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{{short description|Austrian-born theatre and film director (1873–1943)}} {{about|the theatre director|the publisher|Max Reinhardt (publisher)|the radio presenter|Max Reinhardt (radio presenter)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}} {{Infobox person | name = Max Reinhardt | image = Max Reinhardt.jpg | caption = Reinhardt in 1911, photograph by [[Nicola Perscheid]] | birth_name = Maximilian Goldmann | birth_date = {{birth date|1873|9|9|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Baden bei Wien]], [[Austria-Hungary]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1943|10|30|1873|9|9|df=y}} | death_place = New York City, US | resting_place = [[Westchester Hills Cemetery]] | occupation = [[Theatre director]], [[theatrical producer]], actor | spouse = Else Heims (1910–1935; divorced; 2 children)<br />[[Helene Thimig]] (1935–1943; his death) | children = [[Wolfgang Reinhardt (producer)|Wolfgang Reinhardt]]<br />[[Gottfried Reinhardt]] }} '''Max Reinhardt''' ({{IPA|de|maks ˈʁaɪnhaʁt|lang|De-Max Reinhardt.ogg}}; born '''Maximilian Goldmann'''; 9 September 1873 – 30 October 1943) was an Austrian-born [[Theatre director|theatre]] and [[film director]], [[theater manager|intendant]], and [[theatrical producer]]. With his radically innovative and [[avant-garde]] stage productions, Reinhardt is regarded as one of the most prominent stage directors of the early 20th century. For example, Reinhardt's 1917 stage premiere of [[Reinhard Sorge]]'s [[Kleist Prize]]-winning [[stage play]] ''Der Bettler'' almost single-handedly gave birth to [[Expressionism]] in [[Expressionism (theatre)|the theatre]] and ultimately [[German expressionist cinema|in motion picture]]s as well. In 1920, Reinhardt established the [[Salzburg Festival]] by directing an open air production of [[Hugo von Hofmannsthal]]'s [[Jedermann (play)|acclaimed adaptation]] of the ''[[Elckerlijc|Everyman]]'' Medieval [[mystery play]] in the square before the Cathedral with the Alps as a background. This remains an annual custom at the Salzburg Festival to this day. Toby Cole and [[Helen Krich Chinoy]] have dubbed Reinhardt, "one of the most picturesque actor-directors of modern times", and write that his eventual arrival in the United States as a [[refugee]] from the imminent [[Anschluss|Nazi takeover of Austria]] followed a long and distinguished career, "inspired by the example of social participation in the [[Theatre of ancient Greece|ancient Greek]] and [[Medieval theatre]]s", of seeking, "to bridge the [[Fourth Wall|separation]] between actors and audiences".<ref>Edited by Toby Cole and Helen Krich Chinoy (1970), ''Actors on Acting: The Theories, Techniques, and Practices of the World's Great Actors, Told in Their Own Words'', Crown Publishers. p. 294.</ref> In 1935, Reinhardt directed his first and only [[motion picture]] in the [[United States]] through [[Warner Brothers]], the [[German expressionist cinema|Expressionist film]] adaptation of [[William Shakespeare]]'s ''[[A Midsummer Night's Dream (1935 film)|A Midsummer Night's Dream]]'', starring [[Mickey Rooney]], [[Olivia De Havilland]], and [[James Cagney]]. The film was banned by the [[Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda|Ministry of Propaganda]] in an infamous example of [[censorship in Nazi Germany]]. This was due not only to [[Joseph Goebbels]]' belief that Expressionism was [[degenerate art]], but even more so due to the [[Jewish]] ancestry of director Max Reinhardt, [[Classical music]] composer [[Felix Mendelssohn]], and soundtrack arranger [[Erich Wolfgang Korngold]]; whose work was already banned by Goebbels as allegedly [[degenerate music]].<ref name="forbiddenmusic/reinhardt-circus">{{cite web |title=Max Reinhardt – music, theatre, circus |url=https://forbiddenmusic.org/2013/08/18/max-reinhardt-music-theatre-circus/ |website=Forbidden Music |access-date=14 October 2023 |date=18 August 2013}}</ref> Reinhardt also founded the highly influential drama schools [[Hochschule für Schauspielkunst "Ernst Busch"]] in Berlin, [[Max Reinhardt Seminar]], the Max Reinhardt Workshop ([[Sunset Boulevard]]),<ref name="BritannicaReinhardt">{{cite web |title=Max Reinhardt |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Max-Reinhardt|website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|access-date=14 October 2023|date=5 September 2023}}</ref> and the Max Reinhardt Junior Workshop. Even though Reinhardt did not live long enough to witness the end of [[Nazism]] in 1945, his formerly expropriated estate at [[Schloss Leopoldskron]] near Salzburg was restored to his widow and his legacy continues to be celebrated and honoured in the modern [[Germanosphere]] for his many radically innovative contributions to the [[performing arts]]. ==Early life== [[File:Büste Schumannstr 13a (Mitte) Max Reinhardt.jpg|thumb|upright=0.5|Bust in front of the Deutsches Theater Berlin]] Reinhardt was born Maximilian Goldmann in the spa town of [[Baden bei Wien]], to Jewish parents Rachel Lea Rosi "Rosa" Goldmann and her husband Wilhelm Goldmann, a merchant from [[Stupava, Slovakia]]. Having finished school, he began an apprenticeship at a bank, but already took acting lessons. ==Career== In 1890, he gave his debut on a private stage in Vienna with the stage name ''Max Reinhardt'' (possibly after the protagonist Reinhard Werner in [[Theodor Storm]]'s novella ''[[Immensee (novella)|Immensee]]''). In 1893 he performed at the re-opened [[Salzburger Landestheater|Salzburg City Theatre]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Max Reinhardt | url=http://www.stolpersteine-salzburg.at/en/places_and_biographies?victim=reinhardt%2Cmax | access-date=12 April 2019 | archive-date=12 April 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412153542/http://www.stolpersteine-salzburg.at/en/places_and_biographies%3Fvictim%3Dreinhardt,max | url-status=dead }}</ref> One year later, Reinhardt relocated to [[German Empire|Germany]], joining the [[Deutsches Theater (Berlin)|Deutsches Theater]] ensemble under director [[Otto Brahm]] in Berlin.<ref name="BritannicaDeutschesTheater">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Deutsches Theater |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Deutsches-Theater |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|access-date=16 January 2019}}</ref> Reinhardt was one of the contributors of the Swedish avant-garde theatre magazine ''[[Thalia (Swedish magazine)|Thalia]]'' between 1910 and 1913.<ref>{{cite book |author=Claes-Göran Holmberg |publisher=Rodopi |editor=Hubert van den Berg |display-editors=et. al. |title=A Cultural History of the Avant-Garde in the Nordic Countries 1900–1925 |page=380 |year=2012 |location=Amsterdam; New York |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1163/9789401208918_025|isbn=9789042036208 |chapter=Flamman |doi=10.1163/9789401208918_025}}</ref> In 1918 Reinhardt purchased [[Schloss Leopoldskron]] castle in Salzburg.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.schloss-leopoldskron.com/en/our-history/max-reinhardt/|title=Max Reinhardt's story at the Hotel Schloss Leopoldskron}}</ref> In October 1922 Reinhardt was in the audience when ''[[The Dybbuk]]'' was staged by the [[Vilna Troupe]] at the Roland Theater in Vienna. Reinhardt rushed backstage and congratulated the actors. At the time he was already recognized in Austria as distinguished theater director.<ref>{{cite book|last=Silverman|first=Lisa|title= Becoming Austrians: Jews and Culture Between the World Wars |publisher= Oxford University Press |year=2012 |page=141 |isbn=9780199794881 }}</ref> A couple of months before his endorsement for ''The Dybbuk'', Reinhardt had again successfully staged ''[[Jedermann (play)|Jedermann (Everyman)]]'' for the [[Salzburg Festival]].{{sfn|Silverman|2012|page=142}} ===Exile=== [[File:The Sound of Music Christopher Plummer and Julie Andrews.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Christopher Plummer and Julie Andrews|[[Christopher Plummer]] and [[Julie Andrews]] on location in Salzburg, 1964]] Reinhardt fled due to the Nazis' increasing anti-Semitic aggressions. The castle was seized following Germany's [[Anschluss]] annexation of Austria in 1938. After the war, the castle was restored to Reinhardt's heirs, and subsequently the home and grounds became famous as the filming site for the early scenes of the Von Trapp family gardens in the movie ''[[The Sound of Music (film)|The Sound of Music]]''. ===Reinhardt theatres=== In 1901, Reinhardt together with [[Friedrich Kayßler]] and several other theatre colleagues founded the ''Schall und Rauch'' (Sound and Smoke) [[Kabarett]] stage in Berlin. Re-opened as ''Kleines Theater'' (Little Theatre)<ref name="roh.org.uk">{{Cite web|url=https://www.roh.org.uk/news/max-reinhardt-the-man-that-invented-modern-theatre-direction|title=Max Reinhardt: The man who 'invented' modern theatre direction |date=26 June 2014 |publisher=[[Royal Opera House]]|access-date=28 November 2019}}</ref> it was the first of numerous stages where Reinhardt worked as a director until the beginning of [[Nazi Germany|Nazi]] rule in 1933. From 1903 to 1905, he managed the Neues Theater (present-day [[Theater am Schiffbauerdamm]]) and in 1906 acquired the Deutsches<ref name="jewishvirtuallibrary/reinhardt-max">{{cite web |title=Max Reinhardt (Goldmann) |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/reinhardt-goldmann-max |publisher=jewishvirtuallibrary.org |access-date=14 October 2023}}</ref> Theater in Berlin. In 1911, he premiered with [[Karl Vollmöller]]'s ''[[The Miracle (play)|The Miracle]]'' in [[Olympia, London|Olympia]], London, gaining an international reputation.<ref name="BritannicaReinhardt" /> In 1910, [[Siegfried Jacobsohn]] wrote his book entitled ''Max Reinhardt''. In 1914, he was persuaded to sign the [[Manifesto of the Ninety-Three]], defending the [[German invasion of Belgium (1914)|German invasion of Belgium]]. He was signatory 66; he later expressed regret at signing.{{citation needed|date=June 2018}} From 1915 to 1918, Reinhardt also worked as director of the [[Volksbühne]] theatre. On 23 December 1917, Reinhardt presided over the [[world premiere]] of [[Reinhard Sorge]]'s [[Kleist Prize]]-winning [[stage play]] ''Der Bettler'', which had long been, "a ''succès de scandale'', an innovation, changing the course of theatrical history with its revolutionary staging techniques".<ref>{{cite book|last=Cross|first=Tim|title=The Lost Voices of World War I: An International Anthology of Writers, Poets, and Playwrights|publisher=Bloomsbury|year=1988|page=144|isbn=9780747502760}}</ref> According to Michael Paterson, "The genius of the 20-year old Sorge already showed the possibilities of abstract staging, and Reinhardt in 1917, simply by following Sorge's stage directions, was to become the first director to present a play in wholly Expressionist style."{{sfn|Cross|1988|page=145}} According to Michael Paterson, "The play opens with an ingenious inversion: the Poet and Friend converse in front of a closed curtain, behind which voices can be heard. It appears that we, the audience, are backstage and the voices are those of the imagined audience out front. It is a simple, but disorienting trick of stagecraft, whose imaginative spatial reversal is self-consciously theatrical. So the audience is alerted to the fact that they are about to see a play and not a 'slice of life'."{{sfn|Cross|1988|pp=144–145}} According to Walter H. Sokel, "The lighting apparatus behaves like the mind. It drowns in darkness what it wishes to forget and bathes in light what it wishes to recall. Thus the entire stage becomes a universe of [the] mind, and the individual scenes are not replicas of three-dimensional physical reality, but visualizes stages of thought."{{sfn|Cross|1988|p=145}}<ref>Walter H. Sokel (1959), ''The Writer in Extremis'', [[Stanford University]] Press.</ref> Reinhardt's production of the play, which he had meticulously planned ever since he had purchased the rights from Sorge in 1913, proved enormously popular and productions immediately began to be staged in other German cities, such as [[Cologne]]. After the 1918 Armistice, newspapers in the [[German language in the United States]] also published articles highly praising Reinhardt's production of the play, which singlehandedly gave birth to Expressionism in the theatre.<ref>[http://www.ww1plays.com/2019/07/reinhard-sorges-beggar-der-bettler.html?m=1 "Reinhard Sorge's ''The Beggar'' (''Der Bettler'')"], ''World War One: Plays, Playwrights & Productions'', July 9, 2019.</ref> After the [[November Revolution of 1918]], Reinhardt re-opened the [[Großes Schauspielhaus]] (after [[World War II]] renamed into [[Friedrichstadt-Palast|Friedrichstadtpalast]]) in 1919, following its [[expressionism|expressionist]] conversion by [[Hans Poelzig]].<ref>Hans Poelzig: ''Construction of the Great Berlin Schauspielhaus.'' Commemorate the opening</ref><ref>Heike Hambrock: "Marlene Moeschke – staff member?, rediscovered the work of the sculptor and architect provides new information about Hans Poelzig Large Schauspielhaus in Berlin", in: ''Critical reports''{{clarify|date=February 2025|reason=Isn't this journal named 'Kritische Berichte'?}} Marburg 29.2001,3,{{clarify|date=August 2019|Reason=Is that some kind of mangled date?}} pp. 37–53 {{ISSN|0340-7403}}</ref> By 1930, he ran eleven stages in Berlin and, in addition, managed the [[Theater in der Josefstadt]] in Vienna from 1924 to 1933. In 1920, Reinhardt established the [[Salzburg Festival]] with [[Richard Strauss]] and [[Hugo von Hofmannsthal]],<ref name="roh.org.uk" /> always directing the annual production of Hoffmansthal's [[Jedermann (play)|acclaimed adaptation]] of the Medieval Dutch [[morality play]] ''[[Everyman]]'', in which the [[Christian God]] sends Death to summon an [[archetype]] of the [[Human|Human Race]] to Judgment Day. In the United States, he successfully directed ''The Miracle'' in 1924, and a popular stage version of [[Shakespeare]]'s ''[[A Midsummer Night's Dream]]'' in 1927.{{citation needed|date=June 2018}} From the 1910s to the early 1930s, one of Reinhardt's most frequent collaborators was the Swedish-born American composer and conductor {{ill|Einar Nilson|sv}}, whom he employed as the music department head of his theaters; during international trips, Nilson would also serve as an advance man for Reinhardt, traveling ahead to the next performance location to audition singers and actors. Reinhardt, moreover, often would utilize existing music by famous composers (for example, [[Mozart]] and [[Mendelssohn]]) for his productions, which Nilson would arrange to meet Reinhardt's needs. Nilson also composed original music, such as the incidental music for Hofmannsthal's ''Jedermann''.<ref>{{cite web | title=Einar Nilson: Composer of the first Jedermann music| author=Eija Kurki|url=https://sibeliusone.com/music-for-the-theatre/einar-nilson-composer-of-the-first-jedermann-music/| publisher=SibeliusOne| date=2020}}</ref> Reinhardt followed that success by directing a [[A Midsummer Night's Dream (1935 film)|film version]] of ''A Midsummer Night's Dream'' in 1935 using a mostly different cast, that included [[James Cagney]], [[Mickey Rooney]], [[Joe E. Brown]] and [[Olivia de Havilland]], amongst others. Rooney and de Havilland had also appeared in Reinhardt's 1934 stage production, which was staged at the [[Hollywood Bowl]].<ref name="latimes/midsummer-hollywood-bowl">{{cite news |title=Once upon a time, a theatrical 'Dream' came true at the Hollywood Bowl |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/story/2022-06-02/midsummer-nights-dream-history-hollywood-bowl-2022 |access-date=14 October 2023 |work=Los Angeles Times |date=2 June 2022}}</ref> The Nazis banned<ref name="forbiddenmusic/reinhardt-circus" /> the film because of the Jewish ancestry of both Reinhardt and Felix Mendelssohn, whose music (arranged by [[Erich Wolfgang Korngold]]) was used throughout the film. After the [[Anschluss]] of Austria to Nazi-governed Germany in 1938, he emigrated first to Britain, then to the United States. In 1940, he became a [[naturalized citizen]] of the United States.<ref name="kuenste-im-exil/reinhardt-max">{{cite web |title=Objects – US naturalisation certificate for Max Reinhardt (1940) |url=https://kuenste-im-exil.de/KIE/Content/EN/Objects/reinhardt-max-einbuergerungsurkunde-en.html?single=1 |website=kuenste-im-exil.de |access-date=14 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref> At that time, he was married to his second wife, actress [[Helene Thimig]], daughter of actor [[Hugo Thimig]] and sister of actors [[Hans Thimig|Hans]] and [[Hermann Thimig]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Helene Thimig |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803103928555 |website=Oxford Reference |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> By employing powerful [[staging (theatre)|staging]] techniques, and integrating [[stage design]], [[language]], [[music]] and [[choreography]], Reinhardt introduced new dimensions into German theatre. The [[Max Reinhardt Seminar]] in Vienna, which is arguably the most important German-language acting school, was installed implementing his ideas. ===Max Reinhardt and film=== [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-H0927-506, Berlin, Max Reinhardt.jpg|thumb|Max Reinhardt is filmed in his garden, 1930.]] [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 102-09723, Max Reinhardt unterzeichnet Tonfilmvertrag.jpg|thumb|Max Reinhardt signing a contract with the US film producer Curtis Melnitz in Berlin, 1930]] Reinhardt took a greater interest in film than most of his contemporaries in the theater world. He made films as a director and from time to time also as a producer. His first staging was the film ''Sumurûn'' in 1910. After that, Reinhardt founded his own film company. He sold the film rights for the [[film adaptation]] of the play ''[[The Miracle (play)|Das Mirakel]]'' (''The Miracle'') to [[Joseph Menchen]], whose full-colour 1912 film of ''[[The Miracle (1912 film)|The Miracle]]'' gained world-wide success. Controversies around the staging of ''Das Mirakel'', which was shown in the Vienna [[Rotunde]] in 1912, led to Reinhardt's retreat from the project. The author of the play, Reinhardt's friend and confidant [[Karl Vollmöller|Karl Gustav Vollmoeller]], had French director [[Michel Carré]] finish the shooting. <!-- Hmm, possibly. --> Reinhardt made two films, ''Die Insel der Seligen'' (''Isle of the Blessed'') and ''Eine venezianische Nacht'' (''Venetian Nights''), under a four-picture contract for the German film producer [[Paul Davidson (producer)|Paul Davidson]]. Released in 1913 and 1914, respectively, both films received negative reviews from the press and public. The other two films called for in the contract were never made.<ref>{{cite book|last=Eyman|first=Scott|title=Ernst Lubitsch: Laughter in Paradise|date=30 November 2000|publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press|isbn=978-0801865589|pages=[https://archive.org/details/ernstlubitsch00scot/page/37 37–38]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/ernstlubitsch00scot/page/37}}</ref> Both films demanded much of cameraman Karl Freund because of Reinhardt's special shooting needs, such as filming a lagoon in moonlight. ''Isle of the Blessed'' attracted attention due to its erotic nature. Its ancient mythical setting included sea gods, nymphs, and fauns, and the actors appeared naked. However, the film also fit in with the strict customs of the late German and Austrian empires. The actors had to live up to the demands of double roles. [[Wilhelm Diegelmann]] and [[Willy Prager]] played the bourgeois fathers as well as the sea gods, {{ill|Ernst Matray|de}} a bachelor and a faun, [[Leopoldine Konstantin]] the [[Circe]]. The shooting for ''Eine venezianische Nacht'' by Karl Gustav Vollmoeller took place in Venice. [[Maria Carmi]] played the bride, [[Alfred Abel]] the young stranger, and Ernst Matray Anselmus and Pipistrello. The shooting was disturbed by a fanatic who incited the attendant Venetians against the German-speaking staff. In 1935, Reinhardt directed his first film in the US, ''[[A Midsummer Night's Dream (1935 film)|A Midsummer Night's Dream]]''. He founded the drama schools [[Hochschule für Schauspielkunst "Ernst Busch"]] in Berlin, [[Max Reinhardt Seminar]], the Max Reinhardt Workshop ([[Sunset Boulevard]]),<ref name="BritannicaReinhardt" /> and the Max Reinhardt Junior Workshop. ==Max Reinhardt Seminar== Max Reinhardt Seminar trained [[Kurt Kasznar]].<ref name="NYT">{{cite news |last=Fraser |first=C. Gerald |title=Kurt Kasznar dies; Broadway actor |date=August 8, 1979 |page=B6 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/08/08/archives/kurt-kasznar-dies-broadway-actor-appeared-in-barefoot-in-the-park.html |access-date=February 29, 2016}}</ref> ==The Continental Players== {{Main|The Continental Players}} ==Max Reinhardt Workshop== Max Reinhardt's Workshop<ref name="stadtmuseum/max-reinhardt">{{cite web |title=Max Reinhardt |url=https://www.stadtmuseum.de/en/article/max-reinhardt |website=Stadtmuseum Berlin |access-date=14 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="scihi/max-reinhardt">{{cite web |last1=Sack |first1=Harald |title=Max Reinhardt – From Bourgeois Theatre to Metropolitan Culture |url=https://scihi.org/max-reinhardt/ |website=SciHi Blog |access-date=14 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811000330/https://scihi.org/max-reinhardt/ |archive-date=2020-08-11 |date=11 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Giovacchini |first1=Saverio |title=Hollywood Modernism: Film and Politics in the Age of the New Deal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qh9AvqM501AC&dq=Continental+Players&pg=PA110|date=2001 |publisher=[[Temple University]] Press |isbn=978-1-56639-863-3 |oclc=924379553 |language=en}} {{ISBN|1566398622|9781566398626|1566398630}}</ref> of Stage, Screen, and Radio ([[Sunset Boulevard]]) (''Reinhardt School of the Theatre''{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}) trained [[Ann Savage]].<ref name="Tele">[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/4077273/Ann-Savage.html "Ann Savage" (Obituary)] in ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', January 2, 2009 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111015335/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/4077273/Ann-Savage.html |date=November 11, 2012 }}</ref><ref name="Adam">[http://www.hollywoodheritage.org/ann_savage/savage_memorial.html Adamson, Kent, "Ann Savage: A Friend to Hollywood Heritage"]. Accessed January 7, 2009 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214122747/http://www.hollywoodheritage.org/ann_savage/savage_memorial.html |date=February 14, 2012 }}</ref> [[Joan Barry (American actress)|Joan Barry]], and [[Nanette Fabray]] (''Reinhardt School of the Theatre in Hollywood'').<ref name="mahlerfoundation/max-reinhardt">{{cite web |title=Max Reinhardt (1873–1943) |url=https://mahlerfoundation.org/mahler/contemporaries/max-reinhardt/ |website=Mahler Foundation |access-date=14 October 2023 |date=6 January 2015}}</ref> Reinhardt won the school, ''[[Ben Bard Theater|Ben Bard Drama]]'' (a playhouse on Wilshire Boulevard), from [[Ben Bard]] in a poker game.<ref name="toa.edu/history"/> Reinhardt opened the Reinhardt School of the Theatre in Hollywood, on [[Sunset Boulevard]].<ref name="BritannicaReinhardt" /> Several notable stars of the day received classical theater training, among them actress [[Nanette Fabray]]. Many alumni of these schools made their careers in film. [[Edward G. Kuster]], for two years, was the personal assistant to Reinhardt, taught classes and directed plays. In 1938, Walden Philip Boyle, later, a founding faculty of the Department of Theater Arts at UCLA, worked with the ''Max Reinhardt Theatre Academy in Hollywood''.<ref name="universityofcalifornia/philipwaldenboyle">{{cite web |title=Philip Walden Boyle |url=https://senate.universityofcalifornia.edu/_files/inmemoriam/html/philipwaldenboyle.htm |website=senate.universityofcalifornia.edu |access-date=14 October 2023}}</ref> Students include [[Alan Ladd]], [[Jack Carson]], [[Robert Ryan]], [[Gower Champion]], [[Shirley Temple]], [[Angie Dickinson]], [[Frank Bonner]], [[Anthony James (actor)|Anthony James]], [[Greg Mullavey]], [[Charlene Tilton]], <!-- Ingrid Bergman, Lloyd Bridges, Yul Brynner, Gary Cooper, James Dean, Clint Eastwood, Elia Kazan, Robert Mitchum, Marilyn Monroe, Patricia Neal, Jack Palance, Gregory Peck, Jane Russell, Beatrice Straight, Susan Strassberg, Natalie Wood, [[Vic Tayback]] --> and [[Cliff Robertson]] In 1943, Reinhardt departed.<ref name="toa.edu/history">{{cite web |title=History of Theatre of Arts Acting College |url=https://www.toa.edu/acting-drama-school-history |website=THEATRE OF ARTS |access-date=14 October 2023 |location=Hollywood CA |language=en}}</ref> It later was known as ''Geller Theatre Workshop'', ''Hollywood School of Acting'', and ''Theatre of Arts Hollywood Acting School''.<ref name="toa.edu/history"/> In 2000, the school, ''Theatre of Arts'', was associated with Campus Hollywood,<ref>{{cite web |title=Campus Hollywood |url=https://www.campushollywood.com/ |website=campushollywood.com|access-date=14 October 2023}}</ref> which included, [[Musicians Institute]], and [[Los Angeles College of Music]]. In 2009, [[James Warwick (actor)|James Warwick]] was appointed president. Max Reinhardt Junior Workshop trained [[Mala Powers]].<ref name="walkoffame/mala-powers">{{cite web |title=Mala Powers |url=https://walkoffame.com/mala-powers/ |website=Hollywood Walk of Fame |access-date=26 June 2023 |date=25 October 2019}}</ref><ref name="mansfieldnewsjournal.newspapers/294003377/">{{cite news |title=Word comes from Hollywood |url=http://mansfieldnewsjournal.newspapers.com/newspage/294003377/ |access-date=26 June 2023 |work=[[Mansfield News Journal]]|via=[[Newspapers.com]]|date=22 August 1942 |location=Mansfield, Ohio|quote=Word comes from Hollywood concerning Marilyn Joyce Teeter, who left Mansfield recently to study theater. At the Max Reinhardt Junior Workshop she played the lead. Sadie, in ''The Moppet''. Marilyn Joyce has appeared at the Knickerbocker Hotel, doing her Spanish dance, and besides making other appearances has several on schedule. She is the daughter of Mr. and Mrs. LeRoy S. Teeter, 60 Prospect Street.}}</ref><ref name="glamourgirlsofthesilverscreen/Mala+Powers">{{cite web |title=Mala Powers |url=http://www.glamourgirlsofthesilverscreen.com/show/394/Mala+Powers/index.html |website=glamourgirlsofthesilverscreen.com |access-date=26 June 2023}}</ref><!-- https://www.smu.edu/-/media/Site/Libraries/degolyer/pdfs/Ronald-Davis-Oral-History-Collection.pdf "Attending the Max Reinhardt Junior Workshop as a girl; making her first film, ..." --> ==Death and legacy== [[File:Max Reinhardt 800.jpg|thumb|The mausoleum of Max Reinhardt in [[Westchester Hills Cemetery]]]] Reinhardt died of a stroke<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newspaperarchive.com/charleston-gazette-nov-01-1943-p-1/|title=Charleston Gazette Newspaper Archives, Nov 1, 1943, p. 1|date=1 November 1943|website=NewspaperArchive.com|access-date=28 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2553684/max_reindardt_dies/|title=Max Reindardt, Dies|newspaper=The Evening Review|date=1 November 1943|pages=7|access-date=28 November 2019|via=newspapers.com}}</ref> in New York City in 1943 and is interred at [[Westchester Hills Cemetery]] in [[Hastings-on-Hudson, New York|Hastings-on-Hudson]], [[Westchester County]], New York. He was 70 years old. His papers and literary estate are housed at [[Binghamton University|Binghamton University (SUNY)]], in the Max Reinhardt Archives and Library.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.binghamton.edu/libraries/special-collections/researchandcollections/reinhardt.html|title=Binghamton University – Libraries: Special Collections: Research and Collections: Max Reinhardt Archives & Library|website=www.binghamton.edu}}</ref> His sons by first wife Else Heims (m. 1910–1935), [[Wolfgang Reinhardt (producer)|Wolfgang]] and [[Gottfried Reinhardt]], were well-regarded film producers. One of his grandsons (by adoption), [[Stephen Reinhardt]], was a [[trade union|labor]] lawyer who served notably on the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit]] from his appointment by [[Jimmy Carter]] in 1980 until his death in 2018. Another grandson, [[Michael Reinhardt]], is a successful fashion photographer. In 2015 his great-granddaughter Jelena Ulrike Reinhardt was appointed as researcher at the [[University of Perugia]] in [[German literature]]. ==Tribute== On 18 November 2015, the [[Friedrichstadt-Palast]] in Berlin inaugurated a [[memorial]] at Friedrichstraße 107 dedicated to the theatre's founders, Max Reinhardt, [[Hans Poelzig]] and [[Erik Charell]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.palast.berlin/en/backstage/memorial/|title=Denkzeichen|access-date=28 November 2019|archive-date=28 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128053136/https://www.palast.berlin/en/backstage/memorial/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Work on Broadway== * ''Sumurun'' ([[pantomime]]) (1912) – leader of the Deutsches Theater of Berlin on a New York tour * ''[[The Miracle (play)|The Miracle]]'' (1924) – Co-playwright and director * ''[[A Midsummer Night's Dream]]'' ([[Revival (play)|revival]]) (1927) – Producer * ''Jedermann'' (1927) – Co-producer * ''Peripherie'' (1928) – Playwright * ''[[The Living Corpse|Redemption]]'' ([[Revival (play)|revival]]) (1928) – Director * ''[[The Eternal Road (opera)|The Eternal Road]]'' (1937) – Director * ''[[The Merchant of Yonkers]]'' (1938), Thornton Wilder's play, later rewritten as ''The Matchmaker'' * ''Sons and Soldiers'' (1943) – Producer and director ==Films== * ''[[A Midsummer Night's Dream (1935 film)|A Midsummer Night's Dream]]'' (1935) == See also == * [[The Continental Players]], co-founded by Reinhardt * [[Afterlife (play)]], [[Michael Frayn]]'s play, based on Reinhardt's life: [[Royal National Theatre|National Theatre]], London (2008)<!-- [http://www.nationaltheatre.org.uk/afterlife ] {{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} --> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Further reading== *{{cite journal |last1=Esslin |first1=Martin |title=Max Reinhardt High Priest of Theatricality |journal=[[The Drama Review]]|date=June 1977 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=3–24 |doi=10.2307/1145120 |jstor=1145120|ref=none}} ==External links== {{Commons category}} * [https://libraries.usc.edu/article/max-reinhardt-collection-featured-usc-news-website Max Reinhardt Collection] * [https://www.binghamton.edu/libraries/about/special-collections/research-and-collections/reinhardt/index.html Max Reinhardt Archives and Library Binghamton University Libraries] * [https://omeka.binghamton.edu/omeka/items/browse?collection=21 Max Reinhardt Collection Promptbook, Binghamton University Libraries] * [https://hollisarchives.lib.harvard.edu/repositories/24/resources/3032 Max Reinhardt collection of costume and set designs] {{Portal bar|Biography|Theatre}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Reinhardt, Max}} [[Category:1873 births]] [[Category:1943 deaths]] [[Category:Jewish emigrants from Austria after the Anschluss to the United States]] [[Category:American opera directors]] [[Category:American theatre directors]] [[Category:Austrian opera directors]] [[Category:Austrian theatre directors]] [[Category:Jewish American film people]] [[Category:Austrian theatre managers and producers]] [[Category:Burials at Westchester Hills Cemetery]] [[Category:Ernst Busch Academy of Dramatic Arts]] [[Category:Jewish American male actors]] [[Category:Jewish Austrian male actors]] [[Category:People from Baden bei Wien]] [[Category:Salzburg Festival directors]] [[Category:Jewish theatre directors]] [[Category:Jews who emigrated to escape Nazism]]
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