Editing Marsaxlokk

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name                            = Marsaxlokk
| native_name                     = 
| native_name_lang                = mt
| official_name                   = 
| other_name                      = Ix-Xatt, Porto Ercole
| settlement_type                 = [[Local councils of Malta|Local council]]
| image_skyline                   = Marsaxlokk montage.png
| image_caption                   = From top: Harbour, [[Delimara Lighthouse]], Delimara coastline, [[Parish Church of Our Lady of Pompei, Marsaxlokk|Parish Church]], street market, [[Fort San Lucian]]
| image_flag                      = Flag of Marsaxlokk.svg
| image_shield                    = Marsaxlokk_coa.svg
| etymology                       = 
| nickname                        = 
| motto                           = ''Portus Herculis''
| image_map                       = Marsaxlokk in Malta.svg
| map_caption                     = 
| coordinates                     = {{coord|35|50|30|N|14|32|41|E|type:city_region:MT|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes           = 
| subdivision_type                = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name                = {{flag|Malta}}
| subdivision_type1               = [[Regions of Malta|Region]]
| subdivision_name1               = [[Southern Region, Malta|Southern Region]]
| subdivision_type2               = [[Districts of Malta|District]]
| subdivision_name2               = [[Districts of Malta#South Eastern District|South Eastern District]]
| established_title               = 
| established_date                = 
| founder                         = 
| parts_type                      = Borders
| parts_style                     = para
| p1                              = [[Birżebbuġa]], [[Għaxaq]], [[Marsaskala]], [[Żejtun]]
| leader_title                    = [[List of mayors of places in Malta|Mayor]]
| leader_name                     = Steven Grech
| leader_party                    = [[Labour Party (Malta)|PL]]
| unit_pref                       = Metric
| area_total_km2                  = 4.7
| area_note                       = 
| area_footnotes                  = 
| elevation_m                     = 
| elevation_footnotes             = 
| population_total                = 3660
| population_as_of                = Jan. 2019
| population_footnotes            = 
| population_density_km2          = auto
| population_note                 = 
| population_demonym              = Xlukkajr (m), Xlukkajra (f), Xlukkajri (pl)
| timezone1                       = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset1                     = +1
| timezone1_DST                   = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| utc_offset1_DST                 = +2
| postal_code_type                = [[Postal codes in Malta|Postal code]]
| postal_code                     = MXK
| area_code_type                  = [[List of country calling codes|Dialing code]]
| area_code                       = 356
| iso_code                        = MT-28
| blank_name_sec1                 = [[Religion in Malta#Patron Saints|Patron saint]]
| blank_info_sec1                 = Our Lady of [[Pompeii]]
| blank1_name_sec1                = [[Public holidays in Malta#Traditional Feasts|Day of festa]]
| blank1_info_sec1                = 5th Sunday in July or 1st Sunday in August
| website                         = {{URL|http://en.marsaxlokklc.com/}}
| footnotes                       = 
}}

[[File:Malta GC. Marsaxlokk- 1967 (8236813871).jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|The colourful traditional Maltese fishing boats, the [[luzzu]], one of the symbols of Malta.  The painted eye on each side of the prow is an old custom believed to protect the boats from evil.  Marsaxlokk is especially known for the many luzzus in its harbour.  In the background can be seen the parish church of Marsaxlokk dedicated to Our Lady of the Rosary - The Madonna of Pompeii.]]

'''Marsaxlokk''' ({{IPA|mt|mɐrsɐʃˈlɔk}}) is a small, traditional [[fishing village]] in the [[Southern Region, Malta|Southern Region]] of [[Malta]]. It has a harbour, and is a tourist attraction known for its views, fishing and history.  As of March 2014, the village had a population of 3,534.<ref>{{cite web |title=Estimated Population by Locality 31st March, 2014 |url=https://secure2.gov.mt/localgovernment/file.aspx?f=7810 |publisher=[[Government of Malta]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621211549/https://secure2.gov.mt/localgovernment/file.aspx?f=7810 |archive-date=21 June 2015 |date=16 May 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The village is also known for the Marsaxlokk Market, which is mainly a large fish market which takes place along the seafront on Sundays, and a tourist market during all other days of the week. Inhabited and well-known since antiquity, Marsaxlokk was used as a port by [[Phoenicia]]ns, [[Punics|Carthaginians]] and also has the remains of a [[Roman Empire|Roman-era harbour.]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20060602/local/part-of-marsaxlokk-harbour-mapped-for-first-time.52150|title=Part of Marsaxlokk harbour mapped for first time|last=Ċini|first=George|date=2 June 2006|work=Times of Malta|access-date=2018-11-06}}</ref> Originally a part of the city of [[Żejtun]], the fishing village became a separate parish in the late nineteenth century.

Traditional [[Luzzu|luzzi]] and other larger and more modern vessels line the sheltered inner harbour. The village is also popular among locals and tourists alike for its walks around the coast and harbour,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.visitmalta.com/en/file.aspx?f=19038|title=Malta goes rural - Marsaxlokk to Marsascala walk|website=visitmalta.com|access-date=2019-06-23}}</ref> its restaurants, as well as for its swimming zones.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.maltauncovered.com/malta-island/marsaxlokk-fishing-village/|title=Marsaxlokk: Malta's fishing village|website=Malta Uncovered|access-date=2019-06-23}}</ref> Marsaxlokk Bay also includes a [[Malta Freeport|container freeport]] towards Birżebbuġa, a [[power station]] complex towards Delimara,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.enemalta.com.mt/about-us/delimara-power-station/|title=About us - Delimara Power Station|website=Enemalta.com|access-date=2018-11-06}}</ref> and a small ship-repair facility for fishermen.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.noonsite.com/Countries/Malta/MarsamxettHarbour?rc=RepairFacilities|title=Marsamxett Harbour - Repair Facilities|website=Noonsite.com|access-date=2018-11-06}}</ref>

Marsaxlokk is sometimes referred to as ''Portus Herculis'', due to the association of Marsaxlokk Bay with the Roman and Punic remains at [[Tas-Silġ]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://localgovernment.gov.mt/en/lc/Marsaxlokk/Pages/The-Local-Council/About-the-Locality.aspx|title=About the locality|website=localgovernment.gov.mt|access-date=2018-11-06}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The name Marsaxlokk comes from the Arabic word ''marsa'', which means ''port'' and ''xlokk'', which is the Maltese word for ''south-east''. The word is related to the name for the dry [[sirocco]] wind that blows from the Sahara, comparable to the equivalent [[Catalan language|Catalan]] word, ''xaloc''. The inhabitants of the village are called the ''Xlukkajri'' and are, traditionally, fishermen by trade.

== Topography ==
Situated in the south-east end of the main island of Malta, Marsaxlokk bay is fed by a valley that drains the Marnisi and Ħal Ġinwi areas. The Marsaxlokk floodplain is one of the smaller ones on Malta. Today, a small marsh survives at the head of the bay, named ''Tal-Magħluq''. This may indicate that the bay may have been larger in the past and gradually silted up since antiquity. Although there are no sources from the medieval and early modern period to prove the existence of marshes in the area, a marshy environment survives at the head of the fishing harbour.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Gambin|first1=Timothy|last2=Rosado|first2=Marian|date=April 2015|title=Archaeology/Cultural Heritage Assessment for the proposed breakwaters and sea defences at Marsaxlokk Bay, Malta.|url=https://era.org.mt/en/Documents/07_Archaeology_final.pdf|journal=Era.org.mt}}</ref>

Sediment deposition over recent century has silted the bay, making it significantly more shallow than in antiquity. Researchers hypothesize that vessels of all sizes could once have sought shelter here. A sandy beach may have provided a landing place for small boats. A freshwater supply exists in the valley that lies between two of the three hills dominating the bay - namely to the north-east, north and north-west.<ref name=":1" /> Access to plains around Żejtun would have been easy via this same valley, with a meandering road linking the bay to the [[Żejtun Roman villa|Żejtun Roman Villa]]. While the bay could only have been used as a temporary anchorage without human intervention, a simple sea wall may have enabled the harbour to be used as an all-weather anchorage. In antiquity, its main function would have been to serve the agricultural sites in the surrounding areas. It may also have enjoyed links with the Tas-Silġ sanctuary overlooking the bay.<ref name=":1" />

==History==
[[File:Marsaxlokk 1883.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Marsaxlokk in 1883]]

To the north-east of the village, on the rounded hilltop of [[Tas-Silġ]], there is a multi-period sanctuary site covering all eras from the [[Neolithic]] to the fourth century AD.<ref name="MU">{{cite web|url=http://www.um.edu.mt/arts/classics-archaeo/projects/tassilg|title=Tas-Silġ Excavation Project (1996–2005)|website=[[University of Malta]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129035715/http://www.um.edu.mt/arts/classics-archaeo/projects/tassilg|archive-date=29 November 2014}}</ref> The Tas-Silġ site includes megalithic remains, scattered edifices belonging to three distinct temples. [[Cicero]] describes the temple of Juno in Malta in his ''[[In Verrem]]''.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/Tas-Sil-uncovered.487456|title=Tas-Silg... uncovered|last=Carabott|first=Sarah|date=24 September 2013|work=Times of Malta|access-date=2019-06-23}}</ref> The temple, long associated with the remains at Tas-Silġ, contained "a large number of ornaments among which was a carefully and supremely crafted ancient ivory statue of Victory."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://era.org.mt/en/Documents/20160708_EPS_v1_Final.pdf|title=Environmental Impact Statement for proposed coastal defences at Marsaxlokk|website=ERA|access-date=2019-06-23}}</ref> The presence of such ornaments is a clear indication of the importance of this temple not just locally but also on a [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] scale. Recent studies of the ceramics from Tas-Silġ led to conclusions that the sanctuary was used as a centre of exchange for both local and imported goods.<ref name="BRU_42">{{Harvnb|Bruno|2009|p=42}}</ref> The remains atop the hill also include a more recent [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] basilica and monastery.<ref name=":2" />

Little is known about the area during the Middle Ages, with all the [[casalia]] of the south-eastern side of the island being exposed to frequent raids and attacks by [[Saracen|Saracen pirates]] and, later, raiders from the [[Barbary Coast|Barbary coast]]. Modern historical studies and topology confirm that the area between Żejtun and Marsaxlokk was covered in vegetation and pasture land.<ref name="BRU_120">{{Harvnb|Bruno|2009|p=120}}</ref> In the later Middle Ages, Marsaxlokk was included in medieval [[Portolan chart|portolani]]. At least three of these medieval sailing instructions, dating as far back as the 13th century mention, Marsaxlokk (as {{Transliteration|mt|marza sinocho}}, {{Transliteration|mt|Marsa silocco}} and {{Transliteration|mt|marza per sirocho}}). The Rizo portolan of 1490 gives sailing distances from Marsaxlokk to a variety of other ports in the Mediterranean including [[Tunis]], [[Cephalonia]] and [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]] in [[Libya]]. This reflects the port's connectivity with other parts of the medieval Mediterranean.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cassola|first=A.|date=1992|title=The Maltese Toponomy in three Ancient Italian Portulans (1296-1490)|url=https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/bitstream/handle/123456789/22811/Al%20-%20Masaq.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|journal=Al-Masaq Studia Arabo-Islamica Mediterranea International Jour-nal of Arabo- Islamic Mediterranean Studies|volume=5|pages=47–64}}</ref>

The invading Ottoman navy anchored at Marsaxlokk during the [[Great Siege of Malta|Great Siege of 1565]], before they completed the attack on [[Fort Saint Elmo]].<ref name=":0" /> The whole harbour area was systematically fortified over successive centuries, with towers, batteries and fortresses ringing Marsaxlokk bay. This chain of fortifications was intended to protect the vulnerable harbour, and included [[Vendôme Tower]], [[Fort Delimara]], [[Delimara Tower]], [[St Paul's Tower and Chapel (Malta)|Ta' Bettina Tower]], and [[Fort Tas-Silġ]] on Delimara point, on the north arm of Marsaxlokk Bay, [[Fort San Lucian]] on Kbira point in the middle of the bay, and the [[Pinto Battery|Pinto]] and [[Ferretti Battery|Ferretti]] batteries on the shores of the bay towards Birżebbuġa. The most prominent fortification of this chain, Fort San Lucian was built by 1611 [[Raid on Żejtun|and may have prevented a landing in the bay by Ottoman forces in 1614]]. [[Napoleon]]'s navy entered Marsaxlokk, and landed an army on the coast during the [[French invasion of Malta|French invasion of 1798]].<ref name="Marsaxlokk in detail">{{Cite web|url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/malta/marsaxlokk/background/history/a/nar/05ae0ebc-1827-48a8-8f26-08a4c017abab/1316064|title=Marsaxlokk in detail|website=lonelyplanet.com|access-date=2018-11-06}}</ref> During the [[Siege of Malta (1798–1800)|Maltese uprising]] - British, Neapolitan and Portuguese forces operated from here. [[Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson|Horatio Nelson]] and his lover [[Emma, Lady Hamilton|Emma Hamilton]] also stayed here from April to June 1800, visiting parts of the island.<ref>{{cite book| last = Bradford| first = Ernle| author-link = Ernle Bradford| year = 1999 |orig-year=1977| title = Nelson: The Essential Hero|page=249| publisher = Wordsworth Military Library| isbn = 1-84022-202-6}}</ref>

Most of the fishermen who worked out of Marsaxlokk bay hailed from Żejtun, commuting back and forth from the shore. Around 1846, the first houses began to be built in Marsaxlokk, as fishermen from Żejtun settled there permanently.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Malta, Mediterranean Bridge|last=Goodwin|first=Stefan|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=2002|isbn=0897898206|pages=69–70}}</ref> At the end of the nineteenth century, a church was built to minister to the spiritual needs of the fishermen and their families. Eventually, the fishing village of Marsaxlokk was separated from Żejtun and became a distinct parish in January 1897.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lc.gov.mt/Page.aspx?catid=19&pid=188&lid=1|title=Local Councils - Marsaxlokk|website=lc.gov.mt|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107082014/http://lc.gov.mt/Page.aspx?catid=19&pid=188&lid=1|archive-date=7 January 2018|url-status=live|access-date=2018-01-07}}</ref> The construction of the parish church started in 1890.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.marsaxlokkparish.com/parrocca|title=Storja tal-Parrocca {{!}} Marsaxlokk|website=marsaxlokkparish.com|access-date=2019-06-23}}</ref> It was built as a fulfillment of a promise made by Marquess Rosalia Apap Viani Testaferrata after she was saved from a violent storm at sea. The church was originally built in a rectangular form with the designs attributed to Dun Ġużepp Diacono. Marsaxlokk became an independent parish in 1897. The feast of our lady is held on the last Sunday of July. It includes a procession with the statue and a firework display.

In the 1930s, Marsaxlokk bay was used as a staging post by [[Short Empire|four-engined Short C-Class flying boats]] of [[United Kingdom|Britain]]'s [[Imperial Airways]] as they pioneered long-distance air travel to across the [[British Empire]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/malta/marsaxlokk/background/history/a/nar/05ae0ebc-1827-48a8-8f26-08a4c017abab/1316064|title=History in Marsaxlokk|website=Lonely Planet|access-date=2019-06-23}}</ref> During the [[World War II|Second World War]], Marsaxlokk Bay was the base for the [[Fleet Air Arm]] with a base at Kalafrana.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aviationinmalta.com/MilitaryAviation/Maltabased/RoyalNavy/tabid/815/language/en-GB/Default.aspx|title=Royal Navy|website=aviationinmalta.com|access-date=2019-06-23}}</ref> In 1989, the [[Malta Summit|famous summit meeting]] between [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[United States|US]] leaders [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] and [[George H. W. Bush|George H.W. Bush]] was held [[TS Maxim Gorkiy|on board a ship anchored in the bay]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.tvm.com.mt/en/news/29-years-ago-bush-was-in-malta-for-summit-which-buried-the-cold-war/|title=29 years ago Bush was in Malta for summit which buried the Cold War|date=1 December 2018|work=tvm.com.mt|access-date=2019-06-23}}</ref> Today, the village is framed by the fuel tanks and chimneys of the 537.8-megawatt [[Delimara Power Station]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2017-01-09/blogs-opinions/The-Marsaxlokk-power-station-and-the-end-of-science-6736168806|title=The Marsaxlokk power station and the end of science|last=Mercieca|first=Simon|date=9 January 2017|work=The Malta Independent|access-date=2019-06-23}}</ref> and the huge cranes of the [[Malta Freeport|Malta Freeport Container Terminal]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://era.org.mt/en/Documents/PDS_PA_3368_06.PDF|title=Proposed Development at Malta Freeport Terminals Limited|website=ERA|access-date=2019-06-23}}</ref>

In recent years, Marsaxlokk has also developed as a modern seaside resort. The village includes a natural park at Xrobb l-Għaġin.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.xrobblghagin.org.mt/|title=Xrobb l-Ghagin Nature Park|website=xrobblghagin.org.mt|access-date=2019-06-23}}</ref>

== Cultural tradition ==
Marsaxlokk is also famous for the national boats which are the luzzu and the [[kajjik]]. They serve the fisherman on fishing near the shore and for fishing away from the shore they use another type of boat. Tourists also can take boat trips from Marsaxlokk to Delimara and Birzebbuġa.

Most of Malta's fish supplies are caught by fishermen coming from this port as about 70% of the Maltese fishing fleet is based there.<ref name="Marsaxlokk in detail"/> [[Swordfish]], [[tuna]], and '[[Lampuki netting|lampuki]]' are caught in abundance between spring and late autumn.  On weekdays, the catch is taken to the fish-market in [[Marsa, Malta|Marsa]], but on Sundays, fresh fish is sold by fishermen directly on the quay.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.maltauncovered.com/malta-island/marsaxlokk-fishing-village/|title=Marsaxlokk: Malta's fishing village – travel guide and tips|website=Malta Uncovered|access-date=2018-11-06}}</ref>

[[File:Marsaxlokk Harbour.jpg|thumb|900px|center|Panoramic view of the Marsaxlokk harbour]]

==Zones in Marsaxlokk==
{{Div col|colwidth=25em|content=*Delimara
*Ħal Ġinwi
*Il-Ballut
*Il-Fossa
*Il-Magħluq
*Il-Wilġa
*Kavallerizza
*Marnisi
*Marsaxlokk Bay
*Il-Ponta l-Kbira
*San Duminku
*St. Peter's Pool
*Il-Ponta Tal-Qrejten
*Tal-Wiċċ
*Tas-Silġ
*Torri San Luċjan
*Xrobb l-Għaġin
*Port Ruman}}

==Sports==
[[Marsaxlokk F.C.]], formed in 1949, is the village's main [[Football (soccer)|football]] team.  It plays in the Maltese Premier League, with home games taking place at the [[Ta' Qali Stadium]].  Marsaxlokk also has a [[water polo]] team, which dates to 1952.

==Twin towns – sister cities==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Malta}}
Marsaxlokk is [[Twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with:<ref>{{cite web |title=Twinning|url=https://localgovernment.gov.mt/en/lc/Marsaxlokk/Pages/Services/Twinning.aspx|website=localgovernment.gov.mt|publisher=Marsaxlokk|access-date=18 September 2019}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Cadeo]], Italy
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Leucate]], France

==See also==
*[[St Paul's Tower and Chapel (Malta)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* Abela, Joe Dun ''Marsaxlokk''
*{{Cite book|title=Roman and Byzantine Malta: Trade and Economy|last=Bruno|first=Brunella|publisher=Midsea Books|year=2009|isbn=978-9993272458|location=Malta|page=42}}
* Grech, Joseph ''Marsaxlokk: 100 sena parroċċa''
* Gravina Joseph 'Wirt Marsaxlokk' a TVM 13 documentaries/programmes dedicated to the history of Marsax;okk covering varies historical sites such as 'Tas-Silg temples', Fortifications like Saint Lucian's Tower and Vendome Tower built by the Order of Saint John, English fortifications such as 'Tas-Silg Fort, Delimara Fortress and others on the peninsula, the parish church, and last but not least being a fishing village, a variety of fishing methods. Joseph Gravina is also the Founder/president of Marsaxlokk Heritage (NGO) founded in 2019.

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.mma.gov.mt/port-marsaxlokk Malta Maritime Authority]{{Dead link|date=March 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* https://www.visitmalta.com/en/info/marsaxlokk
* http://en.marsaxlokklc.com/village
{{Malta-LocalCouncils}}
{{fishing history|expanded=villages}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Marsaxlokk| ]]
[[Category:Towns in Malta]]
[[Category:Local councils of Malta]]
[[Category:Fishing communities]]
[[Category:Mediterranean port cities and towns in Malta]]