Editing Martello tower

{{Short description|Small defensive fort}}
{{For|the rock formation in Antarctica|Martello Tower (South Shetland Islands)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2017}}
[[File:Prince of Wales Tower - 2017 (35781219381).jpg|thumb|300px|[[Prince of Wales Tower]] – oldest Martello tower in [[North America]] (1796), [[Point Pleasant Park]], [[Halifax Regional Municipality|Halifax]], [[Nova Scotia]], [[Canada]]]]

'''Martello towers''' are small defensive [[Fortification|forts]] that were built across the [[British Empire]] during the 19th century, from the time of the [[French Revolutionary Wars]] onwards. Most were [[coastal defence and fortification|coastal forts]].

They stand up to {{convert|40|ft|m}} high (with two floors) and typically had a garrison of one officer and 15–25 men. Their round structure and thick walls of solid masonry made them resistant to cannon fire, while their height made them an ideal platform for a single heavy [[artillery]] piece, mounted on the flat roof and able to traverse, and hence fire, over a complete 360° circle. A few towers had moats or other batteries and works attached for extra defence.

The Martello towers were used during the first half of the 19th century, but became obsolete with the introduction of powerful [[rifled]] artillery. Many have survived to the present day, often preserved as historic monuments.

== Origins ==
[[File:Tour de la Mortella.jpg|thumb|left|The resistance of the [[Torra di Mortella]] to the British in 1794 inspired Martello towers]]
[[File:A cutter and a man of war off Corsica, 1788 RMG PW5922.jpg|thumb|A view of Corsica and a Martello tower, 1788 painting "A cutter and a man of war off Corsica" by [[Nicholas Pocock]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=A cutter and a man of war off Corsica 1788 |publisher=Royal Museums Greenwich |url=https://www.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/rmgc-object-100749 |access-date=2024-03-30 }}</ref>]]
Martello towers were inspired by a round fortress, part of a larger [[Genoa|Genoese]] defence system, at [[Torra di Mortella|Mortella]] (Myrtle) Point in [[Corsica]]. The designer was [[Giovan Giacomo Paleari Fratino]] (el Fratin),<ref>Vigano (2001), pp. 41–57.</ref> and the tower was completed in 1565.

Since the 15th century, the Corsicans had built similar towers at strategic points around the island to protect coastal villages and shipping from North African [[piracy|pirates]]. The towers stood one or two storeys high and measured {{convert|12|–|15|m|ft|abbr=on}} in diameter, with a single doorway five metres off the ground that one could access only via a ladder that the occupants could remove.<ref name="Abram 2003, p. 103">Abram (2003), p. 103.</ref>

Local villagers paid for the towers and watchmen, known as ''torregiani'', who would signal the approach of unexpected ships by lighting a beacon fire on the tower's roof. The fire would alert the local defence forces to the threat. Although the pirate threat subsequently dwindled, the Genoese built a newer generation of circular towers (the [[Genoese tower]]s), that warded off later foreign raids.<ref name="Abram 2003, p. 103" />

[[File:Martello Tower 1.jpg|thumb|A Martello tower on the [[plains of Abraham]] in [[Quebec City]] ([[Quebec]], [[Canada]]), at the top of Cap Diamant overlooking the [[Saint Lawrence River]].]]
On 7 February 1794 as part of the [[Siege of San Fiorenzo|siege of Saint-Florent]], two British warships, {{HMS|Fortitude |1780|6}} (74 guns) and {{HMS|Juno|1780|2}} (32 guns), unsuccessfully attacked the tower at Mortella Point; the tower eventually fell to land-based forces under [[John Moore (British soldier)|Sir John Moore]] after two days of heavy fighting. The British forces were helped by the fact that the tower's two 18-pounder guns fired seaward, while only the one 6-pounder could fire landward.

Vice-Admiral [[Samuel Hood, 1st Viscount Hood|Lord Hood]] reported:

{{blockquote|The ''Fortitude'' and ''Juno'' were ordered against it, without making the least impression by a continued cannonade of two hours and a half; and the former ship being very much damaged by red-hot shot, both hauled off. The walls of the Tower were of a prodigious thickness, and the parapet, where there were two eighteen-pounders, was lined with bass junk,{{refn|Bass-junk was a type of cable made of grass.<ref>''The United Service Magazine'', Volume 51, p.301.</ref> The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' reports that "bass" is a name "given elliptically to various articles made of this [fibre] or similar material; e.g. a mat, a hassock, a flat plaited bag or flexible basket."|group=Note}} five feet from the walls, and filled up with sand; and although it was cannonaded from the Height for two days, within 150 yards, and appeared in a very shattered state, the enemy still held out; but a few hot shot setting fire to the bass, made them call for quarter. The number of men in the Tower were 33; only two were wounded, and those mortally.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=13631|date=15 March 1794|page=222}}</ref>}}

Late in the previous year, the tower's French defenders had abandoned it after {{HMS|Lowestoffe|1761|6}} (32 guns) had fired two broadsides at it. The British removed the guns to arm a small vessel; consequently, the French were easily able to dislodge the garrison of Corsican patriots that had replaced them.<ref name=Sutcliffe>Sutcliffe (1973).</ref>  Still, the British were impressed by the effectiveness of the tower when properly supplied and defended, and copied the design. But they got the name wrong, misspelling "Mortella" as "Martello" (which means "hammer" in Italian). When the British withdrew from Corsica in 1803, with great difficulty they [[Slighting|blew up the tower]], leaving it in an unusable state.<ref name=Sutcliffe />

== Design and construction ==
[[File:Tour Martello 3 démolition.jpg|thumb|left|[[Quebec City|Québec city]] had four Martello towers, but tower no. 3 was demolished in 1904. In this picture, the internal structure can be seen.]]
The towers were about {{convert|40|ft|m}} high with walls about {{convert|8|ft|m}} thick. In some towers the rooms were not built in the centre, but more to the landside, leaving the walls thicker on seaside. These were cases where an attack with a cannon from the landside was thought very unlikely. Entry was by ladder to a door about {{convert|10|ft|m}} from the base above which was a machicolated (slotted) platform which allowed for downward fire on attackers. The flat roof or ''terreplein'' had a high parapet and a raised platform in the centre with a pivot (sometimes a converted cannon) for a cannon that would traverse a 360° arc. (Some towers were designed to carry more than one gun, with each having a more limited [[arc of fire]].) The walls had narrow slits for defensive musket fire.

[[File:Martello tower diagram EN.svg|thumb|Diagram of the interior of a Martello tower]]
The interior of a classic British Martello tower consisted of two storeys (sometimes with an additional basement). The ground floor served as the [[Magazine (artillery)|magazine]] and storerooms, where ammunition, water, stores and provisions were kept. The [[garrison]] of 24 men and one officer lived in a [[casemate]] on the first floor, which was divided into several rooms and had fireplaces built into the walls for cooking and heating.<ref name="robert19">Ciucevich (2005), pp. 19–21.</ref> The officer and men lived in separate rooms of almost equal size. A well or cistern within the fort supplied the garrison with water. An internal drainage system linked to the roof enabled rainwater to refill the cistern.<ref name="robert19" />
{{clear}}

== Martello towers around the world ==
[[File:Martello towers worldwide map.png|thumb|center|upright=2.7|Distribution of Martello towers worldwide]]
During the first half of the 19th century, the British government embarked on a large-scale programme of building Martello towers to guard the British and Irish coastlines. Around 140 were built, mostly along the south coast of [[England]]. Governments in [[Australia]], [[Canada]], [[Menorca]], [[South Africa]] and [[Sri Lanka]] also constructed towers. The construction of Martello towers abroad continued until as late as the 1870s but was discontinued after it became clear that they could not withstand the new generation of rifled artillery weapons.

The French built similar towers along their own coastline that they used as platforms for communication by [[optical telegraph]]s (using the [[Claude Chappe|Chappe Telegraph]]). The [[United States]] government also built a number of Martello towers along the east coast of the US that copied the British design with some modifications.

=== United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ===
[[File:Portmarnock martello.jpg|right|thumbnail|[[Portmarnock]] Martello tower, one of many on Ireland's east coast]]
Great Britain and Ireland were united as a single political entity, the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]], from 1801 to 1922, spanning the time during which most Martello towers were erected (the initial scheme started under the previous entities of the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]] and [[Kingdom of Ireland]]). Consequently, the Martello towers of Great Britain and Ireland can be considered to have been part of a single defensive system, designed to protect the coastlines of the two main islands of the [[British Isles]] as a whole.<ref>Rooke (1857), p.68.</ref><ref name=Clements>Clements (1998).</ref>

This is most clearly visible on the south and east coasts of [[England]] and the east coast of [[Ireland]], where chains of Martello towers were built. Elsewhere in the world, individual Martello towers were erected to provide point defence of strategic locations.

==== England ====
[[File:Martello tower 500.jpg|thumb|An aerial view of the western of two Martello towers at Clacton-on-Sea]]
[[File:Martello tower 700.jpg|thumb|The eastern of two Martello towers at [[Clacton-on-Sea]]]]
Between 1804 and 1812 the British authorities built a chain of towers based on the original Mortella tower to [[British anti-invasion preparations of 1803–1805|defend the south and east coast of England]], Ireland, [[Jersey]] and [[Guernsey]] to guard against [[Napoleon's planned invasion of the United Kingdom|possible invasion]] from [[France]], then under the rule of [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon I]]. A total of 103<ref name=Sutcliffe /> Martello towers were built in England, set at regular intervals along the coast from [[Seaford, East Sussex|Seaford]], [[Sussex]], to [[Aldeburgh]], [[Suffolk]]. Most were constructed under the direction of General [[William Twiss]] (1745–1827) and a Captain Ford.<ref>Mead (1948), pp. 205–17, 294–303.</ref><ref>Ward (1949), pp. 18–37.</ref>  The northernmost tower at Aldeburgh is of quatrefoil design, i.e. four in one.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.landmarktrust.org.uk/search-and-book/properties/martello-tower-9317|title=Holiday at Martello Tower in Aldeburgh, Suffolk - The Landmark Trust|website=www.landmarktrust.org.uk|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130211003141/http://www.landmarktrust.org.uk/search-and-book/properties/martello-tower-9317|archive-date=11 February 2013}}</ref> and there are two towers at Clacton-on-Sea, one near the town and the other to the west near the local Golf Course (see the pictures on the right).

Included in the scheme were three much larger circular forts or [[redoubt]]s that were constructed at [[Harwich Redoubt|Harwich]], [[Dymchurch Redoubt|Dymchurch]] and [[Eastbourne Redoubt|Eastbourne]]; they acted as supply depots for the smaller towers as well as being powerful fortifications in their own right.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.martello-towers.co.uk/south-coast/towers/dymchurch-redoubt.htm |title=Dymchurch Redoubt |publisher=Martello-towers.co.uk |date=16 June 2009 |access-date=21 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101223024147/http://www.martello-towers.co.uk/south-coast/towers/dymchurch-redoubt.htm |archive-date=23 December 2010  }}</ref>

The effectiveness of Britain's Martello towers was never actually tested in combat against a Napoleonic invasion fleet. They were, however, effective in hindering smuggling.<ref>Daly (2007), p.34.</ref> After the threat had passed, the Martello towers in England met a variety of fates. [[Her Majesty's Coastguard|The Coastguard]] took over many to aid in the fight against smuggling.

Fifteen towers were demolished to enable the re-use of their masonry. The sea washed thirty away and the military destroyed four in experiments to test the effectiveness of the new [[rifled]] artillery. During the [[Second World War]], some Martello towers returned to military service as observation platforms and firing platforms for [[anti-aircraft artillery]].

Forty-seven Martello towers have survived in England, a few of which have been restored and transformed into museums (e.g., the towers at [[St Osyth]] and [[Seaford, East Sussex|Seaford]]), visitor centres, and galleries (such as [[Jaywick Martello Tower]]). Some are privately owned or are private residences,<ref>{{cite news |first=Jonathan |last=Glancey |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2010/dec/20/martello-tower-conversion |title=Napoleon-proof your home: convert a Martello tower |newspaper=The Guardian |date=20 December 2010 |access-date=21 December 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222100511/http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2010/dec/20/martello-tower-conversion |archive-date=22 December 2015  }}</ref> The remainder are derelict. A survey of the East Coast towers in 2007 found of the 17 remaining, most were in a reasonable condition.<ref>Millward (2007), 173–184.</ref>

Many remaining Martello Towers are now [[Listed Building]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://list.english-heritage.org.uk/results.aspx|title=Listed buildings - Historic England|website=list.english-heritage.org.uk|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017054438/http://list.english-heritage.org.uk/results.aspx|archive-date=17 October 2012}}</ref>

A fuller list of British towers, with photographs, is available.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.geograph.org.uk/article/Martello-Towers|title=Geograph: Martello Towers|website=www.geograph.org.uk|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001165035/http://www.geograph.org.uk/article/Martello-Towers|archive-date=1 October 2017}}</ref>
[[File:Martello Tower, Seaford, East Sussex (October 2001).jpg|thumb|Martello Tower on Seaford seafront, housing the Museum]]

==== Scotland ====
[[File:Tally Too'er, Leith - geograph.org.uk - 42847.jpg|thumb|The [[Tally Toor]], in [[Leith]], Edinburgh, Scotland.]]
Three Martello towers were built in Scotland, the first on offshore rocks facing the [[Firth of Forth]] in 1807–1809 to defend [[Leith]] Harbour. The [[Tally Toor]] now lies land-locked within the eastern breakwater.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.scottish-places.info/features/featurefirst10725.html| title=Leith Martello Tower| website=Gazetteer for Scotland| access-date=13 July 2007| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110222052306/http://www.scottish-places.info/features/featurefirst10725.html| archive-date=22 February 2011| df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| date=26 May 2004| title=The Martello Tower| url=http://www.leithhistory.co.uk/2004/05/26/the-martello-tower/| website=History of Leith| access-date=13 July 2007| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928210818/http://www.leithhistory.co.uk/2004/05/26/the-martello-tower/| archive-date=28 September 2007| df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Two towers were then built at [[Hackness Martello Tower and Battery|Hackness]] and [[Crockness Martello tower|Crockness]], near [[Longhope, Orkney|Longhope]] in Orkney. They were constructed between 1813 and 1815 to guard against the threat of French and American raiders attacking [[convoy]]s assembling offshore. [[Historic Scotland]] now operates the Hackness tower as a museum.<ref>{{cite web| title=Hackness Martello Tower and Battery| publisher=Historic Scotland| url=http://www.historic-scotland.gov.uk/properties_sites_detail.htm?propertyID=PL_147| access-date=13 July 2007| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224201401/http://www.historic-scotland.gov.uk/properties_sites_detail.htm?propertyID=PL_147| archive-date=24 December 2007| df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==== Wales ====
A small number of Martello towers were also built in Wales, of which few survive. The most notable surviving towers are the two located in [[Pembroke Dock]], which were built between 1848 and 1857 to protect the naval base there. Today, one of the towers is privately owned. The other is located on the town's riverfront, next to the old entrance of the naval base. It was converted into a small museum that focused on the local history of the dock and its defences. The museum has now shut down because of water influx. Recently{{clarify timeframe|date=July 2022}} Pembrokeshire County Council has decided to put the tower up for sale.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.guntowermuseum.org.uk/index.html| title=Gun Tower Museum| publisher=Pembroke Dock Gun Tower Museum Trust| access-date=26 July 2022| url-status=usurped| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305142434/http://www.guntowermuseum.org.uk/index.html| archive-date=5 March 2012| df=dmy-all}}</ref>{{failed verification|reason=says nothing about the sale|date=July 2022}}

==== Ireland ====
{{see also|Martello towers in the Greater Dublin Area}}
[[File:County Dublin - Shenick's Island Martello Tower - 20180325151846.jpg|thumb|Offshore Martello tower on [[Shenick Island]], [[County Dublin]]]]
About fifty Martello towers were built around the Irish coastline, especially along the east coast, from [[Millmount Fort|Millmount]] (Drogheda), to [[Bray, County Wicklow|Bray]], around [[Dublin Bay]] (29 installations) but also around [[Cork Harbour]] on the south coast. On the east coast, concentrated mainly around Dublin Bay, twenty-six towers were in line of sight of each other, providing the ability to communicate with one another, or warn of any incoming attacks.

Possibly the most famous is the Martello tower in [[Sandycove]], near [[Dún Laoghaire]], in which [[James Joyce]] lived for a few days. Joyce shared the tower with [[Oliver St. John Gogarty]], then a medical student but later to become famous in Irish history as a surgeon, politician and writer. In ''[[Ulysses (novel)|Ulysses]]'', the fictional character [[Stephen Dedalus]] lives in the tower with a medical student, Malachi "Buck" Mulligan, whom Joyce based on Gogarty. The [[James Joyce Tower]], as the tower is now known, houses a museum dedicated to Joyce.

A number of other Martello towers are extant nearby at [[Bullock Harbour]], [[Dalkey Island]], [[Blackrock, Dublin|Williamstown]], [[Seapoint]] and [[Sandymount]] and Martello towers feature in many literary works set in [[Dublin]]. During the 1980s, [[Bono]] owned the Martello tower in [[Bray, County Wicklow|Bray]], [[County Wicklow]].

[[File:Killiney Martello No7.jpg|thumb|left|Martello tower (South No.7) at [[Killiney]]]]
Martello Tower South No.7, on Tara Hill, Killiney Bay, is unique, as is its location as an [[Enfilade and defilade|enfilading tower]]. The Tower is privately owned and has been fully restored, to include a proofed, working King George 3rd [[Thomas Blomefield|Blomefield]] [[18-pounder long gun|18-pounder cannon]] mounted on a traversing carriage on the crown of the Tower. There is a three-gun battery below the tower, with a [[glacis]]. There is also a coach house, artillery store, tool shed, and gunner's cottage, with resident gunner and [[gunpowder]] store. The battery, while restored, remains to be armed and the coach house and artillery store still require some restoration.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.photopol.com/martello/no7.html |title=Tower No. 7 |publisher=Photopol.com |date=12 July 2008 |access-date=21 December 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226231516/http://www.photopol.com/martello/no7.html |archive-date=26 December 2010  }}</ref>{{self-published inline|reason=Appears to be a personal web page|date=July 2022}}

On the north side of Dublin, one can find Martello towers in [[Balbriggan]], [[Shenick Island]] and Red Island at [[Skerries, Dublin|Skerries]], [[Drumanagh|Drumanagh Fort]], [[Rush, Dublin|Rush]], Tower Bay in [[Portrane]], [[Donabate]], [[Malahide]] (Hicks tower owned by [[Tony Quinn (businessman)|Tony Quinn]]), [[Portmarnock]], [[Ireland's Eye]], [[Howth]], and [[Sutton, Dublin|Sutton]].<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=[[Evening Herald]]|author=Damian Corless|title=The man with a mind of his own|date=25 October 2000}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|newspaper=[[Irish Independent]]|author=Liam Collins|title=Liam Collins: Courts lay bare Quinn's oil empire|date=23 September 2012|url=https://www.independent.ie/opinion/analysis/liam-collins-courts-lay-bare-quinns-oil-empire-28812998.html|access-date=4 March 2022|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

There were seven Martello towers in the vicinity of Cork Harbour of which five are extant.<ref name="Society1907">{{cite journal|last=Cremen |first=Cornelius |author-mask=C[reme]n, [Cornelius] <!--"Cn." https://corkhist.ie/journal/jchas-authors/-->|journal=Journal of the Cork Historical and Archaeological Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wf16AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA198|volume=XIII|year=1907|publisher=Cork Historical and Archaeological Society|pages=198–200|title=The Martello Towers of Cork Harbour}}</ref> During the 19th century [[Fenian Rising|Fenian uprising]], the famous [[William Mackey Lomasney|Captain Mackey]] briefly captured and held the Monning Martello tower near [[Fota Island]] in [[Cork Harbour]]; this tower is believed to have been the only Martello tower ever captured, other than the original. The other Cork Harbour towers are at [[Ringaskiddy]], [[Haulbowline Island]] (now part of the Irish Naval Service HQ) and at [[Belvelly]] and [[Rossleague]] on the [[Great Island]] (near [[Cobh]]). There are also Martello towers at [[Little Island, Cork|Little Island]] and [[Rostellan]], though these are no longer intact.

The British built two Martello towers on the Hook Peninsula to protect the fort near [[Duncannon]], [[County Wexford]] and the entrance to [[Waterford]] Harbour. There is a third tower on the headland at Baginbun Bay in County Wexford.

One of the most interesting Martello towers is [[Meelick Martello Tower]] at [[Clonahenoge]], [[County Offaly]], guarding the [[River Shannon|Shannon]] river crossing to [[Meelick, County Galway]]. As this tower supports three guns (unlike the normal Martello tower which is circular on plan and carries only one gun), it is cam shaped on plan. Currently a rampant growth of ivy covers the tower.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.buildingsofireland.ie/niah/search.jsp?type=record&county=OF&regno=14929011|title=Rutland House Additional Images|website=Buildings of Ireland|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610224302/http://www.buildingsofireland.ie/niah/search.jsp?type=record&county=OF&regno=14929011|archive-date=10 June 2015}}</ref>

The tower at [[Seapoint]], [[County Dublin]], which was the property of Blackrock Urban District Council, was formerly the clubhouse of the Seapoint Boat Club from 1916 to 1931,<ref>Seapoint Boat Club archives at the LexIcon library, [[Dun Laoghaire]], County Dublin</ref>{{nonspecific|reason=Isn't there an index for this archive that could help someone find it more easily? Is it even accessible to the public?|date=July 2022}} and was subsequently the headquarters of the [[Genealogical Society of Ireland]] (GSI).<ref>{{cite web |first=Michael |last=Merrigan |url=http://www.familyhistory.ie/index.php/en/gsi-campaigns |title=A brief history of a dynamic and innovative campaigning organisation |publisher=Genealogical Society of Ireland |date=May 2012 |access-date=24 October 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603190941/http://www.familyhistory.ie/index.php/en/gsi-campaigns |archive-date=3 June 2012  }}</ref> The GSI vacated the tower when it found that the atmosphere was not conducive to the preservation of records.

The restored tower at [[Ilnacullin]] is a feature of an island garden in [[Glengarriff]], [[County Cork]]. Several other towers are still extant, including one at [[Rathmullan]] in [[County Donegal]] and two in [[County Clare]] on the south coast of [[Galway Bay]] in the townlands of [[Finavarra Tower|Finavarra]] and [[Aughinish Tower|Aughinish]]. There is also an extant Martello tower located near the settlement of [[Magilligan|Magilligan Point]] in [[County Londonderry]], built between 1812 and 1871 to defend against a possible French invasion during the [[Napoleonic Wars]]; it is now a visitor attraction.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://discovernorthernireland.com/Magilligan-Martello-Tower-Limavady-P2926/ |title=Magilligan Martello Tower |author=<!--Not stated--> |website=Discover Northern Ireland |publisher=[[Tourism NI]] |access-date=23 April 2020}}</ref>

A Martello-like tower was built on [[Achill Island]], according to local memory during the Napoleonic Wars. It is square rather than round, unlike the traditional Martello tower. This tower is known locally as the Gabhla Fhranca ("French Tower") or the Napoleonic Tower. It is marked on an 1838 [[Ordnance Survey]] chart and denoted "Signal Tower", suggesting it was used with a series of other stations for communication. The tower's position offers a view of the sea both to the north and south of the island and is therefore well-suited for that purpose. By the 1830s the tower was described as a "watch-house of the coast-guard."

=== Elsewhere ===
{{more citations needed|section|date=May 2020}}

==== Antigua and Barbuda ====
[[File:Antigua 8 Cent Stamp 1953.jpg|thumb|A 1953 stamp of Antigua showing the Martello Tower in Barbuda.]]
The British originally constructed River Fort Martello Tower in the early 19th century, on the site of a previous fort (presumed to have been built by the Spanish) to guard nearby River Landing, which was [[Barbuda]]'s original quay. Confusion with the previous fort presumably explains the claims made in Barbudan tourism publications that this was the World's first, and is its oldest, Martello tower, built in 1745.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://issuu.com/beautifulbarbudamagazine/docs/beautiful_barbuda_2012|title=Beautiful Barbuda 2012|website=issuu|date=21 December 2011 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809144415/https://issuu.com/beautifulbarbudamagazine/docs/beautiful_barbuda_2012|archive-date=9 August 2016}}</ref>  The tower is located on the south coast of the island, a mile or so from River Landing and some seven miles south of the island's main village of [[Codrington, Barbuda|Codrington]]. The tower is 56 feet high, has a raised gun platform and extremely thick walls, but is missing the floors. It the first such tower constructed in the Caribbean, was built in 1745 by [[Sir William Codrington]], and was designed by Commodore Charles Knowles RN, later Admiral [[Sir Charles Knowles, 1st Baronet|Sir Charles Knowles]] Bt, who was then commanding the Leeward Islands station.<ref>"Martello Towers Worldwide" by Bill Clements,  Pen & Sword Military 2011 pp. 146–148</ref>

It is attached to what remains of the pre-existing fort. The tower mounted three cannon, and in all the fort mounted ten cannons, none of which remain. The tower is the highest building on Barbuda and serves as a [[daymark]] from land or sea. Today the fort is a popular location for weddings.

==== Australia ====
{{unreferenced section|date=July 2022}}
[[File:Fort Denison 9.JPG|thumb|left|[[Fort Denison]], [[Sydney Harbour]].]]
The last Martello tower built in the British Empire is said{{weasel inline|date=July 2022}} to be that which composes a part of the larger [[Fort Denison, New South Wales|Fort Denison]], built on a small island, Pinchgut Island, in [[Port Jackson|Sydney Harbour]], [[New South Wales]]. It is the only Martello tower to have been built in Australia.

Fortification of the island began in 1841 but was not completed. The construction had begun following an 1839 night-time incursion into [[Sydney]] Harbour by two American warships. Concern with the threat of foreign attack had caused the government to review the harbour's inner defences, which were found to be inadequate, and the establishment of a fort was recommended to help protect Sydney Harbour from attack by foreign vessels. Construction resumed in 1855 to provide Sydney with protection against the threat of a naval attack by the [[Russia]]ns during the [[Crimean War]] of the 1850s. However, construction was completed only in 1857, well after the war had ended. Fort Denison is well preserved and is now a popular tourist attraction.

==== Bermuda ====
[[File:Martello Tower seen from Ferry Island Fort, Ferry Reach, Bermuda 2011.jpg|thumb| The Martello tower at [[Ferry Reach, Bermuda]] (1822) (background), contrasts with the Ferry Island Fort (1790s) (foreground).]]

There is a Martello tower located at [[Ferry Reach, Bermuda|Ferry Reach]] in [[St. George's Parish, Bermuda|St George's Parish]], in the British [[Imperial fortress]] [[British Overseas Territory|colony]] of [[Bermuda]]. The tower is the third fortification on the site.<ref>Harris (1988).</ref> Major Thomas Blanshard built it of Bermuda limestone between 1822 and 1823. The tower shows the effect of thirty years of evolution on the design of coastal fortifications, between the 1790s and 1822. The earlier Ferry Island Fort nearby had multiple guns arrayed to cover the water westward, while the Martello tower used a single gun with 360° traverse to cover all of the surrounding area.

Like its predecessors in the UK, it has an ovoid footprint with the thickness of its walls ranging from nine to 11 feet. It is surrounded by a dry moat. The tower's purpose was to defend the Ferry Reach Channel and so impede any attack on [[St. George's Island, Bermuda|St. George's Island]] from the main island of Bermuda, and attacking vessels from slipping through [[Castle Harbour]] and the channel between Ferry Reach and [[Coney Island, Bermuda|Coney Island]]. The main channel by which vessels reach most parts of Bermuda west of St. George's, including the [[Royal Naval Dockyard, Bermuda|Royal Naval Dockyard]], on [[Ireland Island, Bermuda|Ireland]], the [[Great Sound, Bermuda|Great Sound]], [[Hamilton Harbour, Bermuda|Hamilton Harbour]], [[Flatts Village, Bermuda|The Flatts]], [[Murray's Anchorage, Bermuda|Murray's Anchorage]], and other important sites, carries them around the east ends of [[St. David's Island, Bermuda|St. David's]] and [[St. George's Island, Bermuda|St. George's]] Islands, where the coastal artillery was always most heavily concentrated. Two more Martello towers to protect the Dockyard were planned, but never built.

The tower was restored in 2008 and an 18-pounder cannon brought from [[Fort St. Catherine]] was mounted on top. The site is open to the public from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. Monday to Friday in the summer and in the winter by appointment only, by calling the Parks Department. It is part of the [[Bermuda Railway]] Trail.

==== British Virgin Islands ====
[[File:Fort Recovery 01.jpg|thumb|[[Fort Recovery, Tortola|Fort Recovery]], in the British Virgin Islands.]]
When the British rebuilt [[Fort Recovery, Tortola|Fort Recovery]] on the west end of [[Tortola]] they added a Martello tower.

==== Canada ====
Nine of the fourteen Martello towers built in [[Canada]] still survive.<ref>Saunders (1976).</ref> (In addition, the existing fortifications at [[Fort Henry, Ontario|Fort Henry]] received two thin towers between 1845 and 1848. However, these are dry ditch defence towers, rather than true Martello towers.) A common characteristic of Canadian Martello towers was removable cone-shaped roofs to protect against snow. Today, many of the restored towers have permanent roof additions – for ease of upkeep, not historical accuracy.

[[File:Tour Martello de Quebec numero 1 - 01.JPG|thumb|left|Martello tower no. 1, Quebec City]]
[[Quebec City]] originally had four Martello towers. Tower No. 1 stands on the [[Plains of Abraham]], overlooking the [[St Lawrence River]]. It has been restored as a museum and can be visited during the summer months. Tower no. 2 stands close nearby and currently hosts activities for private groups. Tower No. 3 was demolished in 1905 after being used as a residence. The [[McKenzie Memorial Building]] of [[Jeffery Hale Hospital]] now occupies the site. The fourth surviving Martello Tower in Quebec, No. 4, is located in a residential area on the north side of the Upper City overlooking Lower Town. It is now used as an escape game tourist activity by The National Battlefields Commission.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ccbn-nbc.gc.ca/en/activities/historical-interactive-activities/the-tormentor/|title=The Tormentor - Interactive Activities - Activities - Home &#124; The National Battlefields Commission|website=www.ccbn-nbc.gc.ca}}</ref>

[[Halifax Urban Area|Halifax, Nova Scotia]], had five towers, the oldest of which, the [[Prince of Wales Tower]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pc.gc.ca/lhn-nhs/ns/prince/index.aspx|title=Prince of Wales Tower National Historic Site of Canada|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210010037/http://www.pc.gc.ca/lhn-nhs/ns/prince/index.aspx|archive-date=10 February 2013}}</ref> located in [[Point Pleasant Park]], is the oldest Martello-style tower in North America. It was built in 1796 and was used as a redoubt and a powder magazine. Restored, it is now a National Heritage site. The [[Duke of York Martello Tower]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gov.ns.ca/nsarm/cap/royalengineers/exhibit.asp?ID=156 |title=Public Archives of Nova Scotia C@P Site – The Royal Engineers in Halifax – Exhibit |publisher=Gov.ns.ca |access-date=24 October 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071203083711/http://www.gov.ns.ca/nsarm/cap/royalengineers/exhibit.asp?ID=156 |archive-date=3 December 2007 }}</ref>  was built in 1798 at [[York Redoubt]]. Its lower level still stands, though it has been boarded up for conservation purposes. The [[Fort Clarence (Nova Scotia)|Duke of Clarence Martello Tower]]<ref>{{cite web| title = Fort Clarence| work = The Royal Engineers in Halifax| publisher = Public Archives of Nova Scotia| url = http://www.gov.ns.ca/nsarm/cap/royalengineers/Results.asp?Search=Buildings%20-%20Military%20-%20Martello%20Tower:%20%20Duke%20of%20Clarence%27s%20Tower,%20Fort%20Clarence| url-status = live| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071203080702/http://www.gov.ns.ca/nsarm/cap/royalengineers/Results.asp?Search=Buildings%20-%20Military%20-%20Martello%20Tower:%20%20Duke%20of%20Clarence's%20Tower,%20Fort%20Clarence| archive-date = 3 December 2007| df = dmy-all}}</ref>  stood on the Dartmouth shore. [[Sherbrooke Martello Tower]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chebucto.ns.ca/environment/FOMIS/Gallery/Buildings/pages/Sherbrooke.html |title=Sherbrooke |publisher=Chebucto.ns.ca |access-date=24 October 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014214939/http://www.chebucto.ns.ca/environment/FOMIS/Gallery/Buildings/pages/Sherbrooke.html |archive-date=14 October 2008  }}</ref>  stood opposite York Redoubt on [[McNabs Island]]; it was demolished in 1944 and replaced by a concrete lighthouse at Maughers Beach. Another Martello tower stood on [[Georges Island (Nova Scotia)|Georges Island]].

Four Martello towers were built at [[Kingston, Ontario]] to defend its harbour and naval shipyards in response to the [[Oregon boundary dispute|Oregon Crisis]]. Their builders intended for the towers to serve as redoubts against marine attacks. [[Murney Tower]] and the tower at Point Frederick (at the [[Royal Military College of Canada]]) are now museums that are open during the summer.

[[File:Shoal frederick.jpg|thumb|right|Line of defence: three Martello towers [[Fort Frederick (Kingston)|Fort Frederick]], [[Shoal Tower]], and [[Cathcart Tower]] in [[Kingston, Ontario]]]]
[[Fort Frederick (Kingston)|Fort Frederick]] has the most elaborate defences as it includes earthen ramparts and a limestone curtain wall. The [[Shoal Tower]], the only tower completely surrounded by water, stands in Kingston's Confederation Basin. Since 2005, it is open to the public as part of [[Doors Open Days|Doors Open]] Ontario for one day only in June each year. [[Cathcart Tower]], the fourth tower, stands unused on Cedar Island near Point Henry.

[[Carleton Martello Tower]], overlooking the harbour of [[Saint John, New Brunswick]], is now a museum and a [[National Historic Sites of Canada|National Historic Site]].

The Canadian Press reported on 16 April 2006 that the Canadian military has named a Forward Operating Base (FOB) in [[Afghanistan]] FOB Martello. The logo of the [[International Hockey Hall of Fame]] and Museum in [[Kingston, Ontario]], features a Martello tower. Since the amalgamation of the Township of Kingston in 2000, the city's flag has also borne a Martello tower.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/ca-on-ki.html#des|title=Kingston, Ontario (Canada)|website=www.crwflags.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011194926/http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/ca-on-ki.html#des|archive-date=11 October 2014}}</ref>

==== Guernsey ====
There are three similar Martello towers in [[Guernsey]], all built in 1804: [[Fort Grey]], [[Fort Hommet]] and [[Fort Saumarez]].<ref name=Clements83>Clements (1998), p.83-90.</ref>

In addition, there are a number of earlier towers in Guernsey (the [[Guernsey loophole towers]]), that many people refer to as Martello towers, though they are not Martellos. They were built in the late 18th century, i.e., before the Martellos, and differ from them in a number of ways. One may think of them as precursors,<ref name=Clements /> like the [[Genoese tower]]s they resemble.

Lastly, [[Bréhon Tower]], built in 1856, is an oval tower that represents the final evolution of the Martello tower.<ref>Clements (1998), pp. 133 & 135.</ref>

==== India ====
[[File:Arnala-fort-south-watch-tower.jpg|alt=Portuguese Martello Tower at Arnala, India|thumb|Portuguese Martello tower at [[Arnala fort|Arnala]], India]]
Although European in origin, a primitive form of Martello tower had existed in [[Sikh Empire|Punjab]] by the time it was conquered by the [[East India Company]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I51FAQAAMAAJ&q=martello+tower+India&pg=PA114|title=The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register for British and Foreign India, China, and Australia. Vol II, 3rd Series|last=Parbury|first=Allen|publisher=Parbury, Allen, and Company|year=1844|location=London|pages=114}}</ref> There is a Martello Tower that the Portuguese built at the southern tip of the island where the [[Arnala fort]] stands. The Portuguese are said to have built many of these towers, but Arnala's is the best surviving specimen.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mendiratta|first=Sidh Losa|title=Heritage of Portuguese Influence, Asia - entries|url=https://www.academia.edu/1518627|language=en}}</ref> After the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], the British erected Martello towers at the [[British Residency, Hyderabad|British Residency]] in [[Hyderabad]], which were demolished in 1954.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://libraries.mit.edu/img/libs/rotch/HyderabadGuide_2009.pdf|title=A Guide to Architecture in Hyderabad, Deccan, India|last=Khalidi|first=Omar|publisher=Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture|year=2009|location=Massachusetts Institute of Technology|pages=115|author-link=Omar Khalidi}}</ref> An earlier example of such is the one found in Pakur, a town in the state of Jharakhand. This tower was built in 1856 by Sub District Officer Sir Martin with view to protect the British Raj from the [[Santhals]]. It was an important position for the British forces watching fighting the rebellion of the Santhals.<ref name="ranchi">{{cite web |url=https://pakur.nic.in/about-district/history/ |title=History, District Pakur, Jharkhand |publisher=Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, Gov't of India |accessdate=2023-10-29 |quote=Martello Tower is now the reminants of the struggle fought between the British and the Santhals ... was built in the year 1856 by Sir Martin the ten S.D.O., Pakur with view to protect the British Raj from the onslaughts of the Santhals. }}</ref> This example is reported{{By whom|date=March 2020}} to still be in good condition, but decaying due to a lack of maintenance.

==== Indonesia ====
The [[1883 eruption of Krakatoa]] caused a [[tsunami]] that damaged Menara Martello, which the Dutch colonial government of the East Indies built in 1850 on Bidadari Island (Pulau Bidadari), one of the [[Thousand Islands (Indonesia)#History|Thousand Islands (Kepulauan Seribu)]], as part of a set of fortifications built between 1850 and 1852 that protected the approaches to [[Jakarta|Batavia]]. Photos suggest that Martello Menara was not a true Martello, but rather a circular fort. The tower was operational until 1878, when it became a storage site, and was abandoned in 1908. Bidadari Island was also known as Pulau Sakit (Sick Island) as it housed a leper colony during the 17th century. More recently, the island came to be called "Angel Island", to honour the [[leprosarium]] that had been there.

Other towers were built at Onrust, Kuiper (Cipir), and Kerkhof (Kelor) islands. All four were demolished in part or in whole after the advent of rifled guns made them obsolete.

==== Italy ====
[[File:Torre di Magnisi.JPG|thumb|Magnisi tower at Priolo Gargallo.]]
At the beginning of the nineteenth century, during the British "Protectorate" of [[Sicily]] after the escape of the [[Bourbons]] from Naples, Sicily began to build towers to resist an invasion by Napoleon's armies led by [[Joachim Murat]]. The new higher rate of fire of ships' guns led to the choice of the Martello tower as the model.

The Sicilian Martello towers were built around 1810. The estimate rests on the historical context and on the descriptions of the topographer [[William Henry Smyth|W.H. Smyth]], who carried out his research in 1814 and 1815.
Of the seven towers built in Sicily, only four remain. One is the Mazzone Tower (or the British Fort) at Faro Point, Messina. The second is the Magnisi tower at [[Priolo Gargallo]], Syracuse. The Italian Navy used this tower as an observation post during the Second World War. Third is the Cariddi tower at [[Ganzirri]] in [[Messina]]. Lastly, the fourth tower is situated on a rocky outcrop overlooking the sea from where it can defend the [[Castello Maniace]] in [[Syracuse, Sicily|Syracuse]].{{citation needed|date=August 2014}}

==== Jamaica ====
There is a Martello tower located at what was Fort Nugent. In 1709, the Spanish slave agent in Jamaica, James Castillo, built a fort in [[Harbour View, Jamaica|Harbour View]], to guard his home against attack. An English Governor, [[Sir George Nugent, 1st Baronet|George Nugent]], later strengthened the fort to guard the eastern entrance of the city of [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]] Harbour. The tower was probably built between 1808 and 1811,<ref name=Clements /> at a reported cost of £12,000.

==== Japan ====

* [[Nishinomiya Battery]]
* [[Wadamisaki Battery]]

==== Jersey ====
[[File:Tou d'Vînde, Jèrri 2.jpg|thumb|La Tour de Vinde, [[Saint Brélade]], Jersey]]
The British built eight true Martello towers in [[Jersey]], three between 1808 and 1814, and five between 1834 and 1837, one of which, L'Etacq, the German occupation forces destroyed during World War II. The three original towers are:<ref name=Clements />
* [[Icho Tower]] (1811)
* [[Portelet Tower]] (1808)
* [[La Tour de Vinde]] (AKA Noirmont; 1808–1814)<ref name=Grimsley>Grimsley (1988), p.43.</ref>
The four surviving, later towers are:<ref name=Clements />
* [[Lewis Tower, Jersey|Lewis Tower]] (AKA St Ouen 1; 1835)
* [[Kempt Tower]] (AKA St Ouen 2; 1834)
* [[La Collette Tower]] – Absorbed into the 19th-century artificers' barracks and workshops
* [[Victoria Tower, Jersey|Victoria Tower]] (1837)

In addition, there are a number of towers in Jersey (the [[Jersey Round Tower]]s), that are frequently referred to as Martello towers, though they are not Martellos. They were built in the late 18th century, i.e., before the Martellos, and differ from them in a number of ways. One may think of them as precursors,<ref name=Clements /> like the Genoese towers they resemble.

==== Malta ====
[[File:Malta - Pembroke - Triq Martin Luther King - Madliena Tower 03 ies.jpg|thumb|[[Madliena Tower]] (not a true Martello Tower but sometimes considered as such).]]
The British never built any true Martello Towers in Malta. However, [[Madliena Tower]], which was one of thirteen [[De Redin towers]] built in Malta in 1658–1659, began to be used as if it was a Martello Tower and it is sometimes considered as such. Various modifications were made, including mounting a 64-pound rifled muzzle loading (RML) gun on the roof for coastal defence. From the late 19th century onwards it defended part of the [[Victoria Lines]]. The tower remained in use until World War II. It still stands today, despite having some minor modifications to its original structure, and it was recently restored.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Spiteri|first1=Stephen C.|title=Madliena Tower – Malta's 'Martello' Tower|url=http://www.militaryarchitecture.com/index.php/Fortifications/madliena-tower-maltas-martello-tower.html|website=MilitaryArchitecture.com|access-date=19 July 2014|date=11 August 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019035044/http://www.militaryarchitecture.com/index.php/Fortifications/madliena-tower-maltas-martello-tower.html|archive-date=19 October 2015}}</ref>

==== Mauritius ====
The British built five Martello Towers between 1832 and 1835 at Grand River North West (2), Black River (2), and Port Louis (1), of which three survive.
One tower, named Cunningham Tower after Lieutenant-Colonel Cunningham, the commanding Royal Engineer, was constructed as part of Fort George at the northern side of the entrance to Port Louis harbour. Two towers were built at Grand River North West; on the south-west side of the river bay the tower was built at Pointe aux Sables whilst Fort Victoria was built covering the north-eastern flank. The remaining two were built to support existing batteries, which were also improved, at the mouth of the Black River; one to the north at La Preneuse and the other south of Grande-Rivière-Noire at Batterie de l'Harmonie. Cunningham Tower disappeared after 1914.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://images.nationalarchives.gov.uk/assetbank-nationalarchives/action/viewAsset?id=83107&index=52&total=73&view=viewSearchItem|title=Image details - Skeleton record plan, Fort George, Mauritius - The National Archives Image library|website=images.nationalarchives.gov.uk|access-date=9 May 2018}}</ref> The Tower at Fort Victoria was last mentioned in 1880. In 1865, the ''Mauritius Almanac and Civil Service Register'' listed "Two Artillery Men, at 1[[shilling|s]] each per diem", for the towers at Fort George and Grand River.<ref>''The Mauritius Almanac and Civil Service Register'' (1865; Harrison and Sons), p.23.</ref>  The Friends of the Environment have restored one Martello tower near the [[La Preneuse]] public beach, in the Rive Noire/Black River district. The Friends operate it as a museum for visitors. The original entrance to the tower is raised above ground but a new entrance has been constructed at ground level. The other tower in Rive Noire/Black River district ''[L’Harmonie]'' still exists but has remained neglected for many years. The other existing tower is at Pointe aux Sables, Grand River North West.
[[File:Canon martello tower mauritius.jpg|thumb|Canon on Martello tower in La Preneuse, Black River, Mauritius]]

==== Sierra Leone ====
A Martello tower was built on Tower Hill at [[Freetown]], [[Sierra Leone]] in 1805 to defend the port from attacks by the [[Temne people]]. It was significantly modified in 1870 when it was truncated to allow the installation of a water tank to supply Government House (Fort Thornton) with water. The tower has now been incorporated into Sierra Leone's Parliament Buildings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.welcometosierraleone.org/heritage-sites.asp#Martello |title=National Tourist Board – Heritage Sites |publisher=Welcometosierraleone.org |access-date=24 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080604073434/http://www.welcometosierraleone.org/heritage-sites.asp |archive-date=4 June 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==== South Africa ====
[[File:MartelloTower-FortBeaufort-SouthAfrica.JPG|thumb|Martello tower at Fort Beaufort]]
The British built three Martello towers in [[South Africa]], one at [[Naval Base Simon's Town|Simon's Town Naval base]] near [[Cape Town]], one at Cape Town, and the third at [[Fort Beaufort]]. The tower at Simon's Town and Cape Town were both built in 1795. The tower at Cape Town was demolished over 100 years ago, but the tower at Simon's Town now is sometimes claimed as the oldest Martello in the world. It is arguable as to whether one should properly call it a Martello Tower.<ref>Brock & Brock (1976), p.162.</ref>

That said, [[Vice Admiral]] [[George Elphinstone, 1st Viscount Keith|George Elphinstone]], who commanded the force that captured the colony and then served briefly as its governor, had served with the Mediterranean fleet off Corsica in 1794.<ref name=Sutcliffe /> The British built the tower at Fort Beaufort in 1837, and it is probably the only example of an inland Martello tower.

==== Spain ====

During the last period of British occupation (1798–1802) of [[Menorca]], Sir [[Charles Stuart (1753–1801)|Charles Stuart]], the then British governor, ordered Engineer Captain Robert D'Arcy to build some 12 Martello towers along the coast.<ref name=Sutcliffe /> These, when added to the three Spanish towers already in place, gave Menorca 15 towers.<ref name=Grundy />

The British built five towers to protect [[Mahón]]: Phillipet on Lazareto Island, Cala Taulera (St. Clair) and Los Freus (Erskine) on the peninsula of La Mola, Stuart's Tower, and a tower on the Punta de Sant Carlos, which the Spanish destroyed when they took regained possession of Menorca. To the northwest of Mahón the British built two more towers, Sa Torreta and Sa Mezquita.

One tower, the Princess Tower, or the Erskine Tower, was incorporated into the [[Fortress of Isabel II]], built between 1850 and 1875. The tower was converted to a powder magazine, which led to its destruction in 1958, when lightning struck the tower. The explosion destroyed the tower, blowing out large sections of its walls.

[[File:Sanitja tower.JPG|thumb|left|Martello tower at Cap Cavalleria, Menorca.]]
The British erected Stuart's Tower in 1798 on Turks Hill or Hangman's Hill to the south of the port of [[Mahón]] at San Esteban or Saint Stephen's bay on the southern side of the [[Fortress of San Felipe]]. In 1756 and again in 1781, batteries on the hill had supported successful attacks on the Fortress. The tower was built both to secure the hill and protect the entrance to the bay. The tower's name was later changed to Torre d'en Penjat, or Hangman's Tower.

To protect the harbor of [[Fornells, Menorca|Fornells]], the British built a tower on the rocky headland overlooking the harbor's mouth, and a small tower on the island of Sargantana. They complemented these two towers with two more small towers nearby, one at Sa Nitsa and one at Addaya.

Lastly, the British built one tower at Santandria to protect the old capital of [[Ciutadella de Menorca|Ciutadella]].

In addition to the 12 towers that they built, the British made use of three towers that the Spanish had built earlier.<ref name=Grundy>Grundy (1991).</ref>  In 1781, Captain Francisco Fernandez de Angulo had built towers south of Port Mahon at Punta Prima and Alcufar, based on the design of those that the Spanish had built in Gando, [[Gran Canaria]], in 1740. At [[Ciutadella de Menorca|Ciutadella]] the British used the St. Nicholas's Tower, built in 1690. The [[Treaty of Amiens]] returned Menorca to Spain in 1802. Around 1804, the Spanish built a tower at Punta Na Radona to protect the beach at [[Son Bou, Menorca|Son Bou]], Menorca. In 1808, Captain [[Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald|Lord Cochrane]], commanding the 38-gun [[fifth-rate]] [[sailing frigate|frigate]] {{HMS|Imperieuse|1805|6}}, sent ashore a landing party that destroyed the unarmed tower. ([[Frederick Marryat]], later a naval captain and author, was serving as a [[midshipman]] aboard ''Imperieuse'' at the time.)
(This fort has 17 walls.)

There are also four towers on the island of [[Formentera]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Clements |first1=Bill |last2=Clements |first2=William H. |title=Martello Towers Worldwide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hLX7kXj-lrsC&pg=PA56 |year=2011 |publisher=Casemate Publishers |isbn=978-1-84884-535-0 |page=56}}</ref> and one on the nearby island of [[Espalmador|S'Empalmador]] ({{coord|38|47|5.28|N|1|25|5.01|E}}).

[[File:Torre Martello San Julian Cartagena.jpg|thumb|Martello tower at Castle of San Julian, Cartagena de Levante]]Another tower was erected by English troops stationed in the fortress of [[Cartagena, Spain|Cartagena]], during the [[Peninsular War]]. The tower was erected in the center of 1799 fort, in mount St. Julian, dominating port and mouth. In the summer of 1812 English engineers destroyed the fort and erected a tower:

{{blockquote|... the British are working on opening a path from the east coast to the post on Mount St. Julian, where they try to build a six-piece battery held in a tower 24 feet in diameter.|Report by Second Lieutenant Navarro, March 10, 1813.}}

{{blockquote|Is reduced to a well-built coast tower, but only mounts and is capable of a rotating gun&nbsp;... The tower contains two floors and the platform. The ground floor is for the warehouse and spare part. The main one for accommodation, and in this one is the door for ladder of hand, and two spans that, besides serving for ventilation, are arranged to receive small caliber guns&nbsp;... The platform mounts a rotating gun and has a small bench for the fire of rifle. Under the lower floor there is a cistern.|Plano de la plaza de Cartagena, Tebar, Echevarria, Pajares, 1855}}

The later constructions that gave rise to the present fortress of [[Castillo de San Julián|San Julián]] is still in good condition<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Guimaraens Igual |first=Guillermo |title=El último hálito de la fortificación abalartuada. El fuerte de San Julián de Cartagena (1) |publisher=[[Technical University of Valencia]] |url=https://riunet.upv.es/handle/10251/2921?show=full |access-date=2 January 2017 |year=2007 |pages=285–311 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108003342/https://riunet.upv.es/handle/10251/2921?show=full |archive-date=8 January 2017  |doi=10.4995/Thesis/10251/2921 |type=doctoral thesis |doi-access=free }}</ref> and is used as a base for telephone aerials and antennas. The interior, which is only accessible to technicians, is supposedly well preserved.

==== Saint Helena ====
There is a Martello tower at [[Saint Helena]] that was incorporated into [[High Knoll Fort]]. The tower was very similar in design to the tower at Simon's Town, with a diameter of about {{convert|45|ft|m|abbr=on}} and a height of approximately {{convert|20|ft|m|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Clements />

==== Sri Lanka ====
[[Sri Lanka]] has one [[Martello tower (Hambantota)|Martello tower]], located at [[Hambantota]] on the south coast, which was restored in 1999.<ref>McCall (1999).</ref> This tower may have been involved in repelling a French attack though there is nothing more than circumstantial support for the notion. British engineers commenced work on three towers to protect [[Trincomalee]] but never completed them.<ref name=Clements />

==== United States ====
[[File:Portsmouth nh martello.jpg|thumb|left|Ruined Martello tower at New Castle, New Hampshire, overlooking Portsmouth harbour in the late 19th century]]
The [[United States]] government built several Martello towers at locations along the eastern seaboard. Two are at [[Key West, Florida]]; others were built at the harbours of [[Portsmouth, New Hampshire]], [[Charleston, South Carolina]] and [[New York City]]. Two more Martello towers stood at [[Tybee Island, Georgia]] and Bayou Dupre, [[Louisiana]].<ref>Angus Konstam, ''American Civil War Fortification: Coastal Stone Forts''. Osprey Publishing, 2003</ref>

[[File:41stInfRegtCOA.png|thumb|41st Infantry Coat of arms with a Martello Tower]]
Although the Americans copied the design from the towers the British erected in Canada, the American Martello towers differed in some significant respects from the British. The Martello tower built at [[Tybee Island, Georgia]] was constructed around 1815 utilizing wood and [[Tabby (cement)|tabby concrete]], a common local building material at the time, instead of the brick or stone that the British towers used. Also, unlike the British towers, the Tybee tower featured [[embrasure|gun loops]] on the garrison floor that enabled [[musket]]s to be fired through the walls.<ref name="robert19" /> It was never tested in battle and by the time of the [[American Civil War]] was in a state of disrepair. Its unfamiliar design confused local writers, who often said that the Spanish had built the tower when Georgia was Spain's colony.<ref name="robert19" />

The Key West towers, though the locals refer to them as Martellos, were square instead of round and had thin walls with long gun loops. In addition, a curtain wall of heavy guns encircled the Key West towers making them, effectively, keeps instead of standalone towers.

A Martello tower figures in the arms of the [[41st Infantry Regiment (United States)|41st Infantry Regiment of the United States Army]].<ref>{{cite web |title=41st Infantry Regiment |url=https://tioh.army.mil/Catalog/HeraldryMulti.aspx?CategoryId=3667&grp=2 |access-date=21 Feb 2024 |publisher=The Institute of Heraldry}}</ref>

=== List of Martello towers outside Great Britain ===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Country
!Location
!Tower name
!Built
!Current status
|-
| [[Australia]]
| [[Sydney]]
| [[Fort Denison]]
| 1856
| Museum, harbour light station.
|-
| [[Barbuda]]
| Near [[Palmetto Point, Antigua and Barbuda|Palmetto Point]]
| River Fort Martello Tower
|
|
|-
| [[Bermuda]]
| [[Ferry Reach, Bermuda|Ferry Reach]]
|
| 1823–1828
| Can be visited
|-
| [[British Virgin Islands]]
| [[Tortola]]
| [[Fort Recovery, Tortola|Fort Recovery]]
|
| Private (hotel)
|-
| [[Canada]]
| [[Point Pleasant Park]], [[Nova Scotia]]
| Prince of Wales's Tower
| 1796
| Open to public
|-
| [[Canada]]
| [[Halifax Urban Area|Halifax, Nova Scotia]]
| Duke of York's Tower
| c.1798
| Lower levels still exist. Site partially boarded off, can be visited
|-
| [[Canada]]
| [[Halifax Urban Area|Halifax, Nova Scotia]]
| Duke of Clarence's Tower
| c.1798
| Demolished prior to 1900
|-
| [[Canada]]
| [[Kingston, Ontario]]
| [[Fort Frederick (Kingston)|Fort Frederick]]
| 1846/7
| Museum
|-
| [[Canada]]
| [[Kingston, Ontario]]
| [[Murney Tower]]
| 1846
| Museum
|-
| [[Canada]]
| [[Kingston, Ontario]]
| [[Shoal Tower]]
| 1846
| Closed to Public
|-
| [[Canada]]
| [[Kingston, Ontario]]
| [[Cathcart Tower]]
| 1846
| Closed to Public
|-
| [[Canada]]
| [[Quebec City, Quebec]]
| Tower #1
| 1808–1812
| Museum
|-
| [[Canada]]
|[[Quebec City, Quebec]]
| Tower #2
| 1808–1812
| Open for group activities through National Battlefields Commission
|-
| [[Canada]]
|[[Quebec City, Quebec]]
| Tower #3
| 1808–1812
| Destroyed
|-
| [[Canada]]
|[[Quebec City, Quebec]]
| Tower #4
| 1808–1812
| [https://www.ccbn-nbc.gc.ca/fr/activites/activites-animees/tourmenteuse/ Tourist activity - Escape game]
|-
| [[Canada]]
| [[Saint John, New Brunswick]]
| [[Carleton Martello Tower]]
| 1815
| Museum
|-
| [[Croatia]]
| [[Korčula]]
| Forteca Korčula (Fort Wellington)
| 1813
| Deserted, accessible to hikers
|-
|[[India]]
|[[Arnala fort|Arnala Island]]
|Hanumant Bastion
|c. 1530s<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zQ4IAQAAIAAJ&q=arnala&pg=PA34|title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Tha'na: places of interest|date=1882|publisher=Government Central Press|language=en}}</ref>
|Deserted and Dilapidated.
|-
| [[Ireland]]
| [[Achill Island]]
| Gabhla Fhranca
|c. 1803–1815
| Partially collapsed but accessible to hikers
|-
| [[Ireland]]
| [[Aughinish, County Clare|Aughinish]]
| [[Aughinish Tower]]
| 1811
| Private residence
|-
| [[Ireland]]
| [[Banagher]]
| [[Meelick Martello Tower]]
|
| Private residence
|-
| [[Ireland]]
| [[Drogheda]]
| [[Millmount Fort]]
| c. 1808
| Extant
|-
| [[Ireland]]
| [[Balbriggan]]
|North No. 12
| 1804–05<ref name="buildingsofireland1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.buildingsofireland.ie/niah/search.jsp?county=FI&checkbox1=true&datefrom=0&dateto=2000&checkbox2=true&classification=martello+tower&checkbox3=true&name=&checkbox4=true&town=&checkbox5=true&townland=&type=advanced&page=1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312174930/http://buildingsofireland.ie/niah/search.jsp?checkbox1=true&checkbox2=true&checkbox3=true&checkbox4=true&checkbox5=true&classification=martello+tower&county=fi&datefrom=0&dateto=2000&name=&page=1&town=&townland=&type=advanced |url-status=dead |title=NIAH|archive-date=12 March 2016}}</ref>
| Extant
|-
| [[Ireland]]
| [[Skerries, Dublin|Skerries]], Red Island
| North No. 11
| 1804–05<ref name="buildingsofireland1" />
| Extant
|-
| [[Ireland]]
| Skerries, [[Shenick Island]]
| North No. 10
| 1804–05<ref name="buildingsofireland1" />
| Extant
|-
| [[Ireland]]
| [[Drumanagh]]
| North No. 9
| 1804–05<ref name="buildingsofireland1" />
| Extant
|-
| [[Ireland]]
| [[Rush, Dublin|Rush]]
| North No. 8
| 1804–05<ref name="buildingsofireland1" />
| Extant
|-
| [[Ireland]]
| [[Portrane]], Tower Bay
| North No. 7
| 1804–05
| Private residence
|-
| [[Ireland]]
| [[Donabate]], Balcarrick
| North No. 6
| 1804–05<ref name="buildingsofireland1" />
| Extant
|-
| [[Ireland]]
| [[Malahide]], Robswall
| North No. 5, ''Hicks Tower''<ref name="buildingsofireland1" />
| 1804–05<ref name="buildingsofireland1" />
| Private residence
|-
| [[Ireland]]
| [[Portmarnock]], Carrickhill
| North No. 4
| 1804–05<ref name="buildingsofireland1" />
| Private residence
|-
| [[Ireland]]
| [[Ireland's Eye]]
| North No. 3
| 1804–05<ref name="buildingsofireland1" />
| Extant
|-
| [[Ireland]]
| [[Howth]], Harbour Rd.
| North No. 2
| 1804–05<ref name="buildingsofireland1" />
| [[Ye Olde Hurdy Gurdy Museum of Vintage Radio]]
|-
| [[Ireland]]
| [[Sutton, Dublin|Sutton]] South
| North No. 1
| 1804–05<ref name="buildingsofireland1" />
| Private residence
|-
| [[Ireland]]
| [[Sandymount]]
| South No. 16
| 1804–05
| Extant
|-
| [[Ireland]]
| [[Blackrock, Dublin|Williamstown]]
| South No. 15
| 1804–05
| Extant
|-
| [[Ireland]]
| [[Seapoint]]
| South No. 14
| 1804–05
| Restored. Exhibition on the history of Dublin's Martello Towers. Guided tours during the summer months
|-
| [[Ireland]]
| [[Dún Laoghaire|Kingstown Harbour, West Pier]]
| South No. 13
| 1804–05
| Tower & battery, both demolished 1836 during extension of [[Dublin & Kingstown Railway]]
|-
| [[Ireland]]
| [[Dún Laoghaire]], site of present-day ''Peoples Park''
| South No. 12
| 1804–05
|
|-
| [[Ireland]]
| [[Sandycove]]
| South No. 11, ''[[James Joyce]]'s Martello tower''
|  1804–05
| [[James Joyce Tower and Museum]]
|-
| [[Ireland]]
| [[Bulloch Harbour]]
| South No. 10
| 1804–05
| Private residence
|-
| [[Ireland]]
| [[Dalkey Island]]
| South No. 9
| 1804–05
| Extant
|-
| [[Ireland]]
| Killiney, south end of Strathmore Road
| South No. 8
| 1804–05
| Site of battery, not tower
|-
| [[Ireland]]
| Killiney, Tara Hill
| South No. 7
| 1804–05
| Fully restored
|-
| [[Ireland]]
| [[Killiney]], beach
| South No. 6, ''Enoch's Tower''
| 1804–05
| Private residence
|-
| [[Ireland]]
| Shanganagh
| South No. 5
| 1804–05
|  Site of battery, not tower
|-
| [[Ireland]]
| Shanganagh, Mahera Point
| South No. 4
| 1804–05
|Lost to [[coastal erosion]]
|-
| [[Ireland]]
| Bray, Corke Abbey
| South No. 3
| 1804–05
| Lost to coastal erosion
|-
| [[Ireland]]
| Bray harbour
| South No. 2
| 1804–05<ref name="buildingsofireland2">{{cite web|url=http://www.buildingsofireland.ie/niah/search.jsp?type=record&county=WI&regno=16301084|title=Dominican College Additional Images: Buildings of Ireland: National Inventory of Architectural Heritage|website=www.buildingsofireland.ie|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019035044/http://www.buildingsofireland.ie/niah/search.jsp?type=record&county=WI&regno=16301084|archive-date=19 October 2015}}</ref>
| Private residence
|-
| [[Ireland]]
| [[Bray, County Wicklow|Bray]] beach
| South No. 1
| 1804–05
| Demolished 1884, when Esplanade constructed <ref name="buildingsofireland2" />
|-
| [[Ireland]]
| [[Ilnacullin]]
|
|
| Tower and gardens open to public (access by boat from [[Glengarriff]])
|-
| [[Ireland]]
| [[Bere Island]], Cloughland
|
|
|
|-
| [[Ireland]]
| Bere Island, Ardagh
|
|
|
|-
| [[Ireland]]
| [[Finavarra]]
| [[Finavarra Tower]]
| 1816
| Open to public
|-
| [[Ireland]]
| [[Ringaskiddy]], [[Cork Harbour]]
|
|
|
|-
| [[Ireland]]
| [[Haulbowline Island]], [[Cork Harbour]]
|
|
| Museum, owned by Irish Navy
|-
| [[Ireland]]
| [[Fota Island]], [[Cork Harbour]]
| Monning Tower
|
|
|-
| [[Ireland]]
| [[Rossleague]], [[Cobh]]
|
|
|
|-
| [[Ireland]]
| [[Belvelly]], [[Cobh]]
|
|
| Private residence
|-
| [[Ireland]]
| [[Lough Swilly]]
| [[Macamish Fort|Macamish Tower]]
|
|
|-
| [[Ireland]]
|[[Lough Foyle]]
| Greencastle Tower
|
| Extended to a Fort completed in 1812. Restaurant
|-
| [[Ireland]]
| Lough Foyle
| Magilligan Tower
|
| Restored
|-
| [[Ireland]]
| Loughshinny
|
|
|
|-
| [[Ireland]]
| [[Rathmullan]]
|
|
|
|-
| [[Ireland]]
| [[Rossaveal|Ros a' Mhíl]]
|
|
|
|-
| [[Italy]]
| [[Messina]]
| Cariddi's Tower or Tower of [[Ganzirri]]
| 1810?
| Closed to public
|-
|[[Italy]]
| 
| Mazzone's Tower or Tower of British Fort
| 1810?
|
|-
| [[Italy]]
| [[Priolo Gargallo]]
| Torre di Magnisi
| 1810?
| Can be visited
|-
| [[Italy]]
| [[Syracuse, Sicily|Syracuse]]
| [[Castello Maniace]]
| 1810?
| Open to public
|-
| [[Jamaica]]
| [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]]
| Fort Nugent
| 1808–11?
|
|-
| [[Liberia]]
| [[Monrovia]]
| Fort Stockton
| 1822
| since 1822, August under construction, later named as coast battery ''Fort Hill''<ref name="Liberia">{{Cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/33792837/1913-Liberia-Description-History-Problems|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151129011042/http://www.scribd.com/doc/33792837/1913-Liberia-Description-History-Problems |url-status=dead |title=als Digitalisat|archive-date=29 November 2015}}</ref>
|-
| [[Malta]]
| [[Madliena]], [[Pembroke, Malta|Pembroke]]
| [[Madliena Tower]]
| 1658
| Intact, recently restored
|-
| [[Mauritius]]
| Grand River North West
| Pointe aux Sables
| 1832–35
| abandoned but no fences, entrance still on second story
|-
| [[Mauritius]]
|Grand River North West
|Fort Victoria
|1832–35
|Last mentioned 1880
|-
| [[Mauritius]]
| [[Rivière Noire District|Grande-Rivière-Noire]]
|L'Harmonie
|1832–35
| Ruined (now a national monument)
|-
| [[Mauritius]]
| [[Rivière Noire District|Black River]]
|[[La Preneuse]]
| 1832–35
| Museum
|-
| [[Mauritius]]
|Fort George, [[Port Louis]]
|Cunningham Tower
|1832–35
|Disappeared after 1914.
|-
| [[Sierra Leone]]
| [[Freetown]]
| Tower Hill Martello Tower
| 1805
| Part of Parliament Buildings
|-
| [[South Africa]]
| [[Fort Beaufort]]
|
| 1839–46
|
|-
| [[South Africa]]
| [[Simon's Town]]
|
| 1795/6
| At the Naval Base. Houses a small museum.
|-
| [[South Africa]]
| [[Cape Town]]
| Craig's Tower
| 1795/6
| Demolished late 19th century
|-
| [[Sri Lanka]]
| [[Hambantota]]
|
| 1801–03
|
|-
| [[Trinidad and Tobago]]
| [[Port of Spain]]
| [[Fort Picton]]
| 1801
| Abandoned by 1810.
|-
| [[United States]]
| [[Lake Borgne]], [[Louisiana]]
| Tower Dupre
| 1830?
| Hexagonal; originally built on shore, {{convert|150|ft|m|abbr=on}} from water, near [[Bayou Dupre]]'s entrance to [[Lake Borgne]]; for much of the twentieth century was private fishing camp;<ref>Codman Parkerson, ''New Orleans, America's Most Fortified City''. The Quest, 1990</ref> photo at Wikimedia Commons;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Martello_Castle_Tower_Dupre_1974.jpg|title=English: Tower Dupre was a hexagonal 2 story fortified tower (a Martello Tower or Martello Castle) built in Lake Borgne (Louisiana) from 1827 to 1830. It guarded the entrance to Bayou Dupre and was part of the harbor defense of the Mississippi River. It was destroyed by Hurricane Katrina in 2005 although the ruins are still a popular fishing spot. For more information on its history, see fortwiki.com.|first=KaDee|last=G|date=1 September 1974|via=Wikimedia Commons}}</ref> destroyed in 2005 by [[Hurricane Katrina]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nolaforts.blogspot.com/2015/04/tower-dupre-1828-cp-no-34-n29-56709-w89.html|title=On the Trail of Codman Parkerson: Tower Dupre, 1828 (CP No. 34) N29 56.709 W89 50.123 04.26.2015|date=27 April 2015}}</ref>
|-
| [[United States]]
| [[Charleston, South Carolina]]
|[[Fort Johnson (South Carolina)|Fort Johnson]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Fort Johnson |encyclopedia=South Carolina Encyclopedia |url=https://www.scencyclopedia.org/sce/entries/fort-johnson/ |access-date=April 3, 2023 |last=Keith |first=Willis J. |orig-date=July 26, 2022}}</ref>
|-
| [[United States]]
| [[Key West, Florida]]
|
|
| East tower is a museum; West tower converted to a botanical garden; both open to the public
|-
| [[United States]]
| [[New York Harbor]]
|
|
| Destroyed
|-
| [[United States]]
| [[Portsmouth, New Hampshire]]
| Walbach Tower
| 1814
| Incorporated into [[Fort Constitution]]; ruined<ref>{{cite web |url=http://seacoastnh.com/Places-&-Events/Historic-Portsmouth/The-Forgotten-Walbach-Tower/ |title=SeacoastNH.com – The Forgotten Walbach Tower |publisher=Seacoastnh.com |access-date=24 October 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212225456/http://www.seacoastnh.com/Places-%26-Events/Historic-Portsmouth/The-Forgotten-Walbach-Tower/ |archive-date=12 December 2013 }}</ref>
|-
| [[United States]]
| [[Tybee Island, Georgia]]
|
| 1815
| It served as an office of the Georgia Telegraph and Telephone Company and finally as the post office for Fort Screven. In 1913, the building was damaged in a fire and it was finally dismantled the following year to clear the field of fire for the guns of Fort Screven.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.davenporthousemuseum.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/June2015NL.pdf/ |title=davenporthousemuseum.org – Davenport House Museum |publisher=Davenport House Museum |access-date=19 February 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219200935/http://www.davenporthousemuseum.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/June2015NL.pdf |archive-date=19 February 2020 }}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
{{Commons category|Martello towers}}
* [[Blockhouse]]
* [[Fortified tower]]
* Scottish [[Broch]]

'''Lists:'''
* [[List of castles]]
* [[List of fortifications]]
* [[List of forts]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=Note}}

==Citations==
{{reflist|30em}}

==References==
* Abram, David (2003) ''The Rough Guide to Corsica'' Rough Guides.
* Bolton, J., Carey, T., Goodbody, R. & Clabby, G. (2012) The Martello Towers of Dublin. (Dublin: Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown & Fingal County Council).
* Brock, B.B. & Brock, B.G. (1976) ''Historical Simon's Town''. (Cape Town). {{ISBN|0-86961-055-4}}
* Ciucevich, Robert A. (2005) ''Tybee Island: The Long Branch of the South'' (Arcadia Publishing).
* Clements, William H. (1998) ''Towers of Strength: Story of Martello Towers''. (London: Pen & Sword). {{ISBN|978-0-85052-679-0}}.
* {{Cite journal | doi = 10.1086/508397 | last1 = Daly | first1 = Gavin | year = 2007 | title = English Smugglers, the Channel, and the Napoleonic Wars, 1800–1814 | journal = Journal of British Studies | volume = 46 | issue = 1| pages = 30–46 | s2cid = 159902078 }}
* Grimsley, E.J. (1988) ''The Historical Development of the Martello Tower in the Channel Islands''. (Sarnian Publications). {{ISBN|978-0-9513868-0-4}}
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Grundy | first1 = Mark | year = 1991 | title = The Martello Towers of Minorca | journal = Fort | volume = 19 | pages = 22–58 | publisher = [[Fortress Study Group]]}}
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Harris | first1 = Edward | year = 1988 | title = The Martello Tower at Ferry Point, St George's Island, Bermuda | journal = Mariner's Mirror | volume = 74 | issue = 1| pages = 131–139 | doi=10.1080/00253359.1988.10656190}}
* {{Cite journal | last1 = McCall | first1 = M. | year = 1999 | title = The Martello Tower in Hambantota, Sri Lanka | journal = Fort | volume = 27 | pages = 143–158 | publisher = [[Fortress Study Group]]}}
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Mead | first1 = H.P. | year = 1948 | title = The Martello Towers of England | journal = Mariner's Mirror | volume = 34 | issue = 3| pages = 205–17 & 294–303 | doi = 10.1080/00253359.1948.10657527 }}
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Millward | first1 = J. | year = 2007 | title = The East Coast Martello Towers | journal = Fort | volume = 35 | pages = 173–184 | publisher = [[Fortress Study Group]] }}
* Rooke, Octavius (1857) ''The Channel islands: pictorial, legendary and descriptive''.
* Saunders, Ivan J. (1976) "A History of the Martello Towers in the Defence of British North America, 1796–1871", ''Occasional Papers in Archaeology and History'' #15, National Historic Parks and Sites Branch, Thorn Press Limited.
* Sutcliffe, Sheila (1973) ''Martello Towers''. (Cranbury, NJ: Associated Universities Press).
* Vigano, M. (2001) ''Fort'' ([[Fortress Study Group]]) '''29'''.
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Ward | first1 = S.G.P. | year = 1949 | title = Defence Works of Britain, 1803–1805 | journal = Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research | volume = 27 | pages = 18–37 }}

== External links ==
* [http://martellos.net Martello Towers Encyclopedia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806173327/http://www.martellos.net/ |date=6 August 2013 }}
* [https://theromneymarsh.net/martello24 Martello Tower No.24 in Dymchurch, Kent]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=acHPRocK7yw YouTube video showing a 3D reconstruction of a Martello tower]
* [http://services.english-heritage.org.uk/ResearchReportsPdfs/089_2007WEB.pdf English Heritage Report into Martello Towers on the East Coast of England]
* [https://www.geograph.org.uk/article/Martello-Towers Location list and explanatory article of most Martello towers in the UK, with pictures]
* [http://www.photopol.com/martello/no7.html Restoration of No.7 Tower, Killiney Bay]
* [http://www.photopol.com/articles/martello_map.html Interactive Google Map of Killiney Bay defences]
* [https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/lhn-nhs/nb/carleton/activ/histoire-story Carleton Martello Tower National Historic Site of Canada]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20041018200730/http://www.eng-h.gov.uk/mpp/mcd/mart.htm English Heritage Martello towers definition and description]
* [https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/places/dymchurch-martello-tower/  The Dymchurch tower: English Heritage]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130703200612/http://www.dun-laoghaire.com/profile/joyce_tower/index.html James Joyce Tower, Dun Laoghaire]
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20060330034643/http://www.johnwheater.net/Moore.php#Pix Note on Sir John Moore]}} – pictures of the original tower at Mortella
* [http://corsica.forhikers.com/photos/places/punta-mortella Mortella Point (Punta Mortella) in Corsica] – the ancestor of Martello towers all over the world
* [http://www.familyhistory.ie/docs/gazette/Gaz_9_9_2004.pdf Restoration of an Irish Martello tower] ''The Genie Gazette'', Newsletter of the [http://www.familyhistory.ie/ Genealogical Society of Ireland]: Seapoint Martello Tower, County Dublin
* [http://www.eastbournemuseums.co.uk/ Eastbourne Redoubt Fortress Military Museum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110618163222/http://www.eastbournemuseums.co.uk/ |date=18 June 2011 }}

{{Fortifications |state=expanded}}

[[Category:Martello towers| ]]
[[Category:Coastal fortifications]]
[[Category:Forts in Key West, Florida]]
[[Category:Round towers]]