Editing Maynard Jackson

{{short description|American politician and attorney}}
{{Use American English|date=April 2020}}

{{Infobox officeholder
| image               = Maynard Jackson.jpg
| order               = 52nd and 54th [[List of mayors of Atlanta|Mayor of Atlanta]]
| country             = United States
| term_start          = 1974
| term_end            = 1982
| predecessor         = [[Sam Massell]]
| successor           = [[Andrew Young]]
| term_start2         = 1990
| term_end2           = 1994
| predecessor2        = Andrew Young
| successor2          = [[Bill Campbell (mayor)|Bill Campbell]]
| birth_name          = Maynard Holbrook Jackson Jr.
| birth_date          = {{Birth date|1938|3|23|mf=y}}
| birth_place         = [[Dallas]], Texas, U.S.
| death_date          = {{death date and age|2003|06|23|1938|3|23}}
| death_place         = [[Arlington County, Virginia|Arlington]], Virginia, U.S.
| resting_place       = [[Oakland Cemetery (Atlanta, Georgia)]]
| spouse              = {{ubl|Burnella "Bunnie" Hayes Jackson-Ransom (divorced)|[[Valerie Jackson]]}}
| children            = 
| party               = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]]
| alma_mater          = {{hlist|[[Morehouse College]]|[[North Carolina Central University]]}}
| profession          = {{hlist|[[attorney-at-law|Attorney]]|[[Politician]]}}
| footnotes           = 
| name                = Maynard Jackson Jr.
}}

'''Maynard Holbrook Jackson Jr.''' (March 23, 1938 – June 23, 2003) was an American attorney and politician who served as the 52nd [[List of mayors of Atlanta|mayor of Atlanta]], Georgia, from 1974 to 1982, and again as the city's 54th mayor from 1990 to 1994. A member of the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]], he was the first [[African Americans|Black]] mayor of [[Atlanta]] and of any major city in the [[Southern United States|South]]; his three terms made him the second longest-serving mayor in the city's history, after six-term mayor [[William B. Hartsfield]].

He is notable also for public works projects, primarily the new Maynard H. Jackson International terminal at the Atlanta airport, and for greatly increasing minority business participation in the city. After his death, the William B. Hartsfield Atlanta International Airport was renamed [[Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport]] to honor his service to the expansion of the airport, the city and its people.

==Family history, background and personal life==
Jackson was born into a family that valued education and political activism. His maternal grandfather was [[civil rights]] leader [[John Wesley Dobbs]], who worked to successfully overturn the [[white primary]] in Georgia. He also gained the hiring of black police officers in Atlanta and lighting of Auburn Street, the main retail street of the black community. Maynard's mother Irene (Dobbs) Jackson was one of six daughters; all graduated from [[Spelman College]], encouraged by their parents. Irene earned a doctorate in France and became a professor of French at the college.

His father Maynard Holbrook Jackson was a [[Baptist]] minister from [[New Orleans]]. He became active in civil rights in [[Dallas, Texas]], where he had grown up after his family moved. His grandfather Alexander Stephens Jackson had been a Baptist minister and educator in Louisiana and Texas. The young Jackson's father died when he was fifteen; his grandfather Dobbs became even more influential in his life.<ref name="nga">[http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/government-politics/maynard-jackson-1938-2003 Bradley R. Rice, "Maynard Jackson (1938-2003)"], ''New Georgia Encyclopedia,'' edited January 6, 2016, accessed April 7, 2016</ref>

Jackson attended [[David T. Howard High School]] in Atlanta<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ajc.com/lifestyles/david-howard-from-georgia-slave-atlanta-philanthropist/BlsNK0GcM6WPKVGIf43SBK/|title = David T. Howard: From Georgia slave to Atlanta philanthropist|newspaper = The Atlanta Journal-Constitution}}</ref> and [[Morehouse College]], a [[historically black college]] for men in Atlanta, graduating in 1956 at the age of eighteen. He sang in the [[Morehouse College Glee Club]].<ref name="mcgc">{{cite journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gjsOK4p-UFIC&q=%22morehouse+college%22+%22glee+club%22&pg=PA15755 |title=Honoring Maynard Holbrook Jackson |journal=Congressional Record |date=June 23, 2003 |page=15755|isbn=9780160780523 |last1=Congress |first1=U. S. }}</ref> After attending the [[Boston University]] Law School for a short time, Jackson held several jobs, including selling encyclopedias. He returned to graduate studies, attending the [[North Carolina Central University]] Law School. He graduated with a law degree in 1964. He was a member of [[Alpha Phi Alpha]] fraternity.

Jackson married [https://www.thehistorymakers.org/biography/bunnie-jackson-ransom-41 Burnella "Bunnie" Hayes], in 1965. The couple had three children, Elizabeth, Brooke, Maynard III.<ref name="nga"/> Prior to their divorce, Bunnie Jackson founded ''First Class, Inc''. She was the first African-American woman to own a public relations and marketing firm in Atlanta.

Jackson married [[Valerie Richardson]] in 1977, to whom he was married for 25 years until his death. They have two daughters, Valerie and Alexandra.<ref name="nga"/> Valerie Jackson hosts ''Between the Lines'' each weekend on the WABE-FM radio station, the Atlanta Public Broadcasting station.

==Early career==
Jackson worked as a lawyer for the [[National Labor Relations Board]] and a legal services firm. He joined the Democratic Party.<ref name="nga"/>

==Political career==
In 1968, when Jackson was 30 years old, he decided to run for the US Senate against incumbent [[Herman Talmadge]]. His campaign was underfunded, and he lost, but Jackson won in Atlanta, gaining prominence in the city, which had a substantial black minority. The following year, he built on his strength, gaining election as vice mayor, who was presiding officer of the board of aldermen. At that time, Atlanta modified its city charter, strengthening the position of mayor and renaming the vice mayor as president of the city council (aldermen were now city council members).<ref name="nga"/>

In 1970, Jackson became Atlanta's first black Vice-Mayor, his first elected position which he held for four years.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://atlantasblackhistorymakers.com/index.php/2016/08/31/what-manner-of-man-was-maynard-holbrook-jackson-a-tribute-to-his-life-and-legacy/|title=What Manner of man was Maynard Holbrook Jackson? A Tribute to his life and legacy|access-date=January 5, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> Later that year, Jackson supported [[sanitation worker]]s in the city who had gone on strike, with his support contributing to their receiving a higher wage.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Hobson|first=Maurice J.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2U84DwAAQBAJ&q=atlanta+sanitation+strike&pg=PA85|title=The Legend of the Black Mecca: Politics and Class in the Making of Modern Atlanta|publisher=[[University of North Carolina Press]]|year=2017|isbn=978-1-4696-3536-1|pages=85–89|language=en|via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last1=Shirley|first1=Neal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O2FhCgAAQBAJ&q=atlanta+sanitation+strike&pg=PT180|title=Dixie Be Damned: 300 Years of Insurrection in the American South|last2=Stafford|first2=Saralee|publisher=[[AK Press]]|year=2015|isbn=978-1-84935-207-9|language=en|via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>

In 1973, Jackson was elected with 60 percent of the vote, as the first African-American mayor of Atlanta and any major southern city; he was supported by a coalition of white liberals/moderates and African Americans. At the age of 35, he unseated incumbent [[Sam Massell]].<ref name="nga" />

During his first term, Jackson worked to improve race relations in and around Atlanta after the polarization caused by the election campaign. As mayor, he led the beginnings and much of the progress on several huge public-works projects for the city and region. Affirmative action programs helped minority and women-owned businesses to participate.<ref name="nga"/> He helped arrange for the upgrade of the then-William B. Hartsfield Atlanta International Airport's huge terminal (now Domestic Terminal) to modern standards. Jackson [[Atlanta freeway revolts|strongly opposed the construction of freeways through in-town neighborhoods]], knowing that such actions destroyed thriving communities.<ref>{{Cite web|date=August 8, 2016|title=Remembering when Atlanta's highway fight reached an accord 25 years ago|url=https://saportareport.com/remembering-atlantas-highway-fight-reached-accord-25-years-ago/sections/reports/maria_saporta/|access-date=December 29, 2020|website=SaportaReport|language=en-US}}</ref> In 1977, Jackson fired over 900 sanitation workers during the [[1977 Atlanta sanitation strike]]. Following this act of [[strikebreaking]], many of the workers returned to work by the end of the year.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

Jackson was mayor through the period when the separate [[Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority]] (MARTA) obtained a large amount of federal funding for a [[rapid transit|rapid-transit]] rail-line system, when construction began, and when MARTA began its first rail transit service in Atlanta and in [[DeKalb County, Georgia|DeKalb County]] in 1979 and during its continual expansion thereafter. As mayor, he celebrated in September 1990 when Atlanta was selected as the host city for the [[1996 Summer Olympic Games]]. As mayor, he accepted the Olympic flag at the 1992 closing ceremonies in [[Barcelona, Spain]]. He oversaw the completion of many planned public works projects, such as improvements to freeways and parks, and the completion of [[Freedom Parkway]], which were expedited from 1990 to 1996 in preparation for the Olympic Games that began in August 1996.

During Jackson's second term as mayor, the [[Atlanta child murders|Atlanta Child Murders]] were ongoing between 1979 and 1981. He supported the Atlanta Police and other police forces in the area but also worked to calm public tensions aroused by the serial killings of black children. The accused killer, [[Wayne Williams]], was caught in 1981. Williams was convicted to serve two consecutive life sentences for the murder of two adult males, but never charged with or tried for the murder of any of the child victims. He is currently being held in [[Telfair State Prison]].

In 1974, Jackson received the Samuel S. Beard Award for Greatest Public Service by an Individual 35 Years or Under, an award given out annually by Jefferson Awards.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jeffersonawards.org/pastwinners/national |title=Archived copy |access-date=August 5, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124043935/http://jeffersonawards.org/pastwinners/national |archive-date=November 24, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Controversy==
Maynard Jackson heightened racial tensions in May 1974 when he attempted to fire the incumbent white police chief, John Inman. Jackson believed the change was needed to grapple with Atlanta's growing crime problem and charges by the black community of police racial insensitivity toward African Americans.

In August 1974 Mayor Jackson appointed A. Reginald Eaves, an activist and personal friend, as Public Safety Commissioner. Eaves was criticized for lacking police experience. He generated controversy by appointing an ex-convict as his personal secretary and for what was considered as affirmative action in the police department, which some described as "reverse discrimination."<ref>[http://atlantaunfiltered.com/2009/09/06/a-reginald-eaves/ "A. Reginald Eaves"], '' Atlanta Unfiltered'', September 6, 2009</ref>

Jackson fired Eaves after revelation of a police exam cheating scandal.<ref>[http://www.bookrags.com/biography/maynard-holbrook-jackson-jr/ "Maynard Holbrook Jackson Jr."], ''Encyclopedia of World Biography'', at ''Bookrags''</ref> Eaves was later convicted by a federal jury of extortion in 1988 after selling his vote on two rezonings.<ref>[http://www.atlantamagazine.com/features/anniversary/scalawag/story.aspx?ID=1454471 "Scalawag"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202094551/http://www.atlantamagazine.com/features/anniversary/scalawag/story.aspx?ID=1454471 |date=December 2, 2012 }}, ''Atlanta Magazine''</ref>

In 1991 Jackson awarded transgender supermodel [[Caroline Cossey]] (known under the stage name "Tula") honorary citizenship to Atlanta, though he later rescinded it after he learned that she was transgender, saying “I wouldn’t have given it to somebody whose claim to fame was being transsexual” despite Cossey having a career for many years before her gender reassignment was public knowledge. Cossey stated that she felt insulted by his decision.<ref>[https://www.playboy.com/read/tula-first-transgender-in-playboy-1991/ "Tula - First transgender in Playboy 1991"] ''Playboy Magazine'', October 9, 2020</ref>

==Atlanta's crime==
In addition to the 1979–1981 [[Atlanta Child Murders]] mentioned above, residents were concerned about a rising crime rate during Mayor Jackson's tenure, which was consistent with national trends. In 1979, with a soaring murder rate and nationwide publicity about crime there, Georgia Governor [[George Busbee]], acting on a request from Mayor Maynard Jackson, called in Georgia State Patrol troopers to help patrol the downtown. The business community accused Mayor Jackson and Police Chief George Napper of dismissing public concerns about crime. Atlanta had the highest murder rate and the highest overall crime rate of any city, and the numbers were rapidly climbing higher, with a 69% increase in homicides between 1978 and 1979 alone. Much of it was considered to be driven by drug wars.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tapes & Transcripts {{!}} Drug Wars {{!}} FRONTLINE {{!}} PBS|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/drugs/etc/script.html|access-date=December 29, 2020|website=www.pbs.org}}</ref>

==Service to the Democratic National Committee==
After leaving office as mayor, Jackson continued to be active with the Democratic Party. In 2001 he unsuccessfully sought the post as the [[Democratic National Committee]] chairman, losing to the fund-raiser [[Terry McAuliffe]], who had the backing of former president [[Bill Clinton]] and [[Hillary Clinton]]. Jackson was backed by presidential candidate [[Bill Bradley]], among others.

Jackson was appointed as the National Development Chairman of the Democratic National Committee and was the first Chairman of the DNC Voting Rights Institute. In 2002, he founded the American Voters League, a non-profit and non-partisan effort to increase national voter participation. He appeared briefly in the 2001 documentary ''[[Startup.com]]''.

==Legacy and honors==
Towards the end of his second mayoralty, a 1993 survey of historians, political scientists and urban experts conducted by Melvin G. Holli of the [[University of Illinois at Chicago]] ranked Jackson as the twenty-fourth-best American big-city mayor to have served between the years 1820 and 1993.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Holli | first = Melvin G. | title = The American Mayor | publisher = PSU Press | year = 1999 | location = University Park | url = https://archive.org/details/americanmayorbes0000holl | isbn = 0-271-01876-3 }}</ref>

* In 2008 the Southside Comprehensive High School was renamed the Maynard Holbrook Jackson High School. 
*In 2003, Hartsfield Atlanta International Airport had Jackson's name added to it, and in 2012 the airport's new international terminal was named for him.<ref>[http://www.blackpast.org/aah/jackson-jr-maynard-1938-2003#sthash.JRi0ats0.dpuf "Maynard Jackson Jr. (1938–2003)"], Black Past, accessed April 7, 2016</ref>
*In 2015 a documentary film about his life and work, entitled ''Maynard,'' was in preparation, directed by [[Samuel D. Pollard]]. It is expected to be released in 2016.<ref>[http://www.atlantamagazine.com/news-culture-articles/maynard-jackson-documentary-in-the-works/#sthash.Mc78Yvty.dpuf Errin Haines Whack, "Maynard Jackson documentary in the works"], ''Atlanta Magazine,'' June 25, 2015, accessed April 7, 2016</ref>
*The Maynard Documentary was officially selected by DOC NYC to premiere at their film festival on November 16, 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://maynardmovie.com/|title=Maynard Jackson|website=maynardmovie.com|language=en-US|access-date=January 5, 2018}}</ref>

==Death==
Jackson died in 2003 at the age of 65, of [[cardiac arrest]] at a hospital in [[Arlington, Virginia]] after suffering a [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]] at [[Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport]]. His remains are buried at the [[Oakland Cemetery (Atlanta, Georgia)|Oakland Cemetery]] in Atlanta.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*Gary Pomerantz, ''Where Peachtree Meets Sweet Auburn: The Saga of Two Families and the Making of Atlanta'' (New York: Penguin Books, 1996)

==External links==
{{archival records|title=Maynard Jackson Mayoral Administrative Records}}
{{Portal|Biography}}
*[http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-1385 Maynard Jackson (1938-2003)], ''New Georgia Encyclopedia''
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061004093958/http://www.aaregistry.com/african_american_history/2239/From_Texas_to_Georgia_Maynard_Jackson_Jr "From Texas to Georgia, Maynard Jackson Jr."], African American Registry
*[http://communityjournal.net/maynard-the-man-the-politician-the-game-changer-maynardmovie-com-maynardmovie-coming-2016/ "Maynard, The Man, The Politician, The Game Changer MaynardMovie.com #MaynardMovie Coming 2016"], ''Milwaukee Community Journal,'' September 30, 2015
*{{C-SPAN|2400}}
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{{s-off}}
{{succession box|title=[[Mayor of Atlanta]]
|before=[[Sam Massell]]|after=[[Andrew Young]]| years=1974–1982}}
{{succession box|title=[[Mayor of Atlanta]]
|before=[[Andrew Young]]|after=[[Bill Campbell (mayor)|Bill Campbell]]| years=1990–1994}}
{{s-end}}

{{Mayors of Atlanta}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jackson, Maynard}}
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:2003 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Baptists]]
[[Category:20th-century American lawyers]]
[[Category:20th-century mayors of places in Georgia (U.S. state)]]
[[Category:African-American activists]]
[[Category:African-American mayors in Georgia (U.S. state)]]
[[Category:African-American Christians]]
[[Category:Baptists from Texas]]
[[Category:Boston University School of Law alumni]]
[[Category:Burials at Oakland Cemetery (Atlanta)]]
[[Category:Democratic National Committee people]]
[[Category:Georgia (U.S. state) Democrats]]
[[Category:Georgia (U.S. state) lawyers]]
[[Category:National Labor Relations Board officials]]
[[Category:North Carolina Central University alumni]]
[[Category:Mayors of Atlanta]]
[[Category:Morehouse College alumni]]
[[Category:Politicians from Dallas]]
[[Category:20th-century African-American politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century African-American lawyers]]
[[Category:Alpha Phi Alpha members]]