ox.ac.uk/publication/corpus-des-notes-marginales-de-voltaire-1-9-et-notes-et-%c3%a9crits-marginaux-conserv%c3%a9s-hors-de-la/ |access-date=24 March 2021 |publisher=Voltaire Foundation}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Annotation]], often in the form of a margin note but written by another hand.
* [[Interpolation (manuscripts)]]
* [[Sergio Aragonés]], noted for his marginalia illustrations in ''MAD Magazine''

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Sources==
*Alston, R. C. ''Books with Manuscript: A short title catalog of Books with Manuscript Notes in the British Library.'' London: British Library, 1994.
*Camille, M. (1992). ''Image on the edge: the margins of medieval art''. Harvard University Press.
*Coleridge, S. T. ''Marginalia,'' Ed. George Walley and H. J. Jackson. The Collected works of Samuel Taylor Coleridge 12. Bolligen Series 75. 5 vols. Princeton University Press, 1980-.
*Jackson, H. J. ''Marginalia: Readers writing in Books,'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001. {{ISBN|0-300-08816-7}} N.B: one of the first books on this subject
*Screti, Z. (2024). Finding the Marginal in Marginalia: The Importance of Including Marginalia Descriptions in Catalog Entries. ''Collections'', 20(1), 122-141.
* Spedding, P., & Tankard, P. (2021). ''Marginal notes: social reading and the literal margins''. Palgrave Macmillan.

==External links==
{{commons category|Marginalia}}
*{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811162649/http://www.cehd.umn.edu/Reading/documents/reports/Brahier-report.pdf |date=11 August 2017|title=Teachers’ Uses of Students’ Digital Annotations: Implications for the Formative Assessment of Reading Comprehension}}. Barry Brahier, 2006 ([[University of Minnesota]]).

{{Book structure}}
{{Book collecting}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Book design]]
[[Category:Book collecting]]
[[Category:Writing]]