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{{Short description|Suburban rail line in Istanbul}} {{about|the Marmaray commuter rail project|the trans-Bosphorus undersea tunnels|Marmaray Tunnel}} {{Distinguish|Marmara (disambiguation)}} {{Use mdy dates|date=October 2020}} {{Infobox rail service | box_width = 25em | name = Marmaray | color = 5A5F5C | logo = Marmaray logo.svg | logo_width = 150 | image = Marmaray Bakirköy.jpg | image_width = 300px | caption = Two trains meet in Bakırköy. | type = [[Commuter rail]] | status = Operating | locale = [[Istanbul]] | predecessor = [[Istanbul suburban]]<br />[[Haydarpaşa suburban]] | first = October 29, 2013 (Kazlıçeşme-Ayrılık Çeşmesi)<br />March 12, 2019 (Halkalı-Gebze) | operator = [[TCDD Taşımacılık]] | formeroperator = [[Turkish State Railways]] | ridership = 124 million (2019)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailysabah.com/business/transportation/turkish-railways-post-record-figures-in-2019/amp|title=Turkish railways post record figures in 2019|website=Daily Sabah|date=25 February 2020|access-date=19 August 2023}}</ref> | ridership2 = | website = {{Official URL}} | start = [[Halkalı railway station|Halkalı]] | stops = | end = [[Gebze railway station|Gebze]] | distance = {{cvt|76.6|km}} | journeytime = | frequency = 8 minutes (Ataköy – Pendik) 15 minutes (Halkalı – Gebze) Frequency may change during rush hour. | trainnumber = | line_used = | stock = [[TCDD E32000]] | gauge = {{Track gauge|SG|allk=on}} | el = [[25 kV AC railway electrification|25 kV, 50 Hz AC]] [[Overhead line]] | speed = {{convert|60-80|km/h|0|abbr=on}} (average) | owners = [[Turkish State Railways]] | routenumber = | maintenance = | sharing = | map = {{Marmaray route diagram}} | map_state = collapsed }} '''Marmaray''' ({{IPA|tr|ˈmaɾmaɾaj|pron|MarmarayPronunciation.ogg}}) is a {{Convert|76.6|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}} [[commuter rail]] line located in [[Istanbul]], [[Turkey]]. The line runs from [[Halkalı railway station|Halkalı]], on the [[East Thrace|European side]], to [[Gebze]], on the [[Anatolia|Asian side]], along the north shore of the [[Sea of Marmara]]. Mostly using the right-of-way of two existing commuter rail lines, the Marmaray line linked the two lines via a [[Marmaray Tunnel|tunnel]] under the [[Bosporus]] strait, becoming the first standard gauge rail connection between [[Europe]] and [[Asia]] (all prior connections ran through [[Russia]] and used the incompatible [[5 ft and 1520 mm gauge railways|Russian broad gauge]]).<ref>Keith Fender, [http://trn.trains.com/Railroad-News/News-Wire/2013/10/Standard-gauge-rail-connection-from-Asia-to-Europe-opens-in-Turkey.aspx "Standard gauge rail connection from Asia to Europe opens in Turkey"], ''Trains'' (October 29, 2013).</ref> The two existing sections of the line were rebuilt and expanded from two tracks to [[Triple-track railway|three tracks]], to allow for higher capacity with intercity and freight rail. The name ''Marmaray'' is a [[portmanteau]] of the words ''Marmara'' and ''Ray'', which is [[Turkic peoples|Turkish]] for ''rail''. == History == Construction started in 2004 and was originally intended to be completed by April 2009.<ref name="railwaygazette.com">[http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view//rails-under-the-bosporus.html Rails under the Bosporus]; {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100922121544/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/rails-under-the-bosporus.html|date=September 22, 2010}}, ''[[Railway Gazette International]]'' February 23, 2009</ref> After multiple delays caused – among other things – by the discovery of historical and archaeological sites along the route as new stations were built, the first phase of the project was finally opened by president [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan|Erdoğan]] on October 29, 2013.<ref name="rgiopening" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/tcdd-launches-eskisehir-konya-high-speed-service/archiv/2013/maerz.html |title=TCDD launches Eskisehir – Konya high speed service|work=[[Railway Gazette International]] |date=March 28, 2013 |access-date=October 28, 2013}}</ref> The second phase of the project was scheduled to open in 2015 but work once again stopped in 2014.<ref name="railturkey.org">Uysal, Onur. [http://railturkey.org/2014/11/06/marmaray-project-delay/ "Is Marmaray Project Behind the Schedule?"], ''Rail Turkey'', November 6, 2014</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">Uysal, Onur. [http://railturkey.org/2013/05/20/completely-false-facts-about-marmaray/ "Completely False Facts About Marmaray"], ''Rail Turkey'', May 20, 2013</ref> It was restarted in February 2017 and the line finally opened in its entirety on March 12, 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=GEBZE-HALKALI BANLİYÖ HATTI 2018 SONUNDA HİZMETE GİRİYOR |trans-title=GEBZE-HALKALI SURFACE LINE ENTERING SERVICE AT THE END OF 2018 |url=http://www.marmaray.gov.tr/duyurudetay/Haber/GEBZE-HALKALI-BANL%C4%B0Y%C3%96-HATTI-2018-SONUNDA-H%C4%B0ZMETE-G%C4%B0R%C4%B0YOR/182 |publisher=Marmaray |date=November 18, 2018 |language=tr |access-date=November 18, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190312225203/http://www.marmaray.gov.tr/duyurudetay/Haber/GEBZE-HALKALI-BANL%C4%B0Y%C3%96-HATTI-2018-SONUNDA-H%C4%B0ZMETE-G%C4%B0R%C4%B0YOR/182 |archive-date=March 12, 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The trains came with completely new [[rolling stock]], with carriages that can be walked through from end to end. The line can carry 75,000 passengers per hour in each direction (PPHPD).<ref name="railwaygazette.com" /><ref>[http://www.urbanrail.net/eu/ist/istanbul.htm Istanbul]; {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070925023550/http://www.urbanrail.net/eu/ist/istanbul.htm|date=September 25, 2007}}, web page at urbanrail.net. Accessed on line September 24, 2007.</ref> Travel time from [[Halkalı railway station|Halkali]] to [[Gebze]] normally takes 104 minutes. The Marmaray is integrated with other parts of the Istanbul public transport network, including the Metro and the Metrobus network, via a number of interchanges. It is also integrated with the [[Yüksek Hızlı Tren|YHT]] high-speed train network to [[Ankara]], [[Eskişehir]] and [[Konya]], as well as with the international trains to [[Sofia]] in [[Bulgaria]] which depart from Halkalı. <!--is this the medieval trade route or the modern rail link?-->==Project== The project involved building a {{convert|13.6|km|mi|adj=on}} tunnel under the [[Bosphorus]] and upgrading {{convert|63|km|mi|1}} of existing [[commuter rail|suburban railway]] lines to create a {{convert|76.6|km|mi|adj=on}} high-capacity passenger line between [[Halkalı railway station|Halkalı]] and [[Gebze railway station|Gebze]], along with the provision of 440 electric multiple unit carriages. === First phase === The contract for the project was awarded to a Japanese-Turkish consortium led by [[Taisei Corporation]] in July 2004.<ref name=rgiopening /> The consortium included [[GAMA Endustri|Gama Endustri Tesisleri Imalat ve Montaj]] and [[Nurol Holding|Nurol Construction]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.railway-technology.com/projects/marmaray/|title=Marmaray Railway Engineering Project – Railway Technology|access-date=January 12, 2015}}</ref> [[File:Uskudar-Marmaray-station-JpTr.jpg|thumb|Plaque at the [[Üsküdar railway station]] commemorating Japanese-Turkish partnership]] The Bosphorus (Istanbul Strait) is crossed by a {{convert|1.4|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}} earthquake-proofed [[immersed tube]], assembled from 11 sections – eight are {{convert|135|m|ft}} long, two are {{convert|98.5|m|}}, and one element is {{convert|110|m|ft}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.m-hesse.com/marmaray_projekt.html |title=Marmaray Projekt: Ein Tunnel unter dem Bosporus für Istanbul |publisher=M-hesse.com |date=May 2011 |access-date=October 28, 2013 |language=de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021090012/http://www.m-hesse.com/marmaray_projekt.html |archive-date=October 21, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Each section weighs up to 18,000 tons.<ref name="Smith, Julian">Smith, Julian. [https://www.wired.com/science/planetearth/magazine/15-09/ff_quake "The Big Dig"] ''Wired'' Sept. 2007: pages 154–61.</ref> The tube was placed {{convert|60|m|ft|0}} below sea level, beneath {{convert|55|m|ft}} of water and {{convert|4.6|m|ftin}} of earth.<ref name="Smith, Julian" /> It is accessed via tunnels bored from [[Kazlıçeşme, Zeytinburnu|Kazlıçeşme]] on the European side and [[Ayrılıkçeşmesi, Kadıköy|Ayrılıkçeşmesi]] on the Asian side of Istanbul and represents the world's deepest undersea [[immersed tube]] tunnel.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}} [[Fireproofing|Fire-resistant]] [[Shotcrete|concrete]] developed in Norway was essential for the safety of the project.<ref>"[http://www.tu.no/bygg/2013/10/12/norsk-teknologi-i-verdens-dypeste-senketunnel Norwegian technology in the world's deepest immersed tunnel]" (in Norwegian) ''[[Teknisk Ukeblad]]'', October 12, 2013. Accessed: October 13, 2013. Technical report: Claus K. Larsen. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20131014182833/http://svvgw.vegvesen.no/http://svvbibsys01.vegvesen.no/epublisher/document.asp?func=show&id=869&type=0&service=0 Testing of fireproofing for concrete]" [[Norwegian Public Roads Administration]], 2007.</ref> Construction started in May 2004 and the Marmaray tunnel was completed on September 23, 2008,<ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0BQQ/is_11_48/ai_n31009622/ Final tubes sunk on Bosphorus Tunnel], ''International Railway Journal'', November 2008.</ref> with a formal ceremony to mark its completion on October 13.<ref>[http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view//marmaray-tunnel-completed.html Marmaray tunnel completed]; {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100727041154/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/marmaray-tunnel-completed.html |date=July 27, 2010 }}, ''[[Railway Gazette International]]'' October 20, 2008</ref> [[File:Marmaray Tunnel Project.svg|thumb|upright=0.9|Path of the rail tunnel project (dotted line) within the Marmaray railway, across the Bosphorus strait]] === Second phase === The second phase of the project involved the renewal of the old suburban railway that ran between [[Halkalı railway station|Halkalı]] and [[Kazlıçeşme railway station|Kazlıçeşme]] on the European side of Istanbul and between [[Ayrılık Çeşmesi railway station|Ayrılıkçeşmesi]] and [[Gebze railway station|Gebze]] on the Asian side. The work was meant to be completed at the same time as the first phase (the tunnel and underground sections), but was delayed until March, 2019. A third line was added to enable the [[electric multiple unit]] (EMU) cars and other railway carriages to move separately.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> Thirty-six above-ground stations along the line were rebuilt or completely refurbished.<ref name="ff">[http://www.marmaray.com/html/technical.html Facts and figures]; {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020115125/http://www.marmaray.com/html/technical.html |date=October 20, 2007 }}, web page at the Marmaray web site. Accessed on-line September 24, 2007.</ref><ref name="tt">[http://www.marmaray.com/html/gen_travel.html Travel time and alignment]; {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050302164438/http://marmaray.com/html/gen_travel.html |date=March 2, 2005 }}, web page at the Marmaray web site. Accessed on line, September 24, 2007.</ref> Signalling was also modernised to allow trains to travel as close as two minutes apart (although in reality far fewer trains than that actually run). The suburban-rail upgrade part of the project, known originally as CR1, was first awarded to the AMD Rail Consortium, comprising Marubeni of Japan, Dogus Insaat of Turkey and Alstom of France.<ref name="cr3">{{cite news |date=November 3, 2011 |title=Marmaray railway upgrading contract awarded |work=[[Railway Gazette International]] |url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/infrastructure/single-view/view/marmaray-upgrading-contract-awarded.html}}</ref> However, they were unable to complete the work and it was re-tendered as contract CR3 in early 2011. The replacement contract worth €932.8 million was awarded to a joint venture between OHL and Invensys Rail.<ref name="cr3" /> [[File:Marmaray train in Bostancı station.jpg|thumb|A Marmaray train at [[Bostancı railway station|Bostancı]] station on the first day of operation of the Gebze–Halkalı line]] === Freight === In February 2010, ''[[Railway Gazette International]]'' reported that the tunnel's administrators were hiring consultants to analyse options for carrying freight traffic.<ref>[http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/10/contracts-february-2010.html Contracts February 2010], ''[[Railway Gazette International]]'' February 9, 2010</ref> The Prime Minister and other officials have suggested that the Marmaray will help to create a modern "Iron [[Silk Road]]" by allowing freight trains to travel between [[Europe]] and [[China]]. Freight trains that are not carrying [[dangerous goods]] will be able to use the tunnel when commuter services are not operating (between 1:00 a.m. and 5:00 a.m.).<ref>Uysal, Onur. [http://railturkey.org/2013/11/12/marmaray-connects-asia-europe/ "Is Marmaray Key for Europe-Asia Rail Connection?"], ''Rail Turkey'', November 12, 2013</ref> At other times only passenger trains will be in the tunnels. === Financing === The [[Japan International Cooperation Agency]] (JICA) and the [[European Investment Bank]] (EBI) provided much of the financing for the project. By April 2006, the JICA had lent 111 billion yen and the EIB 1.05 billion euro for the work. The original cost was estimated at $4.5 billion<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marmaray Railway Engineering Project |url=https://www.railway-technology.com/projects/marmaray/ |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=Railway Technology |language=en-US}}</ref> although it finally cost almost twice that.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Turkey's Marmaray opens in Istanbul |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/turkey/turkeys-marmaray-opens-in-istanbul/208260 |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=www.aa.com.tr}}</ref> == Rolling stock == {{Main|TCDD E32000}} The Marmaray uses TCDD E32000 rolling stock manufactured by [[Hyundai Rotem]] in ten- and five-car EMU configurations. The original {{nowrap|€580 million}} contract called for 440 vehicles to be produced locally by [[Eurotem]], Hyundai Rotem's joint venture with Turkish rolling stock manufacturer [[TÜVASAŞ]]. Hyundai Rotem was chosen ahead of [[Alstom]], [[Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles|CAF]], and a consortium of [[Bombardier Inc.|Bombardier]], [[Siemens]], and [[Nurol]].<ref>[http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/10/marmaray-train-contract-signed.html Marmaray train contract signed]; {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100605041328/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/10/marmaray-train-contract-signed.html |date=June 5, 2010 }}, ''[[Railway Gazette International]]'' November 14, 2008</ref> There are two depot and maintenance yards on the line (one at each end) where the sets are stocked. {{Gallery |title= |footer= |width=180 |height=140 |align=center |File:Marmaray trainset.jpg|A Marmaray train at [[Kazlıçeşme railway station|Kazlıçeşme]] |File:Rolling stock of Marmaray.jpg|Rolling stock of Marmaray }} == Archaeological discoveries during work on the Marmaray == The project was delayed by four years, largely due to the discovery of [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]]-era and other 8,000-year-old archaeological finds on the proposed site of the [[Yenikapı|European tunnel terminal]] at [[Yenikapı railway station|Yenikapı]] in 2005.<ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/meast/09/21/turkey.bosphorus.tunnel.marmaray/index.html#cnnSTCOther1 Tunnel links continents, uncovers ancient history] CNN</ref> Excavations then produced evidence of the city's largest harbour, the 4th-century [[Harbour of Eleutherios]] (originally known as the Harbour of Theodosius).<ref name="Smith, Julian" /> Archaeologists also uncovered traces of the [[Walls of Constantinople|city wall]] of [[Constantine the Great]], and the remains of several ships, including what appears to be the only ancient or early medieval [[galley]] ever discovered, preventing the project from proceeding as planned.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.archaeology.org/0707/abstracts/istanbul.html |author=Rose, Mark |author2=Aydingün, Sengül |title=Under Istanbul |access-date=October 27, 2008 |work=Archaeology.org |publisher=Archaeological Institute of America}}; [https://web.archive.org/web/20080114011457/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/court_and_social/article3111023.ece Nautical archaeology takes a leap forward], ''The Times'', December 31, 2007</ref> In addition, archaeologists uncovered the oldest evidence of settlement in Istanbul, with artefacts, including [[amphora]]e, pottery fragments, shells, pieces of bone and horse skulls, and nine human skulls found in a bag, dating back to 6,000 BCE.<ref name="Smith, Julian" /> [[Glass]] artefacts and fragments dating from the Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman periods were also found during excavations at Sirkeci.<ref>Üzlifat Canav-Özgümüş. "[http://prizma.dogus.edu.tr/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/AIHV-ayr%C4%B1-bas%C4%B1m.pdf Recent glass finds in Istanbul]; {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016222339/http://prizma.dogus.edu.tr/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/AIHV-ayr%C4%B1-bas%C4%B1m.pdf |date=October 16, 2013 }}" [[Doğuş University]], September 2012. Accessed: October 13, 2013.</ref> == Opening == [[File:Marmaray train passing under the Bosphorus as depicted in tile in Sirkeci Station.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Marmaray train passing under the Bosphorus as depicted in tile in Sirkeci Station]] On August 4, 2013, Prime Minister [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]], test-drove the Marmaray from [[Ayrılık Çeşmesi railway station|Ayrılıkçeşmesi station]] (originally İbrahimağa station)<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/11974266.asp |newspaper=[[Hürriyet]] |title=Marmaray'ın güzergahı değişebilir |date=June 30, 2009 |language=tr |access-date=August 6, 2013}}</ref> on the Asian side under the Bosphorus and back again.<ref name="h">{{cite news |url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/24456671.asp |newspaper=[[Hürriyet]] |title=Başbakan Erdoğan Marmaray'da test sürüşü yaptı |date=August 4, 2013 |language=tr |access-date=August 6, 2013}}</ref> On October 29, 2013, the first stage of the Marmaray project, the underground tunnel between Europe and Asia, was inaugurated on the 90th anniversary of the Turkish Republic'.<ref name=rgiopening>{{cite news |url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/marmaray-tunnel-opens-to-link-europe-with-asia.html |title=Marmaray tunnel opens to link Europe with Asia |date=October 29, 2013|work=[[Railway Gazette International]]}}</ref> The maiden journey took place after a grand opening ceremony attended by President [[Abdullah Gül]] and Prime Minister Erdoğan, as well as by the Japanese Prime Minister [[Shinzō Abe]], the Romanian Prime Minister [[Victor Ponta]], the Somali President [[Hassan Sheikh Mohamud]], and a number of foreign civil servants.<ref name="rgiopening" /> On November 7, 2019, the first Chinese freight train to Europe ran through the tunnel. This demonstrated that the China to Turkey transportation time could be reduced from a month to 12 days as part of the [[Eurasian Land Bridge#Iron Silk Road via Turkey|Iron Silk Road]] concept.<ref name="aa-20191107">{{cite news |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/turkey/first-china-railway-express-line-train-reaches-turkey/1637811 |title=First China Railway Express line train reaches Turkey |author1=Mustafa Hatipoglu |author2=Emrah Gokmen |publisher=Anadolu Agency |date=November 7, 2019 |access-date=November 13, 2019}}</ref> == Earthquake protection == The tunnel construction is only about {{convert|18|km|mi}} away from the active [[North Anatolian Fault]] and has worried some engineers and seismologists. "Since AD 342, it has seen large earthquakes that each claimed more than 10,000 lives."<ref name="Smith, Julian" /> Some scientists have estimated a 77% probability that, at some time in the next 30 years, Istanbul will suffer an earthquake measuring 7.0 or more on the [[Richter magnitude scale]]. The waterlogged, silty soil on which the tunnel is constructed has been known to liquefy during an earthquake so engineers injected industrial grout to {{convert|24|m|ft}} below the seabed to keep it stable.<ref name="Smith, Julian" /> The walls of the tunnel are made of waterproof concrete coated with a steel shell, each section independently watertight. The tunnel is made to flex and bend in the way that tall buildings are constructed to react if an earthquake hits. [[Floodgate]]s at the joints of the tunnel are able to close and isolate water in the event of the walls failing.<ref name="Smith, Julian" /> Steen Lykke, project manager for Avrasyaconsult, the international consortium that oversaw the construction, summed the problems up by saying, "I can't think of any challenge this project lacks".<ref name="Smith, Julian" /> == Marmaray in numbers == Some figures of the project are as follows:<ref name="h" /> * Overall length: {{convert|76.6|km|mi|abbr=on}} * Tunnel section: {{convert|13.6|km|mi|abbr=on}} * Immersed tube: {{convert|1387|m|ft|abbr=on}} * Deepest point: {{convert|60.46|m|ft|abbr=on}} * Minimum curve radius: {{convert|300|m|ft|abbr=on}} * Maximum gradient: 1.8% * Surface stations: 37 * Underground stations: 3 * Interchanges: 8 * Inter-city stations: 8 * Minimum platform length: {{convert|225|m|ft|abbr=on}} * Average station spacing: {{convert|1.9|km|mi|abbr=on}} * Maximum speed: {{convert|100|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} * Commercial speed: {{convert|45|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} * Headway: 2–10 minutes * Passengers per hour and direction: 75,000 * Number of passenger cars: 440 == See also == * [[Eurasia Tunnel]] * [[Great Istanbul Tunnel]], a proposed three-level road-rail undersea tunnel * [[Public transport in Istanbul]] * [[Rail transport in Turkey]] * [[Turkish Straits]] == References == {{Reflist}} == External links == {{Commons category}} * {{Official website}} * [http://www.thepolisblog.org/2009/09/hyper-extensions-marmaray-project.html Overview of the Marmary history, justification, and construction process with pictures] * Marmaray Project: ** L. C. F. Ingerslev, 2005, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20060514225834/http://www.ita-aites.org/cms/fileadmin/filemounts/general/pdf/ItaAssociation/ProductAndPublication/OpenSession/Tust_Vol_20_6_604-608.pdf Considerations and strategies behind the design and construction requirements of the Istanbul Strait immersed tunnel]", ''Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology'' '''20''': 604–08. ** Steen Lykke and Hüseyin Belkaya, 2005, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20060514225819/http://www.ita-aites.org/cms/fileadmin/filemounts/general/pdf/ItaAssociation/ProductAndPublication/OpenSession/Tust_Vol_20_6_600-603.pdf The project and its management]", ''Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology'' '''20''': 600–03. ** Steen Lykke and Frits van de Kerk, 2005, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20060514225853/http://www.ita-aites.org/cms/fileadmin/filemounts/general/pdf/ItaAssociation/ProductAndPublication/OpenSession/Tust_Vol_20_6_609-611.pdf Marine operations, the Bosphorus Crossing]", ''Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology'' '''20''': 609–11. ** Hideki Sakaeda, 2005, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20070929012940/http://www.ita-aites.org/cms/fileadmin/filemounts/e-news/doc/ITANews11/TUST_OS_2005_marmara_HV.pdf Tunnels and stations in BC contract]", ''Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology'' '''20''': 612–16. * {{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.tust.2009.01.001|title=The challenges involved in concrete works of Marmaray immersed tunnel with service life beyond 100 years|journal=Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology|volume=24|issue=5|pages=592–601|year=2009|last1=Gokce|first1=Ahmet|last2=Koyama|first2=Fumio|last3=Tsuchiya|first3=Masahiko|last4=Gencoglu|first4=Turgut|bibcode=2009TUSTI..24..592G }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071108230707/http://www.marmaray.itu.edu.tr/ Istanbul Technical University Marmaray Laboratory web site] * [http://tunnelbuilder.com/News/Lovat-Readies-TBM-for-Bosphorus-Railway-Tube-Crossing-in-Istanbul.aspx Tunnelbuilder technical description] * {{In lang|tr|cap=yes}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20071215001518/http://www.hkmo.org.tr/resimler/ekler/cfe0e6127fa25df_ek.pdf Marmaray BC1 project and surveying works] * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4949862.stm BBC article on the project] * [https://marmaryduraklari.gen.tr/ Marmaray Durakları] {{Public Transport in İstanbul}} {{Urban public transport in Turkey}} [[Category:Marmaray| ]]<!--leave the empty space as standard--> [[Category:2013 establishments in Turkey]] [[Category:Fatih]] [[Category:Underground commuter rail]] [[Category:Üsküdar]] [[Category:Binali Yıldırım]] [[Category:Rail transport in Istanbul]] [[Category:TCDD Taşımacılık]] [[Category:Railway lines opened in 2013]] [[Category:Railway lines opened in 2019]] [[Category:Buildings and structures in Istanbul]] [[Category:Buildings and structures in Kocaeli Province]] [[Category:Transport in Kocaeli Province]] [[Category:25 kV AC railway electrification]]
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