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{{Short description|German painter (1884–1950)}} {{Infobox artist | bgcolour = | name = Max Beckmann | image = Max Beckmann, photograph by Hans Möller,1922.jpg | image_size = 200px | caption = Beckmann in 1922 | birth_name = | birth_date = {{birth date |1884|2|12}} | birth_place = [[Leipzig]], [[German Empire]] | death_date = {{death date and age |1950|12|27|1884|2|12}} | death_place = New York City, U.S. | field = [[Painting]] <br/> [[Sculpture]] <br/> [[Drawing]] <br/> [[Printmaking]] | training = | movement = [[New Objectivity]] <br/> [[Expressionism]] | works = ''[[The Night (painting)|The Night]]'', ''[[Christ and the Woman Taken in Adultery (Beckmann)|Christ and the Woman Taken in Adultery]]'' | patrons = | influenced by = | influenced = | awards = }} '''Max Carl Friedrich Beckmann''' (February 12, 1884 – December 27, 1950) was a German painter, [[drawing|draftsman]], [[printmaker]], [[sculpture|sculptor]], and writer. Although he is classified as an [[Expressionist]] artist, he rejected both the term and the movement.<ref>[http://web.grinnell.edu/art/gexp/essays/beckmann.html Max Beckmann] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060110110026/http://web.grinnell.edu/art/gexp/essays/beckmann.html |date=January 10, 2006 }}</ref> In the 1920s, he was associated with the [[New Objectivity]] (''Neue Sachlichkeit''), an outgrowth of Expressionism that opposed its introverted emotionalism. Even when dealing with light subject matter like circus performers, Beckmann often had an undercurrent of moodiness or unease in his works. By the 1930s, his work became more explicit in its horrifying imagery and distorted forms with combination of brutal realism and social criticism, coinciding with the rise of [[Nazism]] in Germany.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Norwich|first=John Julius|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11814265|title=Oxford illustrated encyclopedia|date=1985–1993|publisher=Oxford University Press|others=Judge, Harry George., Toyne, Anthony.|isbn=0-19-869129-7|location=Oxford [England]|pages=41|oclc=11814265}}</ref> ==Life== Max Beckmann was born into a middle-class family in [[Leipzig]], [[Province of Saxony|Saxony]]. From his youth he pitted himself against the old masters. His traumatic experiences of [[World War I]], in which he volunteered as a medical orderly, coincided with a dramatic transformation of his style from academically correct depictions to a distortion of both figure and space, reflecting his altered vision of himself and humanity.<ref>Schulz-Hoffmann and Weiss 1984, p. 69.</ref> He is known for the self-portraits painted throughout his life, their number and intensity rivaled only by those of [[Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn|Rembrandt]] and [[Picasso]]. Well-read in philosophy and literature, Beckmann also contemplated [[mysticism]] and [[Theosophy (Blavatskian)|theosophy]] in search of the "[[Self (philosophy)|Self]]". As a true painter-thinker, he strove to find the hidden spiritual dimension in his subjects (Beckmann's 1948 ''Letters to a Woman Painter'' provides a statement of his approach to art). Beckmann enjoyed great success and official honors during the [[Weimar Republic]]. In 1925, he was selected to teach a master class at the [[Städelschule]] Academy of Fine Art in [[Frankfurt]]. Some of his most famous students included Theo Garve, Leo Maillet and [[Marie-Louise von Motesiczky]]. In 1927, he received the Honorary Empire Prize for German Art and the Gold Medal of the City of [[Düsseldorf]]; the National Gallery in [[Berlin]] acquired his painting ''The Bark'' and, in 1928, purchased his ''Self-Portrait in Tuxedo''.<ref>Rainbird 2003, p. 272.</ref> By the early 1930s, a series of major exhibitions, including large retrospectives at the Städtische Kunsthalle Mannheim (1928) and in [[Basel]] and Zurich (1930), together with numerous publications, showed the high esteem in which Beckmann was held.<ref name= MOMA>[http://www.moma.org/collection/browse_results.php?criteria=O%3AAD%3AE%3A429&page_number=1&template_id=6&sort_order=1§ion_id=T007232#skipToContent Max Beckmann] [[Museum of Modern Art]], New York.</ref> {{Multiple image | direction = vertical | image1 = Max beckmann, autoritratto frontale con frontone di casa nello sfondo, 1918.jpg | header = Beckmann Self-Portraits | caption1 = ''Self-Portrait, House Gable in Background'', drypoint, 1918. | caption2 = ''Self-Portrait with Horn'', 1938. | image2 = Self-Portrait With Horn .jpg | align = left }} His fortunes changed with the rise to power of [[Adolf Hitler]], whose dislike of [[Modern Art]] quickly led to its suppression by the state. In 1933, the Nazi government called Beckmann a "cultural Bolshevik"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://spaightwoodgalleries.com/Pages/Beckmann.html |title=Beckmann |publisher=Spaightwood galleries | access-date=2012-03-12}}</ref> and dismissed him from his teaching position at the Art School in Frankfurt.<ref name="MOMA" /> In 1937, the government confiscated more than 500 of his works from German museums, putting several on display in the notorious [[Degenerate Art]] exhibition in [[Munich]].<ref>Rainbird 2003, p. 274.</ref> The day after Hitler's radio speech about degenerate art in 1937, Beckmann left Germany with his second wife, Quappi, for the Netherlands.<ref name="Chuckling Darkly at Disaster">[[Michael Kimmelman]] (June 27, 2003), [https://www.nytimes.com/2003/06/27/arts/art-review-chuckling-darkly-at-disaster.html "Chuckling Darkly at Disaster"], ''[[The New York Times]]''.</ref> For ten years, Beckmann lived in self-imposed exile in [[Amsterdam]],<ref name="MOMA" /> failing in his desperate attempts to obtain a visa for the United States. In 1944, the Germans attempted to draft him into the army, although the sixty-year-old artist had suffered a heart attack. The works completed in his Amsterdam studio were even more powerful and intense than the ones of his master years in Frankfurt. They included several large [[triptych]]s, which stand as a summation of Beckmann's art. In 1947, Beckmann took a position at the [[St. Louis School of Fine Arts]] at [[Washington University in St. Louis|Washington University]].<ref>[https://www.metmuseum.org/press/exhibitions/2016/max-beckmann metmuseum.org]</ref> During the last three years of his life, he taught at Washington University (alongside the [[German-American]] painter and printmaker [[Werner Drewes]]), and at the [[Brooklyn Museum]]. He came to St. Louis at the invitation of [[Perry T. Rathbone]], director of the [[Saint Louis Art Museum]].<ref>Stephen Kinzer (August 12, 2003), [https://www.nytimes.com/2003/08/12/arts/as-max-beckmann-gets-a-new-york-spotlight-st-louis-shares-in-the-glow.html "As Max Beckmann Gets a New York Spotlight, St. Louis Shares in the Glow"], ''[[New York Times]]''.</ref> Rathbone arranged for Washington University to hire Beckmann as an art teacher, filling a vacancy left by [[Philip Guston]], who had taken a leave. The first Beckmann retrospective in the United States took place in 1948 at the City Art Museum, Saint Louis.<ref name="Max Beckmann">[http://www.guggenheim.org/new-york/collections/collection-online/show-full/bio/?artist_name=Max%20Beckmann&page=1&f=Name&cr=1 Max Beckmann] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104135849/http://www.guggenheim.org/new-york/collections/collection-online/show-full/bio/?artist_name=Max |date=2012-11-04 }} Guggenheim Collection.</ref> In St. Louis, [[Morton D. May]] became his patron and, already an avid amateur photographer and painter, a student of the artist. May later donated much of his large collection of Beckmann's works to the St. Louis Art Museum. Beckmann also helped him learn to appreciate Oceanian and African art.<ref>Robert McDonald (February 7, 1987), [https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-02-07-ca-1718-story.html Art Review: "German Masterpieces Dazzle At San Diego Museum Of Art"], ''[[Los Angeles Times]]''.</ref> After stops in Denver and Chicago, he and Quappi took an apartment at 38 West 69th Street in [[Manhattan]].<ref name="Chuckling Darkly at Disaster" /> In 1949 he obtained a professorship at the [[Brooklyn Museum Art School]].<ref name="MOMA" /> Beckmann suffered from [[angina pectoris]] and died after Christmas 1950, struck down by a heart attack at the corner of 69th Street and [[Central Park West]] in New York City, not far from his apartment building.<ref>"Max Beckman, 66, Noted Artist, Dies". December 28, 1950. ''New York Times''. "Max Beckmann ... died yesterday of a heart attack near his home, 38 West Sixty-ninth Street."</ref> As the artist's widow recalled, he was on his way to see one of his paintings at the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]].<ref>Rainbird 2003, p. 283.</ref> Beckmann had a one-man show at the [[Venice Biennale]] of 1950, the year of his death.<ref name="MOMA" /> In his final year of 1950, he also painted the work ''[[Falling Man (painting)|Falling Man]]'' which is considered both a reflection on mortality and eerily predictive of the jumpers and other doomed people falling from the [[World Trade Center Towers]] during the [[September 11 attacks]].<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3246416|jstor=3246416|title=Art on the Eve of Destruction|last1=Klein|first1=Lee|journal=PAJ: A Journal of Performance and Art|year=2003|volume=25|issue=3|pages=20–25|doi=10.1162/152028103322491656|s2cid=57563836|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://aeqai.com/main/2017/02/max-beckmann-in-new-york-metropolitan-museum-of-art-through-february-20-2017/|title = "Max Beckmann in New York," Metropolitan Museum of Art, through February 20, 2017 :: AEQAI}}</ref> ==Themes== [[File:Max beckmann holle der vogel 123001).jpg|thumb|''Birds’ Hell'', 1937–1938]] Unlike several of his avant-garde contemporaries, Beckmann rejected [[Abstract art|non-representational painting]]; instead, he took up and advanced the tradition of figurative painting. He greatly admired not only [[Paul Cézanne|Cézanne]] and [[Van Gogh]], but also [[William Blake|Blake]], [[Rembrandt]], and [[Peter Paul Rubens|Rubens]], as well as Northern European artists of the late [[Middle Ages]] and early [[Renaissance]], such as [[Hieronymus Bosch|Bosch]], [[Pieter Bruegel the Elder|Bruegel]], and [[Matthias Grünewald]]. His style and method of composition are partially rooted in the imagery of medieval stained glass. Engaging with the genres of portraiture, landscape, still life, and [[history painting]], his diverse body of work created a very personal but authentic version of [[modernism]], one with a healthy deference to traditional forms. Beckmann reinvented the religious [[triptych]] and expanded this [[archetype]] of [[medieval painting]] into an allegory of contemporary humanity. From his beginnings in the [[fin de siècle]] to the period after [[World War II]], Beckmann reflected an era of radical changes in both art and history in his work. Many of Beckmann's paintings express the agonies of Europe in the first half of the 20th century. Some of his imagery refers to the decadent glamor of the [[Weimar Republic]]'s cabaret culture, but from the 1930s on, his works often contain mythologized references to the brutalities of the Nazis. Beyond these immediate concerns, his subjects and symbols assume a larger meaning, voicing universal themes of terror, redemption, and the mysteries of eternity and fate.<ref>Schulz-Hoffmann and Weiss 1984, pp. 270–272.</ref> His ''Self-Portrait with Horn'' (1938), painted during his exile in Amsterdam, demonstrates his use of symbols. Musical instruments are featured in many of his paintings; in this case, a horn that the artist holds as if it were a telescope by which he intends to explore the darkness surrounding him. The tight framing of the figure within the boundaries of the canvas emphasize his entrapment. Art historian Cornelia Stabenow terms the painting "the most melancholy, but also the most mystifying, of his self-portraits".<ref>Schulz-Hoffmann and Weiss 1984, p. 272.</ref> ==Legacy== {{See also|Boston Expressionism|American Figurative Expressionism}}[[File:Max Beckmann, 1918-19, The Night (Die Nacht), oil on canvas, 133 x 154 cm, Kunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfalen, Düsseldorf.jpg|thumb|''[[The Night (painting)|The Night (Die Nacht)]]'', 1918–1919, oil on canvas, 133 × 154 cm, [[Kunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfalen]], Düsseldorf|left]] Many of Beckmann's late paintings are displayed in American museums. He exerted a profound influence on such American painters as [[Philip Guston]] and [[Nathan Oliveira]],<ref>Schulz-Hoffmann and Weiss 1984, pp. 161–162.</ref> and, indeed, on [[Boston Expressionism]], the art movement that later expanded nationally and is now called [[American Figurative Expressionism]]. His posthumous reputation perhaps suffered from his very individual artistic path; like [[Oskar Kokoschka]], he defies the convenient categorization that provides themes for critics, art historians and curators. Other than a major retrospective at New York's [[Museum of Modern Art]], the [[Boston Museum of Fine Arts]] and the [[Art Institute of Chicago]] in 1964–65 (with an excellent catalogue by [[Peter Selz]]), and MoMA's prominent display of the triptych [[Departure (Beckmann)|''Departure'']], his work was little seen in much of the United States for decades. His 1984 centenary was marked in the New York area only by a modest exhibit at [[Nassau County, New York|Nassau County]]'s suburban art museum. The [[Saint Louis Art Museum]] holds the largest public collection of Beckmann paintings in the world and held a major exhibition of his work in 1998. Since the late 20th century, Beckmann's work has gained an increasing international reputation. There have been retrospectives and exhibitions at the [[Museum of Modern Art]] (1995) and the [[Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum|Guggenheim Museum]] (1996) in New York, and the principal museums of Rome (1996), Valencia (1996), Madrid (1997), Zurich (1998), Munich (2000), Frankfurt (2006) and Amsterdam (2007). In Spain and Italy, Beckmann's work has been accessible to a wider public for the first time. A large-scale Beckmann retrospective was exhibited at the [[Centre Pompidou]] in Paris (2002)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.centrepompidou.fr/Pompidou/Accueil.nsf/mSearchSimpleResults?ReadForm&Query=beckmann&L=2 |title=Centre Pompidou – Art culture musée expositions cinémas conférences débats spectacles concerts |publisher=Centrepompidou.fr |date=2000-09-14 |access-date=2012-06-22 |archive-date=2012-03-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319014314/http://www.centrepompidou.fr/Pompidou/Accueil.nsf/mSearchSimpleResults?ReadForm&Query=beckmann&L=2 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and [[Tate Modern]] in London (2003).<ref>[http://www.tate.org.uk/modern/exhibitions/beckmann/] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070829212931/http://www.tate.org.uk/modern/exhibitions/beckmann/|date=August 29, 2007}}</ref> In 2011, the [[Städel]] in Frankfurt devoted an entire room to the artist in its newly fitted permanent exhibition of modern art.<ref>Catherine Hickley (December 9, 2011), [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-12-09/vampires-ghosts-haunted-max-beckmann-during-u-s-exile-catherine-hickley.html Review: "Vampires, Ghosts Haunted Max Beckmann During U.S. Exile"], ''[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]]''.</ref> A Max Beckmann Gesellschaft was first established by [[Wilhelm Hausenstein]], {{ill|Benno Reifenberg|de}} and others.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Breidecker |first1=Volker |title=Fluchtpunkt Paris |url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/kultur/frankfurt-und-frankreich-fluchtpunkt-paris-1.3661961 |access-date=22 August 2021 |work=Süddeutsche Zeitung |language=de|date=12 September 2017}}</ref> The Max Beckmann Archiv was established in 1977 and is under the auspices of the [[Bavarian State Painting Collections]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Max Beckmann Archiv |url=https://www.pinakothek.de/forschung/max-beckmann-archiv# |website=Die Pinokotheken |language=de|access-date=22 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Max Beckmann Archiv |url=https://kunstareal.de/en/buildings-and-institutions/cultural-institutions/max-beckmann-archiv |publisher=Kunstareal München |language=de|access-date=22 August 2021}}</ref> In 1996, Piper, Beckmann's German publisher, released the third and last volume of the artist's letters, whose wit and vision rank him among the strongest writers of the German tongue. His essays, plays and, above all, his diaries are also unique historical documents. A selection of Beckmann's writings was issued in the United States by University of Chicago Press in 1996.<ref>[http://www.press.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/hfs.cgi/00/13174.ctl] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050211143227/http://www.press.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/hfs.cgi/00/13174.ctl|date=February 11, 2005}}</ref> In 2003, [[Stephan Reimertz]], Parisian novelist and art historian, published a [[biography]] of Max Beckmann. It presents many photos and sources for the first time. The biography reveals Beckmann's contemplations of writers and philosophers such as [[Fyodor Dostoyevsky|Dostoyevsky]], [[Arthur Schopenhauer|Schopenhauer]], [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]], and [[Richard Wagner]]. The book has not yet been translated into English. In 2015, the [[Saint Louis Art Museum]] published ''Max Beckmann at the Saint Louis Art Museum: The Paintings'', by Lynette Roth. It is a comprehensive look at the Beckmann paintings at SLAM, the largest collection of them in the world, and places both artist and works in a broader context. ==Art market== Although Beckmann is considered an important 20th-century artist, he has never been a household name, and his works have mostly appealed to a niche market of German and Austrian collectors. In 1921, Beckmann signed an exclusive contract with the print-dealer J. B. Neumann in Berlin.<ref name="MOMA"/> In 1938, he had the first of numerous exhibitions at [[Curt Valentin]]’s Buchholz Gallery, New York.<ref name="Max Beckmann"/> Today, Beckmann's large paintings routinely sell for more than $1 million, and his self-portraits generally command the highest prices. In 2001, [[Ronald Lauder]] paid $22.5 million at [[Sotheby's]] New York for Beckmann's ''Self-Portrait with Horn'' (1938), and displayed it at the [[Neue Galerie New York|Neue Galerie]] in New York. In 2017, an anonymous bidder paid the record sum of $45.8 million for Beckmann's ''Hölle der Vögel (Birds' Hell)'' (1938) at [[Christie's]] in London; this was also a new world record for a German Expressionism artwork. In 2022, ''[[Self-Portrait Yellow-Pink (Beckmann)|Self-Portrait Yellow-Pink]]'' (1943) sold at a Berlin auction for 20 million euros ($20.7 million), a price that appears to be a record for an art auction in Germany.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-01 |title=Max Beckmann self-portrait sold at German auction for $20.7M |url=https://apnews.com/article/europe-germany-berlin-c376faf94181c9df1026c047c219f87d |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> ==Rediscovered works== {{Main|Gurlitt Collection}} [[File:Bar, Brown .jpg|thumb|315x315px|''Bar, Brown'' - an oil painting found in Gurlitt trove]] The Gurlitt trove, a vast collection of artwork amassed by [[Hildebrand Gurlitt]] during the Nazi era, was discovered in a Munich apartment in 2012. The collection included artwork [[Nazi plunder|looted from Jews]] by the Nazis. ''Bar, Brown'' and other important works by Beckmann were found in the trove. Some of these works are the subject of intense scrutiny by the German police and art historians for their provenance and sale during the Nazi period. ==See also== * [[Theosophy and visual arts#Beckmann|Beckmann and Theosophy]] * [[Expressionism]] * [[New objectivity]] ==Notes== {{Reflist|30em}} ==References== * von Erffa, Hans Martin (ed.): Göpel, Barbara und Erhard (1976). ''Max Beckmann : Katalog der Gemälde.'' (2 vls) Bern. * Hofmaier, James (1990). ''Max Beckmann: Catalogue raisonné of his Prints.'' (2 vls) Bern. * von Wiese, Stephan (1978). ''Max Beckmann : Das zeichnerische Werk 1903–1925.'' Düsseldorf. * [[Stephan Reimertz|Reimertz, Stephan]] (2003). ''Max Beckmann: Biography''. Munich. * Belting, Hans (1989). ''Max Beckmann: Tradition as a Problem of Modern Art.'' Preface by Peter Selz. New York. * Lackner, Stephan (1969). ''Max Beckmann : Memoirs of a Friendship.'' Coral Gables. * Lackner, Stephan (1977). ''Max Beckmann''. New York. * Michalski, Sergiusz (1994). ''New Objectivity''. Cologne: Benedikt Taschen. {{ISBN|3-8228-9650-0}} * Rainbird, Sean, ed. (2003). ''Max Beckmann''. New York: Museum of Modern Art. {{ISBN|0-87070-241-6}} * Schulz-Hoffmann, Carla; Weiss, Judith C. (1984). ''Max Beckmann: Retrospective''. Munich: Prestel. {{ISBN|0-393-01937-3}} * Selz, Peter (1964). ''Max Beckmann''. New York. * Anabelle Kienle: ''Max Beckmann in Amerika'' (Petersberg: [[Michael Imhof Verlag]] 2008), {{ISBN|978-3-86568-243-7}}. * Françoise Forster-Hahn: ''Max Beckmann in Kalifornien. Exil, Erinnerung und Erneuerung'' (München / Berlin: [[Deutscher Kunstverlag]] 2007),{{ISBN|978-3-422-06733-2}}. * [[Tobias G. Natter]] (ed.): ''The Self-Portrait: From Schiele to Beckmann.'', exhibition catalog Neue Galerie New York, Munich e. a.: Prestel, 2019, ISBN 978-3-7913-5859-8. ==External links== {{Wikiquote|Max Beckmann}} {{Commons category|Max Beckmann}} * {{MoMA artist|429}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140315201908/http://www.guggenheim.org/new-york/collections/collection-online/artists/bios/1211 Max Beckmann at the Guggenheim] * [http://www.museothyssen.org/en/thyssen/ficha_artista/56 Max Beckmann at the Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum, Madrid] * [http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/archival/collections/ldpd_13803512/ Finding aid to Max Beckmann diaries at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library.] {{Max Beckmann}} {{Degenerate art}} {{Authority control (arts)}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Beckmann, Max}} [[Category:1884 births]] [[Category:1950 deaths]] [[Category:Max Beckmann]] [[Category:German draughtsmen]] [[Category:Painters from Leipzig]] [[Category:20th-century German male artists]] [[Category:German male painters]] [[Category:German printmakers]] [[Category:Emigrants from Nazi Germany to the Netherlands]] [[Category:Artists from the Kingdom of Saxony]] [[Category:Writers from the Kingdom of Saxony]] [[Category:German Expressionist painters]] [[Category:Washington University in St. Louis faculty]] [[Category:Brooklyn Museum Art School faculty]]
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