Editing Max Scheler

{{Short description|German philosopher (1874–1928)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox philosopher
|region = [[Western philosophy]]
|era = [[20th-century philosophy]]
|image = Scheler max.jpg
|caption =
|birth_name = Max Ferdinand Scheler
|birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1874|8|22}}
|birth_place = [[Munich]], [[German Empire]]
|death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1928|5|19|1874|8|22}}
|death_place = [[Frankfurt am Main]], [[Weimar Republic|Germany]]
|school_tradition = [[Phenomenology (philosophy)|Phenomenology]]<br />[[Munich phenomenology]]<br />[[Ethical personalism]]
|main_interests = [[History of ideas]], [[value theory]], [[ethics]], [[philosophical anthropology]], [[Consciousness|consciousness studies]], [[sociology of knowledge]], [[philosophy of religion]]
|doctoral_students = [[Hendrik G. Stoker]]
|influences = [[Blaise Pascal]], [[Franz Brentano]], [[Wilhelm Dilthey]], [[Rudolf Eucken]], [[Edmund Husserl]], [[Theodor Lipps]], [[Georg Simmel]], [[Henri Bergson]], [[Carl Stumpf]], [[Friedrich Nietzsche]]
|influenced = [[Martin Heidegger]], [[Nicolai Hartmann]], [[Ortega y Gasset]], [[Martin Buber]], [[Karol Wojtyła]], [[Edith Stein]], [[Dietrich von Hildebrand]], [[Viktor Frankl]] [[Maurice Merleau-Ponty]], [[Alicja Gescinska]], [[Albert Camus]]
|notable_ideas = Value-ethics, ''[[Ressentiment (Scheler)|Ressentiment]]'', [[ethical personalism]], ''[[ordo amoris]]''
}}

'''Max Ferdinand Scheler''' ({{IPA|de|ˈʃeːlɐ|lang}}; 22 August 1874 – 19 May 1928) was a German [[philosopher]] known for his work in [[Phenomenology (philosophy)|phenomenology]], [[ethics]], and [[philosophical anthropology]]. Considered in his lifetime one of the most prominent German philosophers,<ref name = "SEP">Davis, Zachary and Anthony Steinbock, "Max Scheler", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2019 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2019/entries/scheler/>.</ref> Scheler developed the [[philosophical method]] of [[Edmund Husserl]], the founder of phenomenology.

After Scheler's death in 1928, [[Martin Heidegger]] affirmed, with [[José Ortega y Gasset|Ortega y Gasset]], that all philosophers of the century were indebted to Scheler and praised him as "the strongest philosophical force in modern Germany, nay, in contemporary Europe and in [[contemporary philosophy]] as such."<ref>Heidegger, The Metaphysical Foundations of Logic, “In memoriam Max Scheler,” trans. Michael Heim (Indiana University Press, 1984), pp. 50-52.</ref>

==Life and career==

===Childhood===
Max Scheler was born in [[Munich]], Germany, on 22 August 1874, to a well-respected orthodox Jewish family:<ref name = "SEP"/> his [[Catholic]] father had converted to Judaism in order to marry his mother. He had "a rather typical late nineteenth century upbringing in a Jewish household bent on assimilation and agnosticism."<ref>Graham McAleer, "Introduction to the Transaction edition", in Max Scheler, ''The Nature of Sympathy'', London: Routledge, 2017, p. lxiii.</ref> He converted to Catholic Christianity in 1901.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hoeres |first1=Peter |title=Scheler, Max Ferdinand |url=https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/scheler-max-ferdinand/ |website=1914-1918-Online (WW1) Encyclopedia |access-date=22 February 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

===Student years===
Scheler began his university studies as a medical student at the [[University of Munich]]; he then transferred to the [[University of Berlin]] where he abandoned medicine in favor of philosophy and [[sociology]], studying under [[Wilhelm Dilthey]], [[Carl Stumpf]] and [[Georg Simmel]]. He moved to the [[University of Jena]] in 1896 where he studied under [[Rudolf Eucken]], at that time a very popular philosopher who went on to win the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] in 1908. (Eucken corresponded with [[William James]], a noted proponent of [[American pragmatism|philosophical pragmatism]], and throughout his life, Scheler entertained a strong interest in pragmatism.) It was at Jena that Scheler completed his doctorate and his ''[[habilitation]]'' and began his professional life as a teacher. His doctoral thesis, completed in 1897, was entitled ''Beiträge zur Feststellung der Beziehungen zwischen den logischen und ethischen Prinzipien'' (Contribution to establishing the relationships between logical and ethical principles). In 1898 he made a trip to Heidelberg and met [[Max Weber]], who also had a significant impact on his thought. He earned his ''habilitation'' in 1899 with a thesis entitled ''Die transzendentale und die psychologische Methode'' (The transcendental and the psychological method) directed by Eucken. He became a lecturer (''[[Privatdozent]]'') at the University of Jena in 1901.<ref name = "SEP"/>

===First period (Jena, Munich, Gottingen and World War I)===
When his first marriage, to Amalie von Dewitz,<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.enotes.com/max-scheler-salem/max-scheler| title = Max Scheler Biography - eNotes.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.docstoc.com/docs/13727504/MAX-SCHELERS-VALUE-ETHICS |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723031305/http://www.docstoc.com/docs/13727504/MAX-SCHELERS-VALUE-ETHICS |archive-date=23 July 2012 |title=MAX SCHELERS VALUE ETHICS}}</ref> ended in divorce, Scheler married Märit Furtwängler in 1912, who was the sister of the noted conductor [[Wilhelm Furtwängler]]. Scheler's son by his first wife, Wolf Scheler, became troublesome after the divorce, often stealing from his father, and in 1923, after Wolf had tried to force him to pay for a prostitute, Scheler sent him to his former student [[Kurt Schneider]], a psychiatrist, for diagnosis. Schneider diagnosed Wolf as not being mentally ill, but a [[psychopath]], using two diagnostic categories ([[Gemütlose psychopathy|Gemütlos]] and [[Haltlose personality disorder|Haltlos]]) essentially equivalent to today's "[[antisocial personality disorder]]".<ref>J. Cutting, M. Mouratidou, T. Fuchs and G. Owen, "Max Scheler's influence on Kurt Schneider", ''History of Psychiatry'' v. 27, n. 3, p. 336-44 (here p. 340-41); citing A. Krahl and M. Schifferdecker, "Max Scheler und Kurt Schneider: wissenschaftlicher Einfluss und persönliche Begegnung", ''Fortschritte der Neurologie und Psychiatrie'' v. 66, p. 94-100 (1998).</ref>

===Second period (Cologne)===
After 1921 he disassociated himself in public from Catholic teaching and even from the [[Judeo-Christian-Islamic]] God,<ref>Schneck, Stephen Frederick (2002) [https://books.google.com/books?id=EdhjFeWEh3kC&pg=PA6 ''Max Scheler's acting persons: new perspectives''] p.6</ref><ref>Frings, Manfred S. (1997) [https://books.google.com/books?id=OAbXAAAAMAAJ ''The mind of Max Scheler: the first comprehensive guide based on the complete works''] p.9</ref> committing himself to [[pantheism]] and [[philosophical anthropology]].<ref>McAleer, op. cit., p. lxiii.</ref>

Scheler had developed the habit of smoking between sixty and eighty cigarettes a day which contributed to a series of heart attacks throughout 1928, forcing him to cancel any travel plans. On May 19, 1928, he died in a Frankfurt hospital due to complications from a severe heart attack.<ref>{{cite web|title=Max Scheler|publisher=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/scheler/|year=2018|author=Zachary Davis and Anthony Steinbock}}</ref>

==Philosophical contributions==

===Love and the "phenomenological attitude"===

When the editors of ''[[Geisteswissenschaften]]'' invited Scheler (about 1913/14) to write on the then developing philosophical method of phenomenology, Scheler indicated that the phenomenological movement was not defined by universally accepted theses but by a "common bearing and attitude toward philosophical problems."<ref name="Max Scheler 1973">Max Scheler, ''Selected Philosophical Essays'', "Phenomenology and the Theory of Cognition," trans. David Lachterman (Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1973), 137.</ref> Scheler disagrees with [[Husserl]] that phenomenology is a method of strict phenomenological reduction, but rather "an attitude of spiritual seeing … something which otherwise remains hidden …."<ref name="Max Scheler 1973"/> Calling phenomenology a method fails to take seriously the phenomenological domain of original experience: the givenness of phenomenological facts (essences or values as ''a priori'') "before they have been fixed by [[logic]],"<ref name="Max Scheler 1973"/> and prior to assuming a set of criteria or symbols, as is the case in the natural and human sciences as well as other (modern) philosophies which tailor their methods to those of the sciences.

Rather, that which is given in phenomenology "is given only in the seeing and experiencing act itself." The essences are never given to an 'outside' observer without direct contact with a specific domain of experience. Phenomenology is an engagement of phenomena, while simultaneously a waiting for its self-givenness; it is not a methodical procedure of observation as if its object is stationary. Thus, the particular attitude (''Geisteshaltung'', lit. "disposition of the spirit" or "spiritual posture") of the philosopher is crucial for the disclosure, or seeing, of phenomenological facts. This attitude is fundamentally a moral one, where the strength of philosophical inquiry rests upon the basis of [[love]]. Scheler describes the essence of philosophical thinking as "''a love-determined movement of the inmost personal self of a finite being toward participation in the essential reality of all possibles''."<ref>Max Scheler, ''On the Eternal in Man'', "The Essence of Philosophy and the Moral Preconditions of Philosophical Knowledge" trans. Bernard Noble (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1960), 74.</ref>

The movement and act of [[love]] is important for philosophy for two reasons: (1) If philosophy, as Scheler describes it, hearkening back to the [[Platonism|Platonic tradition]], is a participation in a "primal essence of all essences" (''Urwesen''), it follows that for this participation to be achieved one must incorporate within oneself the content or essential characteristic of the primal essence.<ref>Max Scheler, ''On the Eternal in Man'', "The Essence of Philosophy and the Moral Preconditions of Philosophical Knowledge" trans. Bernard Noble (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1960), 75.</ref> For Scheler, such a primal essence is most characterized according to love, thus the way to achieve the most direct and intimate participation is precisely to share in the movement of love. It is important to mention, however, that this primal essence is not an objectifiable entity whose possible correlate is knowledge; thus, even if philosophy is always concerned with knowing, as Scheler would concur, nevertheless, reason itself is not the proper participative faculty by which the greatest level of knowing is achieved. Only when reason and logic have behind them the movement of love and the proper moral preconditions can one achieve philosophical knowledge.<ref>Max Scheler, ''On the Eternal in Man'', "The Essence of Philosophy and the Moral Preconditions of Philosophical Knowledge" trans. Bernard Noble (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1960), 77. Scheler criticizes [[Plato]] and [[Aristotle]] on precisely this point. He writes, "Since … their philosophy defined the primal essence as an objectifiable entity and therefore a possible correlate of knowledge, they had also to regard knowledge as the definitive, ultimate participation in reality which man might attain …. Accordingly they could not but see the highest and most perfect form of human being in the ''philosophos'', the 'wise one'." ''On the Eternal in Man'', 77.</ref> (2) Love is likewise important insofar as its essence is the condition for the possibility of the givenness of value-objects and especially the givenness of an object in terms of its highest possible value. Love is the movement which "brings about the continuous emergence of ever-higher value in the object--just as if it was streaming out from the object of its own accord, without any sort of exertion...on the part of the lover. ...true love opens our spiritual eyes to ever-higher values in the object loved."<ref>Max Scheler, ''The Nature of Sympathy'', trans. Peter Heath (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1954), 57.</ref> Hatred, on the other hand, is the closing off of oneself or closing one's eyes to the world of values. It is in the latter context that value-inversions or devaluations become prevalent, and are sometimes solidified as proper in societies. Furthermore, by calling love a movement, Scheler hopes to dispel the interpretation that love and hate are only reactions to felt values rather than the very ground for the possibility of value-givenness (or value-concealment). Scheler writes, "Love and hate are acts in which the value-realm accessible to the feelings of a being...is either ''extended'' or ''narrowed''."<ref>Max Scheler, ''Formalism in Ethics and Non-Formal Ethics of Values'', trans. Manfred Frings and Robert Funk (Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1973), 261.</ref>

===Material value-ethics===

Values and their corresponding disvalues are ranked according to their essential interconnections as follows:

# Religiously relevant values (holy/unholy)
# Spiritual values (beauty/ugliness, knowledge/ignorance, right/wrong)
# Vital values (health/unhealthiness, strength/weakness)
# Sensible values (agreeable/disagreeable, comfort/discomfort)<ref>Max Scheler, ''Formalism in Ethics and Non-Formal Ethics of Values'', trans. M. Frings and R. Funk (Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1973), 104-110. Concerning the status of values of utility, Manfred Frings lists utility as higher in value than sensible values. (Cf. Frings, ''The Mind of Max Scheler'', 29-30.) However, Scheler's list of the rank of values in the ''Formalism''  does not list values of utility as an independent self-value, but as "consecutive values" of sensible values (104). 

In ''[[Ressentiment (Scheler)|Ressentiment]]'', Scheler writes, "It is true that enjoyment can and should be subordinated to higher values, such as vital values, spiritual values of culture, 'sacredness.' But subordinating it to utility is an absurdity, for this is a subordination of the end to the means. Cf. Scheler, ''Ressentiment'', trans. Lewis Coser et al. (Milwaukee: Marquette University Press, 2003), 108.</ref>

Further essential interconnections apply with respect to a value's (disvalue's) existence or non-existence:

* The existence of a positive value is itself a positive value.
* The existence of a negative value (disvalue) is itself a negative value.
* The non-existence of a positive value is itself a negative value.
* The non-existence of a negative value is itself a positive value.<ref name="ReferenceA">Max Scheler, ''Formalism in Ethics and Non-Formal Ethics of Values'', trans. M. Frings and R. Funk (Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1973), 26.</ref>

And with respect to values of good and evil:

* Good is the value that is attached to the realization of a positive value in the sphere of willing.
* Evil is the value that is attached to the realization of a negative value in the sphere of willing.
* Good is the value that is attached to the realization of a higher value in the sphere of willing.
* Evil is the value that is attached to the realization of a lower value [at the expense of a higher one] in the sphere of willing.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

Goodness, however, is not simply "attached" to an act of willing, but originates ultimately within the disposition (''Gesinnung'') or "basic moral tenor" of the acting person. Accordingly:

* The criterion of 'good' consists in the agreement of a value intended, in the realization, with the value preferred, or in its disagreement with the value rejected.
* The criterion of 'evil' consists in the disagreement of a value intended, in the realization, with the value preferred, or in its agreement with the value rejected.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

===''Man and History'' (1924)===
Scheler planned to publish his major work in anthropology in 1929, but the completion of such a project was curtailed by his premature death in 1928. Some fragments of such work have been published in ''Nachlass''.<ref>Six volumes of his posthumous works (Nachlass), so far not translated from German, make up volumes 10-15 of the 15 volume Collected Works (Gesammelte Werke) edited by Maria Scheler and Manfred S. Frings as listed in http://www.maxscheler.com/scheler4.shtml#4-CollectedWorks</ref> In 1924, ''Man and History'' (''Mensch und Geschichte''), Scheler gave some preliminary statements on the range and goal of [[philosophical anthropology]].<ref name="Cook2003p107">Cook, Sybol (2003) [https://books.google.com/books?id=INnmk1rg_qsC&pg=PA107 ''Race and racism in continental philosophy'']</ref>

In this book, Scheler argues for a [[tabula rasa]] of all the inherited prejudices from the three main traditions that have formulated an idea of man: religion, philosophy and science.<ref>[[Martin Buber]] (1945) [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2102887 ''The Philosophical Anthropology of Max Scheler''] Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, Vol. 6, No. 2 (Dec. 1945), pp. 307-321</ref><ref>[[Martin Buber]] [https://books.google.com/books?id=6fPU5xfv4SMC&pg=PA216 ''Between man and man''] p.216</ref> Scheler argues that it is not enough just to reject such traditions, as did [[Nietzsche]] with the [[Judeo-Christian]] religion by saying that "God is dead"; these traditions have impregnated all parts of our culture, and therefore still determine a great deal of the way of thinking even of those that don't believe in the [[Christian God]].<ref>chapter 1</ref>

==Works==
[[File:Max Scheler.jpg|thumb|Max Scheler]]
* ''Zur Phänomenologie und Theorie der Sympathiegefühle und von Liebe und Hass'', 1913
* ''Der Genius des Kriegs und der Deutsche Krieg'', 1915
* ''Der Formalismus in der Ethik und die materiale Wertethik'', 1913–1916
* ''Krieg und Aufbau'', 1916
* ''Die Ursachen des Deutschenhasses'', 1917
* ''Vom Umsturz der Werte'', 1919
* ''Neuer Versuch der Grundlegung eines ethischen Personalismus'', 1921
* ''Vom Ewigen im Menschen'', 1921
* ''Probleme der Religion. Zur religiösen Erneuerung'', 1921
* ''Wesen und Formen der Sympathie'', 1923 (newly edited as: ''Zur Phänomenologie'' ... 1913)
* ''Schriften zur Soziologie und Weltanschauungslehre'', 3 Bände, 1923/1924
* ''Die Wissensformen und die Gesellschaft'', 1926
* ''Der Mensch im Zeitalter des Ausgleichs'', 1927
* ''Die Stellung des Menschen im Kosmos'', 1928
* ''Philosophische Weltanschauung'', 1929
* ''Logik I.'' (Fragment, Korrekturbögen). Amsterdam 1975

===English translations===

* ''[https://archive.org/details/natureofsympathy0000sche The Nature of Sympathy]'', New Haven: Yale University Press, 1954.
* {{cite book
  | others = translated by Oscar Haac
  | title=Philosophical Perspectives
  | url = https://archive.org/details/philosophicalper0000sche
  | url-access = registration
  | publisher= [[Beacon Press]]
  | location = Boston
  | year = 1958
}} 144 pages.  (German title: ''Philosophische Weltanschauung''.)

* {{cite book
  | others = translated by [[Bernard Noble]]
  | title=On the Eternal in Man
  | url = https://archive.org/details/oneternalinman0000sche
  | url-access = registration
  | publisher= [[SCM Press]]
  | location = London
  | year = 1960
}} 480 pages.

* {{cite book
  | others = edited by [[Lewis A. Coser]], translated by William W. Holdheim
  | title=Ressentiment
  | publisher=[[Schocken Books|Schocken]]
  | location = New York
  | year = 1972
}} 201 pages. {{ISBN|0-8052-0370-2}}.

* {{cite book
  | others = translated by David R. Lachterman
  | title=Selected Philosophical Essays
  | url = https://archive.org/details/selectedphilosop0000sche
  | url-access = registration
  | publisher=[[Northwestern University Press]]
  | location = Evanston, Illinois
  | year = 1973
| isbn=9780810103795
 }} 359 pages. {{ISBN|0-8101-0379-6}}.

* {{cite book |title=Formalism in Ethics and Non-Formal Ethics of Values: A New Attempt toward the Foundation of an Ethical Personalism |publisher=Northwestern University Press |others=Translated by [[Manfred Frings|Manfred S. Frings]] and Roger L. Funk |year=1973 |location=Evanston, Illinois}} 620 pages. {{ISBN|0-8101-0415-6}}. (Original German edition: ''Der Formalismus in der Ethik und die materiale Wertethik'', 1913–16.)
* {{cite book
  | others = translated by Manfred S. Frings
  | title=[[Problems of a Sociology of Knowledge]]
  | publisher=[[Routledge & Kegan Paul]]
  | location = London
  | year = 1980
}} 239 pages. {{ISBN|0-7100-0302-1}}.

* {{cite book |others=edited and partially translated by Manfred S. Frings |title=Person and Self-value: Three Essays |publisher=[[Nijhoff]] |location=Boston |year=1987}} 201 pages. {{ISBN|90-247-3380-4}}.

* {{cite book
  | others = edited and partially translated by Harold J. Bershady
  | title=On Feeling, Knowing, and Valuing. Selected Writings
  | publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]
  | location = Chicago
  | year = 1992
}} 267 pages. {{ISBN|0-226-73671-7}}.

* {{cite book
  | others = translated by Manfred Frings
  | title=The Human Place in the Cosmos
  | publisher=[[Northwestern University Press]]
  | location = Evanston
  | year = 2009
}} 79 pages. {{ISBN|978-0-8101-2529-2}}.

==See also==
*[[Axiological ethics]]
*[[Mimpathy]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Sources==

* {{cite book
  | last = Barber | first = Michael
  | title=Guardian of Dialogue: Max Scheler's Phenomenology, Sociology of Knowledge, and Philosophy of Love
  | publisher=[[Bucknell University Press]]
  | location = Lewisburg
  | year = 1993
}} 205 pages. {{ISBN|0-8387-5228-4}}.

* {{cite book
  | last = Blosser | first = Philip
  | title=Scheler's Critique of Kant's Ethics
  | url = https://archive.org/details/schelerscritique00blos | url-access = registration | publisher=[[Ohio University Press]]
  | location = Athens, Ohio
  | year = 1995
| isbn = 9780821411087
 }} 221 pages. {{ISBN|0-8214-1108-X}}.

* {{cite book
  | last = Deeken | first = Alfons
  | title=Process and Permanence in Ethics: Max Scheler's Moral Philosophy
  | url = https://archive.org/details/processpermanenc00deek | url-access = registration | publisher=[[Paulist Press]]
  | location = New York
  | year = 1974
}} 282 pages. {{ISBN|0-8091-1800-9}}.

* {{cite book
  | last = Frings | first = Manfred S.
  | title=Max Scheler: A concise introduction to the world of a great thinker
  | publisher= [[Duquesne University Press]]
  | location = Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
  | year = 1965
}} 223 pages.

* {{cite book
  | last = Frings | first = Manfred S.
  | title=Person und Dasein: Zur Frage der Ontologie des Wertseins
  | url = https://archive.org/details/personunddaseinz0000frin | url-access = registration | publisher=[[Martinus Nijhoff]]
  | location = Den Haag
  | year = 1969
}} 118 pages.

* {{cite book
  | editor-last = Frings | editor-first = Manfred S.
  | title=Max Scheler (1874-1928): centennial essays
  | publisher=Nijhoff
  | location = The Hague
  | year = 1974
}} 176 pages.

* {{cite book
  | last = Frings | first = Manfred
  | title=The Mind of Max Scheler: The first comprehensive guide based on the complete works
  | publisher=[[Marquette University Press]]
  | location = Milwaukee, Wisconsin
  | year = 1997
}} 324 pages. {{ISBN|0-87462-613-7}}.  2nd ed., 2001.

* {{cite book
  | last = Frings | first = Manfred
  | title=Life-Time
  | publisher = [[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]]
  | year = 2003
}} 260 pages. {{ISBN|1-4020-1333-7}}.  2nd ed., 2001.

* {{cite book
  | last = Kelly | first = Eugene
  | title=Max Scheler
  | url = https://archive.org/details/maxscheler00euge | url-access = registration | publisher=[[Twayne Publishers]]
  | location = Chicago
  | year = 1977
| isbn = 9780805777079
 }} 203 pages. {{ISBN|0-8057-7707-5}}.

* {{cite book
  | last = Kelly | first = Eugene
  | title=Structure and Diversity: Studies in the Phenomenological Philosophy of Max Scheler
  | publisher=[[Kluwer]]
  | location = Boston
  | year = 1997
}} 247 pages. {{ISBN|0-7923-4492-8}}.

* {{cite book
  | last = Nota | first = John H., S.J.
  | others = translated by Theodore Plantinga and John H. Nota.
  | title=Max Scheler: The Man and His Work
  | publisher=[[Franciscan Herald Press]]
  | location = Chicago
  | year = 1983
}} 213 pages. {{ISBN|0-8199-0852-5}}.  (Original Dutch title: ''Max Scheler: De man en zijn werk'')

* {{cite book
  | last = Ranly | first = Ernest W.
  | title=Scheler's Phenomenology of Community
  | url = https://archive.org/details/schelersphenomen0000ranl | url-access = registration | publisher=[[Martinus Nijhoff]]
  | location = The Hague
  | year = 1966
}} 130 pages.

* {{cite book
  | last = Schneck | first = Stephen F.
  | author-link = Stephen F. Schneck
  | title=Person and Polis: Max Scheler's Personalism and Political Theory
  | url = https://archive.org/details/personpolismaxsc00schn_0 | url-access = registration | publisher=[[State University of New York Press]]
  | location = Albany
  | year = 1987
}} 188 pages. {{ISBN|0-88706-340-3}}.

* {{cite book
  | last = Spader | first = Peter
  | title=Scheler's Ethical Personalism: Its logic, Development, and Promise
  | publisher=[[Fordham University Press]]
  | location = New York
  | year = 2002
}} 327 pages. {{ISBN|0-8232-2178-4}}.

== Further reading ==

* [https://archive.org/stream/naturelond63londuoft#page/438/mode/1up ''Nature'', Vol. 63. March 7, 1901, Book review of: ''Die Transcendentale Und Die Psychologische Methode,'' ''Method in Philosophy'', Dr. Max F. Scheler, 1900]
* [https://archive.org/stream/monistquart12hegeuoft#page/632/mode/2up ''The Monist, Vol 12, 1902'' Book review of: ''Die Transcendentale Und Die Psychologische Methode'', by Dr. Max F. Scheler 1900] in English
* {{PM20|FID=pe/026457}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
* {{Gutenberg author | id=6583| name=Max Scheler}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Max Ferdinand Scheler}}

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