Editing Martin and Osa Johnson

{{Short description|Married filmmaking duo}}
{{hatnote|For other people named Martin Johnson, see [[Martin Johnson (disambiguation)]]}}
[[File:Martin and Osa Johnson, 1936.jpg|thumb|upright|Martin and Osa Johnson]]
'''Martin Elmer Johnson''' (October 9, 1884 – January 13, 1937) and '''Osa Helen Johnson''' ([[née]] Leighty, March 14, 1894 – January 7, 1953) were married [[United States|American]] [[adventurers]] and [[documentary]] filmmakers. In the first half of the 20th century the couple captured the public's imagination through their films and books of adventure in exotic, faraway lands. Photographers, explorers, marketers, naturalists and authors, Martin and Osa studied the wildlife and peoples of East and Central Africa, the South [[Pacific Islands]] and British [[North Borneo]]. They explored then-unknown lands and brought back film footage and photographs, offering many Americans their first understanding of these distant lands.

==Early Lives==
Martin Elmer Johnson was born on October 9, 1884. Osa Leighty was born on March 14, 1894, and raised in [[Chanute, Kansas]]. Although born in [[Rockford, Illinois]], Martin Johnson grew up in the Kansas towns of [[Lincoln, Kansas|Lincoln]] and [[Independence, Kansas|Independence]].<ref name="Museum"/> His father worked as a jeweler and would bring home crates labeled with European cities like [[Paris]] and [[Barcelona]], inspiring Martin to [[stowaway]] on a ship to Europe as a teenager.<ref name="Carnegie 11-12">{{cite book|last=Carnegie|first=Dale|author-link=Dale Carnegie|title=Five Minute Biographies|place=New York|publisher=Southern Publishers|year=1937|pages=11–12}}</ref>

On his way back to Kansas, Martin Johnson read of [[Jack London]]’s plans to travel the world in a 45-foot boat, the [[The Cruise of the Snark|''Snark'']]. Johnson wrote to London begging to be invited and received a telegraph simply asking if he could cook, to which Johnson replied: "Just try me."<ref>Carnegie, ''Five Minute Biographies'', pp. 12-13.</ref> On the ''Snark'', which sailed around the world from 1907 to 1909, Johnson had a variety of responsibilities.{{clarify|date=February 2020}}<ref>Carnegie, ''Five Minute Biographies'', p. 13.</ref> Later, he toured the United States displaying photographs and artifacts collected on the voyage. He met Osa Leighty while showing his travelogues at the theatre in Osa's hometown of Chanute, Kansas, where she was singing.  They were married in May 1910 in Independence<ref name="Museum">{{Cite web |url=http://www.safarimuseum.com/about/martin-and-osa-johnson/ |title=About the Johnsons |website=The Martin and Osa Johnson Safari Museums |access-date=2018-03-23}}</ref> and spent the next seven years touring with Martin's travelogue in the US and Europe. Martin published his book ''Through the South Seas With Jack London'' in 1913.

==Safaris==
[[File:Osa Johnson and airplane.jpg|thumb|Osa with a gibbon in their S-39]]
In 1917, Martin and Osa departed on a nine-month trip through the [[New Hebrides]] (now [[Vanuatu]]) and the [[Solomon Islands]]. The highlight of the trip was a brief, but harrowing, encounter with a tribe called the [[Big Nambas]] of northern [[Malekula]]. Once there, the chief was not going to let them leave. The intervention of a British gunboat helped them escape. The footage they got there inspired the feature film ''[[Among the Cannibal Isles of the South Seas]]'' (1918).

The Johnsons returned to Malekula in 1919 to film the Big Nambas once again, this time with an armed escort. The escort proved unnecessary as the Big Nambas were disarmed by  watching themselves in ''Among the Cannibal Isles of the South Seas''. Martin and Osa finished their trip in 1920 with visits to [[British North Borneo]] (now [[Sabah]]) and a sailing expedition up the coast of East Africa. After returning home, they released the features ''[[Jungle Adventures]]'' (1921) and ''[[Headhunters of the South Seas]]'' (1922).

The Johnsons' first African expedition, from 1921 to 1922, resulted in their feature film ''[[Trailing Wild African Animals]]'' (1923).

During the second and longest trip, from 1924 to 1927, the Johnsons spent much of their time in northern [[Kenya]] by a lake they dubbed Paradise, at [[Mount Marsabit]]. The movies ''[[Martin's Safari]]'' (1928), ''[[Osa's Four Years in Paradise]]'' (1941), and the film ''[[Simba: King of the Beasts]]'' (1928) were made with footage of these trips.

In 1925, Osa and Martin met the Duke and Duchess of York, later [[King George VI]] and [[Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon|Queen Elizabeth]], while on safari in Kenya.<ref>Johnson, Osa. ''I Married Adventure''. (1940). J.B. Lippincott Company. U.S.A., 6th Edition, chap. 23, pp. 289-293</ref>

The third African safari from 1927 to 1928 was a tour of the [[Nile]] with friend and supporter [[George Eastman]], founder of [[Kodak|Eastman Kodak]]. Film of this trip, along with previous footage, was made into one of the first talkies for the Johnsons, ''[[Across the World with Mr. and Mrs. Johnson]]'' (1930), a cinema serial which included Martin's narrative.

In 1928, three Eagle Scouts were selected in national competition to go on safari with the Johnsons in East Africa: Robert Dick Douglas, Jr., of North Carolina, David R. Martin, Jr., of Minnesota, and Douglas L. Oliver of Georgia. The three scouts co-authored the 1928 book ''Three Boy Scouts in Africa: on Safari with Martin Johnson''. In later life, Douglas (1912-2015) was an attorney, Martin (1913-2004) became an executive in the [[Boy Scouts of America]], and Oliver (1913-2009) was an Emeritus Professor of Anthropology at both Harvard University and the University of Hawaii.

[[File:Bambuti.jpg|thumb|Osa Johnson with Mbuti pygmies in 1930.]]
From 1929 to 1931, the Johnsons spent a fourth tour in Africa in the [[Belgian Congo]]. There they filmed the [[Mbuti]] people of the [[Ituri Forest]] and the [[gorilla]]s in the Alumbongo Hills. The 1932 feature movie ''[[Congorilla (film)|Congorilla]]'' was in part a product of this trip, and was the first movie with sound authentically recorded in Africa.

[[Image:OSAS ARK.jpg|right|thumb|Osa's Ark S-38]]
In 1932, the Johnsons learned to fly at the Chanute Municipal Airport (now named the [[Chanute Martin Johnson Airport]]) in Osa's hometown of [[Chanute, Kansas|Chanute]]. Once they had their pilot's licenses, they purchased two [[Sikorsky Aircraft|Sikorsky]] amphibious planes, a [[Sikorsky S-39|S-39-CS]] ''Spirit of Africa'' and [[Sikorsky S-38|S-38-BS]] ''Osa's Ark''. On their fifth African trip, from 1933 to 1934, the Johnsons flew the length of Africa, getting now classic aerial scenes of large herds of elephants, giraffes, and other animals moving across the plains of Africa. They were the first pilots to fly over [[Mount Kilimanjaro]] and [[Mount Kenya]] in Africa and film them from the air. The 1935 feature film ''[[Baboona]]'' was made from this footage.

On January 3, 1935, ''Baboona'' was shown on an Eastern Air Lines plane, becoming the first sound movie shown during flight.<ref>Daly, Phil M.. "Along the Rialto". ''The Film Daily''. January 4, 1935. page. 7</ref> The movie premiered on January 22, 1935, at the Rialto Theatre in New York City.<ref>Imperato, Pascal James; Imperato, Eleanor M. ''They Married Adventure''. (1992). Rutgers University Press. U.S.A. p. 185</ref> In 1935, the Johnsons were featured on [[Wheaties]] cereal boxes as "Champions of Sports." Osa Johnson was the second female to appear on the box and she and Martin were the first married couple selected for this honor.

The Johnsons' final trip together took them to [[British North Borneo]] again, from 1935 to 1936. They used their smaller amphibious plane, now renamed ''The Spirit of Africa and Borneo'', and produced footage for the feature ''[[Borneo (film)|Borneo]]'' (1937). Martin Johnson was a member of the [[Adventurers' Club of New York]].<ref>"Martin Johnson" (obituary). ''The Adventurer'', January 1937.</ref> He described the Borneo expedition before the club on November 19, 1936, the event being called "Martin Johnson Night."<ref>"The November Dinner." ''The Adventurer'', December 1936.</ref> He previewed his "Borneo Pictures" before the group on December 17, 1936.<ref>"The December Meeting." ''The Adventurer'', January 1937.</ref>

In January 1937, Martin and Osa began a nationwide lecture and radio tour at the [[Salt Lake Tabernacle|Mormon Tabernacle]] in [[Salt Lake City]]. On the morning of January 12, they boarded a flight bound for [[Las Vegas]] and [[Burbank, California|Burbank]]. [[Western Air Express Flight 7|The plane crashed]] in bad weather near the Los Pinetos peak in California. Martin died the following day.<ref>Imperato, Pascal James; Imperato, Eleanor M.. ''They Married Adventure''. (1992). Rutgers University Press. U.S.A. p. 195-197</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ranter |first=Harro |title=Accident Boeing 247 NC13315, 12 Jan 1937 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/34069 |access-date=2022-06-17 |website=aviation-safety.net}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Investigation of Aircraft Accident: WESTERN AIR EXPRESS CORPORATION: NEWHALL, CALIFORNIA: 1937-01-12 |date=1937-01-12 |url=https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/32993 |editor-last=Department of Commerce |language=English |access-date=2022-06-17}}</ref> Osa was severely injured but recovered and gave hundreds of lectures from a wheelchair.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wfpp.cdrs.columbia.edu/pioneer/ccp-osa-johnson/|title=Osa Johnson|publisher=Columbia University|work=Women Film Pioneers Project|access-date=March 27, 2019}}</ref> By October 1937, the ''[[New York Times]]'' was publishing dispatches of Osa's latest trip to Africa, in which she described lifestyles and practices of the [[Maasai people|Maasai]] and other tribes.<ref name="NYT">{{Cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1937/10/24/archives/natives-endanger-the-johnson-party-tanganyika-warriors-become.html |title=NATIVES ENDANGER THE JOHNSON PARTY |last=JOHNSON |first=OSA |date=1937-11-24 |website=New York Times |access-date=2018-03-23}}</ref> She died in New York City of a heart attack in 1953.

Osa Johnson's autobiography ''I Married Adventure'' was the best-selling non-fiction book of 1940.

==''Osa Johnson's The Big Game Hunt''==

Television's first wildlife series, ''Osa Johnson's The Big Game Hunt'' a.k.a. ''The Big Game Hunt'', premiered in 1952. The 26 half-hour episodes were released by Explorers Pictures and primarily used Johnson film. Episodes introduced by Osa Johnson were "African Army," "Boy Scouts in Africa," "Climbing Fish, The Floating Terror, Giant Elephants, Goring Brutes, Headhunters of Borneo, Jungle Panic, Jungle Power," "Jungle Warriors," "Rhinoceros," "Simba's Trail," "Slinking Fury" and "Weird Tribes." Episodes introduced by [[Ivan T. Sanderson]] were "Armed Menace," "Cameras in the Wilderness," "Herds of Destruction," "Jaws of Death," "Kill to Live," "Man-Eaters of the Masai," "Monkey Safari," "Orang-utan," "Pygmy Hunters," "Return to Adventure," "Terror of the Plains" and "Trek Through the Wild Lands."

==Martin and Osa Johnson Safari Museum==
The Martin and Osa Johnson Safari Museum is located in Osa's hometown of [[Chanute, Kansas]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.safarimuseum.com/|title=Home|first=Safari|last=Staff}}</ref> Formed in 1961 to preserve the Johnsons' achievements and to encourage further research into their fields of study, the Safari Museum (as it was originally named) has grown and flourished. The museum started with a core collection of the Johnsons' films, photographs, manuscripts, articles, books, and personal belongings donated by Osa's mother. The museum shares the beautiful old railroad depot with the Chanute Public Library.

In 1998, the Martin and Osa Johnson Safari Museum was named by the History Channel Traveler website as one of the "Top-Ten Historic Sites for Valentine's Day" that "capture romance, American-style." In 2001, [[The Pitch (newspaper)]] named Chanute, Kansas, and the museum as "Best Romantic Day Trip."

The museum is governed by a twelve-member volunteer Board of Trustees. Additionally, there are honorary trustees who help support and represent the museum. Honorary trustees include: Jack Badal, [[Robert Ballard]], [[Kevin Brownlow]], M. Miller Davis & Ayden Mayeri, Nancy Durbin, [[Jack Hanna]], Ed Elbert (producer of, among others, ''[[The Mighty Quinn (film)|The Mighty Quinn]]''), Kelly Enright, Joyce Harrell, Dick Houston (president of Elefence International), Yvonne Houston (Osa's niece), Eleanor & Pascal Imperato, [[Schuyler Jones]], [[Nancy Landon Kassebaum Baker]], Lamont Lindstrom, Kenneth Love, Kate & [[T.J. Miller]], Margaret Moore, Kay & [[George Schaller]], Igor Sikorsky, Jr. (son of [[Igor Sikorsky]]), Jan & Romi Svatoš, [[Roy Thomas]], Stan Walsh (Travel Adventure Cinema Society), [[Keith Leveret Wauchope|Keith Wauchope]] ([[United States Ambassador to Gabon]], retired), Holly Wofford (Lake Paradise Entertainment producer) and Ray Woods.

Honorary trustees in memoriam include: [[Marianna Beach]], Vern Carstens (the Johnsons’ pilot), Gary K. Clarke (director emeritus of the [[Topeka Zoo]] and president of Cowabunga Safaris), [[Clive Cussler]], Dick Douglas, Clarke Getts (Osa's second husband), Byron Harrell, Belle Leighty (Osa's mother), David Martin, Douglas Oliver, [[Mike Resnick]], C. Jackson Selsor, Kenhelm Stott, Jr. (general curator emeritus of the [[San Diego Zoo]] and trustee of the [[National Underwater and Marine Agency]]), [[Lowell Thomas]], Joseph Tilton (Johnsons’ cameraman), Mahlon Wallace III and Helen (Joyce) & George Wauchope (Helen was the Johnsons’ secretary who previously worked for Lowell Thomas).

==Sister museums – Musée de Manega and Sabah Museum==
The Martin and Osa Johnson Safari Museum has two international sister museums: [[Musée de Manega]] in Burkina Faso and [[Sabah Museum]] in [[Sabah]], Malaysia. These partnerships resulted from curatorial exchanges in 2000 and 2004 through the International Partnerships Among Museums program.

On February 22, 2011, the Sabah Museum opened its "Safari in Sandakan" exhibit at the Sandakan Heritage Museum in [[Sabah]], Malaysia. This exhibit covers the Johnsons' 1920 and 1935-1936 Borneo expeditions and was designed by Sabah Museum Curator Stella Moo.

The SUARA Community Filmmaking, in partnership with the Sabah Museum and the Sabah Society, has agreed on premiering the last film of Osa and Martin Johnson's last adventure in North Borneo. It was premiered on 30 September 2012 at the Borneo Eco Film Festival as it was the first time shown in Borneo.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.beff.org.my/films-borneo.php#on |title=BEFF - Borneo Eco Film Festival |access-date=2012-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921012637/http://beff.org.my/films-borneo.php#on |archive-date=2012-09-21 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Disney's Animal Kingdom Lodge==
[[The Walt Disney Company]] was the first organization to license Johnson film from the Martin and Osa Johnson Safari Museum for the 1976 program ''Filming Nature's Mysteries''. Disney again licensed Johnson film as part of the "Rafiki's Planet Watch" at [[Disney's Animal Kingdom]] when it opened April 22, 1998.

The architects and Disney team developing a new "[[safari lodge]]" borrowed Johnson films from the museum in 1997 and 1998 for research and inspiration. [[Disney's Animal Kingdom Lodge]] opened April 16, 2001. Included is an ongoing exhibit of 36 Johnson photographs along with an original copy of Osa Johnson's 1940 autobiography ''I Married Adventure'' in the lodge's Sunset Lounge.

==Martin + Osa==
Martin and Osa Johnson were the namesake, inspiration and background story for the 2006-2010 [[Martin + Osa]] clothing line and national chain of 28 Martin + Osa stores launched by [[American Eagle Outfitters]]. Martin + Osa used references to the Johnsons on their clothing and accessories. Examples included "1910" (the year Martin and Osa married), "S-38" (refers to the Sikorsky S-38 amphibian airplane flown by the Johnsons) and "NC-52V" (the aircraft registration number of their Sikorsky S-39). In 2016 the Martin and Osa Johnson Safari Museum acquired the Martin + Osa trademarks.

==Other references==

*Osa Johnson (also known as The Woman in the Safari Outfit) is a main character in the 1962 play ''[[Chamber Music (play)|Chamber Music]]'' by [[Arthur Kopit]].
*It has been noted the animated film ''[[Up (2009 film)|Up]]'' (2009) contains story elements similar to the Johnsons’ real-life story. This ranges from a childless couple to a “scout” on the trip. Muntz's airship, named ''Spirit of  Adventure'', sounds like a cross between the Johnsons’ ''Spirit of Africa'' plane and Osa's popular ''I Married Adventure'' autobiography. A fictional poster promotes the launch of the “Spirit of Adventure” on April 25, 1934, from New York City. Coincidentally this was the starting point and the time frame of the Johnsons’ 1933-1934 “Flying Safari”. Also, the Fredricksens’ dream of a home overlooking “Paradise Falls” is reminiscent of the home the Johnsons built overlooking “Lake Paradise” or “Paradise Lake”.
*In 2005, the Cairo Club Orchestra<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cairocluborchestra.com/|title=Coming Soon...|website=cairocluborchestra.com}}</ref> of [[Melbourne]], Australia, revived the 1932 Congorilla Fox-Trot (inspired by the Johnsons' 1932 movie ''Congorilla'').
*Martin and Osa Johnson photographs appear in the movies ''[[Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events]]'' (2004) and ''[[Night at the Museum]]'' (2006) as well as the short film ''The Lost Explorer'' (2010) by [[Tim Walker]]. Johnson film segments were used in [[Su Friedrich]]'s film ''Hide and Seek'' (1996).
*In 2010, Martin and Osa Johnson were voted one of the 8 Wonders of Kansas! People ([[Kansas Sampler]] Foundation).
*Poet [[Elizabeth Bishop]]'s poem "In the Waiting Room" references a picture of Martin and Osa Johnson in a February, 1918 ''[[National Geographic]]'' she read as a child.
* Martin Johnson is sarcastically referenced in "The Baby in the Icebox," a short story by James M. Cain that was first published in the ''American Mercury'' magazine in 1932.
*In 1934, Martin and Osa Johnson became the first married couple, and Osa only the second woman, featured on a box of [[Wheaties]] breakfast cereal. Beginning that year Wheaties put pictures of well-known people on cereal boxes to match the slogan ”The Breakfast of Champions.” Martin and Osa are pictured atop their Sikorsky S-39 amphibious plane. (See [[List of athletes on Wheaties boxes]].)

[[File:Cannibals of the South Seas 1918 lantern slide.jpg|thumb|Lantern slide for the film ''Cannibals of the South Seas'' (1912)]]
==Selected filmography==
*''Cannibals of the South Seas'' (1912)
*''Jack London's Adventures of the South Seas'' (1913)
*''Among the Cannibal Isles of the South Seas'' (1918)
*''Jungle Adventures'' (1921) (filmed in [[British North Borneo]])
*''Headhunters of the South Seas'' (1922)
*''Trailing Wild African Animals'' (1923)
*''Martin's Safari'' (1928)
*''[[Simba: King of the Beasts]]'' (1928)
*''Across the World with Mr. and Mrs. Johnson'' (1930)
*''Wonders of the Congo'' (1931)
*''[[Congorilla (film)|Congorilla]]'' (1932)
*''Wings Over Africa'' (1934)
*''[[Baboona]]'' (1935)
*''Children of Africa'' (1937)
*''Jungle Depths of Borneo'' (1937)
*''Borneo'' (1937) (filmed in [[British North Borneo]])
*''Jungles Calling'' (1937)
*''I Married Adventure'' (1940)
*''African Paradise'' (1941)
*''Tulagi and the Solomons'' (1943)
*''Big Game Hunt'' (1950s), on TV

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |last=Johnson |first=Martin |date=1929 |title=Lion: African Adventure With the King of Beasts |location=New York - London |publisher=G.P. Putnam's Sons }}
* Johnson, Osa, "A Wife in Africa," ''[[Photoplay]]'', June 1923, p.&nbsp;32. Bylined Mrs. Martin Johnson.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Martin and Osa Johnson}}
* {{Gutenberg author | id=Johnson,+Martin | name=Martin Johnson}}
* {{Internet Archive author |name=Martin Elmer Johnson |birth=1884 |death=1937 |sopt=t}}
* {{Internet Archive author |name=Osa Helen Johnson |birth=1894 |death=1953}}
* [https://archive.org/details/canniballandadv00johngoog ''Cannibal-land: Adventures with a Camera in the New Hebrides''] (1922)
* [http://scripophily.stores.yahoo.net/marjohafexco.html Martin Johnson African Expedition Corporation stock certificate] (1924)
* [[Google Books]] previews:
** {{cite book| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=YUhm8uoT7QcC&q=osa+and+martin| title = Osa and Martin: For the Love of Adventure| first1 = Kelly| last1 = Enright| publisher = Lyons Press| location = Guilford, CT| date = August 16, 2011| isbn = 978-0-7627-6360-3}}{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
** {{cite book| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=nmiIkPd5G8YC| title = They Married Adventure: The Wandering Lives of Martin and Osa Johnson| first1 = Pascal James| last1 = Imperato| first2 = Eleanor| last2 = Imperato| publisher = [[Rutgers University Press]]| location = Piscataway, NJ U.S.A.| date = March 1, 1999| isbn = 978-0-8135-2695-9}}
** {{cite book| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=zLyrsEvkaZUC| title = I Married Adventure: The Lives of Martin and Osa Johnson| last = Johnson| first = Osa| publisher = Kodansha Globe| location = New York - Tokyo| date = August 14, 1997| orig-year = 1st. pub. [[J. B. Lippincott & Co.]]:1940| isbn = 978-1-56836-128-4}}
** {{cite book| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Os9lHvlLHRcC| title = Safari: A Saga of the African Blue| last = Johnson| first = Martin| publisher = [[Kessinger Publishing]]| location = Whitefish, MT U.S.A.| date = January 11, 2005| orig-year = 1st. pub. [[Knickerbocker Press]]: 1928| isbn = 978-1-4179-2576-6}}{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{IMDb name|0425766|Martin E. Johnson}}
* {{IMDb name|0425922|Osa Johnson}}
* [https://wfpp.cdrs.columbia.edu/pioneer/ccp-osa-johnson/ Osa Johnson] at Women Film Pioneers Project
* [http://www.safarimuseum.com/ Martin and Osa Johnson Safari Museum website] - ''safarimuseum.com''
* [http://kansastravel.org/safarimuseum.htm Martin and Osa Johnson Safari Museum website] - ''kansastravel.org''
* Agnes Newton Keith (1939, Reprint 2004) ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20120318021750/http://www.nhpborneo.com/book/l001 The Land Below the Wind]''
** {{Gutenberg | no=43812| name=Through the South Seas with Jack London by Martin Johnson}}
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[[Category:American documentary filmmakers]]
[[Category:20th-century American explorers]]
[[Category:American hunters]]
[[Category:American women aviators]]
[[Category:American women documentary filmmakers]]
[[Category:Aviators from Kansas]]
[[Category:Headhunting accounts and studies]]
[[Category:Married couples]]
[[Category:Women film pioneers]]