Editing Marie Corelli

{{Short description|English novelist (1855–1924)}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]] --> 
| name         = Marie Corelli
| image        = MarieCorelli.jpg
| imagesize    = 
| caption      = Corelli in 1909
| pseudonym    = 
| birth_name    = Mary Mackay
| birth_date    = {{birth date|1855|05|01|df=yes}}
| birth_place   = {{Nowrap|London, England, <br> [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]]}}
| death_date    = {{death date and age|1924|04|21|1855|05|01|df=yes}}
| death_place   = {{Nowrap|[[Stratford-upon-Avon]], England, <br> United Kingdom}}
| occupation   = Novelist
| nationality  = British
| period       = 
| genre        = [[Gothic fiction|Gothic]], [[Fantasy]], [[Scientific romance]]
| subject      = 
| movement     =  
| notableworks = 
| spouse       = 
| partner      = 
| children     = 
| relatives    = [[Charles Mackay (author)|Charles Mackay]] (father)
| awards       = 
| signature    = 
| website      = 
| portaldisp   = 
}}

'''Mary Mackay''' (1 May 1855{{spaced ndash}}21 April 1924), also called '''Minnie Mackey''' and known by her pseudonym '''Marie Corelli''' ({{IPAc-en|k|ə|ˈ|r|ɛ|l|i}},<ref>{{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Corelli,+Marie |title=Corelli, Marie |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}{{dead link|date=September 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Corelli|accessdate=3 August 2019}}</ref> <small>also</small> {{IPAc-en|UK|k|ɒ|ˈ|-}},<ref name="Collins">{{cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/corelli|title=Corelli|work=[[Collins English Dictionary]]|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref> {{IPAc-en|US|k|ɔː|ˈ|-|,_|k|oʊ|ˈ|-}}<ref name="Collins"/><ref>{{Cite American Heritage Dictionary|Corelli|accessdate=3 August 2019}}</ref>), was an English novelist.

From the appearance of her first novel ''[[A Romance of Two Worlds]]'' in 1886, she became a bestselling fiction-writer, her works were largely concerned with Christianity, reincarnation, astral projection and mysticism. Yet despite her many distinguished patrons, she was often ridiculed by critics. Corelli lived her later years in [[Stratford-upon-Avon]], whose historic buildings she fought hard to preserve.

==Life and writings==
===Early life===
[[File:Miss Marie Corelli and her pet dog.jpg|thumb|Miss Marie Corelli and her pet dog]]

Mary Mills was born in London to Mary Elizabeth Mills, a servant of the Scottish poet and songwriter Dr [[Charles Mackay (author)|Charles Mackay]], her biological father, who was married to another woman at the time of young Mary's conception.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/137490/Marie-Corelli Marie Corelli] in ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''.</ref> After his first wife died, he married Mary Elizabeth, whereupon their daughter Mary took the "Mackay" surname. For the rest of her life, Mary / Marie would attempt to conceal her illegitimacy, and to that end disseminated a number of romantic falsehoods about her parentage and upbringing, including stories of adoption or descent from the [[Italian nobility]]. Her unreliability as a narrator complicates the task of reconstructing her biography. Recent research suggests that Corelli may even have been adopted by Mackay and Mills from another family, the Codys.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://victorianpopularfiction.org/victorian-popular-fictions-5-1-3-turner/|title=Victorian Popular Fictions 5.1 3 Turner|date=28 June 2023}}</ref>

In 1866, eleven-year-old Mary was sent to a Parisian [[convent]] (or in some accounts, an English school staffed by nuns) to further her education. She returned home four years later in 1870.

===Career===
Mackay began her career as a musician, giving piano recitals and adopting the name Marie Corelli for her billing. Eventually she turned to writing and published her first novel, ''[[A Romance of Two Worlds]]'', in 1886. In her time, she was the most widely read author of fiction. Her works were collected by [[Winston Churchill]], [[Randolph Churchill]], and members of the [[British Royal Family]], among others.<ref>Coates & Warren Bell (1969)</ref> Yet although sales of Corelli's novels exceeded the combined sales of popular contemporaries, including [[Arthur Conan Doyle]], [[H. G. Wells]], and [[Rudyard Kipling]], critics often derided her work as "the favourite of the common multitude".

She faced criticism from the literary elite for her allegedly melodramatic writing. In ''[[The Spectator (1828)|The Spectator]]'', [[Grant Allen]] called her "a woman of deplorable talent who imagined that she was a genius, and was accepted as a genius by a public to whose commonplace sentimentalities and prejudices she gave a glamorous setting."<ref>Scott, p. 30.</ref> [[James Agate]] represented her as combining "the imagination of a [[Edgar Allan Poe|Poe]] with the style of an [[Ouida]] and the mentality of a nursemaid."<ref>Scott, p. 263.</ref><ref>Kirsten McLeod, introduction to Marie Corelli's ''Wormwood: a drama of Paris'', p. 9</ref>

A recurring theme in Corelli's books is her attempt to reconcile Christianity with [[reincarnation]], [[astral projection]], and other mystical ideas. She was associated at some point with the [[Fraternitas Rosae Crucis]]; a [[Rosicrucian]] and mystical organization,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Schrodter|first1=Willy|title=A Rosicrucian Notebook: The Secret Sciences Used by Members of the Order|date=April 1992|publisher=Weiser Books, 1992|isbn=9780877287575|pages=293|edition=illustrated|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o_RXyW-XizkC&q=marie+corelli+was+a+rosicrucian&pg=PA167|access-date=7 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rosicrucian.50webs.com/various/who-was-marie-corelli.htm|title=Who was Marie Corelli?|website=rosicrucian.50webs.com|language=en-us|access-date=2017-05-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rosicrucian.org/history|title=Understanding reincarnation & esoteric teachings of Rosicrucians|website=The Rosicrucian Order, AMORC|access-date=2017-05-07}}</ref> and her books were a part of the foundation of today's corpus of [[Western esotericism|esoteric]] philosophy. Her portrait was painted by [[Helen Donald-Smith]].

Corelli famously had little time for the press. In 1902 she wrote to the editor of ''[[The Gentlewoman]]'' to complain that her name had been left out of a list of the guests in the Royal Enclosure at the [[Braemar]] [[Highland games|Highland Gathering]], saying she suspected this had been done intentionally. The editor replied that her name had indeed been left out intentionally, because of her own stated contempt for the press and for the snobbery of those wishing to appear in "news puffs" of society events. Both letters were published in full in the next issue.<ref>Ransom (2013), [https://books.google.com/books?id=Xf6aoErcJQ4C&pg=PT100 p. 100].</ref>

The writer also gained some fame after her letter on the [[curse of the Pharaohs]] to ''[[New York World]]'' was published. Corelli claimed that she had warned [[George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon]] (one of the finders of the tomb of [[Tutankhamun]]) about the "dire punishment" likely to occur to those who rifle Egyptian tombs, claiming to cite an ancient book that indicated that poisons had been left after burials.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=q_xyTVxo8BkC&dq=Lord+Carnarvon%27s+death&pg=PT40] ''The Shadow King: The Bizarre Afterlife of King Tut's Mummy'', Jo Marchant, 2013, chapter 4. {{ISBN|0306821338}}</ref><ref>[''Ancient Egypt'', David P. Silverman, p. 146, Oxford University Press US, 2003, {{ISBN|0-19-521952-X}}]</ref>

===Personal life===
[[File:Mason Croft - DPLA - 60e122bf26e18fe19b8c07b52fed8ef7.jpg|thumb|Corelli lived and died in Stratford-upon-Avon, 1901{{ndash}}1924. Her house, "Mason Croft", is now the home of the [[Shakespeare Institute]].<br>Mason Croft in 1913.<br>]]

Corelli spent her final years in [[Stratford-upon-Avon]]. There she fought hard for the preservation of Stratford's 17th-century buildings, and donated money to help their owners remove the plaster or brickwork that often covered their original [[Timber framing|timber-framed]] façades.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=990DEEDF173AE733A2575BC2A9609C946297D6CF|title=CARNEGIE AND CORELLI.; Sidney Lee Publishes a Letter Whioh Throws Light on the Stratford-on-Avon Library Fuss |work=[[The New York Times]]|date= June 28, 1903}}</ref> Novelist [[Barbara Comyns Carr]] mentions Corelli's guest appearance at an exhibition of Anglo-Saxon items found at [[Bidford-on-Avon]] in 1923.<ref>Comyns Carr (1985), p. 124.</ref> Corelli's eccentricity became well known. She would boat on the [[River Avon, Warwickshire|Avon]] in a [[gondola]], complete with a [[gondolier]], whom she had brought over from [[Venice]].<ref>[http://www.veniceboats.com/gondola-corelli-stratford.htm Venice Boats].</ref> In [[Mark Twain's Autobiography|his autobiography]], [[Mark Twain]], who had a deep dislike of Corelli, describes visiting her in Stratford and how the meeting changed his perception.

[[File:Bertha Vyver.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Bertha Vyver]]
For over forty years, Corelli lived with her companion, [[Bertha Vyver]],<ref>Frederico, pp. 162–86.</ref> to whom she left everything when she died. She did not identify herself as a [[lesbian]], but several biographers and critics have noted the frequent erotic descriptions of [[female beauty]] that appear in her novels, although they are expressed by men.<ref>Felski, pp. 130–31.</ref><ref>Frederico, p. 116.</ref><ref>Masters, p. 277.</ref>

Corelli was known to have expressed a genuine passion for the artist Arthur Severn, to whom she wrote daily letters from 1906 to 1917. Severn was the son of [[Joseph Severn]] and close friend of [[John Ruskin]]. In 1910, she and Severn collaborated on ''The Devil's Motor'', with Severn providing illustrations for Corelli's story. Her love for the long-married painter, her only known romantic attachment to a man, remained unrequited; in fact Severn often belittled Corelli's success.<ref>MacLeod, p. 21.</ref><ref>Frederico, p. 144.</ref><ref>Julia Kuehn, [http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/corelli/kuehn7.html "Marie Corelli's Love Letters to Arthur Severn"].</ref>

During the [[World War I|First World War]], Corelli's personal reputation suffered when she was convicted of [[Rationing in the United Kingdom#First World War 1914–1918|food hoarding]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p01npqws/features/makingtheseries|title=BBC One – Britain's Great War|publisher=BBC|date=10 February 2014}}.</ref>

[[File:Evesham Road cemetery.jpg|thumb|Marie Corelli died in Stratford and is buried there in the Evesham Road cemetery.]]

She died in Stratford and is buried there in the Evesham Road cemetery.<ref>Wilson, Scott. ''Resting Places: The Burial Sites of more than 14,000 Famous Persons'', 3rd ed.: 2 (Kindle Location 9851). McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. Kindle Edition.</ref> Later Bertha Vyver was buried alongside her.

==Public image==
[[File:Marie Corelli Fact and Fiction.jpg|thumb|An illustration from a 1904 ''[[Boston Post]]'' story contrasting idealized images of Corelli with "an actual sketch made in court".]]
Corelli was known to fabricate or exaggerate many details of her life. For example, she consistently claimed (in public and in private) that she had been seventeen years old when her first novel, ''[[A Romance of Two Worlds]]'', was published in 1886, putting her year of birth at 1868 or 1869.{{sfn|Masters|1978|p=4-5}} This was repeated in contemporary biographies, though it is now believed that she was born in 1855. When she assumed the name "Marie Corelli" at the beginning of her career, she also took on a false backstory, writing to her first publisher, [[George Bentley (publisher)|George Bentley]], "I am Venetian and can trace myself back to the famous musician [[Arcangelo Corelli]]",{{sfn|Masters|1978|p=57}} and on other occasions claimed to descend from the [[Doges of Venice]].{{sfn|Waller|2006|p=772}}

Corelli avoided being seen in public, and according to biographer [[Brian Masters]], was possessed of a "positive terror of being photographed". She finally allowed a photograph of herself to be published as the frontispiece of her 1906 novel ''Treasure of Heaven'', though it was apparently airbrushed to depict her as "a sweet young lady in her early twenties".{{sfn|Masters|1978|pp=3-4}} Around the same time, [[Mark Twain]] wrote the following description of Corelli's appearance in his diary during a visit to Stratford:

<blockquote>She is about fifty years old but has no grey hairs; she is fat and shapeless; she has a gross animal face; she dresses for sixteen, and awkwardly and unsuccessfully and pathetically imitates the innocent graces and witcheries of that dearest and sweetest of all ages...{{sfn|Masters|1978|p=4}}</blockquote>

==Legacy==
Corelli is generally accepted to have been the inspiration for at least two of [[E. F. Benson]]'s characters in his [[Mapp and Lucia (novel series)|Lucia series]] of six novels and a short story.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Masters |first1=Brian |title=The Life of E. F. Benson |date=1991 |publisher=Chatto & Windus |isbn=978-0701135669 |pages=237–238 |url=https://archive.org/details/lifeofefbenson00mast/page/236/mode/2up |access-date=1 November 2020}}</ref>

A modern critic has written that Corelli was probably also the inspiration for "Rita's" ([[Eliza Humphreys]]'s) main character in ''Diana of the Ephesians'', which was published a year before E. F. Benson's first Lucia novel, and had been rejected by Hutchinson, which later published the "Lucia" Lucas novels.<ref>''"Rita" The Forgotten Author''. By Paul Jones L.R.P.S.</ref>

In Chapter III of [[Bruce Marshall (writer)|Bruce Marshall]]'s ''[[The World, the Flesh and Father Smith]]'', the protagonist – a Catholic priest – is in hospital, recovering from a wound.  A nurse gives him a copy of Marie Corelli's ''Temporal Power'', with the hope that the book would convert him to Protestantism. However, Father Smith finds the book "stupid and flamboyant", puts it aside and prays for Corelli, since "she really ought to have known better".

In 2007, the British film ''[[Angel (2007 film)|Angel]]'', based on a book by [[Elizabeth Taylor (novelist)|Elizabeth Taylor]], was released as a thinly-veiled biography of Corelli. The film starred [[Romola Garai]] in the Corelli role and also starred [[Sam Neill]] and [[Charlotte Rampling]]. It was directed by [[François Ozon]], who stated, "The character of Angel was inspired by Marie Corelli, a contemporary of [[Oscar Wilde]] and [[Queen Victoria]]'s favourite writer. Corelli was one of the first writers to become a star, writing bestsellers for an adoring public. Today she has been largely forgotten, even in England."<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.francois-ozon.com/en/interviews-angel | title=Interviews about Angel: François Ozon – Romola Garai – Michael Fassbender | publisher=François Ozon | access-date=4 March 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403171350/http://www.francois-ozon.com/en/interviews-angel | archive-date=3 April 2015 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Works==
{{Library resources box|by=yes|onlinebooks=yes|lccn=n50022509}}

===Novels===
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*''[[A Romance of Two Worlds]]'' (1886)
*''[[Vendetta!]]'' (1886)
*''[[Thelma (novel)|Thelma]]'' (1887)
*''[[Ardath (novel)|Ardath]]'' (1889)
*''[[Wormwood: A Drama of Paris]]'' (1890)
*''[[The Soul of Lilith]]'' (1892)
*''Barabbas, A Dream of the World's Tragedy'' (1893)
*''[[The Sorrows of Satan]]'' (1895)
*''The Mighty Atom'' (1896)
*''The Murder of Delicia'' (1896)
*''[[Ziska: The Problem of a Wicked Soul]]'' (1897)
*''Jane'' (1897)
*''Boy'' (1900)
*''The Master-Christian'' (1900)
*''Temporal Power: a Study in Supremacy'' (1902)
*''God's Good Man'' (1904)
*''The Strange Visitation of Josiah McNasson: A Ghost Story'' (1904)
*''Treasure of Heaven'' (1906)
*''Holy Orders, The Tragedy of a Quiet Life'' (1908)
*''[[The Life Everlasting (Corelli novel)|The Life Everlasting]]'' (1911)
*''[[Innocent: Her Fancy and His Fact]]'' (1914)
*''[[The Young Diana (novel)|The Young Diana]]'' (1918)
*''The Secret Power'' (1921)
*''[[Love and the Philosopher]]'' (1923)
*''Open Confession to a Man from a Woman'' (1925)

===Short story collections===
*''Cameos: Short Stories'' (1895)
*''The Song of Miriam & Other Stories'' (1898)
*''A Christmas Greeting'' (1902)
*''Delicia & Other Stories'' (1907)
*''The Love of Long Ago, and Other Stories'' (1918)

===Non-fiction===
*''The Modern Marriage Market'' (1898) (with others)
*''Free Opinions Freely Expressed'' (1905)
*''The Silver Domino; or, Side Whispers, Social & Literary'' (1892) (anonymous)

===Film adaptations===
*''Vendetta'' (1915)
*''Thelma'' (1916) [[Fox Film]] 1918, I.B. Davidson 1922 Chester Bennett
*''Wormwood'' (1915) Fox Film
*''Temporal Power'' (1916) [[G.B. Samuelson]]
*''[[God's Good Man]]'' (1919) Stoll Films
*''Holy Orders'' (1917) I.B. Davidson
*''[[Innocent (1921 film)|Innocent]]'' (1921) Stoll Films
*''[[The Young Diana]]'' (1922) [[Paramount Pictures]]
*''[[The Sorrows of Satan (film)|The Sorrows of Satan]]'' (1926) Paramount

===Theatre adaptations===
*''Vendetta''             (2007) Adapted by [[Gillian Hiscott]] The Library Theatre Ltd; published by Jasper
*''The Young Diana''      (2008) Gillian Hiscott; published by Jasper}}

==References==
===Notes===
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Sources===
*{{cite book | last=Bleiler | first=Everett | author-link=Everett F. Bleiler | title=The Checklist of Fantastic Literature | url=https://archive.org/details/checklistfantast00blei | url-access=limited | location=Chicago | publisher=Shasta Publishers | pages=[https://archive.org/details/checklistfantast00blei/page/n97 85] | year=1948}}
*[[Barbara Comyns Carr|Carr, Barbara Comyns]], ''Sisters by a River'' (London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1947; new edition by Virago Press 1985)
*Coates, T. F. G. and R. S. Warren Bell. ''[[Marie Corelli: the Writer and the Woman]]''. George W. Jacobs & Co.: Philadelphia, 1903. Reprinted 1969 by Health Research, Mokelume Hill, CA.
*{{cite book | last=Felski | first=Rita | author-link=Rita Felski | title=The Gender of Modernity | url=https://archive.org/details/gendermodernity00fels | url-access=limited | location=Cambridge | publisher=Harvard U P | pages=[https://archive.org/details/gendermodernity00fels/page/n255 247] | year=1995}}
*{{cite book | last=Federico | first=Annette | author-link=Annette Federico | title=Idol of suburbia: Marie Corelli and late-Victorian literary culture | location=Charlottesville | publisher=University of Virginia Press | pages=201 | year=2000}}
*Lyons, Martyn. 2011. ''Books: a living history''. Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum.
*{{cite book | last=Masters | first=Brian | author-link=Brian Masters | title=Now Barabbas was a rotter: the extraordinary life of Marie Corelli | location=London | publisher=H. Hamilton | year=1978}}
*Ransom, Teresa, ''The Mysterious Miss Marie Corelli: Queen of Victorian Bestsellers'' (2013)
*Scott, William Stuart, ''Marie Corelli: the story of a friendship'' (London: Hutchinson, 1955)
* Turner, Joanna, '“The most accomplished liar in literature”? Uncovering Marie Corelli’s Hidden Early Life', Victorian Popular Fictions 5.1 (Spring 2023): [https://victorianpopularfiction.org/victorian-popular-fictions-5-1-3-turner/ Victorian Popular Fictions 5.1 3 Turner]
*{{cite book|last=Waller|first=Philip|title=Writers, Readers, and Reputations: Literary Life in Britain 1870-1918|year=2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780198206774}}

==Bibliography==
*Ayres, Brenda; Maier, Sarah E. (Ed.): ''Reinventing Marie Corelli for the twenty-first century'', London, UK; New York, NY : Anthem Press, 2019, {{ISBN|978-1-78308-943-7}}
*Bigland, Eileen ''Marie Corelli, the woman and the legend: a biography'', Jarrolds, London 1953
*Coates, T. F. G. and R. S. Warren Bell. ''[[Marie Corelli: the Writer and the Woman]]'', George W. Jacobs & Co.: Philadelphia, 1903. Reprinted 1969 by Health Research, Mokelume Hill, CA.
*Federico, Annette R. ''Idol of Suburbia: Marie Corelli and Late-Victorian Literary Culture'', University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville, 2000
*Masters, Brian ''Now Barabbas was a rotter: the extraordinary life of Marie Corelli'', H. Hamilton, London, 1978
*Ransom, Teresa ''The Mysterious Miss Marie Corelli: Queen of Victorian Bestsellers'', Sutton, 1999
*Scott, William Stuart, ''Marie Corelli: the story of a friendship'', London: Hutchinson, 1955
* Turner, Joanna, '“The most accomplished liar in literature”? Uncovering Marie Corelli’s Hidden Early Life', Victorian Popular Fictions 5.1 (Spring 2023): [https://victorianpopularfiction.org/victorian-popular-fictions-5-1-3-turner/ Victorian Popular Fictions 5.1 3 Turner]
* Turner, Joanna,  ‘Making a Name for Herself: Marie Corelli’s Self-Guided Literary Apprenticeship Via the Periodical Press’, 2023, Victorian Periodicals Review, 56:1. 110-132. DOI: [https://doi.org/10.1353/vpr.2023.a905142 Making a Name for Herself: Marie Corelli's Self-Guided Literary Apprenticeship via the Periodical Press]
*Vyver, Bertha ''Memoirs of Marie Corelli'', A. Rivers Ltd, 1930

==External links==
{{wikisource-author}}
{{Commons category|Marie Corelli}}
*[http://hdl.handle.net/10079/fa/music.mss.0019 Marie Corelli Collection at Yale University Music Library]
*{{ISFDB name|1966}}
*{{UK National Archives ID}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060713011908/http://www.violetbooks.com/corelli.html Jessica Amanda Salmonson, ''Marie Corelli & her Occult Tales'', 1998] (archived)
*[[hdl:10079/fa/beinecke.corelli|Marie Corelli Collection]]. General Collection. Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University.

===Online editions===
*{{Gutenberg author |id=1321 | name=Marie Corelli}}
*{{FadedPage|id=Mackay, Mary|name=Marie Corelli|author=yes}}
*{{Internet Archive author |sname=Marie Corelli}}
*{{Librivox author |id=908}}

{{Marie Corelli}}
{{Authority control}}
{{portal bar |United Kingdom | |Speculative fiction }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Corelli, Marie}}
[[Category:1855 births]]
[[Category:1924 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century English novelists]]
[[Category:19th-century English short story writers]]
[[Category:19th-century English women writers]]
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[[Category:20th-century English women writers]]
[[Category:20th-century English novelists]]
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[[Category:English fantasy writers]]
[[Category:English occult writers]]
[[Category:English people of Scottish descent]]
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