Editing Matthew Shepard

{{Short description|Gay American murder victim (1976–1998)}}
{{Redirect|Matt Shepard|the sportscaster|Matt Shepard (sportscaster)}}
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{{Use American English|date=September 2021}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| image              = Matthew Shepard.jpg
| birth_name         = Matthew Wayne Shepard
| birth_date         = {{Birth date|1976|12|1}}
| birth_place        = [[Casper, Wyoming]], U.S.
| death_date         = {{Death date and age|1998|10|12|1976|12|1}}
| death_place        = [[Fort Collins, Colorado]], U.S.
| resting_place      = [[Washington National Cathedral]]
| death_cause        = [[Murder in United States law|Murder]] ([[blunt trauma]])
| alma_mater         = [[University of Wyoming]]
| parents            = {{ubl|[[Dennis Shepard]]|[[Judy Shepard]]}}
}}
'''Matthew Wayne Shepard''' (December 1, 1976&nbsp;– October 12, 1998) was an American student at the [[University of Wyoming]] who was beaten, tortured, and left to die near [[Laramie, Wyoming|Laramie]] on October 6, 1998.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.matthewshepard.org/about-us/|title=About Us|work=Matthew Shepard Foundation|access-date=November 19, 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=December 1, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201031209/https://www.matthewshepard.org/about-us/|url-status=live}}</ref> He was transported by rescuers to [[Poudre Valley Hospital]] in [[Fort Collins, Colorado]], where he died six days later from severe head injuries sustained during the attack.

Aaron McKinney and Russell Henderson were arrested shortly after the attack and charged with [[first-degree murder (United States law)|first-degree murder]] following Shepard's death. Henderson pleaded guilty to [[murder]], and McKinney was tried and found guilty of murder; each of them received two [[consecutive life sentences]]. 

Significant media coverage was given to the murder and what role Shepard's sexual orientation played as a motive for the crime, as he was [[gay men|gay]]. The prosecutor argued the murder of Shepard was premeditated and driven by [[greed]]. McKinney's defense counsel countered by arguing that he had intended only to rob Shepard but he killed him in a rage when Shepard made a sexual advance toward him. McKinney's girlfriend told police that he had been motivated by [[anti-gay sentiment]], but later, she recanted her statement, saying that she had lied because she thought she could help him by lying.

Shepard's murder brought national and international attention to [[hate crime]] legislation at both the state and federal level.<ref name=life>{{cite web|url=http://www.matthewshepard.org/site/PageServer|title=Matthew Shepard Foundation webpage|access-date=October 4, 2009|website=Matthew Shepard Foundation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080729005923/http://www.matthewshepard.org/site/PageServer|archive-date=July 29, 2008}}</ref> In October 2009, the [[111th United States Congress|United States Congress]] passed the [[Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act]] (commonly the "Matthew Shepard Act" or "Shepard/Byrd Act" for short), and on October 28, 2009, President [[Barack Obama]] signed the legislation into law.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/theoval/post/2009/10/620000629/1|title=Obama signs hate-crimes law rooted in crimes of 1998|work=[[USA Today]]|date=October 28, 2009|access-date=September 23, 2011|archive-date=September 18, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110918191421/http://content.usatoday.com/communities/theoval/post/2009/10/620000629/1|url-status=live}}</ref> Following their son's murder, [[Dennis Shepard|Dennis]] and [[Judy Shepard]] became [[LGBTQ rights activist]]s and established the [[Matthew Shepard Foundation]]. Shepard's murder inspired [[Cultural depictions of Matthew Shepard|a number of films, novels, plays, songs, and other works]], including ''The Laramie Project'' ([[The Laramie Project|a 2000 play]] and [[The Laramie Project (film)|2002 film]]) and Judy Shepard's 2009 memoir ''[[The Meaning of Matthew]]''.

==Background==
Matthew Shepard was born in 1976 in [[Casper, Wyoming]]; he was the first of two sons born to [[Judy Shepard|Judy (née Peck)]] and [[Dennis Shepard]]. His younger brother, Logan, was born in 1981. The two brothers had a close relationship.<ref name=":0">{{Cite magazine|url=http://www.vanityfair.com/news/1999/13/matthew-shepard-199903|title=The Crucifixion of Matthew Shepard|magazine=Vanity Fair|date=January 8, 2014|access-date=May 18, 2016|archive-date=October 13, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151013013248/http://www.vanityfair.com/news/1999/13/matthew-shepard-199903|url-status=live}}</ref>  Matthew was raised in the [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopal]] denomination and had once served as an [[altar boy]] in the church.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fortin |first1=Jacey |title=Matthew Shepard Will Be Interred at the Washington National Cathedral, 20 Years After His Death |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/11/us/matthew-shepard-ashes-cathedral.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |date=October 11, 2018 |access-date=October 14, 2018 |archive-date=October 11, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011233316/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/11/us/matthew-shepard-ashes-cathedral.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He attended [[Natrona County School District|Crest Hill Elementary School]], [[Dean Morgan Junior High School]], and [[Natrona County High School]] for his freshman through junior years. As a child, he was "friendly with all his classmates", but was targeted and teased due to his small stature and lack of athleticism.<ref name=":0" /> He developed an interest in politics at an early age.<ref name=":0" />

During his high school years, Matthew moved with his family to Saudi Arabia, when his father was hired by [[Saudi Aramco]], a Saudi oil and natural gas company.  With the family based at the [[Saudi Aramco Residential Camp in Dhahran]], Shepard completed high school in Switzerland, at the [[American School in Switzerland]] (TASIS).<ref>{{cite news|title=Matthew Shepard's Mother Aims to Speak With His Voice|author=Julie Cart|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=September 14, 1999|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1999-sep-14-mn-9950-story.html|access-date=November 3, 2009|archive-date=July 9, 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709120020/http://articles.latimes.com/1999/sep/14/news/mn-9950?pg=2|url-status=live}}</ref> There, he participated in theater, and took [[German language|German]] and [[Italian language|Italian]] courses.  In 1995, during a high school trip to [[Morocco]], Shepard was abducted, beaten and raped.<ref name="abcnews"/><ref name="Bindel"/> This caused him to experience depression and panic attacks, according to his mother.<ref name="abcnews"/> One of Shepard's friends feared that his depression had driven him to become involved with drugs during his time at college.<ref name="abcnews"/> Shepard was hospitalized on a number of occasions due to his clinical depression and suicidal ideation.<ref name=":0" />

After graduating from high school in May 1995, Shepard attended [[Catawba College]] in [[North Carolina]] and [[Casper College]] in [[Wyoming]], before settling in [[Denver]], [[Colorado]]. Shepard became a first-year [[political science]] major at the [[University of Wyoming]] in Laramie with a minor in languages,<ref name=":0" /> and was chosen as the student representative for the Wyoming Environmental Council.<ref name=life/>

Shepard was described by his father as "an optimistic and accepting young man who had a special gift of relating to almost everyone. He was the type of person who was very approachable and always looked to new challenges. Shepard had a great passion for equality and always stood up for the acceptance of people's differences."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.muhlenbergweekly.com/judy-shepard-speaks-out-against-anti-gay-violence-1.2497979|title=Judy Shepard speaks out against anti-gay violence|first1=Jillian|last1=Bevacqua|first2=Torie|last2=Paone|date=July 5, 2011|work=Muhlenberg Weekly|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202231211/http://www.muhlenbergweekly.com/judy-shepard-speaks-out-against-anti-gay-violence-1.2497979|archive-date=December 2, 2013}}</ref> Michele Josue, who had been Shepard's friend and later created a documentary about him, ''Matt Shepard Is a Friend of Mine,'' described him as "a tenderhearted and kind person."<ref name=Ring>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.advocate.com/arts-entertainment/film/2015/03/02/getting-know-real-matthew-shepard |title=Getting to Know the Real Matthew Shepard |magazine=The Advocate |date=March 2, 2015 |access-date=March 20, 2017 |first=Trudy |last=Ring |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221064856/http://www.advocate.com/arts-entertainment/film/2015/03/02/getting-know-real-matthew-shepard |archive-date=December 21, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Murder==
<!-- [[Russell Henderson (convict)]] redirects here. If this section name is changed, please leave an {{Anchor}} or update the redirect. -->
On the night of October 6, 1998, Shepard was approached by Aaron McKinney and Russell Henderson at the Fireside Lounge in Laramie; all three men were in their early 20s.<ref name=NYTref>{{cite news|last=Brooke|first=James|title=Gay Man Dies From Attack, Fanning Outrage and Debate|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/10/13/us/gay-man-dies-from-attack-fanning-outrage-and-debate.html|access-date=May 29, 2013|newspaper=The New York Times|date=October 12, 1998|archive-date=November 2, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102220600/http://www.nytimes.com/1998/10/13/us/gay-man-dies-from-attack-fanning-outrage-and-debate.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="abcnews"/> McKinney and Henderson offered to give Shepard a ride home.<ref name=trutv/><ref>{{cite news|title=Killer: Shepard Didn't Make Advances|url=http://dir.salon.com/story/news/feature/1999/11/06/witness/index.html|work=[[Salon.com]]|access-date=December 7, 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606223846/http://dir.salon.com/story/news/feature/1999/11/06/witness/index.html|archive-date=June 6, 2011}}</ref> They subsequently drove to a remote rural area and proceeded to rob, [[Pistol-whipping|pistol-whip]], and [[torture]] Shepard, tying him to a [[split-rail fence]] and leaving him to die.<ref name=mmatthew>{{cite book|author=Shepard, Judy|title=The Meaning of Matthew: My Son's Murder in Laramie, and a World Transformed|publisher=Penguin Group USA|location=New York|year=2009|isbn=978-1-59463-057-6|url=https://archive.org/details/meaningofmatthew00shep}}</ref> It was erroneously reported by the news that he had been tied to a [[barbed wire fence]].<ref name="mmatthew"/> Many media reports contained the graphic account of the pistol-whipping and his fractured skull. Reports described how Shepard was beaten so brutally that his face was completely covered in blood, except where it had been partially cleansed by his tears.<ref name="Bindel" /><ref>{{cite book|title=Losing Matt Shepard: life and politics in the aftermath of anti-gay murder|last=Loffreda|first=Beth|year=2000|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=New York|isbn=0-231-11858-9|url=https://archive.org/details/losingmattshepar00loff}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Chiasson|first=Lloyd|title=Illusive Shadows: Justice, Media, and Socially Significant American Trials|url=https://archive.org/details/illusiveshadowsj00chia|url-access=limited|publisher=Praeger|date=November 30, 2003|page=[https://archive.org/details/illusiveshadowsj00chia/page/n198 183]|isbn=978-0-275-97507-4}}</ref>

The assailants' girlfriends testified that neither McKinney nor Henderson was under the influence of alcohol or other drugs at the time of the attack.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://homes.thedailycamera.com/extra/shepard/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080424091724/http://homes.thedailycamera.com/extra/shepard/|archive-date=April 24, 2008|title=The Daily Camera:Matthew Shepard Murder|access-date=April 6, 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://homes.thedailycamera.com/extra/shepard/29bshep.html|title=Girlfriend: McKinney told of killing|last=Black|first=Robert W.|work=The Daily Camera|date=October 29, 1999}}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> McKinney and Henderson testified that they learned of Shepard's address and intended to steal from his home as well. After attacking Shepard and leaving him tied to the fence in near-freezing temperatures, McKinney and Henderson returned to town. McKinney proceeded to pick a fight with two men, 19-year-old Emiliano Morales and 18-year-old Jeremy Herrara. The fight resulted in head wounds for both Morales and McKinney.<ref>[[James Brooke (journalist)|James Brooke]] (October 16, 1998), [https://www.nytimes.com/1998/10/16/us/men-held-in-beating-lived-on-the-fringes.html Men Held in Beating Lived on the Fringes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201132826/http://www.nytimes.com/1998/10/16/us/men-held-in-beating-lived-on-the-fringes.html |date=December 1, 2017 }} ''[[The New York Times]]''</ref> Police officer Flint Waters arrived at the scene of the fight. He arrested Henderson, searched McKinney's truck, and found a blood-smeared gun along with Shepard's shoes and credit card.<ref name="abcnews">{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/matthew-shepard-legacy-gay-college-student-20-years/story?id=277685|title=New Details Emerge in Matthew Shepard Murder|publisher=ABC News Internet Ventures|access-date=June 7, 2009|date=November 26, 2004|archive-date=October 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191006142444/https://abcnews.go.com/US/matthew-shepard-legacy-gay-college-student-20-years/story?id=277685|url-status=live}}</ref> Henderson and McKinney later tried to persuade their girlfriends to provide alibis for them and help them dispose of evidence.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/US/9810/13/wyoming.attack.02/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080508011253/http://www.cnn.com/US/9810/13/wyoming.attack.02/index.html|archive-date=May 8, 2008 |title=New details emerge about suspects in gay attack|access-date=January 21, 2007 |publisher=[[Cable News Network|CNN]]|date=October 13, 1998}}</ref>

Still tied to the fence, Shepard was in a coma eighteen hours after the attack when he was discovered by Aaron Kreifels, a cyclist who initially mistook him for a [[scarecrow]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Wyo. bicyclist recalls tragic discovery|work=The Denver Post|date=October 15, 1998|author=Hughes, Jim|page=A01}}</ref> Reggie Fluty, the first police officer to arrive at the scene, found Shepard alive but covered in blood. Shepard was transported first to Ivinson Memorial Hospital in Laramie before being moved to the more advanced [[Major trauma|trauma]] ward at [[Poudre Valley Hospital]] in [[Fort Collins, Colorado]].<ref>{{cite book |last= Loffreda |first= Beth |title=Losing Matt Shepard: Life and Politics in the Aftermath of Anti-Gay Murder |url= https://archive.org/details/losingmattshepar00loff |url-access= registration |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2000 |isbn=9780231500289}}</ref> He had suffered [[Bone fracture|fractures]] to the back of his head and in front of his right ear. He experienced severe [[brainstem]] damage, which affected his body's ability to regulate his [[heart rate]], [[body temperature]], and other [[Vital signs|vital functions]]. There were also about a dozen small [[lacerations]] around his head, face, and neck. His injuries were deemed too severe for doctors to operate. He never regained consciousness and remained on full [[life support]]. While he lay in [[Intensive care medicine|intensive care]] and in the days following the attack, [[candlelight vigil]]s were held in countries around the world.<ref>{{cite web|title=University of Wyoming Matthew Shepard Resource Site|url=http://www.uwyo.edu/News/shepard/|publisher=[[University of Wyoming]]|access-date=November 1, 2006|archive-date=August 5, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805225902/http://www.uwyo.edu/news/shepard/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.canada.com/story_print.html?id=7dfd5ad0-e31b-44e8-9513-8abcf02654c6&sponsor=|title=Hate crimes bill still elusive 10 years after savage gay killing|work=The Ottawa Citizen|date=October 14, 2008|agency=CanWest MediaWorks Publications Inc.|access-date=October 4, 2013|location=Ottawa, Canada|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320051930/http://www.canada.com/story_print.html?id=7dfd5ad0-e31b-44e8-9513-8abcf02654c6&sponsor=|archive-date=March 20, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GmNWAAAAIBAJ&pg=6564%2C5111854|title=Symbol of outrage|work=The Spokesman-Review|date=October 17, 1998|access-date=October 4, 2013|author=Egerton, Brooks|page=A2|archive-date=May 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521070142/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GmNWAAAAIBAJ&pg=6564,5111854|url-status=live}}</ref>

Shepard was pronounced dead six days after the attack at 12:53&nbsp;a.m. on October 12, 1998.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/US/9810/12/wyoming.attack.03/index.html |publisher=[[CNN]] |title=Murder charges planned in beating death of gay student|access-date=November 1, 2006|date=October 12, 1998|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060822005855/http://www.cnn.com/US/9810/12/wyoming.attack.03/index.html|archive-date=August 22, 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|last=Lacayo|first=Richard|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,989406,00.html|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|title=The New Struggle|access-date=November 1, 2006|date=October 26, 1998|archive-date=January 29, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110129152139/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,989406,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="CNNBeaten">{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/US/9810/12/wyoming.attack.02/index.html|title=Beaten gay student dies; murder charges planned |publisher=[[CNN]] |access-date=January 14, 2007|date=October 12, 1998|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060620022551/http://cnn.com/US/9810/12/wyoming.attack.02/index.html|archive-date=June 20, 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://vic.pvhs.org/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/PVHS/PVHS_DOCUMENT_MGMT2/NEWS_REPOSITORY/MATTHEW%20SHEPARD%20MEDICAL%20UPDATE.PDF|publisher=Poudre Valley Health System (Colorado)|title=Matthew Shepard Medical Update|access-date=January 14, 2007|date=October 12, 1998|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630023857/https://vic.pvhs.org/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/PVHS/PVHS_DOCUMENT_MGMT2/NEWS_REPOSITORY/MATTHEW%20SHEPARD%20MEDICAL%20UPDATE.PDF|archive-date=June 30, 2007}}</ref> He was 21 years old.<ref name=NYTref/>

===Arrests and trial===
McKinney and Henderson were arrested and initially charged with attempted [[murder]], [[kidnapping]], and aggravated [[robbery]]. After Shepard's death, the charges were upgraded from attempted murder to first-degree murder, which meant that the two defendants were eligible for the [[Capital punishment in Wyoming|death penalty]]. Their girlfriends, Kristen Price and Chasity Pasley<!-- Several sources say Chastity, but later and more reliable sources indicate her name is Chasity-->, were charged with being [[accessories after the fact]].<ref name="CNNBeaten" /><ref name="NYTWitnesses"/> At McKinney's November 1998 pretrial hearing, Sergeant Rob Debree testified that McKinney had stated in an interview on October 9 that he and Henderson had identified Shepard as a robbery target and pretended to be gay to lure him out to their truck, and that McKinney had attacked Shepard after Shepard put his hand on McKinney's knee.<ref name="NYTWitnesses">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/11/21/us/witnesses-trace-brutal-killing-of-gay-student.html|title=Witnesses Trace Brutal Killing of Gay Student|first=James|last=Brooke|date=November 21, 1998|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=September 17, 2013|archive-date=September 29, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929125459/http://www.nytimes.com/1998/11/21/us/witnesses-trace-brutal-killing-of-gay-student.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Detective Ben Fritzen testified that Price stated McKinney told her the violence against Shepard was triggered by how McKinney "[felt] about gays".<ref name="NYTWitnesses"/>

In December 1998, Pasley pleaded guilty to being an accessory after the fact to first-degree murder.<ref name="NYTGayMurder" /> On April 5, 1999, Henderson avoided going to trial when he pleaded guilty to murder and kidnapping charges. In order to avoid the death penalty, he agreed to testify against McKinney and was sentenced by District Judge Jeffrey A. Donnell to [[back-to-back life sentences|two consecutive]] [[life term]]s. At Henderson's sentencing, his lawyer argued that Shepard had not been targeted because he was gay.<ref name="NYTGayMurder">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/04/06/us/gay-murder-trial-ends-with-guilty-plea.html |title=Gay murder trial ends with guilty plea |access-date=November 2, 2014 |first=James |last=Brooke |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=April 6, 1999 |archive-date=July 23, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723100203/http://www.nytimes.com/1999/04/06/us/gay-murder-trial-ends-with-guilty-plea.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

McKinney's trial took place in October and November 1999. Prosecutor Cal Rerucha alleged that McKinney and Henderson pretended to be gay to gain Shepard's trust. Price, McKinney's girlfriend, testified that Henderson and McKinney had "pretended they were gay to get [Shepard] in the truck and rob him."<ref name=trutv>{{cite web|url=http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/criminal_mind/forensics/welner/3.html?print=yes|title=Psychiatry, the Law, and Depravity: Profile of Michael Welner, M.D. Chairman, The Forensic Panel|first=Katherine|last=Ramsland|publisher=[[truTV]]|access-date=September 26, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203002900/http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/criminal_mind/forensics/welner/3.html?print=yes|archive-date=December 3, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.salon.com/1999/11/01/gay_panic/singleton|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140413020816/http://www.salon.com/1999/11/01/gay_panic/singleton|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 13, 2014|title=Quiet bombshell in Matthew Shepard trial|first=Dave|last=Cullen|date=November 1, 1999|access-date=February 19, 2012|newspaper=Salon}}</ref> McKinney's lawyer attempted to put forward a [[gay panic defense]], arguing that McKinney was driven to [[insanity defense|temporary insanity]] by [[homosexual panic|alleged sexual advances]] by Shepard. This defense was rejected by the judge. McKinney's lawyer stated that the two men wanted to rob Shepard but never intended to kill him.<ref name="abcnews"/> Rerucha argued that the killing had been premeditated, driven by "greed and violence", rather than by Shepard's sexual orientation.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/10/26/us/a-defense-to-avoid-execution.html|title=A defense to avoid execution|access-date=November 2, 2014|first=Michael|last=Janofsky|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=October 26, 1999|archive-date=November 2, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102220613/http://www.nytimes.com/1999/10/26/us/a-defense-to-avoid-execution.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The jury found McKinney not guilty of premeditated murder but guilty of [[felony murder]] and began to deliberate on the death penalty. Shepard's parents brokered a deal that resulted in McKinney receiving two consecutive life terms without the possibility of parole.<ref>{{cite news |last=Cart |first=Julie |date=November 5, 1999 |title=Killer of Gay Student Is Spared Death Penalty; Courts: Matthew Shepard's father says life in prison shows "mercy to someone who refused to show any mercy." |page=A1 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1999-dec-31-mn-47273-story.html |access-date=October 7, 2023 |archive-date=October 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010055335/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1999-dec-31-mn-47273-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Henderson and McKinney were [[incarcerated]] in the [[Wyoming State Penitentiary]] in [[Rawlins, Wyoming|Rawlins]] and were later transferred to other prisons because of overcrowding.<ref>{{cite news|first=Jean|last=Torkelson|title=Mother's mission: Matthew Shepard's death changes things|url=http://m.rockymountainnews.com/news/2008/oct/03/10-years-later-matthew-shepard-hasnt-been-forgotte|work=Rocky Mountain News|publisher=The E.W. Scripps Co.|date=October 3, 2008|access-date=November 16, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715195945/http://m.rockymountainnews.com/news/2008/oct/03/10-years-later-matthew-shepard-hasnt-been-forgotte/|archive-date=July 15, 2011}}</ref> Following her testimony at McKinney's trial, Price pleaded guilty to a reduced charge of misdemeanor interference with a police officer.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/last-gay-beating-trial-ends/|title=Last gay beating trial ends|date=November 4, 1999|work=[[CBS News]]|access-date=November 2, 2014|archive-date=November 2, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102202843/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/last-gay-beating-trial-ends/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Subsequent reporting==
===''20/20'' report===
Shepard's murder continued to attract public attention and media coverage long after the trial was over. In 2004, the [[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] news program ''[[20/20 (U.S. TV series)|20/20]]'' aired a report by TV journalist [[Elizabeth Vargas]] that quoted statements by McKinney, Henderson, Price, Rerucha, and a lead investigator. The statements alleged that the murder had not been motivated by Shepard's sexuality but was primarily a drug-related robbery that had turned violent.<ref name="abcnews"/> Price said she had lied to police about McKinney having been provoked by an unwanted sexual advance from Shepard, telling Vargas, "I don't think it was a hate crime at all."<ref name="abcnews"/><ref>[[James Kirchick | Kirchick, James]] (October 22, 2013), [https://online.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304410204579143612270644276 "Book Review: 'The Book of Matt,' by Stephen Jimenez"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210704041321/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304410204579143612270644276 |date=July 4, 2021 }} ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]''</ref> Rerucha said, "It was a murder that was once again driven by drugs."<ref name="abcnews"/>

The report was criticized by [[GLAAD]] as relying on speculation and statements by unreliable individuals changing their story.<ref name="Lee">{{cite news|title=ABC News Revisits Student's Killing, and Angers Some Gays|author=Lee, Felicia R.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/11/26/us/abc-news-revisits-students-killing-and-angers-some-gays.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=November 26, 2004|access-date=June 11, 2013|archive-date=July 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712070129/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/11/26/us/abc-news-revisits-students-killing-and-angers-some-gays.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=GLAAD: 10 Questions About ABC'S 20/20 Show on Matthew Shepard|url=http://www.glaad.org/matthewshepard2020|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090514015646/http://www.glaad.org/matthewshepard2020|archive-date=May 14, 2009|access-date=June 11, 2013}}</ref> Judy Shepard's lawyer described the report as an oversimplification, while [[Michael Adams (lawyer)|Michael Adams]] of [[Lambda Legal]] described it as an attempt to "de-gay the murder".<ref name="Lee" /><ref>{{cite book|last=Charles|first=Casey|title=Critical Queer Studies: Law, Film, and Fiction in Contemporary American Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EwtNwyfhHcEC&q=%22matthew+shepard%22+%2220/20%22+controversial+OR+controversy&pg=PT67|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|year=2012|isbn=978-1409444060|access-date=July 4, 2021|archive-date=July 4, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210704041350/https://books.google.com/books?id=EwtNwyfhHcEC&q=%22matthew+shepard%22+%2220%2F20%22+controversial+OR+controversy&pg=PT67|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=O'Donnell|first=M.|year=2008|title=Gay-hate, journalism and compassionate questioning|journal=Asia Pacific Media Educator|issue=19|pages=113–126|url=http://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1304&context=apme|access-date=June 11, 2013|archive-date=October 4, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004215812/http://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1304&context=apme|url-status=live}}</ref>

===''The Book of Matt''===
{{Main|The Book of Matt}}
[[Stephen Jimenez]], the producer of the 2004 ''20/20'' segment, went on to write a book, ''[[The Book of Matt|The Book of Matt: Hidden Truths About the Murder of Matthew Shepard]]'', which was published in September 2013.<ref name=Jimenez>{{cite book|title=[[The Book of Matt]]|publisher=Steerforth|author=Jimenez, Stephen|year=2013|isbn=978-1586422141}}</ref>  The book said that Shepard and McKinney—the killer who inflicted the injuries—had been occasional sex partners and that Shepard was a methamphetamine dealer.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/12/stephen-jimenez-matthew-shepard_n_3914707.html|title=Matthew Shepard Murdered By Bisexual Lover And Drug Dealer, Stephen Jimenez Claims In New Book|work=Huffington Post|date=September 12, 2013|access-date=September 30, 2013|archive-date=September 16, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130916172842/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/12/stephen-jimenez-matthew-shepard_n_3914707.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=jbfh/> Jimenez wrote that Fritzen told an interviewer "Matthew Shepard's sexual preference or sexual orientation certainly wasn't the motive in the homicide...".<ref name=Jimenez />

Some commentators have criticized Jimenez's views on the attack by classifying them as being sensational and misleading.<ref name=jbfh>{{cite web|url=http://thinkprogress.org/alyssa/2013/10/18/2802871/book-matt-prove-size-stephen-jimenezs-ego|title='The Book Of Matt' Doesn't Prove Anything, Other Than The Size Of Stephen Jimenez's Ego|work=ThinkProgress|date=October 18, 2013|access-date=October 18, 2013|author=Rosenberg, Alyssa|archive-date=October 18, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018161518/http://thinkprogress.org/alyssa/2013/10/18/2802871/book-matt-prove-size-stephen-jimenezs-ego/|url-status=live}}</ref> Other commentators, however, have spoken up to defend them.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.advocate.com/print-issue/current-issue/2013/09/13/have-we-got-matthew-shepard-all-wrong?page=0,0|title=Have We Got Matthew Shepard All Wrong?|last1=Hicklin|first1=Aaron|website=Advocate|date=September 13, 2013|access-date=March 1, 2014|archive-date=October 24, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024135906/http://www.advocate.com/print-issue/current-issue/2013/09/13/have-we-got-matthew-shepard-all-wrong?page=0,0|url-status=live}}</ref> Some police that were involved in the investigation have criticized Jimenez's conclusions,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ebar.com/news/article.php?sec=news&article=69201|title=Shepard book stirs controversy|work=The Bay Area Reporter|date=October 24, 2013|last=Hemmelgarn|first=Seth|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110042205/http://ebar.com/news/article.php?sec=news&article=69201|archive-date=November 10, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.out.com/news-opinion/2014/11/24/book-matt-author-responds-media-matters-steve-jimenez |magazine=Out |date=November 24, 2014 |first=Stephen |last=Jimenez |title=Book of Matt Author Responds to Media Matters |access-date=October 12, 2018 |quote=two police officers, Dave O'Malley and Rob DeBree, have quarreled with some of the findings |archive-date=October 13, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013014249/https://www.out.com/news-opinion/2014/11/24/book-matt-author-responds-media-matters-steve-jimenez |url-status=live }}</ref> while other police said that there was evidence that drugs were an important factor that led to the murder.<ref name="Bindel"/>

==Anti-gay protests==
Members of the [[Westboro Baptist Church]], led by [[Fred Phelps]], received national attention for picketing Shepard's funeral with signs bearing [[homophobia|homophobic]] slogans, such as "Matt in Hell" and "God Hates Fags".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gaytoday.com/garchive/events/101498ev.htm|title=Top Story|publisher=Gay Today|access-date=January 3, 2012|archive-date=April 4, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404163159/http://www.gaytoday.com/garchive/events/101498ev.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

Church members also mounted anti-gay protests during the trials of Henderson and McKinney.<ref>{{cite web |title=Put the victim on trial? |last=Cullen |first=Dave |work=Salon |url=https://www.salon.com/2001/01/02/shepard |date=October 11, 1999 |access-date=November 27, 2017 |archive-date=December 1, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201042752/https://www.salon.com/2001/01/02/shepard |url-status=live }}</ref> In response, [[Romaine Patterson]], one of Shepard's friends, organized a group that assembled in a circle around the Westboro Baptist Church protesters. The group wore white robes and gigantic wings (resembling [[angel]]s) that blocked the protesters. Despite this, Shepard's parents were able to hear the protesters shouting anti-gay remarks and comments directed toward them. The police intervened and created a human barrier between the two groups.<ref name="CNN-pleads"/> 

[[Angel Action]] was founded by Patterson in April 1999.<ref name="CNN-pleads">{{cite news|title=Suspect pleads guilty in beating death of gay college student|url=http://www.cnn.com/US/9904/05/gay.attack.trail.02|date=April 5, 1999|access-date=January 18, 2007|publisher=CNN |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070102094210/http://www.cnn.com/US/9904/05/gay.attack.trail.02|archive-date=January 2, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Whole World Was Watching|url=http://www.paraview.com/patterson/index.htm|access-date=January 18, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061015183949/http://www.paraview.com/patterson/index.htm|archive-date=October 15, 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Legacy==
In the years following her son's death, Judy Shepard has worked as an advocate for [[LGBTQ rights in the United States|LGBTQ rights]], particularly issues relating to gay youth.<ref name=Ring /> She was a main force behind the [[Matthew Shepard Foundation]], which she and her husband, Dennis, founded in December 1998.<ref name=Pilkington>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/oct/10/matthew-shepard-wyoming-gay-rights-laws |title=Fifteen years after Matthew Shepard's murder, Wyoming remains anti-gay |newspaper=The Guardian |date=October 10, 2013 |access-date=March 20, 2017 |first=Ed |last=Pilkington |archive-date=March 21, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170321172514/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/oct/10/matthew-shepard-wyoming-gay-rights-laws |url-status=live }}</ref>

Gay rights activist [[John Stoltenberg]] has said that to portray Shepard as a gay-bashing victim is to present an incomplete account of his victimization: "Keeping Matthew as the poster boy of gay-hate crime and ignoring the full tragedy of his story has been the agenda of many gay-movement leaders.  Ignoring the tragedies of Matthew's life prior to his murder will do nothing to help other young men in our community who are sold for sex, ravaged by drugs, and generally exploited."<ref name="Bindel"/>

In June 2019, Shepard was one of the inaugural 50 American "pioneers, trailblazers, and heroes" inducted on the [[National LGBTQ Wall of Honor]] within the [[Stonewall National Monument]] (SNM) in [[New York City]]'s [[Stonewall Inn]].<ref name=":23">{{Cite web|url=https://www.metro.us/news/local-news/new-york/stonewall-inn-lgbtq-wall-honor|title=National LGBTQ Wall of Honor unveiled at Stonewall Inn|last=Glasses-Baker|first=Becca|date=June 27, 2019|website=www.metro.us|access-date=June 28, 2019|archive-date=June 28, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190628133313/https://www.metro.us/news/local-news/new-york/stonewall-inn-lgbtq-wall-honor|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="SDGLN">{{Cite web|url=https://sdgln.com/news/2019/06/19/national-lgbtq-wall-honor-be-unveiled-historic-stonewall-inn|title=National LGBTQ Wall of Honor to be unveiled at historic Stonewall Inn|last=Rawles|first=Timothy |date=June 19, 2019|website=San Diego Gay and Lesbian News|language=en|access-date=June 21, 2019|archive-date=June 21, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621091646/https://sdgln.com/news/2019/06/19/national-lgbtq-wall-honor-be-unveiled-historic-stonewall-inn|url-status=live}}</ref> The SNM is the first [[National monument (United States)|U.S. national monument]] dedicated to LGBTQ rights and [[LGBTQ history|history]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Laird|first=Cynthia|url=https://www.ebar.com/news/news//272833|title=Groups seek names for Stonewall 50 honor wall|website=The Bay Area Reporter / B.A.R. Inc.|language=en|access-date=May 24, 2019|archive-date=May 24, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524021601/https://www.ebar.com/news/news//272833|url-status=live}}</ref> and the wall's unveiling was timed to take place during the [[Stonewall 50 – WorldPride NYC 2019|50th anniversary]] of the [[Stonewall riots]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sachet|first=Donna|url=http://sfbaytimes.com/stonewall-50/|title=Stonewall 50|date=April 3, 2019|website=San Francisco Bay Times|access-date=May 25, 2019|archive-date=May 25, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525134357/http://sfbaytimes.com/stonewall-50/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Hate crime legislation===
{{Main|Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act}}
{{See also|Hate crime laws in the United States}}
[[{{Not a typo|File:Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act.jpg}}<!-- Do not change the spelling of the file! -->|alt=President Obama with Louvon Harris, Betty Byrd Boatner, and Judy Shepard|thumb|right|President [[Barack Obama]] greets Louvon Harris, left, Betty Byrd Boatner, right, both sisters of [[Murder of James Byrd Jr.|James Byrd&nbsp;Jr.]], and [[Judy Shepard]] at a 2009 reception commemorating the enactment of [[Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act|the legislation]].]]

Requests for new legislation to address hate crimes gained momentum during coverage of the incident.<ref>{{cite news |author=Colby College |author-link=Colby College |date=March 7, 2006 |title=Mother of Hate-Crime Victim to Speak at Colby |url=http://www.colby.edu/news/detail/612 |url-status=dead |access-date=April 6, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060911192640/http://www1.colby.edu/news/detail/612/ |archive-date=September 11, 2006}} Press release.</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1009867|title=Open phones|access-date=April 6, 2006|work=[[Talk of the Nation]]|publisher=[[National Public Radio]]|date=October 12, 1998|archive-date=March 17, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080317004702/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1009867|url-status=live}} "Denounced nationwide as a hate crime" at 1:40 elapsed time.</ref> Under existing [[United States]] federal law<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fbi.gov/hq/cid/civilrights/hate.htm|access-date=April 6, 2006|title=Investigative Programs: Civil Rights: Hate Crimes|publisher=[[Federal Bureau of Investigation]]|archive-date=April 5, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060405063153/http://www.fbi.gov/hq/cid/civilrights/hate.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> and Wyoming state law,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adl.org/99hatecrime/provisions.asp|access-date=April 6, 2006|title=Map of State Statutes|publisher=[[Anti-Defamation League]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629023522/http://www.adl.org/99hatecrime/provisions.asp|archive-date=June 29, 2011}}</ref> crimes committed on the basis of sexual orientation could not be prosecuted as hate crimes.

A few hours after Shepard was discovered, his friends Walt Boulden and Alex Trout began to contact media organizations, claiming that Shepard had been assaulted because he was gay. According to prosecutor Cal Rerucha, "They were calling the County Attorney's office, they were calling the media and indicating Matthew Shepard is gay and we don't want the fact that he is gay to go unnoticed."<ref name="abcnews"/>  Tina Labrie, a close friend of Shepard's, said "[Boulden and Trout] wanted to make [Matt] a poster child or something for their cause".<ref>[http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/09/22/the-myths-of-matthew-shepard-s-infamous-death.html The Myths of Matthew Shepard's Infamous Death] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027015110/http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/09/22/the-myths-of-matthew-shepard-s-infamous-death.html |date=October 27, 2014 }} ''[[The Daily Beast]]'' (September 22, 2013)</ref>  Boulden linked the attack to the absence of a Wyoming criminal statute providing for a hate crimes charge.<ref name="Bindel">{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/oct/26/the-truth-behind-americas-most-famous-gay-hate-murder-matthew-shepard |title=The truth behind America's most famous gay-hate murder |author=Julie Bindel |author-link=Julie Bindel |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=October 25, 2014 |access-date=September 10, 2018 |archive-date=May 10, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510183927/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/oct/26/the-truth-behind-americas-most-famous-gay-hate-murder-matthew-shepard |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the following session of the Wyoming Legislature, a bill was introduced that defined certain attacks motivated by a victim's sexual orientation as hate crimes. The measure failed on a 30–30 tie in the [[Wyoming House of Representatives]].<ref>{{cite news|title=The 'Hate State' Myth|last=Blanchard|first=Robert O.|url=http://reason.com/9905/fe.rb.the.shtml|access-date=April 6, 2006|date=May 1999|work=[[Reason (magazine)|Reason]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060405031833/http://reason.com/9905/fe.rb.the.shtml|archive-date=April 5, 2006}}</ref><ref name=Pilkington />

President [[Bill Clinton]] renewed attempts to extend federal [[hate crime]] legislation to include [[homosexuality|gay]] people, women, and people with [[disability|disabilities]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Barrett|first=Ted|others=[[Associated Press]]|date=September 13, 2000|title=President Clinton urges Congress to pass hate crimes bill: GOP aides predict legislation will pass House, but will not become law|publisher=CNN|url=http://transcripts.cnn.com/2000/ALLPOLITICS/stories/09/13/hate.crimes/index.html|access-date=April 7, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080526040218/http://transcripts.cnn.com/2000/ALLPOLITICS/stories/09/13/hate.crimes/index.html|archive-date=May 26, 2008}}</ref> A Hate Crimes Prevention Act was introduced in both the [[United States Senate]] and [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] in November 1997, and reintroduced in March 1999, but was passed by only the Senate in July 1999.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hrc.org/resources/hate-crimes-timeline |title=Hate Crimes Timeline |publisher=Human Rights Campaign |access-date=March 21, 2017 |archive-date=March 19, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319072614/http://www.hrc.org/resources/hate-crimes-timeline |url-status=live }}</ref> In September 2000, both houses of [[United States Congress|Congress]] passed such legislation; however, it was stripped out in [[United States congressional conference committee|conference committee]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Office of House Democratic Leader [[Nancy Pelosi]]|date=October 7, 2004|url=http://democraticleader.house.gov/press/releases.cfm?pressReleaseID=718|access-date=April 7, 2006|title=House Democrats Condemn GOP Rejection of Hate Crimes Legislation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060401180910/http://democraticleader.house.gov/press/releases.cfm?pressReleaseID=718|archive-date=April 1, 2006}} Press release.</ref>

On March 20, 2007, the [[Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act]] ({{USBill|110|HR|1592}}) was introduced as federal bipartisan legislation in the [[U.S. Congress]], sponsored by Democrat [[John Conyers]] with 171 co-sponsors. It would amend the existing federal hate crimes definition and expand it to cover gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability, and require reporting by the FBI of those crimes included in the expansion. Shepard's parents attended the introduction ceremony. The bill passed the House of Representatives on May 3, 2007. Similar legislation passed in the Senate on September 27, 2007<ref>{{cite news |author=Simon, R. |url=http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-hate4may04,0,3438099.story |title=Bush threatens to veto expansion of hate-crime law |work=Los Angeles Times |date=May 3, 2007 |access-date=May 7, 2007 |archive-date=May 13, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070513092145/http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-hate4may04,0,3438099.story |url-status=live }}</ref> ({{USBill|110|S|1105}}), however then-President [[George W. Bush]] indicated he would [[veto]] the legislation if it reached his desk.<ref>{{cite news|author=Stout, D.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/04/washington/04hate.html|title=House Votes to Expand Hate Crime Protection|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=May 3, 2007|access-date=February 11, 2017|archive-date=April 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429152657/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/04/washington/04hate.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] leadership dropped the legislation in response to opposition from conservative groups and Bush, and because the measure was attached to a defense bill there was a lack of support from [[antiwar]] Democrats.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.windycitymediagroup.com/gay/lesbian/news/ARTICLE.php?AID=17078|title=Congress Drops Hate-Crimes Bill|first=Amy|last=Wooten|date=January 1, 2008|access-date=July 31, 2008|work=[[Windy City Times]]|archive-date=June 8, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100608060501/http://www.windycitymediagroup.com/gay/lesbian/news/ARTICLE.php?AID=17078|url-status=live}}</ref> On December 10, 2007, congressional powers attached bipartisan hate crimes legislation to a Department of Defense Authorization bill, although it failed to pass. [[Nancy Pelosi]], Speaker of the House, said she was "still committed to getting the Matthew Shepard Act passed". Pelosi planned to get the bill passed in early 2008<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/10/opinion/10mon3.html "Caving in on Hate Crimes"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926090024/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/10/opinion/10mon3.html |date=September 26, 2018 }}, ''New York Times'', December 10, 2007; retrieved December 11, 2007.</ref> although she did not succeed. Following his election as president, [[Barack Obama]] stated that he was committed to passing the act.<ref>{{cite news|first=Joshua|last=Lynsen|title=Obama renews commitment to gay issues|url=http://www.washblade.com/2008/6-13/news/national/12766.cfm|work=Washington Blade|publisher=Window Media LLC Productions|date=June 13, 2008|access-date=November 16, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080617231821/http://www.washblade.com/2008/6-13/news/national/12766.cfm|archive-date=June 17, 2008}}</ref>

The U.S. House of Representatives debated expansion of hate crimes legislation on April 29, 2009. During the debate, Representative [[Virginia Foxx]] of North Carolina called the "hate crime" labeling of Shepard's murder a "hoax".<ref>{{cite news|last=Grim|first=Ryan|title=Virginia Foxx: Story of Matthew Shepard's Murder A "Hoax"|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/04/29/virginia-foxx-story-of-ma_n_192971.html|date=April 29, 2009|work=Huffington Post|access-date=April 29, 2009|archive-date=August 5, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805063843/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/04/29/virginia-foxx-story-of-ma_n_192971.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Foxx later called her comments "a poor choice of words".<ref>{{cite web|title=Congresswoman calls gay death case a 'hoax'|url=https://abc11.com/archive/6788587/|access-date=April 29, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100905055218/http://abclocal.go.com/wtvd/story?section=news%2Flocal&id=6788587|archive-date=September 5, 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> The House passed the act, designated {{USBill|111|HR|1913}}, by a vote of 249 to 175.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/04/29/house-passes-hate-crimes-bill|title=House Passes Hate-Crimes Bill|last=Stout|first=David|date=April 29, 2009|newspaper=New York Times|access-date=April 30, 2009|archive-date=May 2, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090502084139/http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/04/29/house-passes-hate-crimes-bill/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Ted Kennedy]], [[Patrick Leahy]], and a bipartisan coalition introduced the bill in the Senate on April 28;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.feminist.org/news/newsbyte/uswirestory.asp?id=11668|title=Matthew Shepard Hate Crimes Prevention Act Introduced in Senate|publisher=Feminist.org|date=April 29, 2009|access-date=March 5, 2010|archive-date=June 6, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606113023/http://www.feminist.org/news/newsbyte/uswirestory.asp?id=11668|url-status=live}}</ref> it had 43 cosponsors as of June 17, 2009. The Matthew Shepard Act was adopted as an amendment to S.1390 by a vote of 63–28 on July 15, 2009.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=111&session=1&vote=00233|title=U.S. Senate: Legislation & Records: Roll Call Vote|access-date=July 17, 2009|archive-date=July 21, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090721134830/http://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=111&session=1&vote=00233|url-status=live}}</ref> On October 22, 2009, the Senate passed the act by a vote of 68–29.<ref>Roxana Tiron, "Senate OKs defense bill, 68-29", ''[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]'', found at [https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/53047-senate-oks-defense-bill-68-29/ The Hill website]; retrieved October 22, 2009.</ref> President Obama signed the measure into law on October 28, 2009.<ref>{{cite news|title=Senate passes measure that would protect gays|last=Pershing|first=Ben|date=October 23, 2009|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/10/22/AR2009102204689.html|access-date=September 4, 2017|archive-date=April 9, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409162056/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/10/22/AR2009102204689.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Mother of Matthew Shepard welcomes U.S. hate crimes bill|last=Geen|first=Jessica|date=October 28, 2009|newspaper=Pink News|access-date=October 28, 2009|url=http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2009/10/28/mother-of-matthew-shepard-welcomes-us-hate-crimes-bill|archive-date=November 2, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091102182629/http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2009/10/28/mother-of-matthew-shepard-welcomes-us-hate-crimes-bill/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Interment in Washington National Cathedral===

On October 26, 2018, just over 20 years after his death, Shepard's ashes were interred at the crypt of [[Washington National Cathedral]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Matthew Shepard Will Be Interred at the Washington National Cathedral, 20 Years After His Death|author=Fortin, Jacey|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/11/us/matthew-shepard-ashes-cathedral.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=October 11, 2018|access-date=October 11, 2018|archive-date=October 11, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011142032/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/11/us/matthew-shepard-ashes-cathedral.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.vox.com/2018/10/26/18027342/matthew-shepherd-gene-robinson-interring-lgbtq-christians|title=Bishop Robinson welcomes Matthew Shepard — and gay Christians — back to the church|work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]|first=Tara Isabella|last=Burton|date=October 26, 2018|access-date=October 26, 2018|archive-date=October 26, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026232828/https://www.vox.com/2018/10/26/18027342/matthew-shepherd-gene-robinson-interring-lgbtq-christians|url-status=live}}</ref> The ceremony was presided over by the first openly gay Episcopal bishop [[Gene Robinson]], and the [[Episcopal Diocese of Washington|Bishop of Washington]] the Right Reverend [[Mariann Budde|Mariann Edgar Budde]]. Music was performed by the [[Gay Men's Chorus of Washington, D.C.]]; GenOUT; and [[Conspirare]], which performed [[Craig Hella Johnson]]'s ''Considering Matthew Shepard''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-45996040|title=Gay hate crime victim interred in capital|date=October 26, 2018|work=BBC News|access-date=October 26, 2018|language=en-GB|archive-date=October 26, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026222509/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-45996040|url-status=live}}</ref> His was the first interment of the ashes of a national figure at the cathedral since [[Helen Keller]]'s 50 years earlier.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chasingchurches.com/2018/10/13/matthew-shepard-and-the-history-of-the-interment-the-dead-in-washington-national-cathedral/|title=Matthew Shepard and the History of the Interment the Dead in Washington National Cathedral|last=Bains|first=Davd|date=October 13, 2018|website=Chasing Churches|access-date=October 20, 2018|archive-date=October 20, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020094922/https://chasingchurches.com/2018/10/13/matthew-shepard-and-the-history-of-the-interment-the-dead-in-washington-national-cathedral/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===In popular culture===
{{main|Cultural depictions of Matthew Shepard}}
Matthew Shepard's life, death, trial, and its aftermath have inspired [[Cultural depictions of Matthew Shepard|numerous works]], including documentary and narrative films and television shows, stage plays (such as ''[[The Laramie Project]]''), and musical and written works. Additionally, [[NBA]] player [[Jason Collins]] wore the jersey number "98" in honor of Shepard during his 2012–13 season with the [[Boston Celtics]] and the [[Washington Wizards]], and he would come out as [[gay]] following the season.<ref>{{cite news|title=Matthew Shepard's Mom Moved to Tears by Jason Collins's Gesture|author=Grindley, Lucas|url=http://www.advocate.com/sports/2013/05/01/matthew-shepards-mom-moved-tears-jason-collinss-gesture|newspaper=The Advocate|date=May 1, 2013|access-date=October 7, 2013|archive-date=December 2, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202231859/http://www.advocate.com/sports/2013/05/01/matthew-shepards-mom-moved-tears-jason-collinss-gesture|url-status=live}}</ref> After Collins joined the [[Brooklyn Nets]] in 2014, NBA marketing reported high interest in his "98" jersey<ref>{{cite news|title=A Sudden Demand for No. 98 Jerseys|newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/25/sports/basketball/jason-collins-nets-jerseys-set-to-go-on-sale.html|date=February 25, 2014|access-date=February 11, 2017|archive-date=December 1, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201054758/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/25/sports/basketball/jason-collins-nets-jerseys-set-to-go-on-sale.html|url-status=live|last1=Berkman |first1=Seth }}</ref> and high sales once the item became available for purchase.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.espn.com/new-york/nba/story/_/id/10515923/jason-collins-jersey-brooklyn-nets-made-available-high-demand|title=Jason Collins' No. 98 for sale|first=Mike|last=Mazzeo|date=February 27, 2014|access-date=April 17, 2014|publisher=ESPN|quote=four of the top five best-selling items ... are Collins items|archive-date=April 18, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418220529/http://espn.go.com/new-york/nba/story/_/id/10515923/jason-collins-jersey-brooklyn-nets-made-available-high-demand|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbssports.com/nba/eye-on-basketball/24457433/jason-collins-jersey-skyrockets-to-no-1-on-sales-list|title=Jason Collins' jersey skyrockets to No. 1 on sales list|first=Matt|last=Moore|date=February 26, 2014|access-date=April 17, 2014|work=CBS Sports|archive-date=May 27, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527100615/http://www.cbssports.com/nba/eye-on-basketball/24457433/jason-collins-jersey-skyrockets-to-no-1-on-sales-list|url-status=live}}</ref>

''[[The Meaning of Matthew: My Son's Murder in Laramie, and a World Transformed]]'', is a 2009 biographical book by Judy Shepard about her son. Judy Shepard speaks about her loss, her family memories of Matthew, and the tragic event that changed the Shepards' lives and America. ''The Meaning of Matthew'' follows the Shepard family in the days immediately after the crime to see their incapacitated son, kept alive by life support machines; how the Shepards learned of the huge public response, the candlelit vigils and memorial services for their child; and their struggles to navigate the legal system.<ref name="mmatthew"/>

American musician [[Tori Amos]] frequently dedicated her 1998 song "Merman" to Shepard, at the request of fans following her tours at the time.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Tori's Glory |date=November 1999 |magazine=[[Attitude (magazine)|Attitude]] |first=Tori |last=Amos |quote=So yeah, Merman is that. When I was touring last year and Matthew Shepard got murdered I was dedicating it to him. }}</ref>

In 1999, American singer-songwriter [[Melissa Etheridge]] released the song "[[Scarecrow (song)|Scarecrow]]" in Shepard's memory, from her sixth studio album ''[[Breakdown (Melissa Etheridge album)|Breakdown]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lewis |first=Randy |date=1999-12-09 |title= Battling Society's Monsters |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1999-dec-09-ca-41987-story.html |work=Los Angeles Times |access-date=2023-10-19 |quote=Amid the signature songs of tortured love on Melissa Etheridge's new album, "Breakdown," is "Scarecrow," her scathing response to last year's beating death in Wyoming of Matthew Shepard, a 21-year-old gay college student.}}</ref>

In 2006, American metal band [[Trivium (band)|Trivium]] released the song "[[And Sadness Will Sear]]", which was written as a tribute and reminder about Shepard's murder.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Powell |first=Austin |title=Trivium's 'Crusade' |date=February 22, 2007 |url=https://www.austinchronicle.com/daily/music/2007-02-22/449844/ |access-date=2024-04-13 |newspaper=The Austin Chronicle |language=en-US}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Violence against LGBTQ people]]
* [[History of violence against LGBTQ people in the United States]]
* {{annotated link|Murders of Gary Matson and Winfield Mowder}}
* {{annotated link|Murder of Blaze Bernstein}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |author1=Campbell, Shannon |author2=Laura Castaneda |title=News and Sexuality: Media Portraits of Diversity  |publisher=Sage Publications, Inc. |location=Thousand Oaks, Calif. |year=2005 |isbn=1-4129-0998-8 }}
* {{cite book |author1=Fondakowski, Leigh |author2=Kaufman, Moisés |title=[[The Laramie Project]]  |publisher=Vintage Books |location=New York |year=2001 |isbn=0-375-72719-1}}
* {{cite book |author1=Garceau, Dee |author2=Basso, Matthew |author3=McCall, Laura |title=Across the Great Divide: Cultures of manhood in the American West |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |year=2001 |isbn=0-415-92471-5}}
* {{cite book |author1=Hinds, Patrick |author2=Romaine Patterson |title=The Whole World Was Watching: Living in the Light of Matthew Shepard |publisher=Advocate Books |location=New Hampshire |year=2005 |isbn=1-55583-901-0}}
* {{cite book |author=Jimenez, Stephen |title=The Book of Matt: hidden truths about the murder of Matthew Shepard |publisher=Steerforth Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-58642-226-4}}
* {{cite book |author=Loffreda, Beth |title=Losing Matt Shepard: life and politics in the aftermath of anti-gay murder |url=https://archive.org/details/losingmattshepar00loff |url-access=registration |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |year=2000 |isbn=0-231-11859-7}}
* {{cite book |author=McConnell, David |title=American Honor Killings: Desire and Rage Among Men |publisher=Akashic Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-1617751325 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/america_mcc_2013_00_8028 }}
* {{cite book |author1=Swigonski, Mary E. |author2=Mama, Robin S. |author3=Ward, Kelly |title=From Hate Crimes to Human Rights: A Tribute to Matthew Shepard |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |year=2001 |isbn=1-56023-256-0 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781560232568 }}
* {{cite book |author=Krutzsch, Brett |author-link=Brett Krutzsch |year=2019 |title=Dying to Be Normal: Gay Martyrs and the Transformation of American Sexual Politics |location=New York |publisher=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19068-521-8}}

==External links==
* [https://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/ark:/80444/xv477748 Matthew Shepard Web Archive] at the [[American Heritage Center]]
* [https://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/ark:/80444/xv859113 Matthew Shepard collection] at the [[American Heritage Center]]
* [http://www.matthewshepard.org/ Matthew Shepard Foundation]
* [http://www.uwyo.edu/News/shepard/ Matthew Shepard Resource Site at the University of Wyoming] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805225902/http://www.uwyo.edu/news/shepard/ |date=August 5, 2012 }}
* [https://cathedral.org/matthewshepard/ The Celebration of Life and Interment for Matthew Wayne Shepard]

{{Portal bar|United States|LGBTQ|Law|1990s}}
{{Authority control}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Shepard, Matthew}}
[[Category:Matthew Shepard| ]]
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:1998 deaths]]
[[Category:1998 in LGBTQ history]]
[[Category:1998 in Wyoming]]
[[Category:1998 murders in the United States]]
[[Category:20th-century American Episcopalians]]
[[Category:20th-century American LGBTQ people]]
[[Category:American torture victims]]
[[Category:American gay men]]
[[Category:American victims of anti-LGBTQ hate crimes]]
[[Category:Burials at Washington National Cathedral]]
[[Category:Casper College alumni]]
[[Category:Catawba College alumni]]
[[Category:Christians from Wyoming]]
[[Category:Crimes in Wyoming]]
[[Category:Deaths by beating in the United States]]
[[Category:Deaths by person in Colorado]]
[[Category:Episcopalians from Wyoming]]
[[Category:History of gay men in the United States]]
[[Category:LGBTQ Anglicans]]
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[[Category:Murder in Wyoming]]
[[Category:Murdered American students]]
[[Category:People from Casper, Wyoming]]
[[Category:People from Laramie, Wyoming]]
[[Category:People murdered in Wyoming]]
[[Category:People with HIV/AIDS]]
[[Category:University of Wyoming alumni]]
[[Category:Violence against gay men in the United States]]
[[Category:Violence against LGBTQ people in the United States]]