Editing Marriage of convenience

{{Short description|Marriage for practical reasons (not love)}}
{{For|the films|Marriage of Convenience (1960 film)|Marriage of Convenience (1966 film)}}
{{distinguish|Predatory marriage}}
{{multiple issues|{{original research|date=October 2012}}{{More citations needed|date=May 2019}}
{{globalize|article|the English-speaking world and Europe|date=April 2015}}}}
A '''marriage of convenience'''  is a marriage contracted for reasons other than that of love and commitment. Instead, such a marriage is entered into for personal gain, or some other sort of strategic purpose, such as a [[political marriage]]. Cases where those married do not intend to live together as a couple, and typically married only for one of them to gain the right to reside in a country, are considered to be [[sham marriage]]s. In many cultures, it is usual for parents to decide their adult children's marriages; this is called an [[arranged marriage]].

Marriages of convenience that are sham, and arranged marriages that are [[Forced marriage|forced]], are against the law in many [[jurisdiction]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hg.org/legal-articles/a-bad-marriage-is-not-the-same-as-a-sham-marriage-28481 |title=A Bad Marriage is Not the Same as a Sham Marriage|website=HG.org |author=Law Offices of Susan V. Perez |access-date=15 December 2023}}</ref>

==Legal loophole==
{{Cleanup section|reason=The section seems to confuse convenience with circumvention|date=September 2024}}
[[File:Oxford sham marriage - Groom is led away in handcuffs.jpg|thumb|Operation by officers from the UK Border Agency at Oxford Registry Office on 8 June 2010 to stop a suspected sham marriage]]
Marriages of convenience are often contracted to exploit legal [[loophole]]s of various sorts. A couple may wed for one of them to gain [[citizenship]] or [[right of abode]], for example, as many countries around the world will grant such rights to anyone married to a resident citizen. In the United States, this practice is known as a [[green card marriage]]. In Australia, there have been marriages of convenience to bring attention to the government's [[Social security in Australia|Youth Allowance]] laws. On 31 March 2010 two students were publicly and legally married on the University of Adelaide's lawn so that they could both receive full Youth Allowance.<ref>Hood, Lucy, "[https://www.news.com.au/finance/money/students-tie-knot-to-boost-youth-allowance/news-story/6e0ca1e979395d8d4461654328bbcd0f Students marry to highlight youth allowance inconsistencies]", ''[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)|The Advertiser]]'', Adelaide, Australia, April 1, 2010</ref> In the United States during the era of the Vietnam War, some couples were wed during the man's time of exposure to the military draft; the couple agreed to no contact, followed by an annulment at the end of the (typically one year) marriage. Advertisements were commonly placed in student newspapers to this effect. Because they exploit legal loopholes, sham marriages of convenience often have legal consequences. For example, U.S. Immigration ([[United States Citizenship and Immigration Services|USCIS]]) can punish this with a [[US$]]250,000 fine and five-year prison sentence.<ref>US Department of Justice, [https://www.justice.gov/usao/eousa/foia_reading_room/usam/title9/crm01948.htm "1948 Marriage Fraud—8 U.S.C. § 1325(c) and 18 U.S.C. § 1546"], US Attorneys Manual,  Title 9, Criminal Resource Manual.<blockquote>The Immigration Marriage Fraud Amendments Act of 1986 amended § 1325 by adding § 1325(c), which provides a penalty of five years' imprisonment and a $250,000 fine for any "individual who knowingly enters into a marriage for the purpose of evading any provision of the immigration laws."</blockquote></ref><ref>USCIS, [http://www.uscis.gov/portal/site/uscis/menuitem.5af9bb95919f35e66f614176543f6d1a/?vgnextoid=da75d676b6b6f110VgnVCM1000004718190aRCRD&vgnextchannel=a2dd6d26d17df110VgnVCM1000004718190aRCRD "11 Arrested, Indicted in Multi-State Operation Targeting Visa and Mail Fraud"].<blockquote>"The maximum sentences for the above charges are:<br>
* Conspiracy: 5 years in prison and a $250,000 fine
* Mail fraud: 20 years in prison and a $250,000 fine
* Wire fraud: 20 years in prison and a $250,000 fine
* False statement in immigration matter: 10 years in prison and a $250,000 fine"
</blockquote></ref><ref>Fraudulent marriage is any marriage that has been entered into with the sole purpose of circumventing the law. According to the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), Act 255 [8 U.S.C 1325], the consequences of entering into a marriage in order to evade the law include incarceration for up to five years, a fine of up to $250,000, or both.</ref>

The term "contract marriage" is used by U.S. military personnel to describe marrying mainly in order to receive extra pay and housing benefits that the couple would not otherwise be entitled to.

==Homosexuality==
Another common reason for marriages of convenience is to hide one partner's homosexuality in places where being [[Coming out|openly gay]] is punishable or potentially detrimental.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ren |first1=Zhengjia |last2=Qu |first2=Wei |last3=Guo |first3=Zibin |date=December 2021 |title=A Grounded Theory Exploration of the Stages of Relationship Development in Marriages of Convenience in China |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33403661/ |journal=Family Process |volume=60 |issue=4 |pages=1347–1363 |doi=10.1111/famp.12626 |issn=1545-5300 |pmid=33403661|s2cid=230784443 }}</ref> A sham marriage of this type, sometimes called a [[lavender marriage]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Newson |first=Felicity |date=1 Oct 1996 |title=Sex Secrets of Hollywood |work=[[Liverpool Echo]] |page=26 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |quote=[[Judy Garland|Garland's]] marriage to Vincente Minnelli is described as a classic lavender marriage which enabled both partners to have guilt-free bisexual flings.}}</ref> is usually performed to keep the appearance of heterosexuality{{clarifyme|date=April 2021}} to prevent negative consequences of [[LGBT]] [[discrimination]].<ref>{{Cite news
| last        = Akram
| first       = Ayesha
| date        = 16 June 2006
| title       = Gay, lesbian Muslims seek out marriages of convenience
| access-date = 27 August 2024
| work        = [[Regina Leader-Post|The Leader-Post]]
| location    = [[Regina, Saskatchewan]], [[Canada]]
| page        = G6
| via         = [[Newspapers.com]]
| agency      = [[Religion News Service]]
| url         = https://religionnews.com/2006/06/16/gay-lesbian-muslims-seek-out-marriages-of-convenience/
}}</ref> Such marriages may have one heterosexual and one gay partner, or two gay partners: a [[lesbian]] and a gay man married to each other.<ref>{{Cite news |last=O'Meara |first=Maeve |date=19 Oct 1985 |title=Old-fashioned girls who marry new-fashion boys |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |page=16 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> In the case where a gay man marries a woman, the woman is sometimes said to be his "[[Beard (companion)|beard]]", while in the case where a lesbian marries a man, the man is sometimes said to be her "[[merkin]]".

==Metaphorical usage==
{{Unreferenced section|date=May 2023}}
The phrase "marriage of convenience" is used metaphorically to mean any partnership between groups or individuals for their mutual (and sometimes illegitimate) benefit, or between groups or individuals otherwise unsuited to working together. An example would be a "[[national unity government]]", as existed in Israel during much of the 1980s or in the United Kingdom during [[World War II]]. More specifically, [[Cohabitation (government)|cohabitation]] refers to a political situation which can occur in countries with a [[semi-presidential system]] (especially France), where the president and the prime minister belong to opposed political camps.

==Political marriage==
{{Unreferenced section|date=May 2023}}
Marriages of convenience, often termed [[Marriage of state|marriages of state]], have always been commonplace in royal, aristocratic, and otherwise powerful families, to make alliances between two powerful houses. Examples include the marriages of [[Agnes of Courtenay]], her daughter [[Sibylla, Queen of Jerusalem|Sibylla]], [[Jeanne d'Albret]], and [[Catherine of Aragon]]. Marriage equality played a major role in princely families, less in England and Scotland than in the monarchies of the continent. Even among the non-ruling [[nobility]], great importance was attached to marriages appropriate to their status.

==Literature==
The topic was treated literary through [[Thomas Mann|Thomas Mann's]] 1909 novel ''[[Royal Highness (novel)|Royal Highness]]'', which describes a young unworldly and dreamy prince who forces himself into a marriage of convenience that ultimately becomes happy. The story was modeled after Mann's own romance and marriage to [[Katia Mann]] in February 1905, which was to be blessed with six children, although it was not reasons of state or equality that motivated this marriage of convenience, but rather the [[Thomas Mann#Sexuality and literary work|author's homosexuality]] which made him want acceptance and starting a family (along with, incidentally, the prospect of a rich dowry) at a time when homosexuality was still punishable and ostracized. However, his love for boys remained, but was lived out platonically.<ref>Hermann Kurzke, ''Thomas Mann: Life as a Work of Art: A Biography'', chapter XIII: ''Homoeroticism in midlife'', Princeton University Press (2002).</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Abuse]]
* [[Basic Allowance for Housing]]
* [[Child abuse]]
* [[Child neglect]]
* [[Child marriage]]
* [[Forced marriage]]
* [[Lavender marriage]]
* [[Marriage of state]]
* [[Arranged marriage]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* Jones, James A., [https://web.archive.org/web/20100717091300/http://www.law.fsu.edu/journals/lawreview/frames/243/jonefram.html "The Immigration Marriage Fraud Amendments: Sham Marriages or Sham Legislation?"], ''[[Florida State University Law Review]]'', 1997
* Seminara, David, [http://www.cis.org/marriagefraud "Hello, I Love You, Won't You Tell Me Your Name: Inside the Green Card Marriage Phenomenon"], ''Center for Immigration Studies'', Washington, D.C., November 2008
* Winston, Ali, [http://www.citylimits.org/news/articles/3595/marrying-for-love "Marrying For Love?: You'll Have To Prove It"], ''City Limits News'', New York, Jul 28, 2008
* Winter, Jana, [https://www.foxnews.com/politics/exclusive-aide-to-harry-reid-lied-to-feds-submitted-false-documents-about-sham-marriage/ "EXCLUSIVE: Aide to Harry Reid Lied to Feds, Submitted False Documents About Sham Marriage"], ''[[Fox News Channel|Fox News]]'', October 25, 2010
* Academic article on political discourse & policies on forced and fraudulent marriages in the Netherlands: [http://ejw.sagepub.com/content/20/1/61.abstract Bonjour&De Hart 2013, "A proper wife, a proper marriage. Constructions of 'us' and 'them' in Dutch family migration policy", European Journal of Women's Studies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091005003206/http://ejw.sagepub.com/content/20/1/61.abstract |date=2009-10-05 }}
*Hill, S. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150402154649/http://www.tbchambers.co.uk/Legal-Articles/the-eea-and-marriages-of-convenience.html "The European Economic Area and Marriages of Convenience"], ''Thomas Bingham Chambers'', London, April 2, 2015
* Eli Coleman PhD (1989) The Married Lesbian, Marriage & Family Review, 14:3-4, 119-135, DOI: 10.1300/J002v14n03_06

==External links==
* [https://levoritzlaw.com/ NYC Family Law Firm]
{{commons category|Marriage of convenience}}
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{{Types of marriages|state=autocollapse}}

[[Category:Family law]]
[[Category:Types of marriage]]